saysthatearlyinthiscenturytheywereoftenkilledbytravellers，whotetheredtheirhorsestothecarcassestopreventthemfromstrayingatnight。
FromCorpusChristiJuandeAyolaswassentouttoexploretheriver，andtrytofindthelong
sought
forwaterwaytothePeruvianmines。
HeneverreachedPeru，andCorpusChristineversawhimreturn。
Mendozawaitedayear，andthenreturnedtoSpain，leavinghisgarrisonwithprovisionsforayear，thebread`attherateof(`a/razonde\')
apoundaday，andiftheywantedmoretogetitforthemselves。\'
Onthepassagehomehediedinsane。ThepiouswereofopinionthatitwasajudgmentonhimforthemurderofDonJuanOsorio。
Beforeheembarked，DonPedrohaddespatchedarelative，GonzalodeMendoza，toSpaintobringprovisionsandrecruits。Gonzalo，havingobtainedprovisionsinBrazil，returnedtoCorpusChristi；thenceincompanywithSalazardeEspinosaheheadedanexpeditionuptheriverinsearchofJuandeAyolas，whohadbeenappointedsuccessortoDonPedro。
WiththemwentDomingoMartinezdeIrala，amandestinedtoplayagreatpartintheconquestofParaguay。
HuldericoSchmidel，`HistoriadelDescubrimientodeelRiodelaPlatayParaguay\'。
TheexpeditionwentuptheParaguaytoaplacenearFortOlimpo(21Degreeslong。，58Degreeslat。)aboutahundredleaguesaboveAsuncion。
HeretheysentoutexploringpartiesinalldirectionstoseekAyolas，butwithoutsuccess。IralaremainedwithonehundredmenatFortOlimpo。
GonzalodeMendozaonhisreturn，beingattractedbythesightofafinesiteforatown，landed，andonthefifteenthdayofAugust，1537，foundedAsuncion。HeretheSpaniardsfirstmettheGuaranis，whoweredestinedinafter
yearstobetheconvertsoftheJesuits，andbeassembledbythemintheirfamousmissions。
`AtthediscoveryofAmerica，\'saysFelixdeAzarainhis`DescripcionyHistoriadelParaguay\'，`theGuaraniswerespreadfromtheGuianastotheshoresoftheriverPlate，andoccupiedalltheislandsoftheParanaextendinguptolatitude20DegreesontheParaguay，butwithoutcrossingeitherthatriverortheriverPlate。\'
TheyhadalsoafewtownsintheprovinceofChiquitos，andthenationoftheChiriguanaswasanoffshootfromthem。
InBraziltheyweresoonalleitherrenderedslavesorsocrossedwiththeAfricannegrothatthepureracehasbeenalmostentirelylost，thoughthelanguageremainsunderthenameoftheLingoaGeral，andmanywordsfromithavebeenintroducedintoPortuguesespokenbytheBrazilians，as`capim\'，grass；`caipira\'，half
caste，etc。
Infact，sogreatisthenumberofthesewords，idioms，phrases，andtermsofspeechderivedfromGuarani，thatDr。BaptistadeAlmeida，inhisprefacetohisgrammarpublishedatRioJaneiro(1879)，computesthattherearemorewordsderivedfromGuaranithanevenfromArabicinthePortuguesespokeninBrazil。TheGuaranisinBrazilwereknowneitherasTupis，fromtheword`tupy\'，savage，orTupinambas，from`tupynamba\'，literally，thesavageorindigenousmen。
Perhapsthetwomostimportantworksuponthelanguagearethe`TesorodelaLenguaGuarani\'，byRuizdeMontoya，Madrid，1639(itisdedicatedtothe`SoberanaVirgen\')；
andthe`CatecismodelaLenguaGuarani\'，byDiegoDiazdelaGuerra，Madrid，An~ode1630。Healsowrotea`BocabularioyArtedelaLenguaGuarani\'。
