Asimpleandeasystyle，akeenhabitofobservation，longacquaintancewiththecountry，azealfortheconversionoftheinfidel，notonlytoChristianity，buttoamorecomfortablemodeoflife，towhichheaddsafaithsufficienttomovetheCordilleraoftheAndes，butatthesametimerestrictedbyacommon
senseandveracitynotalwaysobservableinreligiouswriters，renderDobrizhofferapersonalfriendaftertheperusalofhiswritings。
Dobrizhoffer\'sbookwaswritteninLatin，andprintedinViennain1784
underthetitleof`HistoriadeAbiponibus\'，etc。AGermantranslationbyProfessorKeilwaspublishedatPesthinthesameyear。
TheEnglishtranslationisoftheyear1822。
EnglishissingularlybarreninregardtotheJesuitsinParaguay。
FatherFalconer，anEnglishJesuit，hasleftacuriousandinterestingbook(printedatHerefordin1774)，buthetreatsexclusivelyofwhatisnowtheprovinceofBuenosAyres，theFalklandIslands，andofPatagonia。
AsanEnglishmanandaJesuit(asomewhatrarecombinationintheeighteenthcentury)，andasonewhodoubtlessknewmanyoftheParaguayanpriests，histestimonywouldhavebeenmostimportant，especiallyashewasamanofgreatinformation，mucheducation，anintrepidtraveller，and，moreover，onlyenteredtheCompanyofJesusatacomparativelyadvancedage。
ItisinSpanish，orinLatinbySpanishauthors，thatthegreaterportionofthecontemporaryhistoriesandaccountsaretobefound。
Literatures，likeotherthings，havetheirtimesoffashion。
AtonetimeaknowledgeofSpanishwasasrequisiteassometinctureofFrenchisatpresent，andalmostasuniversal。
MenfromGermany，England，andHollandwhometinaforeigncountrycommunicatedinthatlanguage。IntheearlyportionofthecenturyTicknor，Prescott，andWashingtonIrvingrenderedSpanishliteraturefashionabletosomedegree。
ItistoberememberedthattheSpanishcolonistswereasaruleantagonistictotheJesuits，andthat，therefore，SpanishwritersdonotofnecessityholdabrieffortheJesuitsinParaguay。
Moreover，thenamesofEsmid(Smith)，Fildo(Fields)，Dobrizhoffer，CataldiniandTomasBruno(Brown，whoismentionedasbeing`naturaldeYorca\')，Filge，Limp，Pifereti，Enis，andAsperger，thequaintmedicalwriteronthevirtuesofplantsfoundinthemissionterritory，showhowmanyforeignJesuitswereactuallytobefoundinthereductionsofParaguay。Formoreinformationonthismatterseethe`ColecciondeDocumentosrelativosa/laExpulsiondelosJesuitasdelaRepublicaArgentinayParaguay\'，publishedandcollectedbyFranciscoJavierBrabo，Madrid，1872。
LaterthehistoricalresearchesofSirWilliamStirlingMaxwelldrewsomeattentiontoit。To
dayhardlyanyliteratureofEuropeissolittlestudiedinEngland。Stillleavingapartthepurelyliterarytreasuresofthelanguage，itisinSpanish，andalmostaloneinSpanish，thattheearlyhistoryofAmericaistobefound。
Afterthestruggleforindependencewhichfinishedabout1825，someinterestwasexcitedintheSpanish
Americancountries，stimulatedbythewritingsofHumboldt；butwhenitbecameapparentthatonthewholethosecountriescouldneverbeoccupiedbyNorthernEuropeans，interestinthemdiedoutexceptforpurposesconnectedwiththeStockExchange。Yetthereisacharmwhichattachestothemwhichattachestonoothercountriesintheworld。Itwastherethatoneofthegreatestdramas，andcertainlythegreatestadventureinwhichthehumanracehasengaged，tookplace。WhatAfricahasbeenforthelasttwentyyears，SpanishAmericawasthreehundredyearsago，thedifferencebeingthat，whereasmodernadventureinAfricagoesonunderfullobservation，anddealsinthemainwithabsolutelyuncivilizedpeoples，theconquestofSouthAmericawasinvestedwithallthecharmofnovelty，andbroughttheconquerorsintocontactwithatleasttwopeoplesalmostasadvancedinmostoftheartsofcivilizationastheywerethemselves。
