chief，nortothehighpriest，buttoReligionandtoGod。(81)Thearmy，orthehosts，werecalledthearmyofGod，orthehostsofGod。(82)ForthisreasonGodwascalledbytheHebrewstheGodofArmies；andthearkofthecovenantwasborneinthemidstofthearmyinimportantbattles，whenthesafetyordestructionofthewholepeoplehungupontheissue，sothatthepeoplemight，asitwere，seetheirKingamongthem，andputforthalltheirstrength。
(17:83)Fromthesedirections，leftbyMosestohissuccessors，weplainlyseethathechoseadministrators，ratherthandespots，tocomeafterhim；
forheinvestednoonewiththepowerofconsultingGod，wherehelikedandalone，consequently，noonehadthepowerpossessedbyhimselfofordainingandabrogatinglaws，ofdecidingonwarorpeace，ofchoosingmentofillofficesbothreligiousandsecular:allthesearetheprerogativesofasovereign。(84)Thehighpriest，indeed，hadtherightofinterpretinglaws，andcommunicatingtheanswersofGod，buthecouldnotdosowhenheliked，asMosescould，butonlywhenhewasaskedbythegeneral-in-chiefofthearmy，thecouncil，orsomesimilarauthority。(85)Thegeneral-in-chiefandthecouncilcouldconsultGodwhentheyliked，butcouldonlyreceiveHisanswersthroughthehighpriest；sothattheutterancesofGod，asreportedbythehighpriest，werenotdecrees，astheywerewhenreportedbyMoses，butonlyanswers；theywereacceptedbyJoshuaandthecouncil，andonlythenhadtheforceofcommandsanddecrees{LiketheseparationofpowersintheUnitedStatesofAmerica。}
(17:86)Thehighpriest，bothinthecaseofAaronandofhissonEleazar，waschosenbyMoses；norhadanyone，afterMoses\'death，arighttoelecttotheoffice，whichbecamehereditary。(87)Thegeneral-in-chiefofthearmywasalsochosenbyMoses，andassumedhisfunctionsinvirtueofthecommands，notofthehighpriest，butofMoses:indeed，afterthedeathofJoshua，thehighpriestdidnotappointanyoneinhisplace，andthecaptainsdidnotconsultGodafreshaboutageneral-in-chief，buteachretainedJoshua\'spowerinrespecttothecontingentofhisowntribe，andallretaineditcollectively，inrespecttothewholearmy。(88)Thereseemstohavebeennoneedofageneral-in-chief，exceptwhentheywereobligedtounitetheirforcesagainstacommonenemy。(89)ThisoccurredmostfrequentlyduringthetimeofJoshua，whentheyhadnofixeddwelling。
place，andpossessedallthingsincommon。[17:7](90)Afterallthetribeshadgainedtheirterritoriesbyrightofconquest，andhaddividedtheirallottedgains，they，becameseparated，havingnolongertheirpossessionsincommon，sothattheneedforasinglecommanderceased，forthedifferenttribesshouldbeconsideredratherinthelightofconfederatedstatesthanofbodiesoffellow-citizens。(91)InrespecttotheirGodandtheirreligion，they，werefellow-citizens；but，inrespecttotherightswhichonepossessedwithregardtoanother，theywereonlyconfederated:
they，were，infact，inmuchthesameposition(ifoneexceptstheTemplecommontoall)astheUnitedStatesoftheNetherlands{orUnitedStatesofAmerica}。(92)Thedivisionofproperty，heldincommonisonlyanotherphraseforthepossessionofhissharebyeachoftheownerssingly，andthesurrenderbytheothersoftheirrightsoversuchshare。(93)ThisiswhyMoseselectedcaptainsofthetribes-namely，thatwhenthedominionwasdivided，eachmighttakecareofhisownpart；consultingGodthroughthehighpriestontheaffairsofhistribe，rulingoverhisarmy，buildingandfortifyingcities，appointingjudges，attackingtheenemiesofhisowndominion，andhavingcompletecontroloverallcivilandmilitaryaffairs。
(94)HewasnotboundtoacknowledgeanysuperiorjudgesaveGod[Endnote32]，oraprophetwhomGodshouldexpresslysend。(95)IfhedepartedfromtheworshipofGod，therestofthetribesdidnotarraignhimasasubject，butattackedhimasanenemy。(95)OfthiswehaveexamplesinScripture。(96)WhenJoshuawasdead，thechildrenofIsrael(notafreshgeneral-in-chief)consultedGod；itbeingdecidedthatthetribeofJudahshouldbethefirsttoattackitsenemies，thetribeinquestioncontractedasinglealliancewiththetribeofSimeon，forunitingtheirforces，andattackingtheircommonenemy，therestofthetribesnotbeingincludedinthealliance(Judgesi:1，2，3)。(97)Eachtribeseparatelymadewaragainstitsownenemies，and，accordingtoitspleasure，receivedthemassubjectsorallies，thoughithadbeencommandednottosparethemonanyconditions，buttodestroythemutterly。(98)Suchdisobediencemetwithreprooffromtherestofthetribes，butdidnotcausetheoffendingtribetobearraigned:itwasnotconsideredasufficientreasonforproclaimingacivilwar，orinterferinginoneanother\'saffairs。(99)ButwhenthetribeofBenjaminoffendedagainsttheothers，andsoloosenedthebondsofpeacethatnoneoftheconfederatedtribescouldfindrefugewithinitsborders，theyattackeditasanenemy，andgainingthevictoryoveritafterthreebattles，puttodeathbothguiltyandinnocent，accordingtothelawsofwar:anactwhichtheysubsequentlybewailedwithtardyrepentance。
(17:100)Theseexamplesplainlyconfirmwhatwehavesaidconcerningtherightsofeachtribe。(101)Perhapsweshallbeaskedwhoelectedthesuccessorstothecaptainsofeachtribe；onthispointIcangathernopositiveinformationinScripture，butIconjecturethatasthetribesweredividedintofamilies，eachheadedbyitsseniormember，theseniorofalltheseheadsoffamiliessucceededbyrighttotheofficeofcaptain，forMoseschosefromamongtheseseniorshisseventycoadjutors，whoformedwithhimselfthesupremecouncil。(102)ThosewhoadministeredthegovernmentafterthedeathofJoshuawerecalledelders，andelderisaverycommonHebrewexpressioninthesenseofjudge，asIsupposeeveryoneknows；
however，itisnotveryimportantforustomakeupourmindsonthispoint。
