Justaboutthistime(1644
45)arumourwassetonfootthattheJesuitshaddiscoveredminesneartheirreductionsontheParana。TheserumourswerealwayssetaboutwhentherewasnothingelsebymeansofwhichtoattacktheJesuits。AnIndianbythenameofBuenaventura，whohadbeenaservantinaconventinBuenosAyres，onthisoccasionwastheinstrumentusedbytheirenemies。Forashorttimeeveryonebelievedhim，andexcitementwasintense；but，mostunluckily，Buenaventurahappenedatthezenithofhisnotorietytorunawaywithamarriedwoman，and，beingpursued，wasbroughttoBuenosAyres，andtheninpublicincontinentlywhipped。InanyothercountryBuenaventuraafterhispublicwhippingwouldhavebeendiscredited，butaletterarrivedfromtheBishopofParaguay，tellingtheGovernorofBuenosAyresthattheminesreallyexisted。AtthattimeanewGovernor，oneDonJacintodeLara，hadjustarrived。BeingnewtoAmericaanditsways，hestartedouthimselftotrythequestion，andwithfiftysoldiers，takingBuenaventuraashisguide，wenttothemissions。
Asmighthavebeenexpected，onthejourneyBuenaventuradisappeared，thistimealone。`Cettefuiteluidonnabeaucoupa\\penser，\'
saysCharlevoix。Buthavinggonesofar，theGovernordeterminedtotrythequestionthoroughly。
FatherDiazTano，oneofthebestandhardest
workingmissionarieswhoeverenteredParaguay，besoughttheGovernortosatisfyhimselfandsearchtheirterritoryforgoldandsilver，andrequestedhimtocallupontheBishopforconfirmationofthestatementshehadmade。
Thishedid，andthen，accompaniedbyhissoldiers，beganhissearch。
Hegaveoutthatthefirstmantofindamineshouldbeatoncepromotedtobecaptainandhavealargereward。
Afterseveraldays\'march，andhavingfoundnomines，letterswerebroughthimfromtheGovernorofParaguayandfromtheBishop。
Thefirstinformedhimthathehadheardrumoursofmines，butnothingcertain。Theseconddeclinedtospecifythemines，whichthusweredestinedtoremainforever，sotospeak，`inpartibus\'。
Buthegaveadvice，andgoodadviceisbetterthananymine，whetherofsilverorofgold。HetoldtheGovernortostartbyturningouttheJesuits，andhewouldfindtheprofitsoftheirexpulsionjustasvaluableasmines。
WhetherthisalsomadetheGovernorpensiveIdonotknow，but，luckily，theJesuits，whowereconcernedinexposingtheimposture，hadcomeonBuenaventura，andbroughthimironedtotheGovernor。
He，afterhavingtriedtomakehimconfesshisimposturewithoutsuccess，condemnedhimtobehung。TheJesuits，withtheiraccustomedhumanity(oringenuity)，beggedforhislife。Thiswasaccordedtothem，andonceagainBuenaventurareceivedagoodsoundwhippingforhispains。
ThusendedthejourneyofDonJacinto，withoutprofittohimself，exceptsofarastheexperiencegained。NodoubthesawandmarkedtheJesuittowns，thechurchesbuiltofmassivetimberorofstone，andthecontentedairofIndiansandpriests，whichalwaysstruckalltravellersinthosetimes。Hesawthecountlessherdsofcattle，thecultivatedfields；enjoyed，nodoubtforthefirsttimesincearrivinginSouthAmerica，thesenseofperfectsafety，atthattimetobeexperiencedaloneinMisiones。Butindespiteofhisexposureoftheimposture，therumourastotheexistenceoftheminesneverdiedout，andlingersevento
day，inspiteofgeologicalresearchinParaguay。
WhilstthiswasgoingoninMisiones，intheremoteandrecently
converteddistrictoftheItatines，inthenorthofParaguay，theexamplesetbytheBishophadborneitsfruit。TheIndiansbecameunmanageable。
Oneofthechiefsbrokeintoopenrebellion，andwoundedaJesuitfathercalledArenasattheveryaltar
steps。Soonthegeneralcorruptionofmannersbecamealmostuniversalthroughoutthedistrict。This，Ifancy，mustbetakentomeanthattheIndiansrevertedtopolygamy，fortheJesuitsalwayshadtroubleinthismatter，beingunabletopersuadetheIndiansoftheadvantageofmonogamy。
