Preface`Historicusnascitur，nonfit。\'Iampainfullyawarethatneithermycallingnorelectioninthismatteraretheleastsure。Certainitisthatinyouth，whenalonethehistorianorthehorsemanmaybeformed，Ididlittletofitmyselfforwritinghistory。WanderingaboutthecountriesofwhichnowItreat，IhadalmostaslittleobjectinmytravelsasaGauchooftheoutside`camps\'。Inevertookanoteonanysubjectunderheaven，norkeptadiary，bymeansofwhich，myyouthdepartedandthecountriesIonceknewsowelltransmogrified，Icould，sittingbesidethefire，readandenjoythesadnessofrevisiting，inmymind\'seye，scenesthatInowrememberindistinctlyasinadream。
Itakeitthathewhokeepsajournalofhisdoings，settingdowndaybydayallthathedoes，withdatesandnamesofplaces，theirlongitudeandlatitudedulyrecorded，makesforhimselfamealofbitter
sweet；
andthatyourtruestdulcamaraistoreadwithglassesthefadednotesjotteddownhurriedlyinrain，insun，inwind，incamps，byfloodedrivers，andinthelongandlistlesshoursofheat
infact，toseeagainyourlife，asitwere，actedforyouinsomecameraobscura，withthechiefactorchanged。Butdiaries，unlesstheybemererecordsofbarefacts，mustofnecessity，asintheirnaturetheyareautobiographical，befalseguides；
sothat，perhaps，IinmycarelessnesswasnotquitesounwiseasIhaveoftenthoughtmyself。AlthoughImadenonotesofanything，caringmostchieflyfortheconditionofmyhorse，yetwhenIthinkonthem，pampaandcordillera，virginforest，the`passes\'oftherivers，approachedbysandypaths，borderedbyfloweringandsweet
smellingtrees，andmostofallthedesertedJesuitMissions，halfburiedbythevigorousvegetation，andpeopledbutbyafewwhite
cladIndians，riseupsoclearlythat，withoutthesmallestfacultyfordealingwiththatwhichIhaveundertaken
Iamforcedtowrite。Flowers，scents，theherdsofhorses，theostriches，andthewholecharmofthatNewWorldwhichthosewhosawitevenaquarterofacenturyagosawlittlealteredfromtheremotesttimes，haveremainedclearandsharp，andwillremainsowithmetotheend。Sotothereaders(ifIchancetohavethem)ofthisshortattempttogivesomefaintideaofthegreatChristianCommonwealthoftheJesuitMissionsbetweentheParanaandUruguay，Inowaddressmyself。
Hewhoattacksasubjectquitefallenoutofdate，andstillnotoldenoughtogiveamanauthoritytospeakuponitwithoutthefearofcontradiction，runsgraverisk。
Gentle，indulgentreader，ifsobethatyouexistinthesethedaysofuniversalknowledgeandself
sufficientcriticism，Idonotaskforyourindulgenceforthemanyerrorswhichnodoubthaveslippedintothiswork。These，ifyoucaretotakethetrouble，youcanverify，andholdmeuptoshame。WhatIdocraveisthatyouwillapproachthesubjectwithanopenmind。YourJesuitis，asweknow，themosttremendouswild
fowlthattheworldhasknown。
`Laguardianera\'ofthePope，theorderwhichhaswroughtsomuchdestruction，theinventorsof`Cienciamedia\'，
cradlefromwhichhasissuedforthMolina，Suarez，andallthosevillainswho，inthedaysinwhichthedoctrinewasunfashionable，decriedmerefaith，andtooktheirstandonworks
whointhislandofpreconceivedopinioncanspareitagoodword?But，notwithstanding，evenaJansenist，ifsuchbeleft，mustyetadmittheclaimofFrancisXavierasatrue，humblesaint，andifthesour
facedsectaryofPortRoyaleshouldrefuse，allmenoflettersmustperforcereverethewriterofthehymn。
Thedoctrineofthe`CienciaMedia\'occursinthecelebrated`Concordiagratiaeetliberiarbitrii\'，byLuisdeMolina(1588)。
TheconciliumdeAuxiliiswasheldtodeterminewhetherornot`concordia\'waspossiblebetweenfreewillandgrace。AstheJesuitsstuckbyMolinaandhisdoctrinesindespiteofcouncilsandofpopes，thecommonsayingaroseinSpain:`PastelesenlapasteleriaycienciamediaenlaCompan~ia。\'