P。Guevara，inhis`HistoriadelParaguay\'，relatesacuriousstorywhichhesaidwascurrentamongsttheIndians。Twobrothers，TupiandGuarani，livedwiththeirfamiliesuponthesea
coastofBrazil。
Inthosedaystheworldwasquiteunpopulatedbutbythemselves。
Theyquarrelledaboutaparrot，andTupiwithhisfamilywentnorth，andpopulatedallBrazil；whilstGuaraniwentwest，andwastheancestorofalltheIndiansoftheraceofGuaranis。
JeandeLery，thewell
knownHuguenotpastorandfriendofCalvin，passedayearonthecoastofBrazilabout1558，havingaccompaniedtheexpeditionofthefamousVillegagnau。Inhisbook(`Histoired\'unVoyagefaictenlaTerreduBrezil\')healwaysreferstotheIndiansasToupinaubaoults，andhaspreservedmanycuriousdetailsofthembeforetheyhadhadmuchcontactwithEuropeans。
Heappearstohavehadaconsiderableacquaintancewiththelanguage，andhasleftsomecuriousconversations`enlangagesauvageetFranc，ais\'，inwhichhegivessomegrammaticalrules。ThelanguageofconversationisalmostidenticalwiththatofParaguay，thoughsomewordsareusedwhichareeitherpeculiartotheTupisorobsoleteinParaguayto
day。
HisaccountoftheircustomstallieswiththatofthevariousSpanishwritersandexplorerswhohavewrittenonthesubject。
Tobacco，whichseemstohavebeenknownunderthenameof`nicotiane\'toLery，hefindsinBrazilunderthenameof`petun\'，thesamenamebywhichitiscalledinParaguayatpresent。Hebelievedthat`petun\'and`nicotiane\'weretwodifferentplants，buttheonlyreasonheadducesforhisbeliefisthat`nicotiane\'
wasbroughtinhistimefromFlorida，which，asheobserves，ismorethanathousandleaguesfrom`NostreTerreduBrezil\'。
HisexperienceofsavageswasthesameasthatofAzara，andalmostallearlytravellers，forhesays:`NosToupinambaoultsrec，oiventforthumainementlesestrangersamisquilesvontvisiter。\'
Lery，however，seemedtothinkthat，inspiteoftheirpacificinclination，itwasnotprudenttoputtoomuchpowerintheirhands，forheremarks:
`Auresteparcequ\'ilschargeyent，etremplisseyentleursmousquetsjusquesaubout……nousleursbaillionsmoitie/(i。e。，lapoudre)
decharbonbroye/。\'Thismayhavebeenawiseprecaution，butheomitstostateifthe`charbonbroye\'was`bailli\'atthesamepriceasgoodpowder。AccordingtoAzara，whotakeshisfactspartlyfromthecontemporarywriters
Schmidel，AlvarNunez，RuyDiazdeGuzman，andBarcodelaCentenera
theGuaranisweredividedintonumeroustribes，asImbeguas，Caracaras，Tembues，Colistines，andmanyothers。Thesetribes，thoughapparentlyofacommonorigin，neverunited，buteachlivedseparatelyunderitsownchief。
Theirtownsweregenerallyeitherclosetoorinthemiddleofforests，orattheedgeofriverswherethereiswood。Theyallcultivatedpumpkins，beans，maize，mani(groundnuts)，sweetpotatoes，andmandioca；
buttheylivedlargelybythechase，andatemuchwildhoney。
Diazinhis`Argentina\'(lib。i。，chap。i。)makesthemcannibals。
Azarabelievesthistohavebeenuntrue，asnotraditionsofcannibalismwerecurrentamongsttheGuaranisinhistime，i。e。，in1789
1801。
LiberalasAzarawas，andcarefulobserverofwhathesawhimself，Iamdisposedtobelievethetestimonyofsomanyeye
