then，whensufficientlydry，theleaveswerestrippedfromthetwigs，andplacedonasortofopenspaceofhardclay，somethinglikeaSpanishthreshing
floor。Onthistheywerepoundedfine，andthepowderrammedintoraw
hidebags。Thisconcludedtheoperations，andthe`yerba\'wasthenreadyforthe`higglingofthemarket\'。
Hehimselfwalkedalltheway，and`oftenbarefoot\'，suffering`whatneitherIcandescribenoryetmyreadercredit。\'
Themissionarycallinghasundergoneconsiderablechangesince1750。
Hardshipswhichthegreaterfaithorstrongerconstitutionsofthemissionariesofthelastcenturyrenderedendurablearenowlargelyfallenoutoffashion，andyourmissionaryseldomwalksbarefoot，eveninawood，becausetodosowouldgiveoffence，andbringdiscreditonthesocietyforwhichheworks。
Thoughunsuccessfulinhissearchthatyear，Dobrizhoffer，notdauntedbyhisbarefootmarching，setoutagainupontheGospeltrailnextspring。Afteranotherjourneyofsometwentydays，duringthewholecourseofwhichitrainedincessantly，hecameonacommunityofseeminglyquitehappysylvans，whomheproceededtoconvert。Inthefirsthuthemetwiththerewereeightdoors，andinitdweltsomesixtyIndians
apalm
built，grass
thatchedphalanstery，withhammocksslungfromtherudebeams，inwhich`theseheathen\'usedtosleep。
Eachseparatefamilyhaditsownfire，onthehearthofwhichstoodmugsandgourdsandpotsofrudely
fashionedearthenware。
Nakedandnotashamed`thesesavages\'，andthemenworeupontheirheadshighcrownsofparrotfeathers。Forarmstheycarriedbowsandarrows，andthefirstmanDobrizhoffersawwasholdingadeadpheasantinonehand，andintheotherashortbow。Inthewoodsaroundthephalansterywasan`amazing\'quantityofmaize，offruitsofdiverssorts，andoftobacco。
Fromthehiveswhichthewildbeesmakeinhollowtrees，theycollectedhoneyinlargequantities，whichservedthem(atleastsoDobrizhoffersays)
formeatanddrinkalike。
TheirnameforthegodtheyworshippedwasTupa，but`ofthatGodandhiscommandmentstheycaretoknowbutlittle。\'Thissoundsambiguous，andwouldappearatfirstsightasiftheconfidencebetwixtthecreatorsandtheirGodhadbeenbutslight。PerhapstheambiguitymaybesetdowntothetranslatorwhoturnedtheLatininwhichthememoirsfirstwereformedintothevulgartongue。
`Traduttoretraditore\'，astheproverbsays。
Athingremarkableenoughwhenoneconsidershowpronemankindistoactdifferentlywasthat，althoughtheItatinesknewanevilspiritunderthenameofAna，yettheypaidlittleadorationtohim，apparentlycontenttoknowaslittleofhimandhislawsastheydidoftheirGod。
Thosehapless，harmlessfolk，asinnocentofGodanddevil，rightandwrong，andalltheotherthingswhichbyallrightstheyshouldhaveknown，astheyaresaidtobeimplantedinthemindofman，nomatterwhathisstate，seemtohavelivedquitehappilyintheirinvoluntarysin。ButDobrizhoffer，inhissimplefaithandzealforwhathethoughtwasright，weptbittertearswhenhethoughtupontheirunregeneratestate。
Charlevoixsays，inhis`HistoiredelaNouvelleFrance\'，speakingoftheIndiansingeneral:`L\'expe/rienceafaitvoirqu\'ile/toitplusa\\proposdeleslaisserdansleursimplicite/
etdansleurignorance，quelessauvagespeuvente^tredesbonsChre/tienssansrienprendredenotrepolitesseetdenotrefac，ondevivre，oudumoinsqu\'ilfalloitlaisserfaireautemspourlestirerdeleurgrossie\\rete/，quinelesempe^chepasdevivredansunegrandeinnocence，d\'avoirbeaucoupdemodestie，etdeservirDieuavecunepie/te/etuneferveur，quelesrendenttre\\spropresauxplussublimesope/rationsdelagra^ce。\'
HadmorepeoplethoughtwithCharlevoix，andnotbeentooanxioustodrawsavagesincontrovertiblytoour`politesse\'(sic)and`fac，on\'，andleftmoretotime(`autems\')，howmuchmiserymighthavebeensaved，andhowmanyinterestingpeoplespreserved!For，inspiteofthedominationoftheAnglo