Butmostfortuitously，justasthegeneralcorruptiongainedallhearts，atigerrushedintothetown，and，afterkillingfourteenpeopleandsomehorses，disappearedagainintothewoods。
TheJesuits，everreadytotakeadvantageofeventslikethese，calledontheIndianstoseeinthevisitationofthetigerthewrathofHeaven，andtoleavetheirwickedways。
TheIndians，alwaysaswillingtosubmitastorevolt，submitted，andthegoodfathers`prirentlepartidefaireuncoupd\'autorite/，quileurre/ussit，\'asCharlevoixrelates。
Theydecoyedthechief，hisnephew，andson，intoanotherdistrict，wheretheyseizedandshippedthemofftwohundredleaguestoaremotereductionacrosstheUruguay。TheSpaniardsusedtosayofFerdinandVII。，whenhehadcommittedanygreatbarbarity，`HeisquiteaKing\'(`EsmuchoRey\')，andtheIndiansoftheItatinesesteemedtheJesuitsfortheir`coupd\'autorite\'inthesamemannerastheSpaniardstheirKing。
HisusualluckattendedCardenasinhisexileinCorrientes。ThistownformedpartofthedioceseofBuenosAyres，whichhappenedtobevacantatthetime。
HethereforetookuponhimselftoactjustashehadactedinParaguay
appointedofficersofjustice，heldordinations，andinstitutedacampaignagainsttheJesuitsofthetown。
Whilsthewasthusoccupiedinhisfavouritepastimeofusurpingotherpeople\'sfunctions，twocitationsweresenthimtoappearbeforetheHighCourtofCharcas。Hedisregardedthem，andsentastatementofhiscasebythehandsofhisnephewtotheBishopofTucuman。IntheletterhesetforthallhiscomplaintsagainsttheGovernorofParaguay，callinghimaviolatoroftheChurch，aheretic，andgenerallyapplyingtohimallthosetermsinwhichathwartedchurchmanusuallyexhaleshisrage。
MixedupwiththiswasadetailedaccusationoftheJesuits，towhoseaccounthelaidallhismisfortuneswhilstinParaguay。
Lastly，hecalledupontheBishopofTucumantosummonaprovincialcounciltocondemnthemonstrousheresieswhichheattributedtotheJesuits，remindinghimthattheCouncilofTrenthadrecommendedtheholdingoffrequentprovincialcouncils，andstatinghisopinionthat，unlessacouncilwerecalledatonce，theBishopwouldincuramortalsin。
TheanswerCardenasreceivedfromTucumanwasmostironicallycouchedinthebeststylethathislong
sufferingfriendwasabletocommand。
AfteraddressingCardenasas`yourillustriouslordship\'，heproceededtodemolishallhisstatementsinsuchamannerastoarguethathehadhadmuchpracticewithrefractorypriestsinhisowndiocese。
HetoldhimthattheJesuitsweretheonlyOrderinParaguaythatreallyworkedamongsttheIndians。HeremindedhimthatfromthatOrderthe`secondPaul\'，i。e。，St。FrancisXavier，hadhimselfissued。Heaskedhimwhether，asachurchman，hethoughttheyearlysumoftwelvethousandcrownsgivenbytheKingoutofthetreasuryofBuenosAyrestowardstheJesuits\'workwasbettersaved，orthatthethousandsofIndianswhomtheJesuitshadconvertedshouldbelosttoGod。Andastoheresy，hesaidhewasnojudge，leavingsuchmatterstothePope；
butthatnooneaccusedtheJesuitsofcorruptionintheirmorals，orofanyofthegreatercrimestowhichthegreatfragilityofhumannaturerendersusliable。HeremindedhimtheJesuitshadmadenoaccusationontheirpart，butalwaysspokeofhimwithmoderationandrespect。
Andastoaprovincialcouncil，hesaidthatitwasimpossible，forthefollowinggoodcause:TheBishopofMisquewastooinfirmtotravel；
theBishopofLaPazwaslatelydead，andtheseestillvacant；
theBishopofBuenosAyresonlyjustarrived，andtoomuchoccupiedtoleavehisdiocese。Therefore，theonlyBishopsavailablewerehimselfandCardenas，andthattheyneverwouldagree。
MisqueisatleastfifteenhundredmilesfromTucuman。
`Moreover，\'heremarked，`whatisitthatyourillustriouslordshipwishesmetodo?
`ToadviseaBishop?
