Mr。MoffathastranslatedthewholeBibleintothelanguageoftheBechuana，andhasdiligentlystudiedthistongueforthelastforty-
four-years；and，thoughknowingfarmoreofthelanguagethananyofthenativeswhohavebeenrearedontheMission-stationofKuruman，hedoesnotpretendtohavemastereditfullyevenyet。Howevercopiousitmaybeintermsofwhichwedonotfeelthenecessity，itispoorinothers，asinabstractterms，andwordsusedtodescribementaloperations。
Ourthirdday\'smarchendedintheafternoonofthe27thSeptember，1863，atthevillageofChinangaonthebanksofabranchoftheLoangwa。Alarge，roundedmassofgranite，athousandfeethigh，calledNomberume，standontheplainafewmilesoff。Itisquiteremarkable，becauseithassolittlevegetationonit。Severalothergranitichillsstandnearit，ornamentedwithtrees，likemostheightsofthiscountry，andaheapofbluemountainsappearsawayinthenorth。
Theeffectofthepiercingwindsuponthemenhadneverbeengotridof。Severalhadbeenunabletocarryaloadeversinceweascendedtothehighlands；wehadlostone，andanotherpoorladwassoillastocauseusgreatanxiety。Bywaitinginthisvillage，whichwassooldthatitwasfullofvermin，allbecameworse。OurEuropeanfoodwasentirelyexpended，andnativemeal，thoughfinelyground，hassomanysharpangularparticlesinit，thatitbroughtbackdysentery，fromwhichwehadsufferedsomuchinMay。Wecouldscarcelyobtainfoodforthemen。TheheadmanofthisvillageofChinangawasoffinaforayagainstsomepeoplefurthernorthtosupplyslavestothetradersexpectedalongtheslaveroutewehadjustleft；andwassaid，afterhavingexpelledtheinhabitants，tobelivingintheirstockade，anddevouringtheircorn。Theconqueredtribehadpurchasedwhatwascalledapeacebypresentingtheconquerorwiththreewomen。
Thisstateofmattersaffordedusbutapoorprospectoffindingmoreprovisionsinthatdirectionthanwecouldwithgreatdifficultyandatenormouspricesobtainhere。Butneitherwantoffood，dysentery，norslavewarswouldhavepreventedourworkingourwayroundtheLakeinsomeotherdirection，hadwehadtime；butwehadreceivedordersfromtheForeignOfficetotakethe\"Pioneer\"downtotheseainthepreviousApril。Thesalariesofallthemeninherwerepositively\"inanycasetoceasebythe31stofDecember。”
Weweresaidtobeonlytendays\'distantfromLakeBemba。Wemightspeculateonalateriseoftheriver。Amonthorsixweekswouldsecureageographicalfeat，buttherainswerenear。Wehadbeenwarnedbydifferentpeoplethattherainswerecloseathand，andthatweshouldthenbeboggedandunabletotravel。Thefloodintherivermightbeanearlyone，orsosmallinvolumeastogivebutonechanceofthe\"Pioneer\"descendingtotheocean。TheMakololotoowerebecomingdispiritedbysicknessandwantoffood，andwerenaturallyanxioustobebacktotheirfieldsintimeforsowing。Butinadditiontoallthisandmore，itwasfeltthatitwouldnotbedealinghonestlywiththeGovernment，werewe，forthesakeofalittleeclat，toriskthedetentionofthe\"Pioneer\"uptheriverduringanotheryear；sowedecidedtoreturn；andthoughwehadafterwardsthemortificationtofindthatweweredetainedtwofullmonthsattheshipwaitingforthefloodwhichweexpectedimmediatelyafterourarrivalthere，thechagrinwaslessenedbyaconsciousnessofhavingactedinafair，honest，above-boardmannerthroughout。
Onthenightofthe29thofSeptemberathiefcametothesleeping-
placeofourmenandstolealegofagoat。Oncomplainingtothedeputyheadman，hesaidthatthethiefhadfled，butwouldbecaught。
Hesuggestedafine，andofferedafowlandhereggs；butwishingthatthethiefaloneshouldbepunished，itwasadvisedthatHE
shouldbefoundandfined。TheMakololothoughtitbesttotakethefowlasameansofmakingthepunishmentcertain。AftersettlingthismatteronthelastdayofSeptember，wecommencedourreturnjourney。Wehadjustthesametimetogobacktotheship，thatwehadspentincomingtothispoint，andthereisnotmuchtointerestoneinmarchingoverthesamegroundasecondtime。