(103)ItisenoughtohaveshownthatafterthedeathofMosesnoonemanwieldedallthepowerofasovereign；asaffairswerenotallmanagedbyoneman，norbyasinglecouncil，norbythepopularvote，butpartlybyonetribe，partlybytherestinequalshares，itismostevidentthatthegovernment，afterthedeathofMoses，wasneithermonarchic，noraristocratic，norpopular，but，aswehavesaid，Theocratic。
(104)Thereasonsforapplyingthisnameare:
(17:105)I。BecausetheroyalseatofgovernmentwastheTemple，andinrespecttoitalone，aswehaveshown，allthetribeswerefellow-citizens，(106)II。BecauseallthepeopleowedallegiancetoGod，theirsupremeJudge，towhomonlytheyhadpromisedimplicitobedienceinallthings。
(17:107)III。Becausethegeneral-in-chiefordictator，whentherewasneedofsuch，waselectedbynonesaveGodalone。(108)ThiswasexpresslycommandedbyMosesinthenameofGod(Deut。xix:15)，andwitnessedbytheactualchoiceofGideon，ofSamson，andofSamuel；wherefromwemayconcludethattheotherfaithfulleaderswerechoseninthesamemanner，thoughitisnotexpresslytoldus。
(17:109)Thesepreliminariesbeingstated，itisnowtimetoinquiretheeffectsofformingadominiononthisplan，andtoseewhetheritsoeffectuallykeptwithinboundsbothrulersandruled，thattheformerwerenevertyrannicalandthelatterneverrebellious。
(17:110)Thosewhoadministerorpossessgoverningpower，alwaystrytosurroundtheirhigh-handedactionswithacloakoflegality，andtopersuadethepeoplethattheyactfromgoodmotives；thistheyareeasilyabletoeffectwhentheyarethesoleinterpretersofthelaw；foritisevidentthattheyarethusabletoassumeafargreaterfreedomtocarryouttheirwishesanddesiresthaniftheinterpretationifthelawisvestedinsomeoneelse，orifthelawsweresoself-evidentthatnoonecouldbeindoubtastotheirmeaning。[17:8](111)Wethusseethatthepowerofevil-
doingwasgreatlycurtailedfortheHebrewcaptainsbythefactthatthewholeinterpretationofthelawwasvestedintheLevites(Deut。xxi:5)，who，ontheirpart，hadnoshareinthegovernment，anddependedforalltheirsupportandconsiderationonacorrectinterpretationofthelawsentrustedtothem。(112)Moreover，thewholepeoplewascommandedtocometogetheratacertainplaceeverysevenyearsandbeinstructedinthelawbythehigh-priest；further，eachindividualwasbiddentoreadthebookofthelawthroughandthroughcontinuallywithscrupulouscare。(Deut。xxxi:9，10，andvi:7。)(113)Thecaptainswerethusfortheirownsakesboundtotakegreatcaretoadministereverythingaccordingtothelawslaiddown，andwellknowntoall，ifthey，wishedtobeheldinhighhonourby，thepeople，whowouldregardthemastheadministratorsofGod\'sdominion，andasGod\'svicegerents；otherwisetheycouldnothaveescapedallthevirulenceoftheologicalhatred。(114)Therewasanotherveryimportantcheckontheunbridledlicenseofthecaptains，inthefact，thatthearmywasformedfromthewholebody，ofthecitizens，betweentheagesoftwentyandsixty，withoutexception，andthatthecaptainswerenotabletohireanyforeignsoldiery。(115)ThisIsaywasvery，important，foritiswellknownthatprincescanoppresstheirpeopleswiththesingleaidofthesoldieryintheirpay；whilethereisnothingmoreformidabletothemthanthefreedomofcitizensoldiers，whohaveestablishedthefreedomandgloryoftheircountry，bytheirvalour，theirtoil，andtheirblood。(116)
ThusAlexander，whenhewasabouttomakewaxonDarius，asecondtime，afterhearingtheadviceofParmenio，didnotchidehimwhogavetheadvice，butPolysperchon，whowasstandingby。(117)For，asCurtiussays(iv。Para。13)，hedidnotventuretoreproachParmenioagainafterhavingshortly，beforereprovedhimtoosharply。(118)ThisfreedomoftheMacedonians，whichhesodreaded，hewasnotabletosubduetillafterthenumberofcaptivesenlistedinthearmy，surpassedthatofhisownpeople:
then，butnottillthen，hegavereintohisangersolongcheckedby，theindependenceofhischieffellow-countrymen。
(17:119)Ifthisindependenceofcitizensoldierscanrestraintheprincesofordinarystateswhoarewonttousurpthewholegloryofvictories，itmusthavebeenstillmoreeffectualagainsttheHebrewcaptains，whosesoldierswerefighting，notforthegloryofaprince，butforthegloryofGod，andwhodidnotgoforthtobattletilltheDivineassenthadbeengiven。
(17:120)WemustalsorememberthattheHebrewcaptainswereassociatedonlybythebondsofreligion:therefore，ifanyoneofthemhadtransgressed，andbeguntoviolatetheDivineright，hemighthavebeentreatedbytherestasanenemyandlawfullysubdued。
(17:121)Anadditionalcheckmaybefoundinthefearofanewprophetarising，forifamanofunblemishedlifecouldshowbycertainsignsthathewasreallyaprophet，heipsofactoobtainedthesovereignrighttorule，whichwasgiventohim，astoMosesformerly，inthenameofGod，asrevealedtohimselfalone；notmerelythroughthehighpriest，asinthecaseofthecaptains。(122)Thereisnodoubtthatsuchanonewouldeasilybeabletoenlistanoppressedpeopleinhiscause，andbytriflingsignspersuadethemofanythinghewished:ontheotherhand，ifaffairswerewellordered，thecaptainwouldbeabletomakeprovisionintime；thattheprophetshouldbesubmittedtohisapproval，andbeexaminedwhetherhewerereallyofunblemishedlife，andpossessedindisputablesignsofhismission:
also，whethertheteachingheproposedtosetforthinthenameoftheLordagreedwithreceiveddoctrines，andthegenerallawsofthecountry；ifhiscredentialswereinsufficient，orhisdoctrinesnew，hecouldlawfullybeputtodeath，orelsereceivedonthecaptain\'ssoleresponsibilityandauthority。
(17:123)Again，thecaptainswerenotsuperiortotheothersinnobilityorbirth，butonlyadministeredthegovernmentinvirtueoftheirageandpersonalqualities。(124)Lastly，neithercaptainsnorarmyhadanyreasonforpreferringwartopeace。(125)Thearmy，aswehavestated，consistedentirelyofcitizens，sothataffairsweremanagedbythesamepersonsbothinpeaceandwar。(126)Themanwhowasasoldierinthecampwasacitizeninthemarket-place，hewhowasaleaderinthecampwasajudgeinthelawcourts，hewhowasageneralinthecampwasarulerinthestate。(127)