ButintothewholequestionoftheJesuitsIcannotenter，asitentailscommandoffarmorefootandhalf
footwordsthanIcanmusterup。Still，inAmerica，andmostofallinParaguay，IhopetoshowtheOrderdidmuchgood，andworkedamongsttheIndianslikeapostles，receivinganapostle\'struerewardofcalumny，ofstripes，ofblows，andjourneyinghungry，athirst，onfoot，inperilsoft，fromthegreatcataractoftheParanatotherecessesoftheTarumensianwoods。LittleenoughIpersonallycareforthepoliticalaspectoftheircommonwealth，orhowitactedontheSpanishsettlements；ofwhetherornotitturnedoutprofitabletotheCourtofSpain，orifthecrimesandchargesofambitionlaidtotheJesuits\'accountwerefalseortrue。MyonlyinterestinthematterishowtheJesuits\'ruleactedupontheIndiansthemselves，andifitmadethemhappy
morehappyorlesshappythanthoseIndianswhoweredirectlyruledfromSpain，orthroughtheSpanishGovernorsoftheviceroyalties。Fortheoriesofadvancement，andastowhethercertainarbitraryideasoftherightsofman，evolvedingeneralbythosewhointheirpersonsandtheirlivesarethenegationofallrights，Igiveafico
yes，yourfigofSpain
caringaslittleasdidancientPistolfor`palabras\'，andholdingthatthebestrightthatamancanhaveistobehappyafterthewaythatpleaseshimthemost。AndthattheJesuitsrenderedtheIndianshappyiscertain，thoughtothosemenwhofudgeatheoryofmankind，thinkingthateveryoneisforgedupontheiranvil，orrunoutoftheirownmould，afterthefashionofatallowdip(atheorywhich，indeed，thesamenessofmankindrendersattimesnotquiteuntenable)，itseemsabsurdbecausetheprogressoftheworldhasgoneonotherlines
lineswhichprolongedindefinitelywouldnevermeetthosewhichtheJesuitsdrew。AllthatIknowisImyself，inthedesertedmissions，five
and
twentyyearsagooftenhavemetoldmenwhospokeregretfullyofJesuittimes，whocherishedallthecustomsleftbythecompany，andthoughtheyspokeatsecondhand，repeatingbutthestoriestheyhadheardinyouth，kepttheillusionthatthemissionsintheJesuits\'timehadbeenaparadise。
IntothematteroftheJesuits\'motivesIdonotproposetoenter，holdingthattheoriginofmotivesistoodeeplyseatedtobeworthinquiryuntilonehasmoreinformationaboutthehumanmindthanevenmodern`scientists\'seemabletoimpart。YetitiscertaintheJesuitsinParaguayhadfaithfittoremoveallmountains，asthebriefstoriesoftheirlives，sooftenendingwitharudefield
crossbythecornerofsomeforest，andtheinscription`hicoccissusest\'
survivetoshow。Somemen
suchisthecomplexityofhumannature
haveundergonetrialsandpersecutionsforbasemotives，anditisopenforanyonetosaytheJesuits，astheywereJesuits，coulddonothinggood。Still，IbelievethatFatherRuizMontoya
whosestoryIhavetold，howfalteringly，andwithhowlittlejusticetohisgreatness，noneknowsbetterthanmyself
wasagoodman
thatis，amanwithoutulteriormotives，andactuatedbutbyhislovetothepoorIndianswithwhomhepassedhislife。
To
day，whennoonecanseegoodinanythingoranybodyoutsidethesomewhatbeefypaleoftheAnglo
Saxonrace，IdonothopethatsuchameredabblerinthegreatmysteryofhistoryasIammyselfwillforaninstantchangeonepreconceivedopinion；forIamwellawarethatspeechesbasedonfactsareimpotentinpopularassembliestochangeasinglevote。
ItisanarticleofAnglo
SaxonfaiththatalltheSpanishcoloniesweremal
administered，andalltheSpanishconquerorsbloodthirstybutchers，whosesoledelightwasblood。This，too，fromthemembersofaracewho……；but`Inthemultitudeofthegreyhoundsistheundoingofthehare。\'Therefore，IaskthosewhoimaginethatallSpaniardsattheconquestofAmericawereruffians，toconsiderthecareerofAlvarNunez，whoalsostrutsthroughhisbriefchapterinthepagesofmymostimperfectbook。