Whileonourjourneynorth-west，acheeryoldwoman，whohadoncebeenbeautiful，butwhosewhitehairnowcontrastedstronglywithherdarkcomplexion，wasworkingbrisklyinhergardenaswepassed。Sheseemedtoenjoyahale，heartyoldage。Shesaluteduswithwhatelsewherewouldbecalledagoodaddress；and，evidentlyconsciousthatshedeservedtheepithet，\"darkbutcomely，\"answeredeachofuswithafrank\"Yes，mychild。”Anothermotherly-lookingwoman，sittingbyawell，begantheconversationby\"YouaregoingtovisitMuazi，andyouhavecomefromafar，haveyounot？\"Butingeneralwomenneverspeaktostrangersunlessspokento，soanythingsaidbythemattractsattention。Muazioncepresenteduswithabasketofcorn。Onhintingthatwehadnowifetogrindourcorn，hisbuxomspousestruckinwithroguishglee，andsaid，\"Iwillgrinditforyou；andleaveMuazi，toaccompanyandcookforyouinthelandofthesettingsun。”Asarulethewomenaremodestandretiringintheirdemeanour，and，withoutbeingoppressedwithtoil，showagreatdealofindustry。Thecropsneedabouteightmonths\'attention。
Thenwhentheharvestishome，muchlabourisrequiredtoconvertitintofoodasporridge，orbeer。Thecornispoundedinalargewoodenmortar，liketheancientEgyptianone，withapestlesixfeetlongandaboutfourinchesthick。Thepoundingisperformedbytwooreventhreewomenatonemortar。Each，beforedeliveringablowwithherpestle，givesanupwardjerkofthebody，soastoputstrengthintothestroke，andtheykeepexacttime，sothattwopestlesareneverinthemortaratthesamemoment。Themeasuredthud，thud，thud，andthewomenstandingattheirvigorouswork，areassociationsinseparablefromaprosperousAfricanvillage。Bytheoperationofpounding，withtheaidofalittlewater，thehardoutsidescaleorhuskofthegrainisremoved，andthecornismadefitforthemillstone。Themealirritatesthestomachunlessclearedfromthehusk；withoutconsiderableenergyintheoperator，thehusksticksfasttothecorn。Solomonthoughtthatstillmorevigourthanisrequiredtoseparatethehardhuskorbranfromwheatwouldfailtoseparate\"afoolfromhisfolly。”\"Thoughthoushouldstbrayafoolinamortaramongwheatwithapestle，YETwillnothisfoolishnessdepartfromhim。”Therainbow，insomeparts，iscalledthe\"pestleoftheBarimo，\"orgods。Boysandgirls，byconstantpracticewiththepestle，areabletoplantstakesinthegroundbyasomewhatsimilaraction，inerectingahut，sodeftlythattheynevermissthefirstholemade。
Letanyonetrybyrepeatedlyjobbingapolewithallhisforcetomakeadeepholeintheground，andhewillunderstandhowdifficultitisalwaystostrikeitintothesamespot。
Asweweresleepingonenightoutsideahut，butnearenoughtohearwhatwasgoingonwithin，ananxiousmotherbegantogrindhercornabouttwoo\'clockinthemorning。\"Ma，\"inquiredalittlegirl，\"whygrindinthedark？\"Mammaadvisedsleep，andadministeredmaterialforasweetdreamtoherdarling，bysaying，\"Igrindmealtobuyaclothfromthestrangers，whichwillmakeyoulookalittlelady。”
Anobserveroftheseprimitiveracesisstruckcontinuallywithsuchlittletrivialtouchesofgenuinehumannature。
Themillconsistsofablockofgranite，syenite，orevenmicaschist，fifteenoreighteeninchessquareandfiveorsixthick，withapieceofquartzorotherhardrockaboutthesizeofahalfbrick，onesideofwhichhasaconvexsurface，andfitsintoaconcavehollowinthelargerandstationarystone。Theworkwomankneeling，graspsthisuppermillstonewithbothhands，andworksitbackwardsandforwardsinthehollowofthelowermillstone，inthesamewaythatabakerworkshisdough，whenpressingitandpushingfromhim。