WhenfirstSebastianCabotandSolisascendedtheParana，theyfoundthattheGuaranisofParaguayhadextendedinnoinstancetothewesternshoreofeitherofthoserivers。
Thewesternbankswereinhabitedthen，asnow，bythewanderingIndiansofthestillnotentirelyexploredterritoryoftheGranChaco。
ChacoisaQuichuaIndianwordmeaning`hunting\'or`hunting
ground\'，anditissaidthataftertheconquestofPerutheIndiantribeswhichhadbeenrecentlysubjugatedbytheIncastookrefugeinthishugedomainofforestandofswamp。
TheIncaGarcilasodelaVega，inhis`CommentariosReales\'(enMadrid1723，enlaoficinaRealya/costadeNicholasRodriguezFranco，Impressordelibros，sehallaranensucasaenlacalledeelPoc，oyenPalacio)，derivesthewordfromtheQuichua`Chacu/\'=asurrounding。Ifheisright，itwouldthenbeequivalenttotheGaelic`tinchel\'。Taylor，theWater
poet，hasleftacuriousdescriptionofoneofthesetinchels。
ItwasatatinchelthattherisingundertheEarlofMarinthe\'15
wasconcocted。
Bethatasitmay，theChacoIndiansofto
day，comprisingtheremnantsoftheLulis，Tobas，Lenguas，Mocobios，andothers，arealmostassavageaswhenfirstwehearoftheminthepagesofAlvarNunezandHuldericoSchmidel。ThesetribestheJesuitsonmanyoccasionsattemptedtocivilize，butalmostentirelywithoutsuccess，asthelongrecordofthemartyrdomofJesuitmissionariesintheChacoproves，aswellasthegradualabandonmentoftheirmissionsthere，towardsthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthcentury。
CertainitisthatatvariousplacesintheChaco，inthequaintoldmapstheJesuitshaveleftus，onereads`MissiondeSantaCruzdelosVilelas\'，`MissiondelaConcepciondelosFrontones\'，andothers；butmuchmorefrequentlytheirmapsarestuddedwithcrosses，andsomesuchlegendas`HicoccisisuntPP。AntoniusSalinusetPetrusOrtizZarate\'。
ItwasonlywhentheJesuitsencounteredthemorepeacefulGuaranisthattheymetwithrealsuccess。
SeethecuriousmapcontainedinthenowrareworkofP。PedroLozano，entitled，`DescripcionChorographica……delGranChaco，Gualamba\'，etc。
Alsointheinterestingcollectionofoldmapspublishedin1872atMadridbyFranciscoJavierBrabo。
Whatwasthenatureoftheirsuccess，howdurableitwas，whatwerethereasonswhichcausedtheexpulsionoftheorderfromAmerica，andespeciallyfromParaguay，andwhathasbeentheresultupontheremainderoftheIndians，itismyobjecttoendeavourtoexplain。
AlongresidenceintheriverPlate，togetherwithtwovisitstoParaguay，inoneofwhichIsawalmostalltheremnantsoftheParaguayanmissionsandafewofthosesituatedintheprovinceofCorrientes，andintheBrazilianprovinceofRioGrandedoSul，havegivenmesomepersonalacquaintancewiththesubject。
Itis，ofcourse，tobetakenintoconsiderationthatmytwojourneysinParaguayweremadeafterthegreatwarwhichterminatedin1870，afterlastingfouryears；butthewritingsofDemersay(`HistoireduParaguayetdesE/tablissementsdesJe/suites\'，Paris，1862)，thoseofBrabo，andofAzara，showthedesertedstateofthedistrictofMisionesintheperiodfrom1767，thedateoftheexpulsionoftheJesuits，tothemiddleofthenineteenthcentury。
TheactualconditionoftherichdistrictofMisiones(Paraguay)