Still，IadmitmenofthestampofAlvarNunezaremostrare，andwerestillrarerinthesixteenthcentury；andtofindmanyoftheRuizMontoyabrand，Diogeneswouldhaveneededalanternfittedwithelectriclight。Inthegreatcontroversywhichengagedthepensofmanyofthebestwritersoftheworldlastcentury，aftertheJesuitswereexpelledfromSpainandhercolonialpossessions(thenalmosthalftheworld)，itwillbefoundthatamongstallthemudsofreelyflungabout，theinsultsgivenandreceived，hardlyanyonebutafewex
JesuitshadanyharmtosayofthedoingsoftheOrderduringitslongruleinParaguay。NoneoftheJesuitswereevertried；
nocrimeswerechargedagainstthem；eventhereasonsfortheirexpulsionwerenevergiventotheworldatlarge。CertainitisthatbutafewyearsaftertheirfinalexitfromthemissionsbetweentheUruguayandParanaallwasconfusion。Intwentyyearsmostofthemissionsweredeserted，andbeforethirtyyearshadpassednovestigeoftheiroldprosperityremained。
Thesemi
communismwhichtheJesuitshadintroducedwassweptaway，andthekeenlightoffreeandvivifyingcompetition(whichbeatssofiercelyuponthebagman\'sparadiseoftheeconomists)reignedinitsstead。
Therevenuesdeclined，allwascorruption，and，astheGovernor，DonJuanJoseVertiz，writestotheViceroy，thesecularpriestssentbytheGovernmentwerebrawlers，drunkards，andstrikers，carryingarmsbeneaththeircloaks；thatrobberywasrife；
andthattheIndiansdailydesertedandreturnedbyhundredstothewoods。
DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay\'，etc。，BuenosAires，1816。
Idem。Theletterisdated1771andtheJesuitswereexpelledin1767。
Asthewriteroftheletterwasonthespotinanofficialposition，andnominatedbytheveryViceroywhohadbeentheexpelleroftheJesuits，histestimonywouldseemtobeasvaluableasthatoftheablesttheoristongovernment，CatholicorProtestant，whoeverwrote。
AllthereportsofrichesamassedinParaguaybytheJesuits，aftertheexpulsionoftheirorderprovedtobeuntrue；
nothingofanyconsequencewasfoundinanyofthetowns，althoughtheJesuitshadhadnowarningoftheirexpulsion，andhadnotimeforpreparationorforconcealmentoftheirgold。
AlthoughtheystoodtotheIndiansalmostinthelightofgods，andhadcontrolofanarmedforcelargerbyfarthananywhichthetemporalpowercouldhavedisposedof，theydidnotresist，butsilentlydepartedfromtherichterritorieswhichtheircareandindustryhadformed。
Rightlyorwrongly，butaccordingtotheirlights，theystrovetoteachtheIndianpopulationallthebestpartoftheEuropeanprogressofthetimesinwhichtheylived，shieldingthemsedulouslyfromallcontactwithcommercialism，andstandingbetweenthemandtheSpanishsettlers，whowouldhavetreatedthemasslaves。Theseweretheircrimes。
Fortheirambitions，whoshallsearchthehumanheart，orsaywhattheirsuperiorsinEuropemay，orperhapsmaynot，havehadinview?Whenallissaidanddone，andnowtheirworkisover，andalltheyworkedforlost(ashappensusuallywiththeeffortsofdisinterestedmen)，whatcrimesoterriblecanmencommitastostandupfornearupontwocenturiesagainstthatslaverywhichdisgracedeveryAmericanpossessionoftheSpanishcrown?Nothingisbadenoughforthosewhodaretospeakthetruth，andthosewhoputtheirtheoriesintopracticeareadisgracetoprogressiveandadequatelytaxedcommunities。
Nearlytwohundredyearstheystrove，andnowtheirterritories，oncesopopulousandsowellcultivated，remain，ifnotadesert，yetdelivereduptothatfierce
