Inadditiontothemeansdescribed，theJesuitshadrecoursetofrequentreligiousfeasts，forwhichthecalendargavethemfullscope，sothatthelifeinaJesuitmissionwasmuchdiversifiedandrenderedpleasanttotheIndians，whohavearootedloveofshow。Eachmissionhad，ofcourse，itspatronsaint，1andonhisdaynobodyworked，whilstallwasjoyfulnessandsimplemirth。Atbreakofdayadischargeofrocketsandoffirearmsandpealsuponthebellsannouncedthejoyfulmorn。Thenthewholepopulationflockedtochurchtolistentoanearlymass。Thosewhocouldfindnoroominsidethechurchstoodinlonglinesoutsidethedoor，whichremainedopenduringtheceremony。
Massover，eachonerantopreparehimselfforhispartinthefunction，theJesuitshavingtakencare，bymultiplyingofficesandemployments，toleavenomanwithoutadirectshareinalltheothersdid。2
Thehumblestandthehighesthadtheirpart，andtheheaviestburden，nodoubt，felluponthetwoJesuits，3whowereanswerableforall。
Theforemostdutywastogettheprocessionreadyforthemarch，andsaddle`loscaballosdelsanto\'4toserveasescort，mountedbyIndiansinrichdresses，keptspeciallyforfeasts。
1Inthe`RelaciondeMisiones\'oftheBrigadierDonDiegodeAlvear，writtenbetween1788and1801，andpreservedinthe`ColecciondeAngelis\'，occursthefollowingcuriousdescriptionofthefeast
dayofapatronsaintofaJesuitreduction:`Theymakealongalleyofinterwovencanes，whichendsinatriumphalarch，whichtheyadornwithbranchesofpalmsandothertreeswithconsiderablegraceandtaste(`conbastantegraciaysimetria\')。
Underthearchtheyhangtheirimagesofsaints，theirclothes，theirfirst
fruits
ascornandsugar
cane，andcalabashesfullofmaize
beer(`chicha\')
theirmeatandbread，togetherwithanimalsbothaliveanddead，suchastheycanprocure(`comolospuedenhaberconsudiligencia\')。Then，forminginaring，theydanceandshout，`Vivaelrey!Vivaelsantotutelar!\'
2Manyandcuriousarethenamesbywhichtheoffice
bearerswent。
Thus，intheMissionofelSantoCorazon，intheChiquitos，Ifindthefollowing:Corregidor，theMayor；Teniente，Lieutenant；
Alferez，Sub
Lieutenant；AlcaldePrimero，HeadAlcalde；
AlcaldeSegundo，SecondAlcalde；Commandante，Captain(oftheMilitia)；
JusticiaMayor，ChiefJustice；SargentoMayor，Sergeant
Major。
Thencamefiscales，fiscals；sacristanmayor，head
beadle；
capitandeestancia，chiefofthecattlefarm；capitandepinturas，carpinteria，herreros，etc。
captainofpainters，carpenters，smiths，etc。Alltheofficeswerecompetedforardently，andthoseofCorregidorandAlcaldeinespecialwereprizedsohighlythatIndianswhoweredegradedfromthemforbadconductorcarelessnessnotinfrequentlydiedofgrief。
3Ineachreductionthereweretwopriests。InallParaguay，attheexpulsionoftheOrderin1767，therewereonlyseventy
eightJesuits(DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriadelParaguay\'，etc。，cap。i。，vol。ii。)。
4InthemissionofLosApostolestherewere599ofthese`horsesofthesaint\'，accordingtoaninventorypreservedbyBrabo。
TheinventoryofthetownofLosApostoles1enablesustoreconstruct，withsomeattemptataccuracy，howtheprocessionwasformedandhowittookitsway。Allthemilitiaofthetownwereinattendance，mountedontheirbesthorses，andarmedwithlances(`chuzos\')，lazo，bolas，andafewwithguns。TheofficersoftheIndiansrodeattheirhead，dressedoutingorgeousclothes，andtroopsofdancers，atstatedintervals，performedasortofPyrrhicdancebetweenthesquadronsofthecavalry。2