Theweightofthepersonisbroughttobearonthemovablestone，andwhileitispressedandpushedforwardsandbackwards，onehandsupplieseverynowandthenalittlegraintobethusatfirstbruisedandthengroundonthelowerstone，whichisplacedontheslopesothatthemealwhengroundfallsontoaskinormatspreadforthepurpose。Thisisperhapsthemostprimitiveformofmill，andanteriortothatinorientalcountries，wheretwowomengrindatonemill，andmayhavebeenthatusedbySarahofoldwhensheentertainedtheAngels。
On2ndOctoberweappliedtoMuaziforguidestotakeusstraightdowntoChinsamba\'satMosapo，andthuscutoffanangle，whichweshouldotherwisemake，bygoingbacktoKota-kotaBay。HerepliedthathispeopleknewtheshortwaytoChinsamba\'sthatwedesiredtogo，butthattheyallwereafraidtoventurethere，onaccountoftheZulus，orMazitu。Wethereforestartedbackonouroldroute，and，afterthreehours\'march，foundsomeBabisainavillagewhopromisedtoleadustoChinsamba。
Wemeetwiththesekeentraderseverywhere。Theyareeasilyknownbyalineofhorizontalcicatrices，eachhalfaninchlong，downthemiddleoftheforeheadandchin。Theyoftenwearthehaircollectedinamassontheupperandbackpartofthehead，whileitisallshavenofftheforeheadandtemples。TheBabisaandWaiauorAjawaheadshavemoreoftheroundbullet-shapethanthoseoftheManganja，indicatingamarkeddifferenceincharacter；theformerpeoplebeinggreattradersandtravellers，thelatterbeingattachedtohomeandagriculture。TheManganjausuallyintrusttheirivorytotheBabisatobesoldattheCoast，andcomplainthatthereturnsmadenevercomeuptothehighpriceswhichtheyhearsomuchaboutbeforeitissent。Infact，bythetimetheBabisareturn，theexpensesofthejourney，inwhichtheyoftenspendamonthortwoataplacewherefoodabounds，usuallyeatupalltheprofits。
Ournewcompanionsweretradingintobacco，andhadcollectedquantitiesoftheroundballs，aboutthesizeofninepoundershot，intowhichitisformed。Oneofthemownedawoman，whosechildhadbeensoldthatmorningfortobacco。Themotherfollowedhim，weepingsilently，forhoursalongthewaywewent；sheseemedtobewellknown，foratseveralhamlets，thewomenspoketoherwithevidentsympathy；wecoulddonothingtoalleviatehersorrow——thechildwouldbekeptuntilsomeslave-traderpassed，andthensoldforcalico。Thedifferentcasesofslave-tradingobservedbyusarementioned，inordertogiveafairideaofitsdetails。
Wespentthefirstnight，afterleavingtheslaveroute，atthevillageofNkoma，amongasectionofManganja，calledMachewa，orMacheba，whosedistrictextendstotheBua。
ThenextvillageatwhichwesleptwasalsothatofaManganjasmith。
Itwasabeautifulspot，shadedwithtalleuphorbia-trees。Thepeopleatfirstfled，butafterashorttimereturned，andorderedusofftoastockadeofBabisa，aboutamiledistant。Wepreferredtoremaininthesmoothshadyspotoutsidethehamlet，tobeingpentupinatreelessstockade。Twentyorthirtymencamedroppingin，allfullyarmedwithbowsandarrows，someofthemwereatleastsixfeetfourinheight，yetthesegiantswerenotashamedtosay，\"WethoughtthatyouwereMazitu，and，beingafraid，ranaway。”Theirorderstouswereevidentlyinspiredbyterror，andsomusttherefusaloftheheadmantoreceiveacloth，orlendusahuthavebeen；butasweneverhadtheopportunityofrealizingwhatfeelingsasuccessfulinvasionwouldproduce，wedidnotknowwhethertoblamethemornot。
Theheadman，atalloldsmith，withanenormous，well-madeknifeofhisownworkmanship，camequietlyround，and，inspectingtheshelter，which，fromtherebeingabundanceoflonggrassandbushesnear，ourmenputupforusinhalfanhour，graduallychangedhistactics，and，intheevening，presenteduswithahugepotofporridgeandadeliciouslywell-cookedfowl，andmadeanapologyforhavingbeensorudetostrangers，andalamentationthathehadbeensofoolishastorefusethefineclothwehadoffered。Anotherclothwasofcoursepresented，andwehadthepleasureofpartinggoodfriendsnextday。