Thusnoonecoulddesirewarforitsownsake，butonlyforthesakeofpreservingpeaceandliberty；possiblythecaptainsavoidedchangeasfaraspossible，soasnottobeobligedtoconsultthehighpriestandsubmittotheindignityofstandinginhispresence。
(17:128)Somuchfortheprecautionsforkeepingthecaptainswithinbounds。
[17:9](129)Wemustnowlookfortherestraintsuponthepeople:these，however，areveryclearlyindicatedintheverygroundworkofthesocialfabric。
(17:130)Anyonewhogivesthesubjecttheslightestattention，willseethatthestatewassoorderedastoinspirethemostardentpatriotismintheheartsofthecitizens，sothatthelatterwouldbeveryhardtopersuadetobetraytheircountry，andbereadytoendureanythingratherthansubmittoaforeignyoke。(131)AftertheyhadtransferredtheirrighttoGod，theythoughtthattheirkingdombelongedtoGod，andthattheythemselveswereGod\'schildren。(132)OthernationstheylookeduponasGod\'senemies，andregardedwithintensehatred(whichtheytooktobepiety，seePsalmcxxxix:21，22):nothingwouldhavebeenmoreabhorrenttothemthanswearingallegiancetoaforeigner，andpromisinghimobedience:norcouldtheyconceiveanygreaterormoreexecrablecrimethanthebetrayaloftheircountry，thekingdomoftheGodwhomtheyadored。
(17:133)Itwasconsideredwickedforanyonetosettleoutsideofthecountry，inasmuchastheworshipofGodbywhichtheywereboundcouldnotbecarriedonelsewhere:theirownlandalonewasconsideredholy，therestoftheearthuncleanandprofane。
(17:134)David，whowasforcedtoliveinexile，complainedbeforeSaulasfollows:\"Butiftheybethechildrenofmenwhohavestirredtheeupagainstme，cursedbetheybeforetheLord；fortheyhavedrivenmeoutthisdayfromabidingintheinheritanceoftheLord，saying，Go，serveothergods。\"(ISam。xxvi:19。)(135)Forthesamereasonnocitizen，asweshouldespeciallyremark，waseversentintoexile:hewhosinnedwasliabletopunishment，butnottodisgrace。
(17:136)ThustheloveoftheHebrewsfortheircountrywasnotonlypatriotism，butalsopiety，andwascherishedandnurturedbvdailyritestill，liketheirhatredofothernations，itmusthavepassedintotheirnature。(137)Theirdailyworshipwasnotonlydifferentfromthatofothernations(asitmightwellbe，consideringthattheywereapeculiarpeopleandentirelyapartfromtherest)，itwasabsolutelycontrary。(138)Suchdailyreprobationnaturallygaverisetoalastinghatred，deeplyimplantedintheheart:forofallhatredsnoneismoredeepandtenaciousthanthatwhichspringsfromextremedevoutnessorpiety，andisitselfcherishedaspious。(139)Norwasageneralcauselackingforinflamingsuchhatredmoreandmore，inasmuchasitwasreciprocated；thesurroundingnationsregardingtheJewswithahatredjustasintense。
(17:140)Howgreatwastheeffectofallthesecauses，namely，freedomfromman\'sdominion；devotiontotheircountry；absoluterightsoverallothermen；ahatrednotonlypermittedbutpious；acontemptfortheirfellow-men；thesingularityoftheircustomsandreligiousrites；theeffect，Irepeat，ofallthesecausesinstrengtheningtheheartsoftheJewstobearallthingsfortheircountry，withextraordinaryconstancyandvalour，willatoncebediscernedbyreasonandattestedbyexperience。
(141)Never，solongasthecitywasstanding，couldtheyenduretoremainunderforeigndominion；andthereforetheycalledJerusalem\"arebelliouscity\"(Ezraiv:12)。(142)Theirstateafteritsreestablishment(whichwasamereshadowofthefirst，forthehighpriestshadusurpedtherightsofthetribalcaptains)was，withgreatdifficulty，destroyedbytheRomans，asTacitusbearswitness(Hist。ii:4):-\"VespasianhadclosedthewaragainsttheJews，abandoningthesiegeofJerusalemasanenterprisedifficultandarduousratherfromthecharacterofthepeopleandtheobstinacyoftheirsuperstition，thanfromthestrengthlefttothebesiegedformeetingtheirnecessities。\"(143)Butbesidesthesecharacteristics，whicharemerelyascribedbyanindividualopinion，therewasonefeaturepeculiartothisstateandofgreatimportanceinretainingtheaffectionsofthecitizens，andcheckingallthoughtsofdesertion，orabandonmentofthecountry:namely，self-interest，thestrengthandlifeofallhumanaction。(144)ThiswaspeculiarlyengagedintheHebrewstate，fornowhereelsedidcitizenspossesstheirgoodssosecurely，asdidthesubjectsofthiscommunity，forthelatterpossessedaslargeashareinthelandandthefieldsasdidtheirchiefs，andwereownersoftheirplotsofgroundinperpetuity；forifanymanwascompelledbypovertytosellhisfarmorhispasture，hereceiveditbackagainintactattheyearofjubilee:therewereothersimilarenactmentsagainstthepossibilityofalienatingrealproperty。
(17:145)Again，povertywasnowheremoreendurablethaninacountrywheredutytowardsone\'sneighbour，thatis，one\'sfellow-citizen，waspractisedwiththeutmostpiety，asameansofgainingthefavourofGodtheKing。
(146)ThustheHebrewcitizenswouldnowherebesowelloffasintheirowncountry；outsideitslimitstheymetwithnothingbutlossanddisgrace。
(17:147)Thefollowingconsiderationswereofweight，notonlyinkeepingthemathome，butalsoinpreventingcivilwarandremovingcausesofstrife；noonewasboundtoservehisequal，butonlytoserveGod，whilecharityandlovetowardsfellow-citizenswasaccountedthehighestpiety；
thislastfeelingwasnotalittlefosteredbythegeneralhatredwithwhichtheyregardedforeignnationsandwereregardedbythem。(148)Furthermore，thestrictdisciplineofobedienceinwhichtheywerebroughtup，wasaveryimportantfactor；fortheywereboundtocarryonalltheiractionsaccordingtothesetrulesofthelaw:amanmightnotploughwhenheliked，butonlyatcertaintimes，incertainyears，andwithonesortofbeastatatime；so，too，hemightonlysowandreapinacertainmethodandseason-