InthefrontofallrodeonawhitehorsetheAlferezReal，3
dressedinadoubletofbluevelvetrichlylacedwithgold，awaistcoatofbrocade，andwithshortvelvetbreechesgarteredwithsilverlace；uponhisfeetshoesdeckedwithsilverbuckles，andthewholeschemecompletedbyagold
lacedhat。Inhisrighthandheheldtheroyalstandardfastenedtoalongcanewhichendedinasilverknob。
Aswordwasbyhisside，which，asheonlycouldhavewornitonsuchoccasions，andasthe`horsesofthesaint\'werenotunlikelyasticklishasmosthorsesoftheprairiesofEntreRiosandCorrientesarewonttobe，musthaveembarrassedhimconsiderably。
BehindhimcametheCorregidor，arrayedinyellowsatin，withasilkwaistcoatandgoldbuttons，breechesofyellowvelvet，andahatequalinmagnificencetothatwornbyhisboldcompeer。
ThetwoAlcaldes，lessviolentlydressed，worestraw
colouredsilksuits，withsatinwaistcoatsofthesamecolour，andhatsturnedupwithgold。
Otherofficials，astheCommissario，MaestredeCampo，andtheSargentoMayor，werequiteasgailydressedinscarletcoats，withcrimsondamaskwaistcoatstrimmedwithsilverlace，4redbreeches，andblackhatsadornedwithheavylace。InthebrightParaguayansunshine，withtheprimevalforestforabackground，orinsomemissioninthemidstofavastplainbesidetheParana，theymusthavelookedasgorgeousasaflightofparrotsfromtheneighbouringwoods，andhavemadeaTurneresqueeffect，amblingalong，ablazeofcolours，quiteasself
satisfiedintheirfineryasif`therainbowhadbeenentailsettledonthemandtheirheirsmale。\'Quiteprobablytheirbroad，flatnoses，andtheirlong，lankhair，theirfacesfixedimmovably，asiftheywerecarvedinnandubay，contrastedstrangelywiththeirfinery。
Buttherewerenonetojudge
noonetomakeremarks；mostlikelyallwasconscienceandtenderheart，andnottheirbitterestenemyhaslaidthechargeofhumourtotheJesuits\'account。
1FurnishedtoBucareli，ViceroyofBuenosAyresattheexpulsion，andfirstprintedbyBrabo(`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas\')。
2TheJesuitsexercisedtheIndiansagreatdealindancing，takingadvantageoftheirloveofdancingintheirsavagestate。
D\'OrbignyandDemersay(`Fragmentd\'unVoyageauCentredel\'Ame/riqueMe/ridianale\'，and`HistoirePhysique，etc。，duParaguay\')foundbetweentheyears1830and1855
thattheIndiansoftheMoxosandChiquitosstilldancedastheyhaddoneinthetimeoftheJesuits。
Ihaveseentheminthethen(1873)almostdesertedmissionofJesus，buriedinthegreatwoodsontheshoreoftheParana，danceastrange，half
savagedanceoutsidetheruinedchurch。
3Cardiel，inhis`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。239，says:
`TodoslospueblosponensucastilloenlaplazayenelmediodeelcolocanelretratrodelRey，yelIndioAlferezReal……vaalcastilloconelEstandarteRealyallihacesuhomenageconotrosrendimientosanteelRetratroReal，\'sayinginGuarani，`Toicohengatu/n~andeMbarubichaguazu/!Toicohengatu/n~andeReymarangatu/!Toicohengatu/n~andeReyFernandoSesto!\'
(`LongliveourKing，thegreatchief!LongliveourgoodKing!