Saxonrace，itmighthavebeenwisetoleaveothertypes，ifonlytoremindusofoursuperiority。
AsycophanticGuaranifromthereductionsthentookuphisparable，andsaid:`Godsaveye，brothers；wearecometovisityouasfriends。
Thisfather
priestisGod\'sownminister，andcomestovisityou，andprayforyourestate。\'AnagedIndianinterruptedhim，sayinghedidnotwantafather
priest，andthatSt。Thomasinthepasthadprayedsufficiently，asfruitsofeverysortaboundedintheland。
TheIndian，inhisunsophisticatedway，seemstohavethoughtthepresenceofapriestactedbutasmanureonthegroundwhereheabode；
buttheJesuit，almostassimple
mindedashimself，tookitinkindliness，andjourneyedwiththeIndiantoalargevillageaboutthreedaysaway。
Arrivedthere，alltheinhabitantsoftheplacesatinacircleroundthemissionary。Theyappeared(hesays)insomuchmodestyandsilence`thatIseemedtobeholdstatues，andnotliveIndians。\'
Toawakentheirattentionheplayedupontheviold\'amore，and，havingthuscapturedtheirears，begantopreachtothem。
Thegoodpriestprobablybelievedallthathesaid，for，afterdwellingontheperilsoftheroad，hesaid:`Myfriends，myerrandistomakeyouhappy。\'Itdidnotseemtohimthattheirfreelifeinwoods，inwhichaboundedmaize，fruits，andtobacco，withgameofeverykind，couldpossiblyhaveinducedcontent。Content，asChristiansknow，comesbutwithfaith，andatrueknowledgeofthedogmaisaboveliberty。Kindly，butmuddle
headedly，hedeploredtheirlot，theirwantofclothes，theirwantofinterestintheirGod，theirlackofknowledgeofthatGod\'scommands。Then，comingtothepoint，hespokeofhell，andtoldtheastonishedIndiansthatitwasquiteimpossibleforthemtoavoiditsflames，unless，taughtbyapriest，theycametoknowGod\'slaw。Hethenbriefly(ashesays)
explainedthemysteriesofourfaith。Theylistenedrapt，exceptthat`theboyslaughedalittle\'whenhespokeofhell。
Nothingmorepainfulthantoseeachildlaughingunconsciousofitsperilinthetrafficofacrowdedstreet，andwemaywellbelievethatthekind
heartedDobrizhoffershudderedatthelaughterofthesechildrenwhenhereflectedthathadhetakenthewrongpath，crossingthemarshesorinthewoods，thelaughershadbeendamned。
Muchmorehesaidtothemafterexhaustinghell，and，to`addweight\'
tohisoration，presentedeachofthemwithscissors，knives，glassbeads，axes，smalllooking
glasses，andfishing
hooks，forheknewwellthatsermonswhichendin`giveme\'havebutasmalleffect。
HellnotinfrequentlyseemstohavestrucktheIndiansasajoke，forCharlevoixrelatesthatwhenthefirstmissionariesexpatiatedonitsflamestotheChirignanos，theysaid，`Ifthereisfireinhell，wecouldsoongetenoughwatertoputitout。\'Thisanswerscandalizedthegoodpriest，whocouldnotforeseethattheflamesofTophetwouldbeextinguishedwithoutthenecessityofanyotherwatersthanthoseofindifference。
Hesayshimselfquitefrankly，`IseemedtohavebornedownallbeforemebecauseIhadmingledmyorationwithacopiouslargess。\'
Glassbeadsandlooking
glasseshavefromthetimewhenthefirstChristianmissionarypreachedtotheIndiansbeenpotentfactorsinconversion，andstillto
daydoyeomanserviceinthegreatworkofbringingsoulstoGod。
`AccountoftheAbipones\'，p。74。
Seatedaroundthefire`smokingtobaccothroughareed\'，andponderingperchanceoverthemysteriesofthenewexpoundedfaith，the`cacique\'oftheItatinestookuphisparable。
`Ihave\'(saidhe)`conceivedanaffectionforthefather
priest，andhopetoenjoyhiscompanythroughoutmylife。Mydaughteristheprettiestgirlinthewholeworld，andIamnowresolvedtogivehertothefather