atthetimeIvisitedit，shortlyaftertheconclusionofthegreatwarbetweenParaguayandBrazilin1870，doesnotenablemetospeakwithauthorityontheconditionofcommunities，theguidingspiritsofwhichwereexpelledasfarbackastheyear1767。
Theactualbuildingsofthemissions，thechurchesinadismantledstate，haveindeedsurvived；inmanyinstancesthetalldate
palmstheJesuitsplantedstillwaveoverthem。GenerallythecollegewasoccupiedbytheIndianAlcalde，whocameouttomeetthevisitoronahorseifhepossessedone，withasmuchsilveraboutthebridleandstirrupsashecouldafford，clothedinwhite，withacloakofredbaize，alarge`jipi
japa\'hat，andsilverspursbuckledonhisnakedfeet。
Ifhehadneverleftthemission，hetalkedwithwonderandrespectofthetimesoftheJesuits，andatthe`oracion\'kneltdowntopraywhereverthesoundoftheangelusmightcatchhim。
Hischildrenbeforebedtimekneltallinarowtoaskhisblessing。
IfhehadbeentoAsuncion，heprobablyremarkedthatthepeopleunderthoseaccursedpriestswerenaughtbutanimalsandslaves，andlaunchedintosomedisquisitionhehadheardinthesolitarycafewhichAsuncionthenboasted。Inthelattercase，aftermuchoftherightsofmanandthedutiesofhospitality，hegenerallypresentedyouwithaheavybillforIndiancornand`pindo\'whichyourhorsehadeaten。
Intheformer，usuallyhebadeyougowithGod，and，ifyouspokeofpayment，said:`Well，sendmeabookofHourswhenyougettoAsuncion。\'
`CocosAustralis\'。
OfIndians，hardlyanywerelefttojudgeof，forinthevillagesinwhich，accordingtothereportsfurnishedtoBucareli，theViceroyofBuenosAyresatthetimeoftheexpulsionoftheJesuits，thepopulationnumberedinthethirtytownsofthemissionsonehundredandtwentythousand，
apopulationofatmosttwentythousandwastobefound。
Oneverysidethepowerfulvegetationhadcoveredupthefields。
Onruinedchurchandchapel，andonbrokentower，thelianasclimbedasifontrees，creepingupthebelfries，andthrowinggreatmassesofscarletandpurpleflowersoutoftheapertureswhereoncewerehungthebells。Inthethickjunglesafewhalf
wildcattlestillweretobefound。Thevast`estancias\'，whereoncetheJesuitsbrandedtwoandthreethousandcalvesayear，andfromwhencethousandsofmuleswentforthtoChileandBolivia，wereallneglected。Horseswerescarceandpoor，cropsfewandindifferent，andtheplantationsmadebytheJesuitsofthetree(`IlexParaguayensis\')
fromwhichismadethe`yerbamate\'，werealldestroyed。
SeethereportsoftheMarquesdeValdeliriosandothersinthepublicationsofFranciscoJavierBrabo，Madrid，1872，andinthe`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildeParaguay，Buenos
AyresyTucuman\'，porDr。DonGregorioFunes，BuenosAyres，1816。
Inthevastforests，stretchingtotheSaltodeGuayra，afewscatteredtribes，knownasCaaguas，roamedthroughthethickets，orencampeduponthestreams。Inthethirtytowns，oncefulloflifeandstir，ineveryoneofwhichtherewasachurch，finer，asanoldSpanishwritersays，thananyinBuenosAyres，therewasnaughtbutdesolationanddespair。TheIndianseitherhadreturnedintothewoods，beenkilledintheceaselessrevolutionarywars，orhadbeenabsorbedintotheGauchopopulationsofCorrientes，RioGrande，EntreRios，andofSantaFe。
ItmaybethatallIndianracesaredestinedtodisappeariftheycomeintocontactwithEuropeans；certainly，experiencewouldseemtoconfirmthesupposition。ThepolicyoftheJesuits，however，wasbasedonisolationoftheirmissions，andhowthismighthaveworkedismatteratleastforspeculation。Itwasonaccountoftheisolationwhichtheypractisedthatitwaspossiblefortheextravagantcalumnieswhichwerecirculatedastotheirruleandrichestogainbelief。