LongliveourKingFerdinandVI。\')。
4`Chupasdedamascocarmesiconencajesdeplata。\'
AsintheinventoriesofthethirtytownsIfindnomentioneitherofstockingsorofshoesforIndians，withtheexceptionofthelowshoesandbuckleswornbytheAlferezReal，itseemsthegorgeouscostumesendedattheknee，andthatthesepopinjaysrodebarefoot，with，perhaps，largeironGauchospursfastenedbystripsofmare
hideroundtheirankles，andhangingdownbelowtheirnakedfeet。But，notcontentwiththeprocessionoftheeldersinparrotguise，therewasaparodyofparodiesinthe`cabildoinfantil\'，thebandcomposedofchildren，who，withtheself
sametitlesastheirelders，andintheself
sameclothesadjustedtotheirsize，rodecloseupontheirheels。Lastly，asCharlevoixtellsus，came`deslionsetdestigres，maisbienenchaine/safinqu\'ilsnetroublerentpointlafe^te，\'
andsothewholeprocessiontookitswaytowardsthechurch。
Thechurch，allhungwithvelvetandbrocade，wasallablazewithlights，andfumesofincense(nodoubtnecessary)almostobscuredthenave。
Upontherightandlefthandofthechoir(which，asisusualinSpain，wasinthemiddleofthechurch)theyoungerIndianswereseatedallinrows，theboysandgirlsbeingseparated，aswasthecustominallthemissionsoftheJesuits，who，nodoubt，wereconvincedoftheadvisabilityofthesayingthat`entresantaysanto，pareddecalycanto。\'1TheIndianswhohadsomeoffice，andwhoworetheclothes2Ihavedescribed，wereseatedorkneltinrows，andattheoutsidestoodthepeopleofthetowndressedinwhitecotton，theirsimpleclothes，nodoubt，forminganeffectivebackgroundtotheirmoreparti
colouredbrethrenkneelinginthefront。
Throughoutthechurchthemenandwomenwereseparated，andifarumourofanincursionofPaulistaswasintheair，theIndianscarriedarmseveninthesacredbuildingsandatthesolemnfeasts。
Masswascelebratedwithafullband，theoboe，fagot，lute，harp，cornet，clarinet，violin，viola，andallotherkindsofmusic，figuringintheinventoriesofthethirtytowns。Indeed，intwooftheinventories3anoperacalled`Santiago\'ismentioned，whichhadspecialcostumesandpropertiestoputitonthestage。
Massover，theprocessionwasreconstitutedoutsidethechurch，andafterparadingoncemorethroughthetownbrokeup，andtheIndiansdevotedthenighttofeasting，andnotinfrequentlydancedtillbreakofday。
1Itmayberoughlytranslated，`agoodstonewallbetweenamaleandfemalesaint。\'
2Theseclotheswerethepropertyofthecommunity，andnotoftheindividualIndians。
3Brabo，xxxv。，Introductionto`Losinventariosdelosbienes。\'
SuchweretheoutwardartswithwhichtheJesuitssoughttoattachthesimplepeople，towhomtheystoodinthepositionnotonlyofpastorsandmastersbothinone，butalsoasprotectorsfromthePaulistasononeside，andontheotherfromtheSpaniardsofthesettlements，who，withtheir`encomiendas\'
andtheirEuropeansystemoffreecompetitionbetweenmanandman，wereperhapsunknowinglythedirestenemiesofthewholeIndianrace。
Thereis，asitwouldseem，implantedinthemindsofalmostallprimitivepeoples，suchastheGuaranis，asolidarity，aclingingkinship，whichifoncebrokendownbycompetition，unrestrainedafterourmodernfashion，inevitablyleadstotheirdecay。
HencethekeenhatredtotheChineseinCaliforniaandinAustralia。
Naturally，thosewhomwehate，andinameasurefear，wealsovilify，andthishasgivenrisetoallthoseaccusationsofOrientalvice(asiftheviceofanyOriental，howevermuchdepraved，wascomparabletothatofcitizensofParisorofLondon)，ofbarbarism，andthelike，sofreelylevelledagainsttheunfortunateChinese。