witnessesofthecustomsoftheprimitiveGuaranis，thoughnoneofthemhadtheadvantageenjoyedbyAzaraoflivingthreehundredyearsaftertheconquest。Itmaybe，ofcourse，thatthepowersofobservationwerenotsowelldevelopedinmankindinthebeginningofthesixteenthasattheendoftheeighteenthcentury，butthispointIleavetothosewhosebusinessitistoprovethatthehumanmindisinaprogressivestate。
However，FatherMontoya，inhis`ConquistaEspiritualdelParaguay\'，affirmsmostpositivelythattheyusedtoeattheirprisonerstakeninwar。\'
Azara，inhis`DescripcionyHistoriadelParaguay\'，hasasimilarpassage:
`RecibebientodoIndiosilvestre，alestrangeroquevienedepaz。\'
`Porlocomunrepartenpedazosdeestecuerpo，delqualpedazocozidoenmuchaaguahacenunasgachas(`fritters\')yesfiestamuycelebreparaellosquehacenconmuchascerimonias。\'
TheirgeneralcharacteristicsseemtohavebeenmuchthesameasthoseofotherIndiansofAmerica。Forinstance，theykepttheirhairandteethtoanextremeoldage，theirsightwaskeen，theyseldomlookedyouinthefacewhilstspeaking，andtheirdispositionwascoldandreserved。Thetoneoftheirvoiceswaslow，solowthat，asAzarasays:`Lavoznuncaesgruesanisonora，yhablansiempremuybajo，singritaraunparaquejarsesilosmatan；
demaneraque，sicaminaunodiezpasosdelante，nolellamaelquelenecesita，sinoquevaa/alcanzarle。\'ThisIhavemyselfobservedwhentravellingwithIndians，evenonhorseback。
TherewasonecharacteristicoftheGuaranisinwhichtheydifferedgreatlyfrommostoftheIndiantribesintheirvicinity，astheIndiansoftheChacoandthePampas，forallhistoriansalikeagreethattheyweremostunwarlike。ItisfromthischaracteristicthattheJesuitswereabletomakesuchacompleteconquestofthem，for，notwithstandingalltheirefforts，theyneverreallysucceededinpermanentlyestablishingthemselvesamongstanyofthetribesintheChacooruponthePampas。
ThenameGuaraniisvariouslyderived。PedrodeAngelis，inhis`ColecciondeObrasyDocumentos\'，derivesitfrom`gua\'，paint，and`ni\'，signoftheplural，makingthesignificationoftheword`paintedones\'or`paintedmen\'。Demersay，inhis`HistoireduParaguay\'，
thinksitprobablethatthewordisanalterationoftheword`guaranai\'，i。e。，numerous。BarcodelaCentenera(`Argentina\'，booki。，cantoi。)
saysthewordmeans`hornet\'，andwasappliedonaccountoftheirsavageness。
Bethatasitmay，itiscertainthattheGuaranisdidnotatthetimeoftheconquest，anddonotnow，applythewordtothemselves，exceptwhentalkingSpanishortoaforeigner。Theword`aba\'，Indianorman，ishowtheyspeakoftheirpeople，andtothelanguagetheyapplytheword`Abanee\'。
`HistoireduParaguayetdesE/tablissementsdesJe/suites\'，L。AlfredDemersay，Paris，1864。
`LaArgentina\'，alongpoemorrhymingchroniclecontainedinthecollectionof`HistoriadoresPrimitivosdeIndias\'，ofGonzalesBarcia，Madrid，1749。
Inthesamewaytheword`Paraguay\'isvariouslyderivedfromacorruptionoftheword`Payagua\'(thenameofanIndiantribe)，and`y\'，theGuaraniwordforwater，meaningriverofthePayaguas。
Others，again，deriveitfromaGuaraniwordmeaning`crown\'，and`y\'，water，andmakeitthecrownedriver，eitherfromthepalm