infact，hiswholelifewasonelongschoolofobedience(seeChap。V。ontheuseofceremonies)；suchahabitwasthusengendered，thatconformityseemedfreedominsteadofservitude，andmendesiredwhatwascommandedratherthanwhatwasforbidden。(149)Thisresultwasnotalittleaidedbythefactthatthepeoplewerebound，atcertainseasonsoftheyear，togivethemselvesuptorestandrejoicing，notfortheirownpleasure，butinorderthattheymightworshipGodcheerfully。
(17:150)ThreetimesintheyeartheyfeastedbeforetheLord；ontheseventhdayofeveryweektheywerebiddentoabstainfromallworkandtorest；besidesthese，therewereotheroccasionswheninnocentrejoicingandfeastingwerenotonlyallowedbutenjoined。(151)Idonotthinkanybettermeansofinfluencingmen\'smindscouldbedevised；forthereisnomorepowerfulattractionthanjoyspringingfromdevotion，amixtureofadmirationandlove。(152)Itwasnoteasytobeweariedbyconstantrepetition，fortheritesonthevariousfestivalswerevariedandrecurredseldom。(153)WemayaddthedeepreverencefortheTemplewhichallmostreligiouslyfostered，onaccountofthepeculiarritesanddutiesthattheywereobligedtoperformbeforeapproachingthither。(154)Evennow，JewscannotreadwithouthorrorofthecrimeofManasseh，whodaredtoplaceauidolintheTemple。(155)Thelaws，scrupulouslypreservedintheinmostsanctuary，wereobjectsofequalreverencetothepeople。(156)Popularreportsandmisconceptionswere，therefore，verylittletobefearedinthisquarter，fornoonedareddecideonsacredmatters，butallfeltboundtoobey，withoutconsultingtheirreason，allthecommandsgivenbytheanswersofGodreceivedintheTemple，andallthelawswhichGodhadordained。
(17:157)IthinkIhavenowexplainedclearly，thoughbriefly，，themainfeaturesoftheHebrewcommonwealth。(158)Imustnowinquireintothecauseswhichledthepeoplesooftentofallawayfromthelaw，whichbroughtabouttheirfrequentsubjection，and，finally，thecompletedestructionoftheirdominion。(159)PerhapsIshallbetoldthatitsprangfromtheirhardnessofheart；butthisischildish，forwhyshouldthispeoplebemorehardofheartthanothers；wasitbynature?
[17:A](160)Butnatureformsindividuals，notpeoples；thelatterareonlydistinguishablebythedifferenceoftheirlanguage，theircustoms，andtheirlaws；whilefromthetwolast-i。e。，customsandlaws，-itmayarisethattheyhaveapeculiardisposition，apeculiarmanneroflife，andpeculiarprejudices。(161)If，then，theHebrewswereharderofheartthanothernations，thefaultlaywiththeirlawsorcustoms。
(17:162)Thisiscertainlytrue，inthesensethat，ifGodhadwishedtheirdominiontobemorelasting，Hewouldhavegiventhemotherritesandlaws，andwouldhaveinstitutedadifferentformofgovernment。(163)Wecan，therefore，onlysaythattheirGodwasangrywiththem，notonly，asJeremiahsays，fromthebuildingofthecity，butevenfromthefoundingoftheirlaws。
(17:164)ThisisbornewitnesstobyEzekielxx:25:\"WhereforeIgavethemalsostatutesthatwerenotgood，andjudgmentswherebytheyshouldnotlive；andIpollutedthemintheirowngifts，inthattheycausedtopassthroughthefireallthatopeneththewomb；thatImightmakethemdesolate，totheendthattheymightknowthatIamtheLord。\"
(17:165)Inorderthatwemayunderstandthesewords，andthedestructionoftheHebrewcommonwealth，wemustbearinmindthatithadatfirstbeenintendedtoentrustthewholedutiesofthepriesthoodtothefirstborn，andnottotheLevites(seeNumb。viii:17)。(166)Itwasonlywhenallthetribes，excepttheLevites，worshippedthegoldencalf，thatthefirstbornwererejectedanddefiled，andtheLeviteschosenintheirstead(Deut。x:8)。(167)WhenIreflectonthischange，IfeeldisposedtobreakforthwiththewordsofTacitus。(168)God\'sobjectatthattimewasnotthesafetyoftheJews，butvengeance。(169)Iamgreatlyastonishedthatthecelestialmindwassoinflamedwithangerthatitordainedlaws，whichalwaysaresupposedtopromotethehonour，well-being，andsecurityofapeople，withthepurposeofvengeance，forthesakeofpunishment；sothatthelawsdonotseemsomuchlaws-thatis，thesafeguardofthepeople-aspainsandpenalties。
(17:170)ThegiftswhichthepeoplewereobligedtobestowontheLevitesandpriests-theredemptionofthefirstborn，thepoll-taxduetotheLevites，theprivilegepossessedbythelatterofthesoleperformanceofsacredrites-allthese，Isay，wereacontinualreproachtothepeople，acontinualreminderoftheirdefilementandrejection。(171)Moreover，wemaybesure
(17:173)Besidesthis，therewastheobligationtokeepinidlenessmenhatefultothem，andconnectedbynotiesofblood。(174)Especiallywouldthisseemgrievouswhenprovisionsweredear。Whatwonder，then，ifintimesofpeace，whenstrikingmiracleshadceased，andnomenofparamountauthoritywereforthcoming，theirritableandgreedytemperofthepeoplebegantowaxcold，andatlengthtofallawayfromaworship，which，thoughDivine，wasalsohumiliating，andevenhostile，andtoseekaftersomethingfresh；orcanwebesurprisedthatthecaptains，whoalwaysadoptthepopularcourse，inordertogainthesovereignpowerforthemselvesbyenlistingthesympathiesofthepeople，andalienatingthehighpriest，shouldhaveyieldedtotheirdemands，andintroducedanewworship?(175)Ifthestatehadbeenformedaccordingtotheoriginalintention，therightsandhonourofallthetribeswouldhavebeenequal，andeverythingwouldhaverestedonafirmbasis。(176)Whoistherewhowouldwillinglyviolatethereligiousrightsofhiskindred?(177)Whatcouldamandesiremorethantosupporthisownbrothersandparents，thusfulfillingthedutiesofreligion?(178)Whowouldnotrejoiceinbeingtaughtbythemtheinterpretationofthelaws，andreceivingthroughthemtheanswersofGod?