InParaguaynothingismoreremarkableinamarketinthecountrythanthewayinwhichthepeoplewillnotunderselleachother，evenrefusingtopartwithgoodsafractionlowerthanthepricewhichtheyconsiderfair。ItmaybethattheJesuitswouldhavedonebettertoendeavourtoequiptheirneophytesmorefully，soastotaketheirplaceinthebattleoftheworld。Itmaybethatthesimple，happylivestheyledweretooopposedtothegeneralschemeofoutsidehumanlifetofindacceptanceoraplaceinourcosmogony。ButonethingIamsureof
thattheinnocentdelightofthepoorIndianAlferezReal，mounteduponhishorse，dressedinhismotley，barefooted，andovershadowedbyhisgold
lacedhat，wasasentireasifhehadeatenofallthefruitsofallthetreesofknowledgeofhistime，andsoperhapstheJesuitswerewise。
Arecentwriterinthelittlejournalpublishedonyellowpacking
paperintheSocialistcolonyofCosme，inParaguay(`CosmeMonthly\'，November，1898)，hasacuriouspassagecorroboratingwhatIhavesooftenobservedmyself。Undertheheadingof`AParaguayanMarket\'，hesays:`TheGuaraniclingsstubbornlytotheGuaranicustoms。
ThisisirritatingtotheEuropean，butwhoshallsaythattheGuaraniisnotright?……EuropeansettlementcannotbutbefataltotheGuarani，howeverprofitableitmaybetoland
owningandmercantileclasses……TheParaguayanmarketisawoman\'sclub……theywillcomethirtyorfortymileswithaclothfulofthewhitecurd
cheeseofthecountry，contentedlyjourneyingonfootalongthenarrowpaths。
Theywillcutacabbageintosixteenthsandeattheircheesethemselvesratherthansellitundermarketprice。\'Longmaytheydoso，forsolongwilltheybefree，andperhapspoor；but，then，incountriessuchasParaguayfreedomandpovertyareidentical。
Strangelyenough
but，then，howstrangelyallextremesmeetinhumanity!
theJesuitsalone(atleast，inParaguay)seemtohaveapprehended，astheArabscertainlyhavedonefromimmemorialtime，thatthefirstdutyofamanistoenjoyhislife。Art，science，literature，ambition
allthefrivolitieswithwhichmenoccupythemselves
havetheirdueplace；butlifeisfirst，andinsomestrange，mysteriouswaytheJesuitsfeltit，though，nodoubt，theywouldhavebeenthefirsttodenyitwithathousandoaths。
ButinaJesuitmissionallwasnotfeastingorprocessioning，forwithsuchneighboursastheMamelucostheyhadtokeepthemselvesprepared。1Asfortheirbettergovernmentinhomeaffairseachmissionhaditspolice，withofficers2chosenbytheJesuitsamongsttheIndians，soforexteriordefencetheyhadmilitia，andinitthe`caciques\'3ofthedifferenttribesheldprincipalcommand。
Mostlikelyoverthem，orattheirelbows，weresetpriestswhobeforeenteringtheCompanyofJesushadbeensoldiers:
forthereweremanysuchamongsttheJesuits。Astheirownfounderoncehadbeenasoldier，sotheCompanywaspopularamongstthosesoldierswhofromsomecauseorotherhadchangedtheirswordstocrucifixes，andtakenserviceintheranksofChrist。4Asitwasmostimportant，bothfordefenceandpolicy，tokeepthe`caciques\'content，theyweredistinguishedbybettertreatmentthantheothersinmanydifferentways。Theirfoodwasmoreabundant，andaguardofIndianswasonperpetualdutyroundthehouseswheretheylived；thesetheyemployedasservantsandasmessengerstosummondistantcompaniesofIndianstothefield。TheirmethodoforganizationmusthavebeenlikethatoftheBoersoroftheArabs；foreveryIndianbelongedtoacompany，whichnowandthenwasbroughttogetherforevolutionsinthefieldorforaperiodoftraining，afterthefashionofourmilitiaortheGermanLandwehr。
Perhapsthissystemofanarmedmilitia，alwaysreadyforthefield，waswhat，aboveallotherreasons，enabledtheirdetractorstorepresenttheJesuitsasfearedandunpopular。Why，itwasasked，doesthiscommunityofpriestsmaintainanarmyinitsterritories?