`Godhasonlygivenmethechargeofmyownsheep。YourlordshipknowsaswellasIdohowaBishopshouldcomporthimself。\'
Hefinishedwithaquotation，sayingthataBishop\'sstatewasnottolie`insplendorevestium，sedmorum；nonadiram，sedutomnimodumpatientium。\'
WhatCardenasrepliedisnotsetdowninanyhistorywhichhascomeundermyobservation，butwhathemusthavethoughtiseasytodivine。
TheGovernorofParaguay，notcontentwithhavingputhiscasebeforetheSupremeCourtofCharcas，sentalsototheCouncilGeneraloftheIndiesinSeville，detailingallthevagariesoftheBishop。TheJesuitsalsoempoweredanofficertorepresentthemthere。
Duringthesepreparations，andwhilsteveryonewasoffhisguard，theGuaycurusendeavouredtosurprisethecapital，andwouldhavedonesohadnotsomeregimentsofGuaranisarrivedintimefromthemissionterritory。Thisshouldhavebeenanobject
lessontothosewhoalwaystriedtoshowtheJesuitsinthelightofenemiestotheauthorityoftheKingofSpain。Nothing，however，provedoftheleastavail，andthoughonseveraloccasionstheSpanishpowerinParaguaywasonlysavedbytheexertionsoftheJesuitsandtheirIndians，thecalumniesofCardenashadtakentoodeeproottobedispelled。
Meanwhile，inCorrientes，CardenasschemednightanddaytoreturntoParaguay。InhisowncityofLaPlatanaturallyhehadsomefriends，andthesedidalltheycouldtogethimreinstated。
Inspiteofalltheirefforts，anordercamefromCharcasforhimtoleavethecityunderpainofbanishment。AnyonebutCardenaswouldhavebeendisconcerted；he，though，pretended，asintheorderhewasstillstyledBishopofParaguay，thatbeforeleavingforCharcas，topresenthimselfbeforethecourt，hehadtogotoAsunciontonameaVicar
General，andtowardstheendof1646heembarkedupontheriverforParaguay。
`QuelohagansalirdenuestrosReynosySen~orioscomoagenoyestran~o，porimportarassiparalaquietuddeaquellasProvincias，yalserviciodesuMajestad。\'
TheGovernorwasonthealert，andsentavesselwithorderstoturnhimback，whichorderwascarriedoutinspiteofhisremonstrances，andhereturnedtoCorrientesinamiserablestate。
ThencameanothercitationtoappearatCharcas，andanintimationthathewasappointedBishopofPopayan。AsPopayan(inNewGranada)
wasatleastthreethousandmilesfromAsuncion，hisjoyattheappointmentmusthavebeenextreme。
Hisfortunesnowseemeddesperate；ashesaidhimselfinalettertotheKing，`atanadvancedagehecouldnotundertakesogreatajourney\'；
andoneverysidehisenemiesseemedtohavegottheupperhand。
In1648achangecameovereverything。DonGregorioHinestrosawasremovedfromParaguay，andanewGovernor，DonDiegoEscobardeOsorio，appointedinhisplace。ImmediatelythenewsreachedCardenashesetoutforParaguay。ArrivingatAsuncion，hisfriendsallmethimandtookhiminprocessiontotheCathedral。HisfirstthoughtwastorenewhispersecutionoftheJesuits。Mostunfortunatelyforthem，DonJuandePalafox，BishopofPuebladelosAngelesinMexico，whohadhimselfinMexicohadmanyquarrelswiththeJesuits，wrotebeggingCardenasandalltheBishopsofSouthAmericatojoinagainstthem。
ThisPalafoxwasafterwardsbeatified，andeveninhislifetimeenjoyedthereputationofasaint，sothathislettergreatlystrengthenedCardenas。
Notwithstandingthis，PalafoxinsubsequentworksofhisduringthetimethathewasBishopofOsma(inSpain)saidmanythingsinpraiseoftheworkdonebytheJesuitsinParaguay。
ThenewGovernor，himselfamemberoftheSupremeCourtofCharcas，hadneverbeenbeforeinParaguay，andthereforeresolvedtotreattheBishop(asDonGregoriohaddone)witheveryrespectduetohisstation。
TheBishopwantednothingbetter，andsawatoncehehadanotherfooltodealwith。ThereforehemadenosecretofhisintentionofnotcomplyingwiththecitationofthecourtatCharcas，andsethimselfatoncetopreachagainsttheJesuits，andstiruppopularresentmentagainstthem。
Unluckily，proofwaswantingofthecrimesheallegedtheyhadcommitted，soheresortedtothedeviceofgettingapetitionsignedbyallandsundry，askingfortheexpulsionoftheOrderfromParaguay。Likeallpetitions，itwaslargelysignedbywomenandbychildrenandbythosewhohadneverthoughtbeforeaboutthematter，butlikedtheopportunitytowritetheirnamesafterthenamesofothers，assheepgothroughagapormembersgivetheirvotes(outofmeresympathy)