growing，subtropicalAmericanplantlifewhichseemsasifitfightswithmanforthepossessionofthelandinwhichitgrows。ForabriefperiodthoseGuaranisgatheredtogetherinthemissions，ruledoverbytheirpriests，treatedlikegrown
upchildren，yetwithakindnesswhichattachedthemtotheirrulers，enjoyedahalf
Arcadian，half
monasticlife，reachingtojustsomuchofwhattheworldcallscivilizationastheycouldprofitbyandusewithpleasuretothemselves。Acommonwealthwheremoneywasunknowntothemajorityofthecitizens，acuriousexperimentbyself
devotedmen，asortofdroppingdownadiving
bellinthefloodofprogresstokeepaliveapopulationwhichwouldotherwisesoonhavebeensuffocatedinitsmuddywaves，wasdoomedtofailurebytheverynatureofmankind。
Foredoomedtofailure，ithasdisappeared，leavingnothingofalikenaturenowupontheearth。TheIndians，too，havevanished，gonetothatlimbowhichnodoubtisfittedforthem。Gentle，indulgentreader，ifyoureadthisbook，doubtnotaninstantthateverythingthathappenshappensforthebest；doubtnot，forinsodoingyouwoulddoubtofallyousee
ourlife，ourprogress，andyourowninfallibility，whichatallhazardsmustbekeptinviolate。ThereforeinmyimperfectsketchIhavenotdweltentirelyonthestrictconcatenation(aftertheBradshawfashion)ofthehardfactsofthehistoryoftheJesuits。
Ihavenotsetdowntoomanydates，forthesettingdownofdatesinmuchprofusionis，afterall，anadcaptandumappealtothesuffragesofthosesoft
headedcreatureswhoarestyledseriousmen。
This，ofcourse，appliestothepossessionsofallEuropeanStatesinAmericaequallywithSpain。
Wanderingalongtheby
pathsoftheforestswhichfringethemissiontowns，andsetthem，sotospeak，inthehardtropicalenamelofgreenfoliage，onwhichtimehasnolien，andbuttheartsofall
destroyingmanareabletodeface，Imayhavechanceduponsomepettydetailwhichmayservetopassanhouraway。
Atreatiseofaforgottensubjectbyalabourerunskilled，andwho，moreover，byhisverytaskchallengescompetitionwiththosewhohavewrittenonthetheme，withbetterknowledge，andperhapslesssympathy；
apotheraboutsomefewdiscreditedandunrememberedpriests；
detailsabouthalf
savages，who`quoi!neportaientpasdeshaultsdechausses\'；therecollectionsoflongsilentridesthroughforestpaths，ablazewithflowers，andacrosswhichthetropicbirdsdartedlikeatomscutadriftfromtheapocalypse；ahotch
potch，salmagundi，ollapodrida，orsea
pieofsweetandbitter，withperhapsthebitterrulingmost，asisthewaywhenweunpackourreminiscences
yes，gentleandindulgentreader，that\'sthehumourofit。
R。B。CunninghameGraham。
Gartmore，March30，1900。
ContentsChapterI
Earlyhistory
Stateofthecountry
Indianraces
Characteristicsofthedifferenttribes
Dobrizhoffer\'sbook
Variousexpeditions
SebastianCabot
DonPedrodeMendoza
AlvarNunez
Hisexpeditionanditsresults
Otherleadersandpreachers
FoundingofthefirstmissionoftheSocietyofJesusChapterII
Earlydaysofthemissions
Newsettlementsfounded
RelationsofJesuitswithIndiansandSpanishcolonists
DestructionofmissionsbytheMamelucos
FatherMaceta
PadreAntonioRuizdeMontoya
Hisworkandinfluence
RetreatoftheJesuitsdowntheParanaChapterIII
SpainandPortugalinSouthAmerica
EnmitybetweenBraziliansandArgentines
ExpulsionofJesuitsfromParaguay
Struggleswiththenatives
FatherMendozakilled
DeathofFatherMontoyaChapterIV
DonBernardinodeCardenas，BishopofParaguay
Hislaboursasapostolicmissionary
Hisambitionsandcunning
Pretensionstosaintliness
Hisattemptstoacquiresupremepower
QuarrelsbetweenCardenasandDonGregorio，thetemporalGovernorChapterV
RenewalofthefeudbetweentheBishopandDonGregorio