NoonerememberedthatifsuchwerenotthecasethemissionscouldnothaveexistedforayearwithoutaforcetodefendtheirbordersfromthePaulistas。EveryoneforgotthatFathersMontoyaandDelTanohadobtainedspecialpermissionfromtheKingfortheIndiansofthemissionstobeararms；and，asnohumanbeingisgratefulforanythingbutcontumelioustreatment，theSpanishsettlersconvenientlyforgothowmanytimesaJesuitarmyhadsavedtheirterritories。
ThebodyofthreethousandGuaranissentattheexpenseoftheCompanytoassisttheSpaniardsagainstthePortugueseattheattackupontheColoniadelSacramento5ontheriverPlate，in1678，wasquiteforgotten，togetherwiththeinnumerablecontingentssentbytheJesuitsatthedemandofSpanishgovernorsagainsttheChacoIndians，thePayaguas，andevenagainstthedistantCalchaquis，inwhatisnowtheprovinceofJujuy。EvenwhenanEnglishpirate，calledintheSpanishhistoriesRoqueBarloque(explainedbysometobeplainRichardBarlow)，appearedoffBuenosAyres，theundauntedneophytesshranknotamomentfromgoingtotheassistanceoftheirco
religionistsagainstthe`Lutherandog\'。6Lastly，allSpanishgovernorsandwriters，bothcontemporaneousandattheendoftheeighteenthcentury，seemtoforgetthatiftheJesuitshadanarmyofneophyteswithintheirterritorythefactwasknownandapprovedofatthecourtofSpain。7ButitappearsthatCalvinhadmanycoadjutorsinhispolicyof`Jesuitasautnecandiautcalumniisopponendisunt。\'8WhenaJesuitarmytookthefield，drivingbeforeitsufficientcattletosubsistupon，andwithits`caballada\'ofsparehorsesuponitsflank，itmusthaveresembledmanyaGauchoarmyIhaveseeninEntreRiosfive
and
twentyyearsago。
TheonlydifferenceseemstohavebeenthattheGauchosofyesterdaydidnotusebowsandarrows，althoughtheymighthavedonesowithasmuchbenefittothemselves，andnomoredangertotheirenemies，thanwasoccasionedbytherusty，ill
conditionedgunstheyusedtobear。
TheIndianswerearmedwithbows，andintheirexpeditionseachIndiancarriedonehundredandfiftyarrowstippedwithiron。
Othershadfirearms，butallborebolasontheirsaddles，andcarriedlazosandlonglances，9which，likethePampaIndians，theyusedinmountingtheirhorses，placingonehanduponthemane，andvaultingintothesaddleswiththeotherleaningonthelance。
Theinfantrywerearmedwithlancesandafewguns；theyalsocarriedbolas，buttheytrustedmosttoslings，forwhichtheycarriedbagsofhide，withaprovisionofsmoothroundstones，andusedthemdexterously。
Onseveraloccasionstheirrudemilitiagaveproofsofstubbornvalour，and，astheyfoughtundertheJesuits\'eyes，nodoubtacquittedthemselvesasmenwouldwholookedupontheirpriestsalmostinthelightofgods。
Butagricultureandcattle
breedingwerenotalltheresourcesofthemissions；fortheJesuitsengagedincommercelargely，bothwiththeouterworldandbytheintricateandcuriousbartersystemwhichtheyhadsetonfootforthemutualconvenienceofthedifferentmissiontowns。InmanyoftheinventoriesprintedbyBrabo，onecomesacrosstheentry`Deudas\'，showingasortofaccountcurrentbetweenthetownsforvariousarticles。Thus，theyexchangedcattleforcotton，sugarforrice，wheatforpig
ironortoolsfromEurope；
asnoaccountofinteresteverappearsinanyinventoryasbetweentownandtown，itseemstheJesuitsanticipatedSocialism
atleast，sofarasthattheyboughtandsoldforuse，andnotforgain。
Althoughbetweenthetownsoftheirownterritoryallwasarrangedformutualconvenience，yetintheirdealingswiththeoutsideworldtheJesuitsadheredtowhatareknownas`businessprinciples\'。