priest，thathemayalwaysstaywithme，andwithmyfamily，hereinthewoods。\'
TheIndiansfromthemissionsbrokeintolaughter，afterthefashionofallthosewho，knowingbutalittle，thinkthattheyarewise。
The`cacique\'，whoknewnothing，wasastoundedthatanyman，nomatterwhathiscalling，couldlivewithoutawife，andaskedtheJesuitifthestrangethingwastrue。Hisdoubtsbeingsatisfied，theyfelldiscoursingonthenatureoftheDeity，asubjectnoteasyofexhaustion，anddifficulttotreatofthroughthemediumofaninterpreter。
`Weknow\'(the`cacique\'said)`thatthereissomeonewhodwellsinheaven。\'
Thisvaguenessputthemissionaryuponhismettle，andhesetoutatoncetoexpatiateupontheattributesofGod。Theyseemedtopleasethe`cacique\'，whoinquired，`Whatisitthatdispleases，then，thedwellerintheskies?\'
Lies，calumnies，adulteries，thefts，allwereenumerated，andreceivedtheIndian\'sassent；buttheinjunctionnottokillprovokedabystandertoaskifitwasnotpermittedtoamantoslaythosewhoattackedhislife。Headded，`IhaveendeavouredsotodosincethefirstdayIcarriedarms。\'
`Fanaticalcasuist\'isastoutargumentinthemouthofamannurtureduponSuarezandMolina，butnodoubtitdidgoodservice，andDobrizhofferusesitwhenspeakingofthechief。ButDobrizhofferdidbetterworkthanmeretheologicaldisputation，forheprevaileduponeighteenoftheIndianstoaccompanyhimtothesettlementofSanJoaquin；
andafterhaving`forsomemonthstriedtheconstancy\'ofayouthcalledArapotiyu，headmittedhimtothesacramentofbaptism，and`notlongafterwardsunitedhiminmarriageaccordingtotheChristianrites。\'Itisevidentthatbaptismshouldprecedemarriage；
butitisanopenquestionastothedurationoftheintervalbetweenthetwoceremonies，andwemaybepermittedtowonderwhether，afterall，bothmightnotbeadvantageouslydispensedatthesametime。
InthecaseofArapotiyuthesystemworkedsatisfactorily，forhe`surpassedineverykindofvirtue，andmighthavebeentakenforanolddiscipleofChristianity。\'Even`oldChristians\'occasionally，despitetheirmorelaboriousinductionintotheritesandcustomsoftheirfaith，havefallenfromgrace，perhapsfromtheundueprolongationofthetermbetweentheceremonies。
Inthecaseofanotheryouth(oneGato)thingsdidnotgososmoothly，forthoughhe，too，byhisconductobtainedbothbaptismandChristianwedlock，Dobrizhofferaddswithoutcomment，`notmanymonthsafterhediedofaslowdisease。\'Theslowdiseasewasnotimprobablythenostalgiaofthewoods，fromwhichtheeffortsofthegoodmissionaryhadsosuccessfullywithdrawnhim。
PadredelTecho，inhis`HistoryofParaguay\'，saysofthewoodIndiansthat`theydiedlikeplantswhich，grownintheshade，willnotbearthesun。\'
ThelaboursoftheJesuitsinthethreeisolatedmissionsinthenorthofParaguayseemtohavebeenassuccessfulasthoseintheChacowereunfortunate。IndealingwiththewildequestriantribesoftheGranChaco，thesystemoftheJesuitswasnotsolikelytoachievesuccessasamongstthepeacefulGuaranis。
ThatoftheSpanishsettlerswasentirelyineffectual，andhasremainedsodowntothepresentday，whenstilltheshatteredremnantsoftheLules，Lenguas，Mocobios，andtherest，roamontheirhorsesorintheircanoesabouttheChacoanditsrivers，havingreceivednootherbenefitsfromcontactwiththeEuropeanracesbutgunpowderandgin。
SanJoaquin，SanEstanislao，andBelen。
ChapterIX
TheSpanishandPortugueseattempttoforcenewlawsontheIndians
TheIndiansrevoltagainstthem
Thehopelessstrugglegoesonforeightyears
RuinofthemissionsThemissionsintheChacoandtheTaruma，allfoundedbetween1700and1760，thelast(Belen)butsevenyearsbeforetheexpulsionoftheJesuitsfromAmerica，gofartowardsdisprovingtheallegationsofsomewriters，1