Ourguide，whobelongedtothestockadeneartowhichwehadslept，declinedtoriskhimselffurtherthanhishome。Whilewaitingtohireanother，Masikoattemptedtopurchaseagoat，andhadnearlyconcludedthebargain，whenthewifeofthewould-besellercameforward，andsaidtoherhusband，\"Youappearasifyouwereunmarried；sellingagoatwithoutconsultingyourwife；whataninsulttoawoman!Whatsortofmanareyou？\"Masikourgedtheman，saying，\"Letusconcludethebargain，andnevermindher；\"buthebeingbetterinstructed，replied，\"No，Ihaveraisedahostagainstmyselfalready，\"andrefused。
Wenowpushedontotheeast，soastogetdowntotheshoresoftheLake，andintothepartswherewewereknown。Thecountrywasbeautiful，wellwooded，andundulating，butthevillageswerealldeserted；andtheflightofthepeopleseemedtohavebeenquiterecent，forthegrainwasstandinginthecorn-safesuntouched。Thetobacco，thoughripe，remaineduncutinthegardens，andthewholecountrywaspainfullyquiet:theoppressivestillnessquiteunbrokenbythesingingofbirds，ortheshrillcallsofwomenwatchingtheircorn。
Onpassingabeautifulvillage，calledBangwe，surroundedbyshadytrees，andplacedinavalleyamongmountains，wewereadmiringthebeautyofthesituation，whensomeofthemuchdreadedMazitu，withtheirshields，ranoutofthehamlet，fromwhichwewereamiledistant。Theybegantoscreamtotheircompanionstogiveuschase。
Withoutquickeningourpacewewalkedon，andsoonwereinawood，throughwhichthefootpathwewerefollowingled。ThefirstintimationwehadoftheapproachingMazituwasgivenbytheJohannaman，Zachariah，whoalwayslaggedbehind，runningup，screamingasifforhislife。Thebundleswereallputinoneplacetobedefended；
andMasikoandDr。Livingstonewalkedafewpacesbacktomeetthecomingfoe。Masikokneltdownanxioustofire，butwasorderednottodoso。Forasecondortwoduskyformsappearedamongthetrees，andtheMazituwereasked，intheirowntongue，\"Whatdoyouwant？\"
Masikoadding，\"Whatdoyousay？\"Noanswerwasgiven，butthedarkshadeintheforestvanished。Theyhadevidentlytakenusfornatives，andthesightofawhitemanwassufficienttoputthemtoflight。HadwebeennearertheCoast，wherethepeopleareaccustomedtotheslave-trade，weshouldhavefoundthisaffairamoredifficultonetodealwith；but，asarule，thepeopleoftheinterioraremuchmoremildincharacterthanthoseontheconfinesofcivilization。
Theaboveverysmalladventurewasallthedangerwewereawareofinthisjourney；butareportwasspreadfromthePortuguesevillagesontheZambesi，similartoseveralrumoursthathadbeenraisedbefore，thatDr。LivingstonehadbeenmurderedbytheMakololo；andveryunfortunatelythereportreachedEnglandbeforeitcouldbecontradicted。
OnebenefitarosefromtheMazituadventure。Zachariah，andotherswhohadtoooftentobereprovedforlaggingbehind，nowtooktheirplacesinthefrontrank；andwehadnodifficultyinmakingverylongmarchesforseveraldays，forallbelievedthattheMazituwouldfollowourfootsteps，andattackuswhileweslept。
ApartyofBabisatobacco-traderscamefromtheN。W。toMolamba，whilewewerethere；andoneofthemassertedseveraltimesthattheLoapula，afteremergingfromMoelo，receivedtheLulua，andthenflowedintoLakeMofu，andthenceintoTanganyika；andfromthelast-
namedLakeintothesea。Thisisthenativeideaofthegeographyoftheinterior；and，totestthegeneralknowledgeofourinformant，weaskedhimaboutouracquaintancesinLonda；asMoene，Katema，ShindeorShinte，wholivesouth-westoftheriversmentioned，andfoundthatourfriendstherewereperfectlywell-knowntohimandtoothersofthesetravellednatives。IntheeveningtwooftheBabisacamein，andreportedthattheMazituhadfollowedustothevillagecalledChigaragara，atwhichwesleptatthebottomofthedescent。
Thewholepartyoftraderssetoffatonce，thoughthesunhadset。