Theseprinciples，ifImistakenot，havebeendeifiedbypoliticianswiththeir`Buyinthecheapest，sellinthedearest\'tag，andthereforeeventhesternestProtestantorJansenist(ifsuchtherestillexist)
canhavenostonetothrowattheCompanyofJesusforitsparticipationinthatsystemwhichhasmadethewholeworldglad。
1AstheGauchoproverbsays，`Lasarmassonnecesariaspero\"naide\"sabecuando。\'
2Corregidores，alcaldes，regidores，alguaciles，etc。
3Hereditaryorsometimeselectedchiefs。
4IrememberseeingonthetombstoneofaSpanishsailorhishopeofsalvationthroughtheintercessionoftheLordHighAdmiralChrist。AftertheSpanishcustom，officerswereoftengeneralsbothbyseaandland，sothatsoldierswerenotexcludedfromtheLordHighAdmiral\'sintercession。
5DeanFunes(`EnsayodelaHistoriadeParaguay\'，etc。)says:
`TheseIndianswentunderthecommandofDonAntoniodeVeraMoxica；
theirsergeantswereGuaranisandtheircaptainsSpaniards。
Their`cacique\'wasIgnacioAmandaa，whocommandedinchiefunderVeraMoxica。\'Theyfoughtbravely，andreturnedagainandagaintotheassaultofthetownafterseveralrepulses，manifestingthesamedoggedcourageandindifferencetodeathwhichtheirdescendantsshowedinthewaragainstBrazilin1866
70。
InthatwarbodiesofParaguayansfrequentlyattackedstrongpositionsdefendedbyartillery，andallowedthemselvestobeshotdowntothelastmanratherthanretire。Atothertimes，concealedbehindmassesoffloatingherbage，fromtheircanoestheysprangonboardBrazilianironclads，andwereallkilledinthevainendeavourtocapturethevessels。Iknewalittlepettifogginglawyer，oneIzquierdo，who，withtencompanions，attemptedinacanoetotaketheBrazilianflagship(anironclad)；leftaloneonherdeck，afterthedeathofhiscompanions，hesprangintothewaterunderashowerofbullets，and，badlywounded，swamovertotheChaco，thedesertsideoftheriver。Thereforthreedaysheremained，subsistingonwildoranges，andthenswamacrossagainonaraftofsticks，inspiteofthealligatorsandmanyfiercefishwhichaboundinParaguay。Hegotwell，and，thoughlame，was，whenIknewhim，asarrantalittlescriveningknaveasyoucouldhopetomeetineitherhemisphere。
OnmanyotheroccasionsthemissionIndiansperformednotableservicesfortheSpanishGovernment。In1681，whentheFrenchattackedBuenosAyres，adetachmentoftwothousandIndianswassenttoitsassistance。
PhilipV。himselfwrotetotheProvincialofParaguayonthisoccasionaskinghimtosendtroopstothedefenceofthecity。
In1785fourthousandGuaranis，commandedbyDonBaltazarGarcia，wereatthesecondsiegeoftheColoniadelSacramento。
Funessaysofthem:`Ajuiciodeuntestigoocular，noesmenosadmirablelasangrefriadesuscapellanes。\'
6`PerroLuterano\'。ItisastonishinghowinSpainthecomparativelyinnocuousLutherhasfallenheirtotheheritageofhatredthatshouldmoreproperlyhavebelongedtotheinhumanandtreacherousCalvin。
7PhilipV。in1745，afteranexaminationwhichlastedsixyears，approvedofalltheactionsoftheJesuitsinParaguay(CretineauJoly，`HistoiredelaCompagniedeJe/sus\'，vol。v。，p。103)。
SothatacuriousletterofaJeronimitefriar(onePadreCevallos)，writtenin1774，iswellwithinduelimitswhenitsaysthatalltheJesuitsdidinParaguaywas`todoprobadoporrealescedulaso/procediadeordenesexpresas。\'
8Oneisobligedtoallow，incommonfairness，thatCalvincarriedoutinhisownpracticewhatheadvocated
aswitnesshisconductwithServetus，whomhefirstcalumniated，thenentrapped，andlastlymurderedincoldblood。