WholesaleexcommunicationsinAsuncion
Cardenasin1644
formulateshiscelebratedchargesagainsttheJesuits
TheGovernor，afterlongnegotiationsandmuchdisplayofforce，ultimatelysucceedsindrivingouttheBishop
ForthreeyearsCardenasisindesperatestraits
In1648DonGregorioissuddenlydismissed，CardenaselectshimselfGovernor，andforashorttimebecomessupremeinAsuncion
TheJesuitsareforcedtoleavethetownandtofleetoCorrientes
AnewGovernorisappointedinAsuncion
HedefeatsCardenasonthefieldofbattle
Thelatterisdeprivedofhispower，anddiessoonafterasBishopofLaPazChapterVI
DescriptionofthemissionterritoryandtownsfoundedbytheJesuits
TheirendeavourstoattracttheIndians
Religiousfeastsandprocessions
AgriculturalandcommercialorganizationsChapterVII
CausesoftheJesuits\'unpopularity
Descriptionofthelivesandhabitsofthepriests
Testimonyinfavourofthemissions
Theiroppositiontoslavery
TheirsystemofadministrationChapterVIII
DonJosedeAntequera
AppointshimselfGovernorofAsuncion
Unsettledstateofaffairsinthetown
Heiscommandedtorelinquishhisillegalpower
Herefuses，andresortstoarms
Aftersomesuccessheisdefeatedandcondemnedtobeexecuted
Heisshotonhiswaytothescaffold
RenewedhatredagainsttheJesuits
TheirlaboursamongtheIndiansoftheChacoChapterIX
TheSpanishandPortugueseattempttoforcenewlawsontheIndians
TheIndiansrevoltagainstthem
Thehopelessstrugglegoesonforeightyears
RuinofthemissionsChapterX
PositionoftheJesuitsin1761
DecreefortheirexpulsionsentfromSpain
BucarelisenttosuppressthecollegesanddriveouttheJesuits
Theysubmitwithoutresistance
AftertwohundredyearstheyareexpelledfromParaguay
Thecountryunderthenewrule
ThesystemofgovernmentpracticallyunchangedChapterXI
ConclusionAVanishedArcadiaBeingSomeAccountoftheJesuitsinParaguay1607to1767
ChapterI
Earlyhistory
Stateofthecountry
Indianraces
Characteristicsofthedifferenttribes
Dobrizhoffer\'sbook
Variousexpeditions
SebastianCabot
DonPedrodeMendoza
AlvarNunez
Hisexpeditionanditsresults
Otherleadersandpreachers
FoundingofthefirstmissionoftheSocietyofJesusWiththeexceptionoftheFrenchRevolution，perhapsnoeventcausedsomuchgeneralcontroversyattheendoftheeighteenthcenturyastheexpulsionoftheJesuitsfromSpainandPortugalandtheircolonialpossessions。Asnodefinitechargeswereeverbrought，atleastinSpain，againstthemembersoftheCompanyofJesus(KingCharlesIII。havingkeptthereasons`ocultasyreservadas\'
andtheproofs`privilegiados\')，curiosityistosomeextentnotsatisfiedastotherealreasonoftheirexpulsionfromtheSpanishpossessionsinAmerica。
ItisalmostimpossibletounderstandnowadaysthefeelingswhichpossessedtheaveragemaninregardtotheJesuitsfromthemiddleofthelastcenturytillarelativelyshorttimeago。
AllthereallygreatworkdonebytheSocietyofJesusseemedtohavebeenforgotten，andeveryvulgarfablewhichitwaspossibletoinventtotheirprejudicefoundreadyacceptanceuponeveryside。Nothingwastooabsurdtobebelieved。
FromthecalumniesoftheJanseniststothefolliesofEugeneSuethemassofaccusation，invective，andinnuendokeptonincreasinginintensity。Indiscriminateabuseandunreasoninghatred，mixedwithfear，seemtohavepossessedallminds。EvenPascalconfesses(inapostscripttotheninthProvincialLetter)that`afterhavingwrittenmyletterIreadtheworksofFathersBarryandBinet。\'
IfsuchamanasPascalcouldbesogrosslyunfairastowriteacriticismonworkswhichhehadnotread，whatcanbeexpectedfromthenon
judicialanduncriticalpublicwhichtakesallupontrust?