Weourselveshadgivenrisetothereport，forthewomenofChigaragara，supposingusinthedistancetobeMazitu，fled，withalltheirhouseholdutensilsontheirheads，andhadnoopportunityafterwardsoffindingouttheirmistake。Wespentthenightwherewewere，andnextmorning，decliningNkomo\'sentreatytogoandkillelephants，tookourcoursealongtheshoresoftheLakesouthwards。
WehaveonlybeenattheLakeatoneseasonoftheyear:thenthewindblowsstronglyfromtheeast，andindeedthisisitsprevailingdirectionhencetotheOrangeRiver；anorthorasouthwindisrare，andseldomlastsmorethanthreedays。Asthebreezenowblewoveralargebodyofwater，towardsus，itwasdelightful；butwhenfacingitonthetable-landitwassostrongasmateriallytoimpedeourprogress，andaddedconsiderablytothelabouroftravelling。Hereitbroughtlargequantitiesoftheplant(Vallisneriae)，fromwhichthenativesextractsaltbyburning，andwhich，ifchewed，atonceshowsitssalinepropertiesbythetaste。Cloudsofthekungo，orediblemidges，floatedontheLake，andmanyrestedonthebushesonland。
ThereedsalongtheshoresoftheLakewerestillcrowdedwithfugitives，andagreatlossoflifemustsincehavetakenplace；for，afterthecorntheyhadbroughtwiththemwasexpended，faminewouldensue。Evennowwepassedmanywomenandchildrendigginguptheroots，aboutthesizeofpeas，ofanaromaticgrass；andtheirwastedformsshowedthatthispoorhardfarewastoallay，ifpossible，thepangsofhunger。Thebabiesatthebreastcrowedtousaswepassed，theirmotherskneelingandgrubbingfortheroots；thepoorlittlethingsstilldrawingnourishmentfromthenaturalfountainwereunconsciousofthatsinkingofheartwhichtheirparentsmusthavefeltinknowingthatthesupplyforthelittleonesmustsoonfail。
Noonewouldsellabitoffoodtous:fishermen，even，wouldnotpartwiththeproduceoftheirnets，exceptinexchangeforsomeotherkindoffood。Numbersofnewly-madegravesshowedthatmanyhadalreadyperished，andhundredsweresoemaciatedthattheyhadtheappearanceofhumanskeletonsswathedinbrownandwrinkledleather。Inpassingmileaftermile，markedwiththesesadproofsthat\"man\'sinhumanitytomanmakescountlessthousandsmourn，\"oneexperiencesanoverpoweringsenseofhelplessnesstoalleviatehumanwoe，andbreathesasilentprayertotheAlmightytohastenthegoodtimecomingwhen\"manandmantheworldo\'er，shallbrothersbeforallthat。”Onesmallredeemingconsiderationinallthismiserycouldnotbutbefelt；theseillswereinflictedbyheathenMazitu，andnotby，orfor，thosewhosaytoHimwhoishigherthanthehighest，\"WebelievethatthoushaltcometobeourJudge。”
WecrossedtheMokole，restedatChitanda，andthenlefttheLake，andstruckawayN。W。toChinsamba\'s。Ourcompanions，whoweresomuchoppressedbytherarefiedairoftheplateau，stillshowedsignsofexhaustion，thoughnowonly1300feetabovethesea，anddidnotrecoverfleshandspiritstillweagainenteredtheLowerShireValley，whichisofsosmallanaltitude，that，withoutsimultaneousobservationswiththebarometerthereandonthesea-coast，thedifferencewouldnotbeappreciable。
Onalargeplainonwhichwespentonenight，wehadthecompanyofeightytobaccotradersontheirwayfromKasungutoChinsamba\'s。TheMazituhadattackedandkilledtwoofthem，nearthespotwheretheZulusfledfromuswithoutansweringourquestions。Thetraderswerenowsofrightenedthat，insteadofmakingastraightcoursewithus，theysetoffbynighttofollowtheshoresoftheLaketoTsenga，andthenturnwest。Itisthesightofshields，orgunsthatinspiresterror。Thebowmenfeelperfectlyhelplesswhentheenemycomeswitheventhesmallprotectiontheskinshieldaffords，orattacksthemintheopenfieldwithguns。Theymayshootafewarrows，buttheyaresuchpoorshotsthattentooneiftheyhit。Theonlythingthatmakesthearrowformidableisthepoison；forifthepoisonedbarbgoesinnothingcansavethewounded。