treeswhichcrownitsbanksorthefeathercrownswhichtheIndiansworeatthefirstconquest。Others，again，deriveitfromabirdcalledparaqua(`Ortolidaparaqua\')。Again，Angelis，inhiswork`SeriedelosSen~oresGobernadoresdelParaguay\'(lib。ii。，p。187)，derivesitfromParagua，thenameofacelebratedIndianchiefatthetimeoftheconquest。Whatiscertainisthat`y\'
istheGuaraniforwater，andthisissomethinginaderivation。
`Y\'isperhapsashardtopronounceastheGaelic`luogh\'，acalf，thenasal`gh\'inArabic，ortheKaffirclicks，havingbothagutturalandanasalaspiration。Itisrarelyattemptedwithsuccessbyforeigners，evenwhenlongresidentinthecountry。ThoughParaguaywassocompletelythecountryoftheJesuitsinafter
times，theywerenotthefirstreligiousOrdertogothere。AlmostineveryinstancetheecclesiasticswhoaccompaniedthefirstconquerorsofAmericawereFranciscans。TheJesuitsaresaidtohavesenttwoprieststoBahiainBraziltenyearsaftertheirOrderwasfounded，butbothinBrazilandParaguaytheFranciscanswerebeforetheminpointoftime。
Lozano，inhis`HistoriadelParaguay\'，comparesittoGreek，butinmyopinionfailstoestablishhiscase；but，then，sofewpeopleknowbothGreekandGuarani。
SanFranciscoSolano，thefirstecclesiasticwhorosetomuchnoteasamissionary，andwhomadehiscelebratedjourneythroughtheChacoin1588
89fromPerutoParaguay，wasaFranciscan。Thus，theFranciscanshadthehonourofhavingthefirstAmericansaintintheirranks。
Itisnoteworthy，though，thathewasrecalledfromParaguaybyhissuperiors，whoseemtohavehadnoveryexaltedopinionofhim。
HepassedthroughthewholeChaco，descendingthePilcomayotoitsjunctionwiththeParaguay，throughterritoriesbutlittleexploredevento
day。PerhapsthemostcompletedescriptionoftheChacoisthatofP。Lozano，withthefollowingcomprehensivetitle:
`DescripcionchorographicadeTerrenoRios，Arboles，yAnimalesdelosdilatadisimasProvinciasdelGranChaco，Gualamba，ydelosRitosyCostumbresdelainumerablesnacionesbarbarose/infidelesquelehabitan。ConuncabalRelacionHistoricadeloqueenelloshanobradoparaconquistarlasalgunosGobernadoresyMinistrosReales，ylosMisionerosJesuitasparareducirlosa\\lafedelVerdaderoDios。\'PorelPadrePedroLozano，delaCompan~iadeJesus，An~ode1733。EnCordobaporJosephSantosBalbas。
Thisbookdidnotappearinaclandestinemanner，forithad:
1。Censura，porC。dePalmas。2。LicenciadelaReligion，porGeronymodeHuro/za，ProvincialdelosJesuitasdeAndalucia。
3。LicenciadelOrdinarioporelDr。DonFranciscoMiguelMoreno，pormandadodelSr。ProvisorAlonsoJosephGomezdeLara。
4。AprobaciondelRdo。P。DiegoVasquez。5。PrivelegiodesuMajestadporDonMiguelFernandezMorillo。6。Fe/deCorrectorporelLicenciado，DonManuelGarciaAlesson，CorrectorGeneraldesuMajestad(whoaddsinanote，`estelibrocorrespondea\\suoriginal\')。
7。SumodeTassa，asfollows:`Tassaronlossen~oresdelConsejoestelibroa\\seismaravediscadapliego。\'
Palma，inthefirst`censura\'，saysthathehadreaditseveraltimes`conrepetidacomplacencia\'，andthat，thoughitwas`breveenvolumen\'
(ithas484quartopages)，thatitwasalsoshortinitsconcisestyle，keptcloselytotherulesofhistory，andwas`muycopiosaenladoctrina\'。