9DonFranciscoCorrsentthefollowinglistofarmstotheViceroyZabala，ofBuenosAyres(Funes，`Ensayo\'，etc。):`Armasbuenas，850；
lanzasdehierro，3，850；pedreras(culverins)，10。Lasflechasnosecuentan。\'Hesays:`TodoslosIndiosquandohandesaliracompan~allevan150flechasdehierro，menoslosquellevanarmosdefuego。Asimismocargan\"bolas\"quesondospiedrasenunacuerda。Losdeapiequenollevanescopetastienenlanza，flecha，yhondaconsuprovisiondepiedrasenunbolsoncomodegranaderos。
Seprestancaballosentrelospueblos。\'
Cottonandlinencloth，tobacco，hides，woodsofthevarioushard
woodforestsofthecountry，and，aboveall，`yerba
mate\'，weretheirchiefarticlesofexporttotheoutsideworld。
TheirnearestmarketwasinBuenosAyres，andtothatporttheysenttheir`yerba\'inboatsmadeattheirownyards，ofwhichtheyhadseveral，butnotablyatYapeyuupontheUruguay。
ThemoneythatwasmadewassenttotheSuperiorofthemissions，whohadthedispositionofthewayinwhichitwasdispensed，eitherforuseathomeortobesenttoEuropefornecessarygoods。
Aswellas`yerba
mate\'，theysentgreatquantitiesofhides。
Theinventoriesofthetownstakenattheexpulsionstatethatthenumberofgreenhides1exportedannuallywasfiftythousand，togetherwithsixthousandcured；inadditiontheysoldfromthreetofourarrobas2ofhorse
hair，andwoodtothevalueoftwenty
fivetothirtythousanddollarseveryyear。Thetotalexportoftheir`yerba\'rangedbetweeneightyandonehundredthousandarrobas，whichatthelowestpricecouldnothavebeensoldataprofitundersevendollarsanarroba，3
sothattheincome4ofthethirtytownsmusthavebeenrelativelylarge。5
Twoorthreehundredbarrelsofhoney6andsomethreeorfourthousandarrobasoftobaccomadeupthesumtotaloftheirexports，though，hadtheyneededmoney，itmighthavebeenincreasedinsuchacountry，andwithsomanywillinglabourers，almostindefinitely。
1Ibanez(`HistoireduParaguaysouslesJe/suites\')statesthehidessoldataboutthreedollarsapiece。
2Thearrobawastwenty
fivepounds。
3ThesefiguresarefromBrabo\'sinventories。
4Ibanezstatesthatonlyeighty
fourdollarsayearweresetapartforthemaintenanceofeachpriest。
5DeanFunes(`EnsayodeleHistoriaCivildelParaguay\'，etc。)
putsitatamillionreales，whichalmostequals20，800Pounds。
Ibanez(`LaRepublicaJesuitica\')，withthenobledisregardofconsequencessonoticeableinmostpolemicalwriters，boldlyaltersthistoamilliondollars，hisobjectbeingtoprovethattheJesuitsexactedexorbitanttaxationfromtheneophytes。
6Thehoneyofthemissionswascelebrated，andthewaxmadebythesmallbeecalled`Opemus\'，accordingtoCharlevoix(livrev。，p。285)，`e/taitd\'uneblancheurquin\'avaitriendepareil，etcesneophytesontconsacre/toutqu\'ilsenpeuventavoira\\brulerdevantlesimagesdelaSte。Vierge。\'
Thusitwillbeseenthatthemissionswereorganizedbothagriculturallyandcommerciallysoastobealmostself
supporting，andthatofthemerenecessariesoflifetheyhadsufficientforexportation，nosmallachievementwhenweconsiderhowaversefromlabourweretheIndianswithwhomtheyhadtodeal。Butthatnothingshouldbewantingthatacivilizedcommunitycouldpossiblydesire，theyhadtheirprisons，withgoodstoreofchains，fetters，whips，andalltheotherinstrumentswithwhichthemoralcodeisgenerallyenforced。Themostusualpunishmentwaswhipping；andthecrimesmostfrequentweredrunkenness，neglectofwork，andbigamy，whichlatterlapsefromvirtuetheJesuitschastisedseverely，notthinking，beingcelibatesthemselves，thatnotunlikelyitwasapttoturnintoitsownpunishmentwithouttheaidofstripes。