inthehighcourtofParliament。
Thisdevicehavingtakentoomuchtime，blankdocumentswerepassedaboutforalltowriteuponwhatevertheyimaginedtothedisadvantageoftheJesuits。Byanuntowardchance，abundleofthese，senttotheagentoftheBishopinSpain，wastakenonthevoyagebyanEnglishcorsair。Theworthypirate(nodoubtaProtestant)was，ifwecanbelievetheJesuits，extremelyscandalizedatthebadfaithofthosewhousedsuchmeansofwreakingtheirmalevolence。
SoallseemedonceagaintosmileuponDonBernardino，whonodoubtresumedhisflagellations，hismidnightservices，andhissayingoftwoMasses，andonceagainbecametheidolofthepeopleofAsuncion。
Butinthenorth，inthewilddistrictofCaaguayu，hardbythemountainsofMbaracaya，closetothegreat`yerbales\'，
theJesuitshadformedtwotownsamongsttheIndians。
ThesetwotownsweredestinedtobetheoutpostsofthecountryagainsttheincursionsofthewildIndiansfromtheChaco。
A`yerbal\'isaforestchieflycomposedofthe`IlexParaguayensis\'，fromtheleavesofwhichthe`yerbamate\'，or`Paraguayantea\'，ismade。
TheBishopprevailedupontheGovernortolethimturnouttheJesuitsandreplacethembypriestsofanotherOrder。Thisbeingdone，theIndiansalldeserted，leavingthedistrictquiteuninhabited。
ThecourtatCharcas，hearingofthisfolly，sentanordertotheGovernortosendtheJesuitsback。AyearwaspassedinceaselesssearchingofthewoodsanddesertsfortheIndians，butonlyhalfofthepopulationcouldeverbepersuadedtoreturn，andFatherMansilla，theex
missionary，diedofthehardshipsthatheunderwent。
FromthatdatedowntothetimeofDr。Francia(circa1812
35)，thedistrictremainedadesert。Franciauseditasapenalsettlement，andto
day，saveforafewwild，wanderingIndians，knownasCaaguas，andasparsepopulationofyerba
gatherers，itstillremainsalmostunpopulated。
Meanwhile，thegeneralindignationagainsttheJesuitsseemedtoinfectallclassesofthepopulation。Certainly，thecitizensofAsuncionhadgoodandsufficientcausesofcomplaintagainsttheJesuits。
OnseveraloccasionstheeffortsoftheJesuitsandtheirIndiansalonehadsavedthecapitalfromthewildIndians，andbenefitsarehardtobear，ifonlyfromtheirrarity。
Popularhatred，tothefullasidioticasispopularapplause，fellchieflyuponFatherDiazTano
hewhohadsavedtenthousandIndiansfortheKingofSpaininhiscelebratedretreatbeforetheMamelucosdowntheParana
andhewasfrequentlyinsultedinthestreets。
FatherAntonioManquiano，aquietandlearnedman，wasalmostmurderedinopendaybyafuriousfanatic，whofelluponhimwiththeopenlyexpressedintent`toeathisheart\'。
ThiswasthemomentCardenaspitchedontodeclaretheentireOrderoftheJesuitsexcommunicated。Ashehadbeenayearawayfromthesceneofhisformerexploits，peoplewerenotsousedtoexcommunications，andthereforetookthemseriously。
AtthiseventfuljuncturetheGovernor，DonDiego，diedsosuddenlythatsuspicionsofhishavingbeenpoisonedwerearoused。
Scarcewashedeadthanallthepopulationassembledatthepalacetoelectaninterimsuccessor。Thiswasamostimportantthing，astocommunicatewithSpaintook，attheveryshortesttime，abouteightmonths。ByacclamationthechoicefellontheBishop，whothusfoundhimselfheadofthespiritualandthetemporalpoweratonce。
Theelectionwasabsolutelyillegal，astheSpanishlawprovidedthat，ifaGovernorofParaguayshouldchancetodie，thenominationofaninterimsuccessorshouldrestfirstwiththeViceroyofPeru，andfailinghimwiththeHighCourtofCharcas。
CardenasbasedhiselectiononthepretendededictoftheEmperorCharlesV。，but，ifhehadacopyoftheedict，neverproducedit。Asusual，`goodmendaringnot，andwisemencaringnot\'，butonlyfoolsandschemerstakingpartintheelection，noseriousoppositiontohisusurpationwasencountered。
CardenasneverdoubtedforamomentthatthefunctionofaGovernorwastogovern，andhebeganatoncetodosowithawill。
Xarque，aSpanishwriter，givesthefollowingcuriousdescriptionofhowhesetabouttogetthepeopleonhissidetoexpeltheJesuits:
Xarque，bookii。，cap。xl。，p。30。
PreachingonedayintheCathedral，aftertheconsecrationheturnedtowardsthepeople，and，showingtheholywafer，said，`Doyoubelieve，mybrethren，thatJesusChristishere?\'
All，beingtruebelievers，answeredasonemanthatsuchwastheirbelief。
Inthesamewayasatascientificlecture，whenthelecturerholdsupsomesubstance，andsays，`Youallknowwellthatcalciumtungstateorbariumhydrocyanidehasthisortheotherproperty，\'
thehearersnodassentlikesheep，beingafraidtocontradictsoglibastatementfromsoeminentaman。
ThensaidCardenas，`BelieveasfirmlythatIhaveanorderfromtheKingtoexpeltheJesuits。\'Thepeopleallbelieved，andCardenasforgottotellthemthatbytheexpulsionoftheJesuitstwentythousandIndianswouldpassintohispower，whomhecouldthendistributeamongsthisfriendsasslaves，asheproposedtodividetheIndiansofthemissionsamongsttheParaguayannotablestowinthemtohisside。
BeingattheheadofeverythinginAsuncion，Cardenasnolongerhesitated，butorderedanofficer，DonJuandeVallejoVillasanti，withatroopofsoldierstomarchtothecollegeoftheJesuits。
Thishedid，andfindingthegatesallbarred，heburstthemopen，and，enteringthecollege，signifiedtotherectoranorderfromtheGovernor(dulycountersignedbytheBishop)toleavethecitywithallhispriests，andtoevacuateallthemissionsontheParana。TherectoransweredthattheJesuitshadapermissionfromPhilipII。，renewedbyhissuccessors，tofoundacollege，andFatherTanoexhibitedthedocuments。
Villasanti，whohadbutlittlelovefordocuments，snatchedtheparchmentsfromhishand，andthesoldiersforcedtheJesuitsinabodytotheportlikesheep。Theretheyweretiedandthrownintocanoesalmostwithoutprovisions，andsentoffdowntherivertoCorrientes，thecertainhavenofthepartyinParaguaywhichhasgottheworstofanelectionorarevolution，andwishestogaintime。
ArrivedinCorrientes，DonManuelCabral，apiousofficer，receivedtheminhishouse，and，curiouslyenough，thepopulationwelcomedtheJesuitswithenthusiasm，andpressedthemearnestlytobuildacollegeinthetown。
TheircollegeatAsuncionwastreatedlikeatowntakenbystorm:
pulpitandfont，confessionalsanddoors，allweretorndownandburnt，and，withaviewofjustifyingwhatwasdone，theBishop\'spartisansspreadareportthat，astheJesuitswereheretics，theirtemplewasunclean。
Thepopulation，moreartisticinitsinstinctsthantheBishop，refusedtoallowthealtar，whichhadbeenbroughtfromSpain，tobedestroyed。Besidesthealtar，therewerealsostatuesofSanIgnacioandSanFranciscoXavier。ThesetheBishopwishedtoturnintoSt。PeterandSt。Paul。WiththisdesignhegavethemtoanIndiancarpentertoworkupon。Thepoormandidhisbest，butonlymanagedtoturnouttwomonstrousblocks，whichlookedlikenothinghuman。
AstatueoftheBlessedVirginwhichhadtheeyesturneduptoheaventheBishopwishedtoalter，andreplacetheheadbyanotherwiththeeyesturneddowntoearth，asbeingmorebefittingtothestatue\'ssex。
Thepeople，lessmadorsuperstitiousthantheBishop，refusedtoallowit，andtheimage，too，wasplacedintheCathedral。
In1649theexpulsionofanOrdersopowerfulasweretheJesuitscausedsomecommotionthroughtheworldatlarge。Miracleshappenedopportunelytostrengthenwaningfaith。Afireplacedroundtheirchurch，thoughitdestroyed，refusedtoblacken；andropesfixedtothetowerofthechurch，althoughattachedtowindlasses，refusedtopullitdown，sothatthetowerandchurch，thoughgutted，stillremainedalmostintact，and，ontheJesuits\'return，wereeasilyrepaired，andservedasamonumentofvictory。
Uneasyliestheheadthatwearsamitre，aspoorCardenasfoundout。
HispopularitysufferedsomedecreasebythelackoftreasurefoundintheJesuits\'college，forhehadalwaysdangledmillionsinprospectivebeforethepeople\'seyestoengagethemonhisside，and，mostunluckily，hehadnomillionstobestow。So，tomakeallthingsright，hesentFrayDiegoVillalontoMadridtorepresenthisinterests。
ThisVillalonhasleftsomecuriousmemoirsinthecasewhichhesubmittedtotheCounciloftheIndieswhichsatinSeville。