(17:179)Thetribeswouldthushavebeenunitedbyafarcloserbond，ifallalikehadpossessedtherighttothepriesthood。(180)Alldangerwouldhavebeenobviated，ifthechoiceoftheLeviteshadnotbeendictatedbyangerandrevenge。(181)But，aswehavesaid，theHebrewshadoffendedtheirGod，Who，asEzekielsays，pollutedthemintheirowngiftsbyrejectingallthatopeneththewomb，sothatHemightdestroythem。
(17:182)Thispassageisalsoconfirmedbytheirhistory。Assoonasthepeopleinthewildernessbegantoliveineaseandplenty，certainmenofnomeanbirthbegantorebelagainstthechoiceoftheLevites，andtomakeitacauseforbelievingthatMoseshadnotactedbythecommandsofGod，butforhisowngoodpleasure，inasmuchashehadchosenhisowntribebeforealltherest，andhadbestowedthehighpriesthoodinperpetuityonhisownbrother。(183)They，therefore，stirredupatumult，andcametohim，cryingoutthatallmenwereequallysacred，andthathehadexaltedhimselfabovehisfellowswrongfully。(184)Moseswasnotabletopacifythemwithreasons；butbytheinterventionofamiracleinproofofthefaith，theyallperished。(185)Afreshseditionthenaroseamongthewholepeople，whobelievedthattheirchampionshadnotbeenputtodeathbythejudgmentofGod，butbythedeviceofMoses。(186)Afteragreatslaughter，orpestilence，therisingsubsidedfrominanition，butinsuchamannerthatallpreferreddeathtolifeundersuchconditions。
(17:187)Weshouldrathersaythatseditionceasedthanthatharmonywasre-
established。(188)ThisiswitnessedbyScripture(Deut。xxxi:21)，whereGod，afterpredictingtoMosesthatthepeopleafterhisdeathwillfallawayfromtheDivineworship，speaksthus:\"ForIknowtheirimaginationwhichtheygoabout，evennowbeforeIhavebroughtthemintothelandwhichIsware；\"and，alittlewhileafter(xxxi:27)，Mosessays:ForIknowthyrebellionandthystiffneck:beholdwhileIamyetalivewithyouthisday，yehavebeenrebelliousagainsttheLord；andhowmuchmoreaftermydeath!\"
(17:189)Indeed，ithappenedaccordingtohiswords，asweallknow。
(190)Greatchanges，extremelicense，luxury，andhardnessofheartgrewup；
thingswentfrombadtoworse，tillatlastthepeople，afterbeingfrequentlyconquered，cametoanopenrupturewiththeDivineright，andwishedforamortalking，sothattheseatofgovernmentmightbetheCourt，insteadoftheTemple，andthatthetribesmightremainfellow-citizensinrespecttotheirking，insteadofinrespecttoDivinerightandthehighpriesthood。
(17:191)Avastmaterialfornewseditionswasthusproduced，eventuallyresultingintheruinoftheentirestate。Kingsareaboveallthingsjealousofaprecariousrule，andcaninnowisebrookadominionwithintheirown。(192)Thefirstmonarchs，beingchosenfromtheranksofprivatecitizens，werecontentwiththeamountofdignitytowhichtheyhadrisen；
buttheirsons，whoobtainedthethronebyrightofinheritance，begangraduallytointroducechanges，soastogetallthesovereignrightsintotheirownhands。(193)Thistheyweregenerallyunabletoaccomplish，solongastherightoflegislationdidnotrestwiththem，butwiththehighpriest，whokeptthelawsinthesanctuary，andinterpretedthemtothepeople。(194)Thekingswerethusboundtoobeythelawsasmuchaswerethesubjects，andwereunabletoabrogatethem，ortoordainnewlawsofequalauthority；moreover，theywerepreventedbytheLevitesfromadministeringtheaffairsofreligion，kingandsubjectbeingalikeunclean。(195)Lastly，thewholesafetyoftheirdominiondependedonthewillofoneman，ifthatmanappearedtobeaprophet；andofthistheyhadseenanexample，namely，howcompletelySamuelhadbeenabletocommandSaul，andhoweasily，becauseofasingledisobedience，hehadbeenabletotransfertherightofsovereigntytoDavid。(196)Thusthekingsfoundadominionwithintheirown，andwieldedaprecarioussovereignty。
(17:197)Inordertosurmountthesedifficulties，theyallowedothertemplestobededicatedtothegods，sothattheremightbenofurtherneedofconsultingtheLevites；theyalsosoughtoutmanywhoprophesiedinthenameofGod，sothattheymighthavecreaturesoftheirowntoopposetothetrueprophets。(198)However，inspiteofalltheirattempts，theyneverattainedtheirend。(199)Fortheprophets，preparedagainsteveryemergency，waitedforafavourableopportunity，suchasthebeginningofanewreign，whichisalwaysprecarious，whilethememoryofthepreviousreignremainsgreen。(200)AtthesetimestheycouldeasilypronouncebyDivineauthoritythatthekingwastyrannical，andcouldproduceachampionofdistinguishedvirtuetovindicatetheDivineright，andlawfullytoclaimdominion，orashareinit。(201)Still，notevensocouldtheprophetseffectmuch。(202)Theycould，indeed，removeatyrant；buttherewerereasonswhichpreventedthemfromdoingmorethansettingup，atgreatcostofcivilbloodshed，anothertyrantinhisstead。(203)Ofdiscordsandcivilwarstherewasnoend，forthecausesfortheviolationofDivinerightremainedalwaysthesame，andcouldonlyberemovedbyacompleteremodellingofthestate。
(17:204)WehavenowseenhowreligionwasintroducedintotheHebrewcommonwealth，andhowthedominionmighthavelastedforever，ifthejustwrathoftheLawgiverhadallowedit。(205)Asthiswasimpossible，itwasboundintimetoperish。(206)Iamnowspeakingonlyofthefirstcommonwealth，forthesecondwasamereshadowofthefirst，inasmuchasthepeoplewereboundbytherightsofthePersianstowhomtheyweresubject。
(207)Aftertherestorationoffreedom，thehighpriestsusurpedtherightsofthesecularchiefs，andthusobtainedabsolutedominion。(208)Thepriestswereinflamedwithanintensedesiretowieldthepowersofthesovereigntyandthehighpriesthoodatthesametime。(209)Ihave，therefore，noneedtospeakfurtherofthesecondcommonwealth。(210)