thattheapostolicenergyofthefirstfoundationshaddecayed，andthattheJesuitsweremerelylivingonthegoodnameofthefirstfoundersinthebeginningofthepastcentury。Butletthezealofanyclassofmenbewhatitmay，iftheyopposethemselvestoslaveryandatthesametimearereportedtohavelandsinwhichisgold，andresolutelyexcludeadventurersfromthem，theirdoomissealed。
BothcrimesweresetdowntotheJesuits。Writingin1784，ortwentyyearsaftertheexpulsionofhisorder，DobrizhofferreferstotheIndiansofthereductionsas`beinginsubjection2
onlytotheCatholicKingandtheroyalGovernors，notindreadedslaveryamongstprivateSpaniardsastheotherIndians；\'andMontoya，Lozano，andDelTecho，writinginearliertimes，allconfirmthestatement，whichisalsodoublyconfirmedbythevariousroyaledictsonthesubject。3
Thereportsofgold
mines，too，hadneverceased，althoughtheyhadbeenrepeatedlydisproved，andthose，togetherwiththestandforfreedomfortheIndians，ledtotheeventswhichfinallybroughtabouttheexpulsionoftheOrderfromtheterritorieswheretheyhadworkedsolong。
1NotablythoseofAzara。
2`AccountoftheAbipones\'，p。15。
3AsthatofPhilipV。，fromthepalaceofBuenRetiro，December28，1743，andhistwoletterstotheJesuitsofParaguay。AlsothepreviousedictobtainedbyMontoyafromPhilipII。，andbythevariousadditionsonthesameheadmadefromtimetotimetothecodeknownas`TheLawsoftheIndies\'。
In1740，GomezdeAndrade，GovernorfortheKingofPortugalinRiodeJaneiro，beingoneofthosewhowasconvincedthatthereasonwhytheJesuitsguardedtheirterritoriessoreligiouslywasthattheyhadmines，bethoughthimofaplan。Hisplan，likemostofthoseconceivedonthefantasticreasonswhicharecalled`ofState\'，tooknoaccountofsentiment，andtherefore，asmankindareandwilleverbeathousandtimesmoreinfluencedbysentimentthanbyhardreasoning，wasfromthefirstboundofitselftofail。
ThecolonyofSacramentoupontheriverPlatehadforahundredyearsbeenthesourceofconflictbetweentheSpaniardsandthePortuguese。1
SituatedasitwasalmostinfrontofBuenosAyres，itservedasadepotforsmugglers；and，moreover，beingfortified，menacedthenavigationbothoftheParanaandParaguay。
SlaversfromEngland，Holland，andtheGermanportscrowdedtheharbour。
Armsofallkindswerestoredthere，andweredistributedtoalladventurerswhomeditatedassaultsagainstthecrownofSpain。Twiceorthreetimesithadbeentakenandrestored，theIndiansofthemissionsalwaysrenderingmostefficienthelp。AtthetimeofwhichIwrite(1740)
ithadpassedagainbytreatyunderthedominionofthePortuguese，butstillremainedastandingmenacetotheSpaniards。
GomezAndradeadvisedthecourtofLisbontoexchangeitagainstthesevenreductions2oftheUruguay，andthusatoncetosecureacountryrichingoldandtoadjustthefrontierattheriverUruguay。Nothingappearssosimpletoastatesmanastoexchangeonepieceofterritoryforanother。Aparchmentsignedaftersomeinternationalnegotiations，andthewholethingisdone。
If，though，ashappenedinthiscase，oneoftheterritoriescontainsapopulationsuchasthatwhichinhabitedtheseventownsupontheUruguay，andwhichhasconqueredthecountryinwhichitlivesfromvirginforest，anddefendeditagainstallcomers，itsometimeshappensthattheunreasonableinhabitants，byclingingtotheirhomes，defeatthestatesmen\'splans。Yetstatesmen，onceembarkedinanyplan，donotstickatsuchtriflesastheaffectionofapeopleforitshome，butquietlypursuetheirpath，knowingthatthatwhichisconceivedbyministersofStatemustintheendbebeneficialtomankind。