Itwasonaccountofisolationthatthefirstconflictsarosebetwixtthemandtheauthorities，bothclericalandlay。ThattheJesuitsweremorehighlyesteemedthantheotherreligiousordersinSpanishAmericaintheseventeenthcentury，thesayingcurrentinthosedays，`Losdemasvana/un~a，losJesuitasa/una\'
i。e。，Theothersgetalltheycan，buttheJesuitshaveoneaim(theconversionoftheIndians)
seemstoshow。
ItisnotmypurposetodealwiththeprobablereasonswhichinducedtheirexpulsioninEurope。Sufficeittosaythat，whatevercrimesormisdemeanourstheywereguiltyof，theywerenevercalledontoanswerbeforeanytribunals，andthatinmanyinstancestheyweretreated，especiallyinPortugal，withgreatcrueltyandinjustice。
Theburning，attheageofeighty，oftheunfortunateMalagridainLisbonundertheauspicesofPombal，forabookwhichitseemsimprobablehecouldhavewritteninprisonatsogreatanage，andwhich，moreover，wasneverbroughtintocourt，onlysupposedextractsfromitbeingread，mayserveasanexample。InorderclearlytounderstandthepositionoftheJesuitsinAmerica，andespeciallyinParaguayandBolivia，itisnecessarytoglancebrieflyatthehistoryofthefirstconquestoftheriverPlate。
ThediscoveryofAmericaopeneduptoEurope，andespeciallytoSpain，opportunitiesforexpansionofnationalterritoryandindividualadvancementwhichnoepoch，eitherbeforeorsince，hasequalled。
FromaclusterofsmallStates，strugglingforexistenceagainstapowerfulenemyontheirownsoil，inafewyearsSpainbecamethegreatestempireoftheworld。Theresultwasthataspiritofadventureandadesiretogrowrichspeedilypossessedallclasses。Inadditiontothis，everySpaniardinAmericaduringthefirstfewyearsoftheconquestseemedtoconsiderhimself，tosomeextent，notonlyasaconqueror，butalsoasamissionary。
Now，missionariesandconquerorsaremen，onthewhole，moreimbuedwiththeirownimportanceandsanctity，andlessdisposedtoconsiderconsequences，thanalmostanyotherclassesofmankind。Theconjunctionofthetwoinonedisposedthe`conquistadores\'ofAmericatoimaginethat，nomatterhowcrueloroutrageoustheirtreatmentoftheIndianswas，theyatonedforallbytheintroductionofwhattheyconsideredtheblessingoftheknowledgeofthetruefaith。Itwillbeseenatoncethat，ifonecandeterminewithaccuracywhichofthemany`faiths\'preachedabouttheworldisactuallythetruefaith，amanwhoisinpossessionofitisactingproperlyinendeavouringtodiffuseit。ThemeanestsoldierinthevariousarmieswhichleftSpaintoconquerAmericaseemstohavehadnodoubtaboutthematter。
BernalDiazdelCastillo，who，ashehimselfrelates，cametoAmericaattheageofeighteen，andthereforecouldhavehadlittlepreviousopportunityofstudyingtheology，andwho，moreover，wasunfittedtodosobythewantofknowledgeofLatin，towhichhehimselfconfesses，yetattheendofhishistoryoftheconquestofMexico，oneofthemostinterestingbookseverwritten，hasthefollowingpassage:
`Butitistobenotedthat，afterGod，itwaswe，therealconquerors，whodiscoveredthem[theIndians]andconqueredthem；andfromthefirstwetookawaytheiridols，andtaughtthemourholydoctrine，andtousisduetherewardandcreditofitall，beforeanyotherpeople，eventhoughtheybechurchmen:forwhenthebeginningisgood，themiddleandendingisgood，whichthecurious[i。e。，attentive]readermayseeintheChristianpolityandjusticewhichweshowedtheminNewSpain。
`AndIwillleavethematter，andtelltheotherbenefitswhich，afterGod，byouragency，cametothenativesofNewSpain。\'