Charlevoixremarks(`HistoryofParaguay\')`thatitseemsasifProvidence，ingrantinghimmiraculouspowers，hadforgottentheothernecessarystepstomakethemeffective。\'Thathereallyhadthesepowersseemsstrange，butSanFranciscoSolanonarratesofhimselfthat，inpassingthroughtheChaco，helearnedthelanguagesofseveralofthetribes，and`preachedtothemintheirowntonguesofthebirth，death，andtransfigurationofChrist，themysteriesoftheTrinity，Transubstantiation，andAtonement；thatheexplainedtothemthesymbolsoftheChurch，thePapalsuccessionfromSt。Peterdownwards，andthathecatechizedtheIndiansbythousands，tensandhundredsofthousands，andthattheycameintearsandpenitencetoacknowledgetheirbelief。\'
Ofcourse，to
dayitisdifficulttocontrovertthesestatements，evenifinclinedtodoso；butthelanguagesspokenbytheChacoIndiansareamongstthemostdifficulttolearnofanyspokenbythehumanrace，somuchsothatFatherDobrizhoffer，inhis`HistoryoftheAbipones\'，says`thatthesoundsproducedbytheIndiansoftheChacoresemblednothinghuman，sodotheysneeze，andstutter，andcough。\'
InsuchalanguagetheAthanasianCreeditselfwouldbepuzzlingtoaneophyte。
HealsosaysthatseveraloftheJesuitswhohadlabouredforyearsamongsttheIndianscouldnevermastertheirdialects，andwhentheypreachedtheIndiansreceivedtheirwordswithshoutsoflaughter。Thisthegoodpriestattributedtothepresenceofa`mockingdevil\'whopossessedthem。Itmaybethatthemockingdevilwasbutasenseofhumour，thepossessionofwhich，evenamongstgoodChristians，hasbeenknowntogiveoffence。
Butbethisasitmay，SanFranciscodeSolanoremainedtwoyearsatAsuncion，thoughwhilsthelivedtherehispowersofspeech(accordingtotheJesuits)
seemtohavebeendiminished，andheheldnocommunicationwiththeIndiansintheirownlanguages。Itmaybethat，likeSt。Paul，hepreferredtospeak，whennotwithIndians，fivewordswithhisunderstandingratherthantenthousandinanunknowntongue。
AtthetimeofthefirstconquestParaguaywasalmostentirelypeopledbytheGuaranirace。Itdoesnotappearthattheirnumberwaseververygreat，perhapsnotexceedingamillioninthewholecountry。FromthewritingsofMontoya，Guevara，Lozano，andtheothermissionariesofthetime，itiscertainthattheyhadattainedtonoveryhighdegreeofcivilization，thoughtheywerecertainlymoreadvancedthantheirneighboursintheGranChaco。
Itismostprobablethattheyhadnotasinglestone
builttown，orevenahouse，orthatsuchathingexistedsouthofNewGranada，totheeastwardoftheAndes，forwemaytakethedescriptioninSchmidel\'s`HistoryoftheCasadelGranMoxo\'eitherasamistakeorasastorywhichhehadheardfromsomePeruvianIndianofthepalacesoftheIncas。
Atanyrate，noremainsofstone
builthouses，stilllessofpalaces，areknowntohavebeenfoundinBrazilorParaguay。
ThisraceatonetimespreadfromtheOrinocototheriverPlate，andeveninthecaseofitsoffshoot，theChiriguanas，crossedtothewestbankoftheParaguay。PadreRuizMontoya，inhis`ConquistaEspiritualdelParaguay\'，cap。i。，speakingoftheGuaranirace，says:`DominaambosmareseldelsurportodoelBrasilycin~iendoelPeruconlosdosmasgrandesriosqueconoceelorbequesoneldelaPlata，cuyabocaenBuenos