AbowisinuseinthelowerendofLakeNyassa，butismorecommonintheMaravicountry，fromsixtoeightinchesbroad，whichisintendedtobeusedasashieldaswellasabow；butweneversawonewiththemarkonitofanenemy\'sarrow。ItcertainlyisnomatchfortheZulushield，whichisbetweenfourandfivefeetlong，ofanovalshape，andabouttwofeetbroad。SogreatistheterrorthisshieldinspiresthatwesometimesdoubtedwhethertheMazituherewereZulusatall，andsuspectedthatthepeopleofthecountrytookadvantageofthatfear，and，assumingshields，pretendedtobelongtothatnation。
Onthe11thOctoberwearrivedatthestockadeofChinsambainMosapo，andhadreasontobeverywellsatisfiedwithhiskindness。
Aparaffincandlewasinhiseyestheheightofluxury，andtheabilitytomakealightinstantaneouslybyalucifermatch，amarvelthatstruckhimwithwonder。Hebroughtallhisrelativesindifferentgroupstoseethestrangesights，——instantaneousfire-
making，andalight，withouttheannoyanceofhavingfireandsmokeinthemiddleofthefloor。Whentheywishtolookforanythinginthedark，awispofdriedgrassislighted。
Chinsambagaveusagreatdealofhiscompanyduringourvisits。Aswehaveoftenremarkedinothercases，achiefhasagreatdealtoattendtoinguidingtheaffairsofhispeople。Heisconsultedonalloccasions，andgiveshisadviceinastreamofwords，whichshowaveryintimateacquaintancewiththetopographyofhisdistrict；heknowseveryroodcultivated，everyweirputintheriver，everyhunting-net，loom，gorge，andeverychildofhistribe。Anyadditionmadetothenumberoftheselatterisnotifiedtohim；andhesendsthanksandcomplimentstotheparents。
Thepresentswhich，followingthecustomofthecountry，wegavetoeveryheadman，whereweeitherspentanightoralongerperiod，variedfromfourtoeightyardsofcalico。WehadsomeManchesterclothsmadeinimitationofthenativemanufacturedrobesoftheWestCoast，eachworthfiveorsixshillings。Tothemoreimportantofthechiefs，forcalicowesubstitutedoneofthesestronggaudydresses，ironspoons，aknife，needles，atindish，orpannikin，andfoundthesepresentstobevaluedmorethanthreetimestheirvalueinclothwouldhavebeen。Eightortenshillings\'worthgaveabundantsatisfactiontothegreediest；butthisistobeunderstoodastheprimecostofthearticles，andatraderwouldsometimeshaveestimatedsimilargenerosityasequaltofrom30to50pounds。Insomecasesthepresentswegaveexceededthevalueofwhatwasreceivedinreturn；inotherstheexcessofgenerositywasonthenativeside。
Weneveraskedforleavetopassthroughthecountry；wesimplytoldwhereweweregoing，andaskedforguides；iftheywererefused，oriftheydemandedpaymentbeforehand，werequestedtobeputintothebeginningofthepath，andsaidthatweweresorrywecouldnotagreeabouttheguides，andusuallytheyandwestartedtogether。GreatercarewouldberequiredonenteringtheMazituorZulucountry，fortheretheGovernmentextendsoververylargedistricts，whileamongtheManganjaeachlittledistrictisindependentofeveryother。ThepeopleherehavenotadoptedtheexactingsystemoftheBanyai，orofthepeoplewhosecountrywastraversedbySpekeandGrant。
InourwaybackfromChinsamba\'stoChembi\'sandfromhisvillagetoNkwinda\'s，andthencetoKatosa\'s，weonlysawthepeopleworkingintheirgardens，neartothestockades。Thesestrongholdswerestrengthenedwithbranchesofacacias，coveredwithstronghookedthorns；andwereallcrowdedwithpeople。Theairwasnowclearerthanwhenwewentnorth，andwecouldseethehillsofKirk\'sRangefiveorsixmilestothewestofourpath。Thesunstruckveryhot，andthemenfeltitmostintheirfeet。Everyonewhocouldgetabitofgoatskinmadeitintoapairofsandals。