BernalDiaz，`HistoriadelaConquistadelaNuevaEspan~a\'，vol。iv。，cap。207，Madrid，1796。
Onewouldimagine，onreadingtheaboveextract，BernalDiazhadneverkilledanIndianinhislife，andthathehadsacrificedhisprospectsincomingtoMexicosolelytointroduce`aChristianpolityandjustice\'
amongsttheinhabitants。Yethewasnohypocrite，butastoutsagacioussoldier，evenkindly，accordingtohislights，andwithaloveofanimalsuncommoninaSpaniard，forhehaspreservedthenamesandqualitiesofallthehorsesandmareswhichcameoverinthefleetfromtheHavanawithCortes。Thephrase，`despuesdeDios\'
(afterGod)occursrepeatedlyinthewritingsofalmostallthe`conquistadores\'ofAmerica。Having，afterGod，conqueredAmerica，thefirstactionoftheconquerorswastosetaboutmakingtheirfortunes。
Inthosecountrieswhichproducedgoldandsilver，asMexicoandPeru，theyworkedtheminesbythelabouroftheIndians，thecrueltiesandhardshipsbeingsogreatthat，inaletterofPhilipII。totheComedeChinchon，theViceroyofPeru，datedMadrid，April30，1639，writtenfiftyyearsafterthediscovery，hesays:`TheseIndiansflee，becomeill，anddie，andhavebeguntodiminishgreatlyinnumber，andtheywillbefinishedsoonunlessanefficientremedyisprovidedshortly。\'
Especiallynotingdowntheappearanceandqualitiesof`elcaballoMotilla\'，thehorseofGonzalodeSandoval。ThusdoesheminutelydescribeMotilla，`thebesthorseinCastilleortheIndies\'。`Elmejorcaballo，ydemejorcarrera，revueltoa/unamanoya\\otraquedecianquenosehabiavistomejorenCastilla，nienesatierraeracastan~oacastan~ado，yunaestrellaenlafrente，yunpieizquierdocalzado，quesedeciaelcaballoMotilla；
e/quandohayahoradiferenciasobrebuenoscaballos，suclendeciresenbondadtanbuenocomoMotilla。\'
InParaguaytherewerenomines，buttherewereothermethodsofextractingmoneyfromtheIndians。AtthefirstconquestParaguaywasnotthelittlecountryboundedonthewestbytheParaguay，onthesouthbytheParana，onthenorthbytheAquidaban，andontheeastbySierraofMbaracavu，asitisatpresent。
Onthecontrary，itembracedalmostallthatimmenseterritoryknownto
dayastheArgentineConfederation，someoftheRepublicofUruguay，andagreatportionofBrazil，embracingmuchoftheprovincesofMisiones，RioGrandedoSul，Parana，andMattoGrosso，aswellasParaguayitself。
Howthelittlecountry，twelvehundredmilesfromthesea，cametogiveitsnametosuchanenormousterritory，andtohavetheseatofgovernmentatAsuncion，demandssomeexplanation。
PeruandChilewerediscoveredandoccupiedsometimebeforetheeasternsideofSouthAmerica。Theirrichesnaturallydrewgreatattentiontothem；butthevoyage，firsttoCartagenadeIndias，andthenacrosstheisthmus，andthere
embarkationagainonthePacific，werebothcostlyandarduous。IthadbeentheambitionofallexplorerstodiscoversomeriverwhichwouldleadfromtheAtlantictotheminesofPeruandwhatisnowBolivia，thenknownasAltaPeru。
Ofcourse，thismighthavebeenachievedbyascendingtheAmazon，especiallyaftertheadventurousdescentofitbyOrellana，ofwhichFrayGaspardeCarbajalhasleftsocuriousadescription；
but，whetheronaccountofthedistanceorforsomeotherreason，itneverseemstohavebeenattempted。
In1526SebastianCabotleftSpainwiththreesmallvesselsandacaravelfortheobjectofreachingtheMoluccasorSpiceIslands。
ItwashispurposetoreachthemthroughtheStraitsofMagellan。