Ayresesdeochentaleguas，yelgranMaran~on，a\\elinferiorennadaequepasabienvecinodelaciudaddeCuzco。\'
BarcodelaCentenera，in`LaArgentina\'，cantov。，alsorefersto`LaCasadelGranMoxo\'。Itwassituated`enunalaguna\'，andwas`todadepiedralabrada\'。
To
dayalltheGuaraniswhoarestillunconqueredliveintheimpenetrableforestsoftheNorthofParaguayorintheBrazilianprovinceofMattoGrosso。
TheirlimitstothesouthextendtoneartheruinedmissionsofJesusandTrinidad。Bypreference，theyseemtodwellaboutthesourcesoftheIgatimi，anaffluentoftheParana，andinthechainofmountainsknowneitherasSanJoseorMbaracayu。
TheParaguayansgenerallyrefertothemasMonteses(dwellersinthewoods)，andsometimesasCaaguas。Theypresentalmostthesamecharacteristicsastheydidatthediscoveryofthecountry，andwanderinthewoodsastheJesuitsdescribethemasdoingthreehundredyearsago。
Oliveincolour，ratherthicklyset，ofmediumheight，thinbeards，andgenerallylittlehairuponthebody，theirtypehasremainedunchanged。
ThedifferenceinstatureamongsttheGuaranisislessnoticeablethanamongstEuropeans。TheirlanguageispoorerthantheGuaranispokenbytheParaguayans，andthepronunciationbothmorenasalandguttural。
Theirnumeralsonlyextendtofour，aswasthecaseatthetimeofthediscovery。
Theirnumeralsarefourinnumber(`petei^，mocoi^，mbohapi=，ira^ndi=\')；
afterthistheyaresaidtocountinSpanishinthesamewayasdotheGuarani
speakingParaguayans。MuchhasbeenwrittenontheGuaranitonguebymanyauthors，butperhapsthe`Gramatica\'，`Tesoro\'，andthe`Vocabulario\'ofPadreAntonioRuizMontoya，publishedatMadridin1639and1640，remainthemostimportantworksonthelanguage。PadreSigismundihasleftacuriousworkinGuaranionthemedicinalplantsofParaguay。Beforethewarof1866
70
severalMS。copiesweresaidtoexistinthatcountry。
SeeDuGratz\'s`Re/publiqueduParaguay\'，cap。iv。，p。214。
Liketheirforefathers，theyseldomuniteinlargenumbers，andpaylittlehonourorobediencetotheirchiefs，whodifferinnorespect，eitherinarms，dress，orposition，fromtheordinarytribesmen。
InBraziltheyareconfinedtothesouthernportionoftheprovinceofSanPaulo，andarecalledbytheBraziliansBugres
thatis，slaves。
Amoreunfittingnameitwouldhavebeenimpossibletohitupon，asalleffortstocivilizethemhaveprovedabortive，andto
daytheystillrangetheforests，attackingsmallpartiesoftravellers，andburningisolatedfarm
houses。TheBraziliansassertthattheyarecannibals，butlittleisknownpositivelyastothis。
WhathasalteredthemsoentirelyfromtheoriginalGuaranisofthetimeoftheconquest，whoweresoeasilysubdued，itishardtoconjecture。Onethingiscertain:thattheexamplegiventhembytheChristiansettlershasevidentlynotbeensuchastoinducethemtoleavetheirwildlifeandenterintothebondsofcivilization。
Diaz，inthe`Argentina\'，thinkstheCaribsoftheWestIndieswereGuaranis，andtheJesuitsoftenrefertothemunderthatname。
ThispointwouldbeeasilysetatrestbyexaminingifanyGuaraniwordsremaininthedialectoftheCaribsoftheMosquitocoast。
Astotheirrelativenumbersatthetimeofthefoundationofthemissions，itismostdifficulttojudge。Atnoonetimedoesthepopulationofthethirtytownsseemtohaveexceededonehundredandthirtythousand。