Whetherthefirst，insofaraswedeemittohavebeendurable，iscapableofimitation，andwhetheritwouldbepioustocopyitasfaraspossible，willappearfromwhatfellows。(211)Iwishonlytodrawattention，asacrowningconclusion，totheprincipleindicatedalready-namely，thatitisevident，fromwhatwehavestatedinthischapter，thattheDivineright，ortherightofreligion，originatesinacompact:withoutsuchcompact，nonebutnaturalrightsexist。(212)TheHebrewswerenotboundbytheirreligiontoevinceanypiouscareforothernationsnotincludedinthecompact，butonlyfortheirownfellow-citizens。
[18:0]CHAPTERXVIII-FROMTHECOMMONWEALTHOFTHEHEBREWS，AND
THEIRHISTORY，CERTAINPOLITICALDOCTRINESAREDEDUCED。
[18:1](1)AlthoughthecommonwealthoftheHebrews，aswehaveconceivedit，mighthavelastedforever，itwouldbeimpossibletoimitateitatthepresentday，norwoulditbeadvisablesotodo。(2)IfapeoplewishedtotransfertheirrightstoGoditwouldbenecessarytomakeanexpresscovenantwithHim，andforthiswouldbeneedednotonlytheconsentofthosetransferringtheirrights，butalsotheconsentofGod。(3)God，however，hasrevealedthroughhisApostlesthatthecovenantofGodisnolongerwritteninink，orontablesofstone，butwiththeSpiritofGodinthefleshytablesoftheheart。
(18:4)Furthermore，suchaformofgovernmentwouldonlybeavailableforthosewhodesiretohavenoforeignrelations，buttoshutthemselvesupwithintheirownfrontiers，andtoliveapartfromtherestoftheworld；itwouldbeuselesstomenwhomusthavedealingswithothernations；sothatthecaseswhereitcouldbeadoptedareveryfewindeed。
(18:5)Nevertheless，thoughitcouldnotbecopiedinitsentirety，itpossessedmanyexcellentfeatureswhichmightbebroughttoournotice，andperhapsimitatedwithadvantage。(6)Myintention，however，isnottowriteatreatiseonformsofgovernment，soIwillpassovermostofsuchpointsinsilence，andwillonlytouchonthosewhichbearuponmypurpose。
(18:7)God\'skingdomisnotinfringeduponbythechoiceofanearthlyrulerendowedwithsovereignrights；foraftertheHebrewshadtransferredtheirrightstoGod，theyconferredthesovereignrightofrulingonMoses，investinghimwiththesolepowerofinstitutingandabrogatinglawsinthenameofGod，ofchoosingpriests，ofjudging，ofteaching，ofpunishing-infact，alltheprerogativesofanabsolutemonarch。
(18:8)Again，thoughthepriestsweretheinterpretersofthelaws，theyhadnopowertojudgethecitizens，ortoexcommunicateanyone:thiscouldonlybedonebythejudgesandchiefschosenfromamongthepeople。(9)A
considerationofthesuccessesandthehistoriesoftheHebrewswillbringtolightotherconsiderationsworthyofnote。Towit:
(18:9)I。Thattherewerenoreligioussects，tillafterthehighpriests，inthesecondcommonwealth，possessedtheauthoritytomakedecrees，andtransactthebusinessofgovernment。(10)Inorderthatsuchauthoritymightlastforever，thehighpriestsusurpedtherightsofsecularrulers，andatlastwishedtobestyledkings。(11)Thereasonforthisisreadytohand；inthefirstcommonwealthnodecreescouldbearthenameofthehighpriest，forhehadnorighttoordainlaws，butonlytogivetheanswersofGodtoquestionsaskedbythecaptainsorthecouncils:hehad，therefore，nomotiveformakingchangesinthelaw，buttookcare，onthecontrary，toadministerandguardwhathadalreadybeenreceivedandaccepted。(12)Hisonlymeansofpreservinghisfreedominsafetyagainstthewillofthecaptainslayincherishingthelawintact。(13)Afterthehighpriestshadassumedthepowerofcarryingonthegovernment，andaddedtherightsofsecularrulerstothosetheyalreadypossessed，eachonebeganbothinthingsreligiousandinthingssecular，toseekfortheglorificationofhisownname，settlingeverythingbysacerdotalauthority，andissuingeveryday，concerningceremonies，faith，andallelse，newdecreeswhichhesoughttomakeassacredandauthoritativeasthelawsofMoses。(14)Religionthussankintoadegradingsuperstition，whilethetruemeaningandinterpretationofthelawsbecamecorrupted。(15)Furthermore，whilethehighpriestswerepavingtheirwaytothesecularrulejustaftertherestoration，theyattemptedtogainpopularfavourbyassentingtoeverydemand；approvingwhateverthepeopledid，howeverimpious，andaccommodatingScripturetotheverydepravedcurrentmorals。(16)Malachibearswitnesstothisinnomeasuredterms:hechidesthepriestsofhistimeasdespisersofthenameofGod，andthengoesonwithhisinvectiveasfollows(Malii:7，8):\"Forthepriest\'slipsshouldkeepknowledge，andtheyshouldseekthelawathismouth:forheisthemessengeroftheLordofhosts。(17)Butyearedepartedoutoftheway；yehavecausedmanytostumbleatthelaw，yehavecorruptedthecovenantofLevi，saiththeLordofhosts。\"(18)Hefurtheraccusesthemofinterpretingthelawsaccordingtotheirownpleasure，andpayingnorespecttoGodbutonlytopersons。(19)Itiscertainthatthehighpriestswereneversocautiousintheirconductastoescapetheremarkofthemoreshrewdamongthepeople，forthelatterwereatlengthemboldenedtoassertthatnolawsoughttobekeptsavethosethatwerewritten，andthatthedecreeswhichthePharisees(consisting，asJosephussaysinhis\"Amtiquities，\"
chiefly，ofthecommonpeople)，weredeceivedintocallingthetraditionsofthefathers，shouldnotbeobservedatall。(20)Howeverthismaybe，wecaninnowisedoubtthatflatteryofthehighpriest，thecorruptionofreligionandthelaws，andtheenormousincreaseoftheextentofthelast-named，gaveverygreatandfrequentoccasionfordisputesandaltercationsimpossibletoallay。(21)Whenmenbegintoquarrelwithalltheardourofsuperstition，andthemagistracytobackuponesideortheother，theycannevercometoacompromise，butareboundtosplitintosects。
