Resolved，thatwhenanyquestionmayhavebeendecidedbytheSenate，inwhichtwothirdsofthememberspresentarenecessarytocarrytheaffirmative，anymemberwhovotedonthatsidewhichprevailedinthequestion，maybeatlibertytomoveforareconsideration:andamotionforreconsiderationshallbedecidedbyamajorityofvotes。RuleofFebruary3，1801。SEC。LIII。
IMPEACHMENT。THEHouseofRepresentativesshallhavethesolepowerofimpeachment。ConstitutionUnitedStates，I。3。
TheSenateshallhavethesolepowertotryallimpeachments。Whensittingforthatpurpose，theyshallbeonoathoraffirmation。WhenthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesistried，thechiefjusticeshallpreside:
andnopersonshallbeconvictedwithouttheconcurrenceoftwothirdsofthememberspresent。Judgmentincasesofimpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthantoremovalfromoffice，anddisqualificationtoholdandenjoyanyofficeofhonor，trust，orprofitundertheUnitedStates。Butthepartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubjecttoindictment，trial，judgmentandpunishment，accordingtolaw。Constitution，I。
3。
ThePresident，Vice-President，andallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates，shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentfor，andconvictionoftreason，bribery，orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanors。Constitution，II。4。
Thetrialofcrimes，exceptincasesofimpeachment，shallbebyjury。Constitution，III。2。
ThesearetheprovisionsoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesonthesubjectofimpeachments。ThefollowingisasketchofsomeoftheprinciplesandpracticesofEnglandonthesamesubject。
Jurisdiction。TheLordscannotimpeachanytothemselves，norjoinintheaccusation，becausetheyarethejudges。Seld。Judic。inParl。12，63。(Aworkofdoubtfulauthority。)4Hats。153，186。NorcantheyproceedagainstaCommonerbutoncomplaintoftheCommons。Ib。
84。TheLordsmaynot，bythelaw，tryaCommonerforacapitaloffence，ontheinformationoftheking，oraprivateperson；becausetheaccusedisentitledtoatrialbyhispeersgenerally；butonaccusationbytheHouseofCommons，theymayproceedagainstthedelinquentofwhatsoeverdegree，andwhatsoeverbethenatureoftheoffence；fortheretheydonotassumetothemselvestrialatcommonlaw。TheCommonsaretheninsteadofajury，andthejudgmentisgivenontheirdemand，whichisinsteadofaverdict。SotheLordsdoonlyjudge，butnottrythedelinquent。Ib。
6，7。ButWooddesondeniesthataCommonercannowbechargedcapitallybeforetheLords，evenbytheCommons；andcitesFitzharris\'scase，1681，impeachedofhightreason，wheretheLordsremittedtheprosecutiontotheinferiorcourt。8Grey\'sDeb。325……7。2Wooddeson601，576。3Seld。1610，1619，1641。4Blacks。257。3Seld。
1604，1618，9，1656。4Hats。200。etpassimcontra。
Accusation。TheCommons，asthegrandinquestofthenation，becomesuitorsforpenaljustice。2Wood。597，6Grey356。Thegeneralcourseis，topassaresolutioncontainingacriminalchargeagainstthesupposeddelinquent，andthentodirectsomemembertoimpeachhimbyoralaccusationatthebaroftheHouseofLords，inthenameoftheCommons。
Thepersonsignifiesthatthearticleswillbeexhibited，anddesiresthatthedelinquentmaybesequesteredfromhisseat，orbecommitted，orthatthepeerswilltakeorderforhisappearance。Sachev。Trial。325。
2Wood。602，605。Lords\'Journ。3June，1701。1Wms。616。
6Grey324。
Process。Ifthepartydonotappear，proclamationsaretobeissued，givinghimadaytoappear。Ontheirreturntheyarestrictlyexamined。
Ifanyerrorbefoundinthem，anewproclamationissues，givingashortday。Ifheappearnot，hisgoodsmaybearrested，andtheymayproceed。Seld。Jud。98，99。
Articles。Theaccusation(articles)oftheCommonsissubstitutedinplaceofanindictment。Thus，bytheusageofParliament，inimpeachmentforwritingorspeaking，theparticularwordsneednotbespecified。Sach。
Tr。325。2Wood。602，605。Lords\'Journ。3June，1701。
1Wms。616。
Appearance。Ifheappears，andthecasebecapital，heanswersincustody；
thoughnotiftheaccusationbegeneral。Heisnottobecommittedbutonspecialaccusations。Ifitbeforamisdemeanoronly，heanswersaLordinhisplace，aCommoneratthebar，andnotincustody，unless，ontheanswer，theLordsfindcausetocommithim，tillhefindssuretiestoattend，andlestheshouldfly。Seld。Jud。98，99。4Hats。176，185。Acopyofthearticlesisgivenhim，andadayfixedforhisanswer。T。Ray。1Rushw。268。Fost。232。1Clar。Hist。oftheReb。379。Onamisdemeanor，hisapperancemaybeinperson，orhemayanswerinwriting，orbyattorney。Seld。Jud。100。Thegeneralruleonanaccusationforamisdemeanoris，thatinsuchastateoflibertyorrestraintasthepartyiswhentheCommonscomplainofhim，insuchheistoanswer。Ib。101。IfpreviouslycommittedbytheCommons，heanswersasaprisoner。Butthismaybecalledinsomesortjudiciumpariumsuorum。Ib。Inmisdemeanors，thepartyhasarighttocounselbythecommonlaw；butnotincapitalcases。Seld。Jud。102……