IntheinventoryofthemissionofSanJoseIfind:
`Item，doceparesdegrillos\'；butIamboundtosaythatinthisinstancetheywerefortheuseof`losGuaicurusinfielesprisionerosqueestanendichamision。\'
ChapterVII
CausesoftheJesuits\'unpopularity
Descriptionofthelivesandhabitsofthepriests
Testimonyinfavourofthemissions
Theiroppositiontoslavery
TheirsystemofadministrationMuchhasbeenwrittenoftheinteriorgovernmentofthemissionsbytheJesuits，butchieflybystrongpartisans，forandagainst，oneitherside，whoseonlyobjectwastomakeoutacasetofittheprejudicesofthoseforwhomtheywrote。UpontheJesuitsidetheAbbeMuratoridescribesaparadise。AveryCarloDolceamongstwriters，withhimallinthemissionsissocloyingsweetthatone\'ssoulsickens，andonelongsinhis`HappyChristianity\'
tofindadropofgall。Butforfivehundredpagesnothingisamiss；
themenofBelialpersecutetheJesuitsaints，whoalways(afterthefashionoftheirOrderandmankind)turnbothcheekstothesmiter，and，iftheirpurseistaken，hastentogiveuptheircloaks。
TheIndiansareallloveandgratitude。NoneedintheAbbe\'spagesforthetwelvepairoffetters，whichBrabomostunkindlyhassetdownamongsthisinventories。Neverasingle`lapsus\'fromthemoralruletheJesuitsimposed
nodrunkenness，andbigamysoseldommetwiththatitwouldseemthatJosephAndrewshadbeenaswaggererjudgedbythestandardofthesemoralGuaranis。ThencomesIbanez，
theex
Jesuit，ontheotherside。Inatwinklingofaneyethesceneischanged。For，quiteinHogarth\'svein，hepaintsthemissionsasaperpetualmarchtoFinchley，andtellsusthattheIndiansweresavages，andquiteunchangedinalltheirprimitivepropensitiesundertheJesuitrule。
AndfortheJesuitsthemselveshehasafewhome
truthsadministeredwithvinegar，afterthefashionoftherenegadethewholeworldover，whoseesnothinggoodinthesocietythathasturnedhimout。HeroundlysaystheJesuitswereloafers，accusesthemofkeepingtheIndiansignorantfortheirownpurposes，andpaintsthemquiteasblackastheAbbeMuratoripaintedthemrosecolour，andwithaslittleart。Sothat，asusuallyhappensinthewritingsofallpolemists，nomatteruponwhichsidetheymaywrite，butlittleinformation，andthatdistortedtoanincredibledegree，isallthattheyafford。
`IlCristianesimoFelicenelleMissionedeiPadridellaCompagniadiJesunelParaguay\'。
`L\'HistoireduParaguaysouslesJe/suites\'，Amsterdam，1700，lxxv。
Ingeneral，curiousasitmayappear，thebitterestopponentsoftheJesuitswereCatholics，andProtestantshaveoftenwrittenasapologists。
Buffon，Raynal，andMontesquieu，withVoltaire，Robertson，andSouthey，havewrittenfavourablyoftheinternalgovernmentofthemissionsandtheeffectwhichitproduced。Noothernamesofequalauthoritycanbequotedontheotherside；butyetthefactremainsthattheJesuitsinParaguaywereexposedtoconstantcalumnyfromthefirstdaytheywenttheretillthelastmemberoftheOrderlefttheland。
Itismyobjectfirsttotrytoshowwhattheconditionsoftheirgovernmentreallywere，andthentotryandclearupwhatwasthecauseofunpopularity，andwhysomanyandsuchpersistentcalumnieswerelaidtotheiraccount。
StretchingrightupanddownthebanksofboththeParanaandUruguay，themissionsextendedfromNuestraSenoradeFe(orSantaMaria)，inParaguay，toSanMiguel，inwhatisnowtheBrazilianprovinceofRioGrandedoSul；andfromthemissionofCorpus，ontheeastbankoftheParana，toYapeyu，upontheUruguay。