Withoutthispatrioticabnegationoftheirfeelings，nostatesmenwouldbeworthyofthename。IndifferencetothefeelingsofothersisperhapsthegreatestproofapublicmancangiveofhisattachmenttotheState。Afternegotiations，lastingmanyyears，in1750atreatywassignedbetweenPortugalandSpainagreeingthattheformershouldgiveuptheColoniadelSacramentototheSpaniardsinexchangeforthesevenJesuittownsupontheUruguay，andthatbothnationsshouldfurnishacommissiontofixthefrontiersofthetwonationsontheUruguay。3OnFebruary15，1750，theSpanishcourtsenttotheJesuitsoftheseventownstopreparetheirIndianstoleavetheirhomesandmarchintotheforests，andtherefoundnewtowns。
1SincethediscoveryofAmericatheSpaniardsandthePortuguesehadbeeninconstantrivalrythroughoutthesouth
easternportion。
Theirfrontier，betweenwhatarenowBrazilandArgentina，hadneverbeendefined。In1494KingJohnII。ofCastileconcludedatreatysignedatTordesillaswiththeKingofPortugal，placingthedividing
linebetweenthecountriestwohundredleaguesmoretothewestwardthanthatofthefamousBullofPopeAlexanderVI。(May4，1493)，whichplaceditatonehundredleagueswestofCapeVerd，cuttingtheworldintwofromtheArctictotheAntarcticPole。
FromthesigningofthetreatyofTordesillastroublebeganinSouthAmericabetweenthePowers，asbythattreatyaportionofBrazilcameintothepowerofPortugal。
2ThesewerethetownsofSanAngel，SanNicolas，SanLuis，SanLorenzo，SanMiguel，SanJuan，andSanBorja。
3Accordingtothe1913editionoftheCatholicEncyclopedia(inthearticletitled\"ReductionsofParaguay\")thistreaty，signedinsecreton15January1750，wasadeliberateassaultontheJesuitOrderbytheMinistersofSpainandPortugal，thelatterofwhom，Pombal，issaidtohavebeenresponsiblealsoforthefalseandlibelous`HistoiredeNicolasI。，RoyduParaguaietEmpereurdesMamalus\'(referredtointhischapter)
whichwasdistributedthroughoutEuropeasanotherattackontheJesuits。
AsanyonefamiliarwiththesituationcouldseethattheIndianswouldnotbehappyaboutthetreaty\'srequirementtoabandontheirhomes，itwasawell
calculated，thoughdetestable，move。
A。L。，1998。
AtthatdateFrancoisRetzwasGeneraloftheJesuits，andonhimdevolvedthedutyofcommunicatingtheordersofthecourtsofSpainandPortugaltotheJesuitsinthemissionsoftheUruguay。FatherBernardNeyderdorfferwasthemanonwhomtheProvincialofParaguay(FatherBarreda)
imposedthetaskofcommunicatingtotheIndiansthewishesofthetwocourts。
Thoughhehadlivedalreadythirty
fiveyearsinthemissions，andknewtheIndianswell，andwasrespectedbythemasafather，heseemsatfirsttohaveshrunkfromsuchatask。WhenthenewswasbroughttothetownsupontheUruguay，noneoftheIndiansatfirstwouldcreditit。
The`caciques\'(chiefs)oftheseventownsdeclaredthattheywouldratherdiethanleavetheirnativeplace。NothingwasheardbutlamentationsandexpressionsofhatredofthePortuguese，mingledwithdenunciationsoftheJesuitsthemselves，whothepoorIndiansnotunnaturallybelievedwereinleaguewithSpaintosellthemtothePortuguese。Butinalittletheclamoursturnedtoaction，and，notcontentwithrefusingtoobeytheedictofthetwocourts，theIndiansbrokeintorevolt。Twomostimportantnarrativesofthisrevoltexist，onebyFatherCardielandonebyFatherEnnis，bothofwhomwerewitnessesoftheevents。Afterconsiderablenegotiations，whichlastedtill1753，1theunitedtroopsofPortugalandSpainadvancedintothemissionterritorytoarrangetheoccupationofthecededtowns。
Thecommissionersofthetwonationswere，forSpain，theMarquesdeValdelirios，andforPortugalGeneralGomezFreyredeAndrade，andbothofthemappeartohavecometoAmericaalreadyprejudicedagainsttheJesuits。OnMarch24，1753，AndradewrotetoValdelirios，almostbeforehecouldhaveheardanythingdefiniteaboutthemissionterritory，towhichtheybothwerestrangers，tellinghimthatoppositionwastobeexpected，andthattheJesuitswereurgingtheIndianstorevolt。2Theoppositionthatthetwocommissionerssoconfidentlyhopedtofind，3