FromJapantotheinteriorofBoliviathereisscarcelyacountryinwhichtheJesuitshavenotlabouredassiduously，andinwhichtheyhavenotshedtheirbloodfreelywithouthopeofreward，yetitwouldrequiremuchtimeandalengthycataloguetoenumeratethelistofsatiricalandcalumniousworkswhichhaveappearedagainsttheminalmosteverylanguageinEurope。Ofthese，perhapsthemostcelebratedisthewell
known`MonarquiadelosSolipsos\'，byPadreMelchiorInshoffer，anex
Jesuit，whodescribesthecompanyintheworstpossibleterms。
Itisinterestingchieflyonaccountoftheportraitsofwell
knownpeopleofthetime(1615to1648)，asPopeClementVIII。，FranciscoSuarez，ClaudioAquaviva，andothers，veiledundereasilydistinguishablepseudonyms。
Theobjectofthewriter，asthetitleindicates，istoshowthattheJesuitsendeavouredtoturnalltotheirownprofit。Inthis，ifitwasthecase，theydonotseemtohavebeengreatlydifferentfromeveryotherassociatedbodyofmen，whetherlayorclerical。ThecelebratedSpanishproverb，`Jesuitayseahorca，cuentalehace\'，meaning，EvenifaJesuitishunghegetssomegoodoutofit，mayjustaswellbeappliedtomembersofotherlearnedprofessionsastotheJesuits。
Madrid，1770。
Theworldhasrarelypersecutedanybodyofmenconspicuousbyitspoverty，orifithasdonesohasrarelypersecutedthemforlong。
TheInquisitionofSpain，violentagainstthewealthyJewsandcomfortableMoriscos，tooklittlenoticeoftheGipsies；
but，then，`PobrecomocuerpodeGitano\'wasandisacommonsayinginSpain。
AsinthecaseoftheTemplars，persecutiononlybeganagainsttheJesuitswhenitbecameworthwhiletopersecutethem。IgnatiusLoyola，FranciscoXavier，andDiegoLainez，aslongastheyconfinedthemselvestopreachingandtoteaching，weresafeenough。
Eventheannalsoftheologicalstrife，bloodthirstyanddiscreditabletohumanityastheyare，containfewexamplesofpersecutorssuchasCalvinorTorquemada，towhom，ruthlessastheywereintheirsavageandnarrowmalignityandzealforwhattheythoughtthetruth，nosuspicionofvenalmotivesisattributed。
OftheJesuits\'intrigues，adventures，riseandfallinEurope，muchmaybesaidinattackorinextenuation；butitisnottheintentionofthepresentworktodealwiththisaspectofthequestion。
ItwasinSpanishAmerica，andespeciallyinParaguayandBolivia，wherethepolicyoftheCompanyinregardtosavagenationswasmostfullydeveloped，asitwasonlytheJesuitswhoeversucceededinreclaiminganylargenumberofthenomadorsemi
nomadtribesofthosecountries。
ManyexcellentworksinFrench，andthecelebrated`ChristianismoFelicenelParaguay\'oftheAbbateMuratoriinItalian，certainlyexist。
ButneitherFatherCharlevoix，theFrenchhistorianofthemissions，norMuratoriwaseverinParaguay，andboththeirbookscontainthefaultsandmistakesofmen，howeverexcellentandwellintentioned，writingofcountriesofwhichtheywerepersonallyignorant。
Bothgiveagoodaccountofthecustomsandregimenofthemissions，butbothseemtohavebelievedtooreadilyfabulousaccountsofthefloraandfaunaofParaguay。Thefactofhavinglistenedtooreadilytoafableaboutanunknownanimalinnowaydetractsfromthegeneralveracityofanauthorofthebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury，forinallotherrespectsexceptnaturalhistoryCharlevoixkeepswithintheboundsofprobability，thoughofcourseasaJesuitheholdsabriefforthedoingsoftheCompanyinParaguay。
Muratoriismorerarelyledintoextravagances，butisconcernedinthemainwiththereligioussideoftheJesuits，asthetitleofhisbookindicates。
ThoughinthisrespectCharlevoixisnotsocredulousasPadreRuizdeMontoyaandtheolderwriters，heyetrepeatsthestoryofthebirdthatcleansthealligator\'steeth，themagicvirtuesofthetapir\'snails，andmanyothers。
SeeCharlevoix，vol。i。，bk。i。，p。27，Paris，1756。
[Thestoryofthebirdthatcleanstheteethofalligatorsisverynearlytrue
`Pluvianusaegyptius\'hasasymbioticrelationshipwithcrocodilesinpartsofAfrica，andsimilarrelationshipsexistthroughoutthenaturalworld。
A。L。，1998。]
ManyotherFrenchwriters，asRaynal，Montesquieu，andVoltaire，havetreatedofParaguayunderJesuitrule，buttheirwritingsarefoundedonhearsayevidence。AGerman，FatherDobrizhoffer，standsalone。
Hisdelightful`HistoryoftheAbipones，anEquestrianPeopleofParaguay\'，isperhapsthemostcharmingbookdealingwiththesubject。