TheJesuitsupontheirsidewerenotinactive。ByvirtueofabriefofGregoryXIII。theyhadtheprivilegeofappointinganofficialcalledajudgeconservatorincaseswheretheirhonourortheirpossessionswereattacked。ThereforeFatherAlfonsodeOjedawassenttoCharcastoarrangeaboutthecase。AtCharcastheyfoundthatCardenashadbeenbeforethem，andhadinstitutedproceedingsagainsttheirOrderintheHighCourt。FatherPedroNolasco，SuperioroftheOrderofMercy，wasappointedjudgeconservator。HeatoncesummonedtheBishoptoappearbeforehim，andarrangedtotrythecaseandheartheevidence。
Cardenashavingrefusedtoappear，sentencewentbydefaultagainsthim。
TheHighCourt，beingconvincedthatthepretendededictoftheEmperorCharlesV。didnotexist，appointedDonAndresGarabitodeLeontobeinterimCaptain
GeneralofParaguay，andgavehimpower，ifnecessary，torestoreorderbyforceofarms。ThecourtthenissuedadecreesummoningCardenastoappearatonceatCharcasandgivehisreasonswhyhehadhadhimselfmadeGovernorandhadexpulsedtheJesuitsfromParaguay。ItthencommunicatedwiththeMarquisofMancera，ViceroyofPeru，whoquiteconcurredinitsdecisionastoCardenas。
ApparentlyupontheprinciplewhichprevailsamongstMohammedansofalwaysappointing，firstanofficer，andthenacaliphtothatofficertodothework，theHighCourtofCharcasalsoappointedacommandertoproceedtoParaguay，pendingthetimethatDonAndresshouldfeelinclinedtostarthimself。Asthecaliph\'snamewasSebastiandeLeon，itisnotimprobablethathewasarelationofthefirst
appointedman。
DonSebastiandeLeonseemstohavebeeninParaguayalready，forbothCharlevoixandXarqueagreethatheandhisbrothers，aftertheexpulsionoftheJesuitsbyCardenas，hadretiredtoanestatesomedistancefromAsuncion。Attheestatethenewsofhisappointmentreachedhim，andmusthaveplacedhiminamostdifficultpositionastowhattodo。
OnseveraloccasionsinthevariousrebellionswhichoccurredinSouthAmericaduringtheSpanishrule，menwereappointedtoquellrebellions，pacifycountries，andrestoreorder，andallwithoutanarmyoranyforcesbeingplacedattheircommand。ThiswasthecasewiththecelebratedLaGasca，whowassentfromSpaintoputdowntherebellionofGonzaloPizarro，andsucceededinsodoing，thoughheleftSpainwithoutasinglesoldierinhistrain。
InthisconnectionitistoberememberedthatnoneoftherebellionsinSpanishAmericafromthedaysofCharlesI。(i。e。，theEmperorCharlesV。)
tothoseofCharlesIII。werefortheobjectofseparationfromthemetropolis，butmerelyrisingsagainstGovernorssentoutfromSpain。
ItseemsthatbothinPeruandParaguaytheverynameoftheimperialpowerwasabletodrawhundredsofmentothestandardofwhateverofficerheldacommissionfromMadrid，suchasthatheldbyGarabitodeLeonorbyLaGascaontheParana。
AtfirstDonSebastiandidnotshowhimselfinAsuncion，butsentoutmessengersoneverysidetosummonsoldiers，requisitionhorses，andcollectprovisions。HealsosenttoCorrientestotelltheJesuitshewasreadytoreinstatethemintheirpossessions。
DonBernardinomeanwhilewaspreparingforthegreatadventureofhislife。
HeseemstohavebelievedmostfirmlythatnopoweronearthhadanyrighttoremovehimfromthegovernorshipofParaguay。
InaletterwhichheaddressedtoDonJuanRomerodelaCruz
hesaysheisonthepointofdistinguishinghimselfbyheroicexploitsandgreatvictories；thathehadonhissidejusticeandforce(amostuncommoncombination)；thattheentirecapitalwasfavourabletohim；andthathewasresolvedneithertoreadmittheJesuitsnortorecogniseDonSebastiandeLeonasGovernor。
Charlevoix，bookxii。，p。115。
Asuncionwasonceagainconvulsed，andallwaspreparationfortheholywar。
TheBishophadgivenoutthatangelsweretohelphim，andthissoreassuredhissoldiersthattheyprovidedthemselveswithcordstobindtheIndiansinthearmyofDonSebastianLeon，thinkingtheywouldfallaneasypreytothem。Thismatterofthecordsexplains，perhaps，whythepopulationofAsuncionwasalmostunanimousinfavouroftheBishop。
InthearmyofDonSebastian，aswellasthemilitiaoftheprovince，marchedthreethousandIndiansfromtheJesuitreductionsontheParana。