(18:22)II。Itisworthyofremarkthattheprophets，whowereinaprivatestationoflife，ratherirritatedthanreformedmankindbytheirfreedomofwarning，rebuke，andcensure；whereasthekings，bytheirreproofsandpunishments，couldalwaysproduceaneffect。(23)Theprophetswereoftenintolerableeventopiouskings，onaccountoftheauthoritytheyassumedforjudgingwhetheranactionwasrightorwrong，orforreprovingthekingsthemselvesiftheydaredtotransactanybusiness，whetherpublicorprivate，withoutpropheticsanction。(24)KingAsawho，accordingtothetestimonyofScripture，reignedpiously，puttheprophetHananiintoaprison-housebecausehehadventuredfreelytochideandreprovehimforenteringintoacovenantwiththekingofArmenia。
(18:25)Otherexamplesmightbecited，tendingtoprovethatreligiongainedmoreharmthangoodbysuchfreedom，nottospeakofthefurtherconsequence，thatiftheprophetshadretainedtheirrights，greatcivilwarswouldhaveresulted。
(26)III。Itisremarkablethatduringalltheperiod，duringwhichthepeopleheldthereinsofpower，therewasonlyonecivilwar，andthatonewascompletelyextinguished，theconquerorstakingsuchpityontheconquered，thattheyendeavouredineverywaytoreinstatethemintheirformerdignityandpower。(27)Butafterthatthepeople，littleaccustomedtokings，changeditsfirstformofgovernmentintoamonarchy，civilwarragedalmostcontinuously；andbattlesweresofierceastoexceedallothersrecorded；inoneengagement(taxingourfaithtotheutmost)
fivehundredthousandIsraeliteswereslaughteredbythemenofJudah，andinanothertheIsraelitesslewgreatnumbersofthemenofJudah(thefiguresarenotgiveninScripture)，almostrazedtothegroundthewallsofJerusalem，andsackedtheTempleintheirunbridledfury。(28)Atlength，ladenwiththespoilsoftheirbrethren，satiatedwithblood，theytookhostages，andleavingthekinginhiswell-nighdevastatedkingdom，laiddowntheirarms，relyingontheweaknessratherthanthegoodfaithoftheirfoes。(29)Afewyearsafter，themenofJudah，withrecruitedstrength，againtookthefield，butwereasecondtimebeatenbytheIsraelites，andslaintothenumberofahundredandtwentythousand，twohundredthousandoftheirwivesandchildrenwereledintocaptivity，andagreatbootyagainseized。(30)Wornoutwiththeseandsimilarbattlessetforthatlengthintheirhistories，theJewsatlengthfellapreytotheirenemies。
(18:31)Furthermore，ifwereckonupthetimesduringwhichpeaceprevailedundereachformofgovernment，weshallfindagreatdiscrepancy。(32)
Beforethemonarchyfortyyearsandmoreoftenpassed，andonceeightyyears(analmostunparalleledperiod)，withoutanywar，foreignorcivil。(33)
Afterthekingsacquiredsovereignpower，thefightingwasnolongerforpeaceandliberty，butforglory；accordinglywefindthattheyall，withtheexceptionofSolomon(whosevirtueandwisdomwouldbebetterdisplayedinpeacethaninwar)wagedwar，andfinallyafataldesireforpowergainedground，which，inmanycases，madethepathtothethroneabloodyone。
(18:34)Lastly，thelaws，duringtheruleofthepeople，remaineduncorruptedandwerestudiouslyobserved。(35)Beforethemonarchytherewerevery，fewprophetstoadmonishthepeople，butaftertheestablishmentofkingstherewereagreatnumberatthesametime。(36)Obadiahsavedahundredfromdeathandhidthemaway，lesttheyshouldbeslainwiththerest。(37)Thepeople，sofaraswecansee，wereneverdeceivedbyfalseprophetstillafterthepowerhadbeenvestedinkings，whosecreaturesmanyoftheprophetswere。(38)Again，thepeople，whoseheartwasgenerallyproudorhumbleaccordingtoitscircumstances，easilycorrectedit-selfundermisfortune，turnedagaintoGod，restoredHislaws，andsofreeditselffromallperil；butthekings，whoseheartswerealwaysequallypuffedup，andwhocouldnotbecorrectedwithouthumiliation，clungpertinaciouslytotheirvices，eventillthelastoverthrowofthecity。
[18:2](39)WemaynowclearlyseefromwhatIhavesaid:-
(40)I。Howhurtfultoreligionandthestateistheconcessiontoministersofreligionofanypowerofissuingdecreesortransactingthebusinessofgovernment:how，onthecontrary，fargreaterstabilityisafforded，ifthesaidministersareonlyallowedtogiveanswerstoquestionsdulyputtothem，andare，asarule，obligedtopreachandpractisethereceivedandaccepteddoctrines。
(18:41)IIHowdangerousitistorefertoDivinerightmattersmerelyspeculativeandsubjectorliabletodispute。(42)Themosttyrannicalgovernmentsarethosewhichmakecrimesofopinions，foreveryonehasaninalienablerightoverhisthoughts-nay，suchastateofthingsleadstotheruleofpopularpassion。
(18:43)PontiusPilatemadeconcessiontothepassionofthePhariseesinconsentingtothecrucifixionofChrist，whomheknewtobeinnocent。(44)
Again，thePharisees，inordertoshakethepositionofmenricherthanthemselves，begantosetonfootquestionsofreligion，andaccusedtheSadduceesofimpiety，and，followingtheirexample，thevilest-hypocrites，stirred，astheypretended，bythesameholywrathwhichtheycalledzealfortheLord，persecutedmenwhoseunblemishedcharacteranddistinguishedvirtuehadexcitedthepopularhatred，publiclydenouncedtheiropinions，andinflamedthefiercepassionsofthepeopleagainstthem。