WhilesittingatNkwinda\'s，amanbehindthecourthedge-wallsaid，withgreatapparentglee，thatanArabslavingpartyontheothersideoftheconfluenceoftheShireandLakewere\"givingreadilytwofathomsofcalicoforaboy，andtwoandahalfforagirl；neversawtradesobrisk，nohagglingatall。”Thispartywaspurchasingforthesupplyoftheoceanslave-trade。Oneoftheevilsofthistrafficisthatitprofitsbyeverycalamitythathappensinacountry。Theslave-tradernaturallyreapsadvantagefromeverydisorder，andthoughinthepresentcasesomelivesmayhavebeensavedthatotherwisewouldhaveperished，asaruleheintensifieshatreds，andaggravateswarsbetweenthetribes，becausethemoretheyfightandvanquisheachotherthericherhisharvestbecomes。
Whereslavingandcattleareunknownthepeopleliveinpeace。Aswesatleaningagainstthathedge，andlistenedtotheharangueoftheslave-trader\'sagent，itglancedacrossourmindthatthiswasaterribleworld；thebestinitunable，fromconsciousimperfections，tosaytotheworst\"Standby!forIamholierthanthou。”Theslave-trader，imbuednodoubtwithcertainkindlyfeelings，yetpursuingacallingwhichmakeshimafairspecimenofahumanfiend，standsgroupedwiththosebywhomtheslave-tradersareemployed，andwithalltheworkersofsinandmiseryinmorehighly-favouredlands，anawfulpicturetotheAll-seingEye。
WearrivedatKatosa\'svillageonthe15thOctober，andfoundaboutthirtyyoungmenandboysinslave-sticks。TheyhadbeenboughtbyotheragentsoftheArabslavers，stillontheeastsideoftheShire。Theywererestinginthevillage，andtheirownerssoonremovedthem。Theweightofthegoreeseemedveryannoyingwhentheytriedtosleep。Thistaminginstrumentiskepton，untilthepartyhascrossedseveralriversandallhopeofescapehasvanishedfromthecaptive\'smind。
OnexplainingtoKatosatheinjuryhewasdoinginsellinghispeopleasslaves，heassuredusthatthosewhomwehadseenbelongedtotheArabs，andaddedthathehadfartoofewpeoplealready。HesaidhehadbeenlivinginpeaceatthelakeletPamalombe；thattheAjawa，orMachinga，underKainkaandKaramba，andabodyofBabisa，underMaonga，hadinducedhimtoferrythemovertheShire；thattheyhadlivedforaconsiderabletimeathisexpense，andatlaststolehissheep，whichinducedhimtomakehisescapetotheplacewherehenowdwelt，andinthisflighthehadlostmanyofhispeople。HisaccountoftheusualconductoftheAjawaquiteagreeswithwhatthesepeoplehavenarratedthemselves，andgivesbutalowideaoftheirmoraltone。TheyhaverepeatedlybrokenallthelawsofhospitalitybylivingformonthsonthebountyoftheManganja，andthen，byasuddenuprising，overcomingtheirhosts，andkillingorchasingthemoutoftheirinheritances。Thesecretoftheirsuccessisthepossessionoffirearms。TherewereseveraloftheseAjawahereagain，andonourarrivaltheyproposedtoKatosathattheyshouldleave；butherepliedthattheyneednotbeafraidofus。
Theyhadredbeadsstrungsothicklyontheirhairthatatalittledistancetheyappearedtohaveonredcaps。ItiscuriousthatthetasteforredhairshouldbesogeneralamongtheAfricanshereandfurthernorth；inthesouthblackmica，calledSebilo，andevensootareusedtodeepenthecolourofthehair；heremanysmeartheheadwithred-ochre，othersplaittheinnerbarkofatreestainedredintoit；andaredpowdercalledMukuruisemployed，whichsomesayisobtainedfromtheground，andothersfromtherootsofatree。
Ithavingbeendoubtedwhethersugar-caneisindigenoustothiscountryornot，weemployedKatosatoprocurethetwovarietiescommonlycultivated，withtheintentionofconveyingthemtoJohanna。
Oneisyellow，andtheother，likewhatweobservedintheBarotseValley，isvariegatedwithdarkredandyellowpatches，orallred。
Wehaveseenit\"arrow，\"orblossom。Bamboosalsoruntoseed，andthepeoplearesaidtousetheseedasfood。Thesugar-canehasnativenames，whichwouldleadustobelieveittobeindigenous。
HereitiscalledZimbi，furthersouthMesari，andinthecentreofthecountryMeshuati。Anythingintroducedinrecenttimes，asmaize，superiorcotton，orcassava，hasanameimplyingitsforeignorigin。