andwhichcontemporarywritershavesetforthinitstruecoloursasbuttherevoltofignorantIndiansrendereddesperatebybeingarbitrarilydispossessedoflandswhichtheythemselveshadsettledandheldforalmostahundredyears，wasfraughtwithseriousconsequences，notonlytotheJesuitsinParaguay，buttotheOrderthroughouttheworldatlarge。ForyearstheirenemieshadsaidtheJesuitswereendeavouringtosetupinthemissionsaStatequiteindependentoftheSpanishcrown。BytheirownconducttheJesuitstosomeextenthadgivencolourtothereport，forbyexcluding(intheinterestoftheIndians)allSpaniardsfromthemissionterritories，itlookedasiftheywereatworkatsomethingwhichtheywishedtokeepasecret，asnooneatthattimedeemeditaseriouspleatoenterintoanylineofconductforthegoodofIndians，whomingeneraltheSpanishsettlerslookeduponasbeasts。ThatitwasthebestpolicytheycouldhavepossiblypursuedunderthecircumstancesisprovedabundantlybythecodeofinstructionslaiddownbyDonFranciscoBucareli，theViceroyofBuenosAyres，underwhoseauspicestheexpulsionoftheJesuitsin1760wascarriedout。
Inthatcodeoccursthefollowingarticle:4`Youwillnotallowanystrangers，ofwhateverestate，quality，orconditiontheymaybe，toresideinthetown(thatis，ofthemissions)，eveniftheybeartisans，5
andmuchlessthattheydealortakecontractsinthemeitherforthemselvesorforothers，andyoushalltakeespecialcarethattheLawsoftheIndiesbeexecuted，andspeciallythosewhicharecontainedinArticle27ofBookIX。；6andalsoifanyPortuguesedesertersorotherpersonsofwhateverconditionsshouldcometothetowns，youwillinstantlyconductthemtothiscity，takingeveryprecautiontopreventtheirescape。\'
1MostofthedatesoftheeventssubsequenttothecessionofthesevenreductionsontheUruguayaretakenfrom`LaCausaJesuiticadePortugal\'(Madrid，1768)，writtenbyIbanez，agreatenemyoftheJesuits。InitisalsoanaccountoftheeventsinParaguaybetween1750and1756，called`RelaciondelaGuerraquesustentaronlosJesuitascontralastropasEspan~olasyPortuguesasenelUruguayyParana/\'。NoproofhaseverbeenbroughtforwardthattheJesuitsasabodyeverincitedtherevoltoftheIndians，thoughundoubtedlyFatherTadeoEnnis，ahot
headedpriest，stirreduphisownparticularreductiontoresist。ItdoesnotseemlikelythattheJesuitscouldhavethoughtitpossibletowageasuccessfulwaragainstSpainandPortugal。ThedatestakenfromIbaneztallywithoriginallettersfromtheMarquesdeValdelirios，theSpanishboundarycommissioner，andothers，whicharepreservedintheSpanishnationalarchivesatSimancas。
2Vide`Exc。porloscartasquerecibiconlosavisos，yllegadadelP。Altamirano，entiendoacabara/depersuadirseaquelosPadresdelaCampan~iasonlossublevados，sinolosquitandelasaldeassusSantosPadres(comoelloslosllaman)
noexperimentara/nmasquerebelionesinsolenciasydesprecios……\'
LetterquotedbyIbanez(`CausaJesuitica\')，andalsopreservedatSimancas。
3TheMarquesdeValdelirios，writingtoDonJosedeCarvajalfromMonteVideo，June28，1752(Simancas，Legajo7，447)，says:
`Estoyciertodequelospadresestanyaenlapersuasiondequeeltratadonosehadedejardeexecutar。\'Thisbeingso，itwasevidentthattheMarquis，atthedateofwriting，wasofopinionthattheJesuitswerenotgoingtoopposetheexecutionofthetreaty，ashegoesontosay:`Yescrediblequeconestedesengan~otrabajanseriamenteenlamudanzadesuspueblos。\'
4Theinstructionswerepreparedin1768byBucarelifortheguidanceofDonJuanJosephdeVertiz，hisinterimsuccessorinthegovernmentoftheRiverPlate，andweredeliveredtohimin1770