(18:45)Thiswantonlicencebeingcloakedwiththespeciousgarbofreligioncouldnoteasilyberepressed，especiallywhenthesovereignauthoritiesintroducedasectofwhichthey，werenotthehead；theywerethenregardednotasinterpretersofDivineright，butassectarians-thatis，aspersonsrecognizingtherightofDivineinterpretationassumedbytheleadersofthesect。(46)Theauthorityofthemagistratesthusbecameoflittleaccountinsuchmattersincomparisonwiththeauthorityofsectarianleadersbeforewhoseinterpretationskingswereobligedtobow。
(18:47)Toavoidsuchevilsinastate，thereisnosaferway，thantomakepietyandreligiontoconsistinactsonly-thatis，inthepracticeofjusticeandcharity，leavingeveryone\'sjudgmentinotherrespectsfree。
(48)ButIwillspeakofthismoreatlengthpresently。
[18:3](49)III。Weseehownecessaryitis，bothintheinterestsofthestateandintheinterestsofreligion，toconferonthesovereignpowertherightofdecidingwhatislawfulorthereverse。(50)IfthisrightofjudgingactionscouldnotbegiventotheveryprophetsofGodwithoutgreatinjury，tothestateandreligion，howmuchlessshoulditbeentrustedtothosewhocanneitherforetellthefuturenorworkmiracles!(51)ButthisagainIwilltreatofmorefullyhereafter。
(18:52)IV。Lastly，，weseehowdisastrousitisforapeopleunaccustomedtokings，andpossessingacompletecodeoflaws，tosetupamonarchy。(53)
Neithercanthesubjectsbrooksuchasway，northeroyalauthoritysubmittolawsandpopularrightssetupbyanyoneinferiortoitself。(54)Stilllesscanakingbeexpectedtodefendsuchlaws，fortheywerenotframedtosupporthisdominion，butthedominionofthepeople，orsomecouncilwhichformerlyruled，sothatinguardingthepopularrightsthekingwouldseemtobeaslaveratherthanamaster。(55)Therepresentativeofanewmonarchywillemployallhiszealinattemptingtoframenewlaws，soastowresttherightsofdominiontohisownuse，andtoreducethepeopletilltheyfinditeasiertoincreasethantocurtailtheroyalprerogative。
(56)Imustnot，however，omittostatethatitisnolessdangeroustoremoveamonarch，thoughheisonallhandsadmittedtobeatyrant。(57)
Forhispeopleareaccustomedtoroyalauthorityandwillobeynoother，despisingandmockingatanylessaugustcontrol。
(18:58)Itisthereforenecessary，astheprophetsdiscoveredofold，ifonekingberemoved，thatheshouldbereplacedbyanother，whowillbeatyrantfromnecessityratherthanchoice。(59)Forhowwillhebeabletoendurethesightofthehandsofthecitizensreekingwithroyalblood，andtorejoiceintheirregicideasagloriousexploit?(60)Wasnotthedeedperpetratedasanexampleandwarningforhimself?
(18:61)Ifhereallywishestobeking，andnottoacknowledgethepeopleasthejudgeofkingsandthemasterofhimself，ortowieldaprecarioussway，hemustavengethedeathofhispredecessor，makinganexampleforhisownsake，lestthepeopleshouldventuretorepeatasimilarcrime。(62)Hewillnot，however，beableeasilytoavengethedeathofthetyrantbytheslaughterofcitizensunlesshedefendsthecauseoftyrannyandapprovesthedeedsofhispredecessor，thusfollowinginhisfootsteps。
(18:63)Henceitcomestopassthatpeopleshaveoftenchangedtheirtyrants，butneverremovedthemorchangedthemonarchicalformofgovernmentintoanyother。
[18:4](64)TheEnglishpeoplefurnishuswithaterribleexampleofthisfact。(65)Theysoughthowtodeposetheirmonarchundertheformsoflaw，butwhenhehadbeenremoved，theywereutterlyunabletochangetheformofgovernment，andaftermuchbloodshedonlybroughtitabout，thatanewmonarchshouldbehailedunderadifferentname(asthoughithadbeenamerequestionofnames)；thisnewmonarchcouldonlyconsolidatehispowerbycompletelydestroyingtheroyalstock，puttingtodeaththeking\'sfriends，realorsupposed，anddisturbingwithwarthepeacewhichmightencouragediscontent，inorderthatthepopulacemightbeengrossedwithnoveltiesanddivertitsmindfrombroodingovertheslaughteroftheking。
(66)Atlast，however，thepeoplereflectedthatithadaccomplishednothingforthegoodofthecountrybeyondviolatingtherightsofthelawfulkingandchangingeverythingfortheworse。(67)Itthereforedecidedtoretraceitsstepsassoonaspossible，andneverrestedtillithadseenacompleterestorationoftheoriginalstateofaffairs。
(18:68)ItmayperhapsbeobjectedthattheRomanpeoplewaseasilyabletoremoveitstyrants，butIgatherfromitshistoryastrongconfirmationofmycontention。(69)ThoughtheRomanpeoplewasmuchmorethanordinarilycapableofremovingtheirtyrantsandchangingtheirformofgovernment，inasmuchasitheldinitsownhandsthepowerofelectingitskingandhissuccessor，saidbeingcomposedofrebelsandcriminalshadnotlongbeenusedtotheroyalyoke(outofitssixkingsithadputtodeaththree)，neverthelessitcouldaccomplishnothingbeyondelectingseveraltyrantsinplaceofone，whokeptitgroaningunderacontinualstateofwar，bothforeignandcivil，tillatlastitchangeditsgovernmentagaintoaformdifferingfrommonarchy，asinEngland，onlyinname。
[18:5](70)AsfortheUnitedStatesoftheNetherlands，theyhavenever，asweknow，hadaking，butonlycounts，whoneverattainedthefullrightsofdominion。(71)TheStatesoftheNetherlandsevidentlyactedasprincipalsinthesettlementmadebythematthetimeoftheEarlofLeicester\'smission:theyalwaysreservedforthemselvestheauthoritytokeepthecountsuptotheirduties，andthepowertopreservethisauthorityandthelibertyofthecitizens。(72)Theyhadamplemeansofvindicatingtheirrightsiftheirrulersshouldprovetyrannical，andcouldimposesuchrestraintsthatnothingcouldbedonewithouttheirconsentandapproval。
(18:73)ThustherightsofsovereignpowerhavealwaysbeenvestedintheStates，thoughthelastcountendeavouredtousurpthem。(74)ItisthereforelittlelikelythattheStatesshouldgivethemup，especiallyastheyhavejustrestoredtheiroriginaldominion，latelyalmostlost。