SeeDemersay，`HistoireduParaguay\'，p。324，fornamesofGuaranitribes。
AlfredMauryalso，inhis`LaTerreetl\'HommeAme/ricain\'，p。392，speaksof`lerameaubrasilio
guaranin，ouCara/ibe，quis\'etendaitjadisdepuislesPetites
Antillesjusqu\'auParaguay。\'
D\'Orbignyinhis`L\'HommeAmericain\'，estimatestheGuaranisofBrazilatonehundredandfiftythousand。
Humboldtcitestwohundredandsixty
ninethousandastheprobablenumberofIndiansofeverykindintheBrazilianEmpire。
TheViscountdeItabayana(aBrazilianwriter)fixesthenumberattwohundredandfiftythousandtothreehundredthousand。
VelosodeOliveiraputsitateighthundredthousand；
andlaterstatisticiansrangebetweenonemillionfivehundredthousandandseventoeighthundredthousand。
ThenumbersgivenofIndiansbytheSpanishconquerorsarealmostalwaysgrosslyoverstated，fromthewishtheynotunnaturallyhadtomagnifytheimportanceoftheirconquestsandtoenhancetheirexploitsintheeyesofthoseforwhomtheywrote。
StruckbythetractablecharacteroftheGuaranis，MendozabegantobuildafortonAugust15，1537(whichisthedayoftheAssumption)，andthenamehegavetohisfortwasAsuncion，whichafterwardsbecamethecapitalofParaguay。
EspinosareturnedtoCorpusChristi，andafterwardstoBuenosAyres，whereasmallforcehadstillremained。Thisforce，tiredoftheceaselessbattleswiththeQuerandis，orPampaIndians，embarkedforAsuncion。
Irala，afterwaitingformanymonthsatFortOlimpo，returnedtoAsuncion，wherehefoundRuizdeGalanactingasGovernor。Adisputeatoncearosebetweenthem，andIrala，afterhavingbeenimprisoned，wasallowedtoreturntoFortOlimpo。HerehefoundthePayaguaIndiansinrebellion，andinthebattlewhichensuedheisreportedtohaveslainsevenofthemwithhisownhand。HestillmaintainedafitfulsearchforJuandeAyolas，butwithoutsuccess。
Fewmodern`conquerors\'inAfricaseemtohaveengagedinpersonalcombatwiththenatives。EvenofMr。RhodesitisnotsetdownthathehaskilledmanyMatabelewithhisownhands。Timeschange，notalwaysforthebetteringofthings。
GalanreturnedtoBuenosAyres，and，stoppingatCorpusChristi，tookoccasiontofalluponthefriendlyandunsuspectingTimbuIndiansandmassacreaquantityofthem。Whyhedidsoisquiteuncertain，fortheTimbueshadbeeninthehabitofsupplyingthefortofCorpusChristiwithprovisions；itmaybethatthequalityoftheprovisionswasinferior，butneitherRuizDiaznorSchmidelinformsusonthepoint。
Galan，afterhis`victory\'，re
embarkedforBuenosAyres，leavingAntoniodeMendozaincommandwithahundredmen。
Oneday，whenaboutthehalfoftheforcewashunting，theIndiansfelluponitandcutitofftothelastman；
butfortheopportunearrivaloftwovesselsthefortwouldhavebeendestroyed。However，manySpaniardswereslain，andAntoniodeMendozaamongstthem。
Afterthisbattle，inwhichSantiagoissaidtohaveappearedonthetopoftheprincipaltowerofthefortdressedinwhitewithadrawnswordinhishand，GalanandEspinosareturnedtoAsuncion，takingwiththemtheremainderoftheinhabitantsofBuenosAyres。