whenBucarelireturnedtoSpain。TheyareprintedbyBraboinhis`ColecciondeDocumentosrelativosa/laExpulsiondelosJesuitas\'，Madrid，1872，p。320。
5`Oficialesmecanicos\'。
6Thisreferstothesamesubject，andprohibitsanySpaniardfromsettlinginanIndiantowninanypartofAmerica。
Still，thoughtheirpolicywaspursued，itdidnotstoptheopponentsoftheJesuitsfromdenouncingthatverypolicy，bothatthecessionoftheseventownsandattheexpulsionoftheOrderfromAmerica。Thecommissioners，afterinnumerabledelays，havingfoundthemselvesin1753atSantaTecla，avillageneartheUruguay，itbecomesnecessarytocastaglanceatwhattheJesuitsthemselvesweredoing，andhowtheytriedtodotheirdutyastheysawitbothtotheirSovereign，theirOrder，andtheIndiansoverwhomtheyruled。
Itseemsasif，whilstthesuperiorsoftheOrderrecognisedatoncethefutilityofstrivingagainstPortugalandSpain，someoftheinferiormemberssecretlysetontheIndianstoarmedresistancetotheimpoliticdecree。Thecounciloftheprovince(Paraguay)1
assembledattheJesuitcollegeinCordoba，composedofFathersMasala，Horos，Caballero，Lopez，andLozano，sentamemorial2
bothtotheViceroyofPeruandtotheHighCourtofCharcas。
Inthememorialtheyfirstsetforththeirloyalty，andthenexposedthedeceittowhichtheministersofSpainandPortugalhadbeensubjectedbytheiradvisersinAmerica。Theypointedoutmostjustlythatthetreatywasdamagingtoboththecountriesconcerned，3
andthatinregardtotheIndiansoftheseventownspeculiarlyunjust。
BothatCharcasandatLimatheirmemorial(thoughdiffuse)
wasfavourablyreceived，andacopyremittedtotheKingandCouncilatMadrid。Ibanez，inhis`RepublicaJesuitica\'，qualifiestheactionoftheJesuitsinthismatterasa`greatcrime\'。DeanFunesonlyseesduplicityoflanguage，butseemstoexcuseitinthecircumstancesinwhichtheJesuitswereplaced。Certainly，aftereffortsextendingoveralmosttwohundredyears，itwashardonthemtoseesevenoftheirmostflourishingmissionsarbitrarilybrokenup，theIndiansdrivenfromtheirhomes，andtheirterritoryoccupiedbythoseveryPortuguesewhoforahundredyearshadbeentheirpersecutors。
Therewasmuchtosayinextenuation，evenfor`duplicityoflanguage\'，whenoneremembersthattheJesuitsalone(nomatterhowmistakentheirviewsoftreatmentmayseemtomoderneyes)stoodoutagainsttheassumptionthattheIndianswereamereflockofsheep，whomightbedrivenfromtheirhomesonanypretext，orattheexigenciesofministersatcourtswholivedtenthousandmilesaway，andwerecompletelyignorantofthelocalcircumstances。
WhetherthememorialinfluencedthecourtofSpainishardtosay；
butitiscertainthatwhen，in1752，theMarquesdeValdeliriosarrivedinBuenosAyres，withhimcameasacommissionertofixtheboundarybetweenthetwonationsoftheUruguayFatherLuisdeAltamirano，accompaniedbyhissecretary，RafaeldeCordoba，bothmembersoftheOrder，andthattheMarquistookuphislodginginthecollegeoftheJesuits。Therepapersandmemorialsrainedonhim:
onecamefromtheBishopofTucuman，andonefromDonJaimedeSanJust，theGovernorofParaguay，withmanyothersfrompeopleofinferiornote，allintheinterestoftheCompany。ItappearsasifValdeliriosthoughtthatthesememorialswereinspired，forhisfirstactionwastopublishtothepriestsoftheseventownsthewishesofhisgovernmentastoevacuationbytheIndiansoftheterritory。Thishedidthroughtheprefectofthemissions，whoseemstohaveactedingoodfaithinhisendeavourstocarryoutthewishesoftheSpanishcourt。
JustatthatmomentBarreda，theProvincialofParaguay，arrivedinBuenosAyres，andValdeliriosaskedhimhisopinionastothemeasuresbestcalculatedtoinsurethetreatybeingquietlycarriedout。Barreda，thoughallhisinterestswereagainsttheexecutionofthetreaty，seemstohaveactedingoodfaith。