Beingcompelledbywantofsuppliestoabandonhisroute，heenteredabroadestuary，andascendeditundertheimpressionthathehaddiscoveredanotherchanneltothePacific。Hesoonfoundhismistake，andbegantoexplorethesurroundingcountry。Fifteenyearsbefore，withthesameobject，JuandeSolishadenteredthesameestuary。
OntheislandofMartinGarciahewaskilledbyaChanaIndian，andhisexpeditionreturnedhome。Hearingthattherewasmuchsilveratthehead
waters，hehadcalledittheRiodelaPlata。
Ifwetakethehead
watersoftheriverPlatetobesituatedinBolivia，therecertainlywasmuchsilverthere；butCabotwasunawarethatthehead
waterswereabovetwothousandmilesfromtheestuary，andhewasnotdestinedtocomenearthem。HedidgoasfarasapointontheriverCaracara，inwhatisnowtheprovinceofSantaFe，andtherehebuiltafortwhichhenamedEspirituSanto，thefirstSpanishsettlementinthatpartofAmerica。
WhilstatEspirituSanto，severalexploringpartiesweresenttoscourthecountry。Oneofthem，underasoldierofthenameofCesar，neverreturned。Tradition，alwayseagertomakeuptohistoryforitswantofinterest，assertedthataftermarchingforyearstheyreachedacity。PerhapsitwasthemysticTrapalandaofwhichtheGauchosusedtodiscourseatnightwhenseatedroundafireofbonesuponthepampa。Perhapssomeother，forenchantedcitiesandEldoradoswereplentifulinthosedaysinAmerica，alternatingwithoccasionalempires，asthatofPuytita，neartheLagunadelosXarayes，Manoa，andtheCiudaddelosCesares，supposedtobesituatednearAraucointheChilianAndes。However，oneofthepartyactuallyreturnedafteryears，andrelatedhisadventurestoRuyDiazdeGuzman，
thefirsthistorianofParaguay。ThusitwasthatthestreamofadventurerswaseverseekingforachanneltotheminesofPerufromtheAtlanticcoast。
CabotappearstohaveascendedtheParanatotheislandofApipe，andthen，returning，enteredtheriverParaguay。HavingascendedpastwhatisnowAsuncion，thecapitalofParaguay，CabotencounteredIndiansfromthenorthwhotoldhimoftheminesinPeruandinBolivia，probablyunawarethatCabotknewofthemalready。Atthispoint，encouragedbywhatheheard，hegavethenameofRiodelaPlatatowhathadpreviouslybeenknowneitherasLaMarDulceorElRiodeSolis。
Likemostnameswhicharewronglygiven，itremainedtotestifytothewantofknowledgeofthegiver。Fouryearsafter，CabotreturnedtoSpain，havingfailedtoattractattentiontohisdiscoveries。
InthefaceofthewealthwhichwaspouringinfromthePeruvianmines，anotherexpeditionstartedfortheriverPlate。ItsGeneral
forinSpainthetitlewasusedindifferentlybylandandsea
wasDonPedrodeMendoza，agentlemanofGuadixinAlmeria，andamemberofthehouseholdofCharlesV。
`LaArgentina\'，includedinthe`ColecciondeAngelis\'，BuenosAyres，1836。
DonPedrohadseenserviceintheItalianwars，andseemstohavebeenamanofcharacterandbravery，butwantinginthediscretionandthenecessarytactessentialinthefounderofacolony。
In1534theexpeditionstarted，unfortunatealmostfromthefirst。
Ina`certainisland\'，asthehistorianoftheexpedition，HuldericoSchmidel，aGermanorFlemishsoldier，callsRioJaneiro，adisputeoccurredbetweenDonPedroandhissecondincommand，JuandeOsorio。
Atacourt
martialhelduponOsorio，DonPedroappearstohaveletfallsomeremarkswhichJuandeAyolas，theAlguazilMayor(ChiefConstable)，seemstohavetakenupasanorderforinstantexecution。
Thisheperformeduponthespot，plunginghisdaggerrepeatedlyintoOsorio，or，asHuldericoSchmidelhasit，`sewinghimupwithcuts\'
(`cosiendolea\\pun~aladas\')。Thismurderorexecution
forwhoshalltellwhenmurderfinishesanditslegalcounterpartbegins?