AtAsunciontheyfoundthatIralahadagainreturnedwithouthavingdiscoveredtracesofAyolas。IralawaselectedGovernorunderaclauseintheroyalletterspatentwhichprovidedforthecaseofAyolasnotreturning。HisfirstactwastoorderthecompleteevacuationofBuenosAyres。AnItalianvessel，whichwasgoingtoPeruwithcolonists，havingbeendrivenintotheriverPlate，unitedwiththeremainsofthecolonistsatBuenosAyresandproceededtoAsuncion。
Santiago，asindutybound，usuallyappearedwheneverSpaniardswerehardpressed。FewwritershadthecourageofBernalDiaz，whoofasimilarappearancesaid:`ButI，sinnerthatIwas，wasnotworthytoseehim；whomIdidseeandrecognisewasFranciscodeMorlaonhischestnuthorse\'(BernalDiaz，`HistoriadelaConquistadeNuevaEspan~a\'，cap。xxxiv。，p。141；
Madrid，1795)。
Curiouslyenough，theremnantsofseveralexpeditionsthusjoinedtofoundthefirstpermanentcityintheterritoriesoftheriverPlate；
notatBuenosAyres，butathousandmilesawayintheinteriorofthecountry，whereitseemedlittleprobablethattheirattemptwouldprovesuccessful。
TopresideovertheheterogeneouselementsofwhichAsuncionwascomposed，DomingoMartinezdeIralawaschosen。HewasaBiscayan，amemberofthatancientracewhichneitherRomansnorMoorswereeverabletosubdue。Nothingisknownabouthisantecedents。NotimprobablyhewasasonofoneoftheinnumerablesmallgentlemenwithwhomtheBasqueprovincesusedtoswarm。Almosteveryhouseinthelittletownsevento
dayhasitscoatofarmsoverthedoor。Everyinhabitantclaimedtobeanobleman，andinthereignofCharlesV。theyfurnishedmanysoldiersofreputeinthewarsofEuropeandAmerica。
ThesystemofIralawastoconciliateratherthansubduethenatives。
Isolatedfromhelpofeverykind，thelengthofthevoyagefromSpainprecludingallideaofspeedysuccourinarebellion，itwastheonlycoursehecouldpursue。
Fromtheveryfirstheencouragedthesoldierstomarrywomenofthecountry，thuscreatingtieswhichboundthemtotheland。
TwoFranciscanfriarssetaboutatoncetolearnthelanguageandpreachtothepeople。TheyalsoseemtohaveendeavouredtoreducetheGuaranilanguagetowriting。So，fromseveralcircumstances，theearlyhistoryofParaguaywasverydifferentfromthatofeveryotherSpanishpossessioninAmerica。ToalltheothersSpanishwomenseemtohavegoneingreaterorinsmallernumbers。ToParaguay，atthefoundationofAsuncion，itseemsthathardlyanywomenwent。
ThusitwillbeseenthattheFranciscanswereatworkinthecountrylongbeforethearrivaloftheJesuits。Itmaybeonthisaccountthattheybecamesuchbitterenemiesofthelatercomers。
Sothereadifferentstateofsocietyarosetothat，forexample，inChileorinMexico。InboththosecountriesfewSpaniardsevermarriednativewomen。Thosewhodidsowereeithermembersofthehighestclass
whosometimes，butrarely，marriedIndianwomenofpositionfrommotivesofpolicy
orelsethelowestclassofSpaniards；
inthiscase，afterageneration，theirchildrenbecamepracticallyIndians。InParaguayitwasquitethecontrary，andthegrandchildrenofIndianmothersandSpanishfatherswerealmostreckonedSpaniards，andthenextgenerationalwaysso。
Washburne，inhis`HistoryofParaguay\'(p。32，cap。i。，vol。i。)，pointsoutthecontrastbetweentheeffectsofthetreatmentmetedoutbyPenntotheIndiansinPennsylvaniaandthatbyIralainParaguay。