TheSpaniardsofthecapitalwerealldeterminednottokillanyofthem，butkeepthemaliveforslaves，andhencethecordswithwhichtheyarmedthemselves。
ThesacredgeneralissimoledouthisarmyfromAsuncioninperson，celebratingMasshimself，andthenheadinghistroopslikemanyanotherSpanishecclesiastichasdonebeforeandafterhim，andcontinueddoingeventothelatestCarlistwar。
ThearmiesmetnotfarfromLuque，inalittleplainknownastheCampoGrande。Anopenplainwithsandysoil，whichgavethehorsesagoodfooting，withseverallittlestagnantpoolsinthecentrewherethewoundedmencoulddrinkandwashtheirwounds，withamostconvenientforestonallsidesforthedesertersandthecowardstohidein，madeagoodbattlefield。ThevillageofLuque，groupedrounditschurch，andwithalittleplazainthemiddleinwhichsatParaguayanwomensellingmandioca，chipa，1andrapadura，2
withsacksofmaizeandofmani，3stoodonthesummitofalittlehill。
Upontheplaintheearthisred，andlooksasifabattlehadbeenfoughtuponitandmuchbloodspilt。Inalldirectionsrunlittlepaths，worndeepbythefeetofmulesandhorses，andinwhichtheriderhastolifthisfeetasifheweregoingthroughastream。ToAsuncionthereleadsoneofthedeep
sunkroadsplantedwithorangeandparaiso4trees，constructedthus(asBarcodelaCenteneratellsusinhis`Argentina\')soastobedefensibleagainsttheIndiansafterthecountrywasfirstconqueredbytheSpaniards。
1Chipaisakindofbreadmadeofmandiocaflour。
2Rapaduraisakindofcoarsesugar，generallysoldinlittlepyramid
shapedlumps，doneupinabananaleaf。
Itisstronglyflavouredwithlye。
3Maniisground
nut。[\"Peanut\"inAmericanEnglish。
A。L。，1998。]
4TheparaisoisoneofthePaulinias。
OntheBishop\'ssidehardlyasoldierbutthoughthimselfanemissaryofGod，ordoubtedofthevictoryforamomentinhisheart。Angelsthemselveshadpromisedvictorytotheirleader，who，tomakeallthingssafe，hadissuedaproclamationpunishingsurrenderwiththepainofdeath；
sotheystoodquietlyinarrayofbattlewaitingtobeattacked。
Uponhisside，DonSebastianLeon，seeingtheattitudeoftheenemy，immediatelyorderedanadvance，andchargedhimself，withallhiscavalry，upontheBishop\'smen。They，withthefirmnessthatfanaticssooftenshow，stoodfirmlyintheirranks，thinkingthemselvesinvulnerable。
Theirvalourprovedbutmomentary，foratthesecondchargetheybroketheirranksandfled。Flightturnedtorout，andDonSebastianhavingcommandedthattheyshouldnotbepursued，theystillfledon，nomanpursuingthem。
TheGovernorthenenteredthecapitalwithoutresistance。
Ontheplazahestopped，andhavinggatheredupthewoundedwithoutrespectofparty，hesentthemtothehospital。
Then，havingseentothesafetyofthetown，herodetotheCathedraltogivethankstoGodforhavingpreservedhimfromthedangersofthefight。
DressedinhisrobesandseatedonhisthronewasCardenas。DonSebastianenteredthechurch，dismounted，andkissedhishandrespectfully，likeatrueSpaniard，andaskedhimceremoniouslytodeigntogivehimthebatonofthecivilpower。Cardenasanswerednotaword，buthandedhimthebaton，andthenretired，accompaniedbyallhispriests。
ThevictorydidnotterminatetheworkofDonSebastian。
Afterareasonableinterval，andbeforewitnesses，hecitedtheBishoptoappearbeforethecourtofCharcas。TheBishoppromisedtoobey，thinkinghehadanotherDonGregorioHinostrosatodealwith，butquitedeterminednevertocomply，actingaccordingtothecustomofGovernorsinSouthAmerica，who，whenanorderreachedthemfromMadrid，eitherabsurdorquiteimpossibletoexecute，solemnlyanswered，`Iobey，butIdonotcomply，\'savingbythephrasethehonouroftheirsovereignsandthemselves。UpontheirsidetheJesuitspressedthejudgeconservator，FatherNolasco，toissuehissentence，andfreethemfromthechargesunderwhichtheylay。
Thishedid，andgaveashisopiniontheywerequiteinnocentofallthatCardenashadlaidtotheiraccount。
`Obedesco，peronocumplo。\'
Asinapalace，thingsgoslowinSpain，anditwasnottill1654
thataroyaldecisionconfirmedthejudgmentofNolasco，andfreedtheJesuitsfromallthechargesraisedagainstthem。
`Cosasdepalaciovandespacio。\'