5。
Answer。Theanswerneednotobservegreatstrictnessofform。Hemaypleadguiltyastopart，anddefendastotheresidue；or，savingallexceptions，denythewhole，orgiveaparticularanswertoeacharticleseparately。
1Rush。274。2Rush。1374。12Parl。Hist。442。3Lord\'sJourn。13Nov。1643。2Wood。607。Buthecannotpleadapardoninbartotheimpeachment。2Wood。615。2St。Tr。735。
Replication，Rejoinder，&；c。Theremaybeareplication，rejoinder，&；c。Seld。Jud。114。8Grey\'sDeb。233。Sachev。Tr。15。Journ。H。ofCommons，6March，1640……1。
Witnesses。ThepracticeistoswearthewitnessesinopenHouse，andthenexaminethemthere:oracommitteemaybenamed，whoshallexaminethemincommittee，eitheroninterrogatoriesagreedonintheHouse，orsuchasthecommitteeintheirdiscretionshalldemand。Seld。Jud。120，123。
Jury。InthecaseofAlicePierce，1P。2。ajurywasimpanelledforhertrialbeforeacommittee。Seld。Jud。123。Butthiswasonacomplaint，notonimpeachmentbytheCommons。Seld。Jud。163。Itmustalsohavebeenforamisdemeanoronly，astheLordsspiritualsatinthecase，whichtheydoonmisdemeanors，butnotincapitalcases。Ib。
148。Thejudgmentwasaforfeitureofallherlandsandgoods。Ib。
188。This，Seldensays，istheonlyjuryhefindsrecordedinParliamentformisdemeanors:buthemakesnodoubt，ifthedelinquentdothputhimselfonthetrialofhiscountry，ajuryoughttobeimpanelled，andheadds，thatitisnotsoonimpeachmentbytheCommons；fortheyareinlocoproprio，andtherenojuryoughttobeimpanelled。Ib。124。TheLd。Berkeley，6E。3。wasarraignedforthemurderofE。2。onaninformationonthepartoftheking，andnotonimpeachmentoftheCommons；forthentheyhadbeenpatriasua。Hewaivedhispeerage，andwastriedbyajuryofGloucestershireandWarwickshire。Ib。125。But4Hats。
73，sayshewasaCommoner，andthattherewasnowaiverofprivilege。
In1H。7。theCommonsprotestthattheyarenottobeconsideredaspartiestoanyjudgmentgiven，orhereaftertobegiveninParliament。Ib。133。Theyhavebeengenerally，andmorejustly，considered，asisbeforestated，asthegrandjury。FortheconceitofSeldeniscertainlynotaccurate，thattheyarethepatriasuaoftheaccused，andthattheLordsdoonlyjudge，butnottry。Itisundeniablethattheydotry。Fortheyexaminewitnessesastothefacts，andacquitorcondemn，accordingtotheirownbeliefofthem。AndLordHalesays，\"thepeersarejudgesoflawaswellasoffact。”2HaleP。C。275。Consequentlyoffactaswellasoflaw。
PresenceofCommons。TheCommonsaretobepresentattheexaminationofwitnesses。Seld。Jud。124。Indeedtheyaretoattendthroughout，eitherasacommitteeofthewholeHouse，orotherwise，atdiscretion，appointmanagerstoconducttheproofs。Rush。Tr。ofStraff。37。Com。Journ。4Feb。1709……10。2Wood。614。Andjudgmentisnottobegiventilltheydemandit。Seld。Jud。124。ButtheyarenottobepresentonimpeachmentwhentheLordsconsideroftheanswerorproofs，anddetermineoftheirjudgment。Theirpresencehoweverisnecessaryattheanswerandjudgmentincasescapital，ib。158，159，aswellasnotcapital。162。TheLordsdebatethejudgmentamongthemselves。Thenthevoteisfirsttakenonthequestionofguiltyornotguilty:andiftheyconvict，thequestion，orparticularsentence，isoutofthatwhichseemethtobemostgenerallyagreedon。Sold。Jud。167。2Wood。
612。
Judgment。JudgmentsinParliamentfordeathhavebeenstrictlyguidedperlegemterræ；，whichtheycannotalter:andnotatallaccordingtotheirdiscretion。Theycanneitheromitanypartofthelegaljudgment，noraddtoit。Theirsentencemustbesecundum，nonultralegem。Seld。
Jud。168，171。Thistrial，thoughitvariesinexternalceremony，yetdiffersnotinessentialsfromcriminalprosecutionsbeforeinferiorcourts。
Thesamerulesofevidence，thesamelegalnotionsofcrimesandpunishmentsprevail。Forimpeachmentsarenotframedtoalterthelaw，buttocarryitintomoreeffectualexecutionagainsttwopowerfuldelinquents。Thejudgmentthereforeistobesuchasiswarrantedbylegalprinciplesorprecedents。6Sta。Tr。14。2Wood。611。TheChancellorgivesjudgmentsinmisdemeanors；theLordHighStewardformerlyincasesoflifeanddeath。Seld。Jud。180。ButnowtheStewardisdeemednotnecessary。Fost。
144。2Wood。613。Inmisdemeanors，thegreatestcorporalpunishmenthathbeenimprisonment。Seld。Jud。184。Theking\'sassentisnecessaryincapitaljudgments，(but2Wood。614，contra)butnotinmisdemeanors。Seld。Jud。136。