Katosa\'svillagewasemboweredamonggigantictreesoffinetimber:
severalcaffiaceousbushes，withberriescloselyresemblingthoseofthecommoncoffee，grewnear，butnousehadeverbeenmadeofthem。
Thereareseveralcinchonaceoustreesalsointhecountry；andsomeofthewildfruitsaresogoodastocauseafeelingofregretthattheyhavenotbeenimprovedbycultivation，orwhateverelsebroughtourstotheirpresentperfection。KatosalamentedthatthislocalitywassoinferiortohisformerplaceatPamalombe；therehehadmaizeatthedifferentstagesofgrowththroughouttheyear。Tous，however，heseemed，bydiggingholes，andtakingadvantageofthemoisturebeneath，tohavesucceededprettywellinraisingcropsatthisthedriesttime。TheMakololoremarkedthat\"herethemaizehadnoseason，\"——meaningthatthewholeyearwasproperforitsgrowthandripening。ByirrigationasuccessionofcropsofgrainmightberaisedanywherewithinthesouthintertropicalregionofAfrica。
WhenwewerewithMotunda，onthe20thOctober，hetoldusfranklythatallthenativeprovisionswerehiddeninKirk\'sRange，andhisvillagebeingthelastplacewhereasupplyofgraincouldbepurchasedbeforewereachedtheship，wewaitedtillhehadsenttohishiddenstores。Theuplandcountry，beyondthemountainsnowonourright，iscalledDeza，andisinhabitedbyMaravi，whoareonlyanothertribeofManganja。TheparamountchiefiscalledKabambe，andhe，havingneverbeenvisitedbywar，livesinpeaceandplenty。
Goatsandsheepthrive；andNyango，thechieftainessfurthertothesouth，hasherdsofhornedcattle。Thecountrybeingelevatedissaidtobecold，andtherearelargegrassyplainsonitwhicharedestituteoftrees。TheMaraviarereportedtobebrave，andgoodmarksmenwiththebow；but，throughoutallthecountrywehavetraversed，gunsareenablingthetradingtribestoovercometheagriculturalandmanufacturingclasses。
OntheascentattheendofthevalleyjustoppositeMountMvai，welookedbackforamomenttoimpressthebeautiesofthegrandvaleonourmemory。Theheatofthesunwasnowexcessive，andMasiko，thinkingthatitwasoverpowering，proposedtosendforwardtotheshipandgetahammock，inwhichtocarryanyonewhomightknockup。
Hewastrulykindandconsiderate。Dr。Livingstonehavingfallenasleepafterafatiguingmarch，aholeintheroofofthehuthewasinallowedthesuntobeatonhishead，andcausedasplittingheadacheanddeafness:whilehewasnearlyinsensible，hefeltMasikorepeatedlylifthimbacktothebedoffwhichhehadrolled，andcoverhimup。
Onthe24thwewereagaininBanda，atthevillageofChasundu，andcouldnowseeclearlythehotvalleyinwhichtheShireflows，andthemountainsoftheManganjabeyondtooursouth-east。Insteadoffollowingtheroadbywhichwehadcome，weresolvedtogosouthalongtheLesungwe，whichrisesatZunje，apeakonthesameridgeasMvai，andapartofKirk\'sRange，whichboundsthecountryoftheMaravionourwest。ThisisaboutthelimitofthebeatofthePortuguesenativetraders，anditisbutrecentlythat，followingourfootsteps，theyhavecomesofar。Itisnotlikelythattheirenterprisewillleadthemfurthernorth，forChasunduinformedusthattheBabisaunder-selltheagentsfromTette。Hehadtriedtodealwiththelatterwhentheyfirstcame；buttheyofferedonlytenfathomsofcalicoforatusk，forwhichtheBabisagavehimtwentyfathomsandalittlepowder。Ivorywasbroughttousforsaleagainandagain，and，asfaraswecouldjudge，thepriceexpectedwouldbeaboutoneyardofcalicoperpound，orpossiblymore，forthereisnoscaleofpricesknown。Theruleseemstobethatbuyerandsellershallspendagooddealoftimeintryingtocheateachotherbeforecomingtoanyconclusionoverabargain。
WefoundtheLesungweafinestreamnearitssource，andaboutfortyfeetwideandknee-deep，whenjoinedbytheLekudzi，whichcomesdownfromtheMaravicountry。