Orderrestored，Cardenasdeprivedofhisusurpedauthority，andtheJesuitsreinstated，thetemporarycommissionofSebastianLeonwasatanend。Thereforeheretiredagaintoplanthismandiocaunderhisownguayaba
tree。YetfeelingransohighthathewashardlysafefromthevengeanceofthepartisansofCardenas，sothathefoundhimselfoncemoreobligedtosummonthemilitiaoftheprovince，andleadthemtoaperfunctorycampaignagainstthePayaguas。
TheseIndianstheearlierhistoriansoftheconquest，BarcodelaCenteneraandRuiDiazdeGuzman，describeasriver
pirates，almostlivingincanoes，anddashingoutonanypassingSpanishvesselthattheythoughtweakenough。TheJesuitsMontoyaandDobrizhoffertellusthattheywentnaked，paintedinmanycolours，withahawk\'sorparrot\'swingpassedthroughthecartilageoftheirleftear，andthattheywere，ofalltheIndiansofParaguay，themostindomitable。Afew，whenIknewParaguaysometwentyyearsago，hungroundAsuncion，squalidandmiserable，passingtheirtimeinfishingincanoes，andasattachedtotheirownmodeoflifeaswhenthefirstdiscovererscalledthem`sweet
waterpirates\'andthe`mostpestilentofalltheIndiansontheriverParaguay。\'ThePayaguaschastised，DonSebastian，upononepretextoranother，didnotdisbandhistroops，keepingthemalwaysbyhim，andthusmakingthepositionoftheBishopquiteuntenable，tillbydegreeshisfollowersfellawayandlefthimalmostdesertedandhispartyalldissolved。Seeingthegamewasup，theBishop，afterhavingnamedoneDonAdrianCornejoashissuffragan，tookhisdeparture(1650)forCharcastoappearbeforethecourt。
Foreighttumultuousyearshehadkepthisbishopricinaperpetualturmoil，havingbeentheevilgeniusoftheland。
Whatsortofmanhereallywasishardto
daytojudge，forXarque，Villalon，Charlevoix，andDeanFunes，whochroniclehisdoings，wereall，ononesideortheother，partisans。TheJesuitscondemnhimasaspoliator，theFranciscansholdhimupasonewhofoughtthroughouthislifeforthehonourofthefounderoftheirrule。Tracts，books，andpamphletsforandagainsthimhavebeenwritteninnumbers，andinthehistoryofthetimesinParaguayhisnamebulkslarge。
Onethingiscertain
thattheIndianslovedandreveredhim，andfollowedhimuptotheend。EveninCharcas，wherehelivedforyearsuponapensionoftwothousandcrownsallowedhimbytheKingwhilsthiscasedraggeditswearycoursetoRome，Madrid，backtoPeru，andthentoRomeagain，theIndians，whenheappearedinpublic，greetedhimwithflowers。Hemayhavebeenasaint:somanymenaresaints，andtheworldknowsthemnot。Hemayhavebeenaschemer；buthemadenothingbyhisschemesexceptthebarrenhonourofhisconsecrationtotheseeofParaguay。Apreachercertainlyhewas，ableandwillingtodrawcrowds，afterthefashionofallthosewhohavethegiftofwords。
DeanFunes，inhis`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay，BuenosAyresyTucuman\'(bookii。，cap。i。，p。10)，sayshewas`Dotadodeuntemperamentomuyfacildeinflamarse，deunaimaginacionviva，deunamemoriafeliz，ydeuningenionovulgar。\'
Headstrongandobstinate，throughalonglifehehatedvigorously，thinkingallthosewhodifferedfromhimwereaccursedofGod。
AstrenuousmemberoftheChurchmilitantonearth，hewasatleastapersonality，andthosewhoreadthehistoryofhistimemustreckonwith，andtakesidesfororagainst，himafterthefashionofthemenwithwhomhepassedhislife，whotoamanreveredhimasasaint，orlookeduponhimasadevilsenttoplaguemankind。
ArrivedinCharcas，hesoonfelloneviltimes，althoughatfirsthemadesomepartisans。StilllookingbacktoParaguay，hepassedhistimeindrawingoutpetitionstotheKing；then，onebyone，allhisfriendsfellfromhim，exceptsomefaithfulIndians，whoconsideredhimasaint。
Hisdreamsofsaintshipwerenotfulfilled，forhisnameneverfiguredinthecalendar。Yearsdidnottamenoryetdidhopeevercompletelyleavehim；forinoldbooksIfindhimalwaysprotesting，evercomplaining，andstillstriving，till，in1665，PhilipIV。inpitymadehimBishopofSantaCruz。AsentencefromtheregistersoftheConsistoryatRomeinformsusthat，asBishopofLaPaz，inhisownprovinceoftheCharcas，heleftofftroubling，andrestedfromhisagitatedlife。