renderedDonPedroveryunpopularwithallthefleet；for，asSchmidelhasitinhishistory，`thesoldierslovedOsorio。\'TobelovedbythesoldierswastheonlychanceaSpanishofficerhadinthosetimesofholdinghisown。
BothSchmidelandBernalDiazdelCastillo，whohadbothbeencommonsoldiers，andwho，curiously，bothwrotehistories，losenooccasionofvilifyingofficerswhousedthesoldiershardly。ItistruethatBernalDiaz(who，unlikeSchmidel，wasamanofgenius)doessowithsomediscretion，andalwaysapparentlywithreason。Schmidel，ontheotherhand，seemstohaveconsideredthatanyofficerwhointerferedbetweenthesoldiersandtheIndianswasatyrant，andhencehisdenunciationofAlvarNunez，underwhomheserved。
`HistoriayDescubrimientodeelRiodelaPlatayParaguay\'，HuldericoSchmidel，containedinthecollectionmadebyAndresGonzalezBarcia，andpublishedin1769atMadridunderthetitleof`HistoriadoresPrimitivosdelasIndiasOccidentales\'。
In1535theexpeditionenteredtheriverPlate。HereMendoza，withhisusualwantofjudgment，pitcheduponwhatisnowthesiteofBuenosAyresasthespotonwhichtofoundhiscolony。
Itwouldbedifficulttoselectamoreinconvenientplaceinwhichtofoundatown。ThesiteofBuenosAyresisalmostlevelwiththewatersoftheriverPlate，whichthereareshallow
soshallowthatlargevesselscouldnotapproachnearerthantentofifteenmiles。Withoutaharbour，theanchoragewasexposedtothefullfuryofthesouth
westgales，knownas`pamperos\'。
However，ifthesitewasbadtheairwasgood；atleast，itseemsso，foracaptainoftheexpeditionexclaimedonlanding，`Quebuenosairessonestos!\'andhencethename。Hereeverysortofevilchancecameonthenewborncolony。ThePampaIndians，whomthehistorianSchmidelseemstohaveonlyknownbytheirGuaraninameofQuerandis，atfirstwerefriendly。Afteralittlewhiletheyceasedtobringprovisions，andtheGeneralsentoutanexpeditiontocompelthemunderhisbrother，DonDiegodeMendoza。ItdoesnotseemtohaveoccurredtoDonPedrodeMendozathat，hadthe`cacique\'oftheQuerandislandedinSpain，noonewouldhavebroughthimprovisionsforasingledaywithoutreceivingpayment。However，DonPedrohadcometoAmericatointroducecivilizationandChristianity，andtherefore，knowing，likeBernalDiazandtheotherconquerors，hisownmoralworth，wasjustlyindignantthatafteradayortwotheIndiansrefusedhimmoresupplies。IntheencounterwhichtookplacebetweentheSpaniardsandtheIndians，DonDiegodeMendozawasslain，andwithhimseveralothers。Hereforthefirsttimewehearofthebolas，orthreestonesunited，likeaManxman\'slegs，withstripsofhide，withwhich，asHuldericoSchmideltellsus，theIndianscaughtthehorsesbythelegsandthrewthemdown。AfterthisforetasteofEuropeanjustice，theIndiansbesiegedthenewly
builttownandbroughtittogreatstraits，somuchsothat，afterthreemenhadbeenhungforstealingahorse，inthemorningitwasdiscoveredtheyhadbeencutdownandeaten。
InthisdesperatestateDonPedrodespatchedJuandeAyolastogetsupplies。
He，havingobtainedsomemaizefromtheTimbuIndians，returned，leavingahundredofhismeninalittlefort，calledCorpusChristi，closetoEspirituSanto，thefortwhichCabothadconstructed。
ThefriendlinessoftheTimbusinducedDonPedrotoabandonBuenosAyresandmovetoCorpusChristi。Thereherepairedwithaboutfivehundredmen，allwhoremainedofthetwothousandsixhundredandthirtywithwhichhesailedfromCadiz。Thehorsesheabandonedonthepampa；
theretheybecametheancestorsoftheinnumerableherdswhichatonetimeoverspreadtheArgentineRepublicfromtheChacotoPatagonia，andwhosedescendantstothisdaystockthe`estancias\'ofthatcountry。
ThegreatLasCasas，whomadesevenvoyagesfromAmericatoSpain
thelastattheageofseventy
two
toprotecttheIndians，hadastrongopinionabout`conquerors\'and`conquests\'。
InthededicationofhisgreattreatiseonthewrongsoftheIndians，hesays:`Quenopermita(FelipeII。)lasatrocidadesquelostiranosinventaron，yqueprosiguenhaciendocontitulode\"conquistas\"。Losquesejactandeser\"conquistadores\"
aquedesciendendeellossonmuchomasorgullososarrogantesyvanosquelosotrosEspan~oles。\'Strangethatevento
daythesame`atrocidades\'of`tiranos\'aregoingoninAfrica。
Nodoubtthedescendantsofthese`conquerors\'willbeasarrogant，proud，andvainasthedescendantsofthe`conquistadores\'
ofwhomLasCasaswrites。
Mendozaleft(`AzaraApuntamientosparalaHistoriaNaturaldelosQuadrupedesdelParaguay\'，etc。)fivemaresandsevenhorsesintheyear1535。In1580DonJuandeGaray，atthesecondfoundingofthecity，alreadyfoundtroopsofwildhorses。Thecattleincreasedtoamarvellousextent，andbytheendofthecenturywerewildinPatagonia。Sarmiento(`CivilisationetBarbarisme\')