Hegavethesensibleadvicethat，asthetreatyhadbeenmadeentirelywithouttakingintoconsiderationthedifficultiesofcarryingitout，itcouldnotbeheldacrimetoasktheKingforsomedelay。4
Headvisedconsultingthreeex
GovernorsofParaguay，whohappenedtobeinBuenosAyres，5and，lastly，thatallhurry，oranythinglikelytoexcitetheIndians，shouldbeavoided；
foritwaspossiblethatthey，relyingontheirnumbersandlocalknowledge，mightbeabletogivemuchtroubleeventothejointforcesofbothcrowns。
HelaidbeforeValdeliriostheconditionofthereductions，tellinghimthattheywerefertileandwellcultivated，6andthatthisofitselfwouldinclinetheIndiansagainstmigratingfromtheirlands。
Lastly，hesaiditwastheopinionofthemostexperiencedoftheprieststhattheIndianswouldyieldneithertoargumentsnorreason，forthehatredofthePortuguesehadputthemquitebesidethemselveswithfuryattheideaofgivinguptheirlands。Valdeliriosmusthavefoundhimselfnotintoocomfortableastate。LodgedashewasinthecollegeoftheJesuits，hemusthavefeltthatmostoftheadvicewhichwassofreelytenderedhimwasbiassed，andtorelievehismindhecalledacouncil，atwhichtheProvincialBarreda，JuanEscadon，hissecretary，Altamirano，andRafaeldeCordobaappeared。Thecouncilrecommendedprudence，and，asthemajoritywereJesuits，pushedtheirprudenceevenbeyondLowlandScotchornorthofIrelandlimits，fortheyproposedtoinstituteacommissionwhich，afterthreeyears\'investigation，shouldreportatBuenosAyresonwhatithadfoundout。
Commissions，royalorotherwise，havealwaysbeenatrump
cardinthehandsofgovernments，sincepeddlingdemocracy，withshowofnosesandthelike，cameinandputanendtothosegoodoldmethodswhichareasdearto
daytorulers\'heartsastheyhaveeverbeensincethebeginningoftheworld，andwillbewhilstelection，battle，fitness，talents，wealth，unfitness，oranyothercause，givespowerintothehandsofanyonetorule。
1DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay\'，etc。，tomeiii。，p。45。
2DeanFunessays`unadifusamemoria\'；but，then，eventhoughfriendly，churchmenandcatsrarelyforegoascratch。Theproverbhasit，`Palabrasdesanto，un~asdegato\'。
3ThoughIbanez(`RepublicaJesuitica\'，tomei。，cap。i。)says:
`ThistreatycausedentiresatisfactiontoalltheworldexcepttheEnglish，whofearedtheircommercewouldsufferbyit(i。e。，bytheclosingoftheColoniadelSacramentoasanentryforsmuggledgoods)，andtheJesuits。\'
Raynal，alsoanex
Jesuit，butamanoffarhighercharacterthanIbanez，says(tomeiii。，lib。97):`Thistreatymetcensureonbothsides，theministersinLisbonthemselvesallegingthatitwasafalsepolicytosacrificetheColoniadelSacramento，theclandestinecommerceofwhichamountedtotwomillionsofdollarsayear……forpossessionswhoseadvantageswereuncertainandpositionremote。TheoutcrieswereevenstrongerinMadrid。TheretheyimaginedthatthePortuguesewouldsoonruleallalongtheUruguay……andfromthencepenetrateuptheriversintoTucuman，Chile，andPotosi。\'
4QuotingthePopewhoadvisedSt。AugustineonhisfirstmissionvisittoEngland，toconvertthenativestoChristianity，togoslowly。
5D。MartindeEcharia，DonRafaeldeMenedo，andDonMarcosdeLauazabel。
6FromaletterpreservedatSimancas(Legajo7，447)，writtenbyP。DiegoPalaciostoP。LuizdeAltamirano，datedSanMiguel，June20，1752，itappearsthattherewereintheterritoryoftheseventownsplantationsof`yerba\'trees，cotton，andvaluablewoods。
Valdelirios，whowasnotafool，sawtheirdesign，andinstantlydespatchedAltamirano(1752)toCastillostomeetFreiredeAndradeandthePortuguese，andsetaboutdrawingthenewfrontierlineatonce。
