Altamirano，thoughaJesuit，appears(atfirstatanyrate)
tohavebeenanxiousthatthetreatyshouldbecarriedout。
In1752(September22)hewrotefromthereductionofSanBorjatoP。MathiasStroner，orderingalltheJesuitstoassistincarryingouttheevacuationoftheseventowns。ByhisadviceFreiredeAndradeandValdeliriosmetatCastillos，and，afterhavinglaidoffsometwentyleaguesofboundaryline，returnedrespectivelytotheColoniaandtoBuenosAyres。
ArchivodeSimancas，Legajo7，378，folio17
alongandcuriousletter。
`Stroner\'mayhavebeen`Stoner\'，inwhichcasehemusthavebeenanEnglishman。TherewerefewEnglishnamesamongsttheParaguayanJesuits，ifoneexceptJuanBrunodeYorca(JohnBrownofYork)，PadreEsmid(Smith)，thesupposititious`Stoner\'，andthedoubtfulTaddeoEnnis，who，thoughsaidtobeaBohemian，wasnotimpossiblyaMilesian。
Butinthemissionsthingswereinastateborderingonrevolution。
WhentheletterfromtheprefectofthemissionsreachedSanMiguel，theIndiansassembledoutsidethechurch，andhavinglearnedthesituationofthelandstowhichtheyweretomove，theirfuryknewnobounds。Theyallrefusedtostir，sayingtheyhadinheritedtheirlandsfromtheirforefathersandbythegraceofGod。Theirexamplewasatoncefollowedbythreemoreofthetowns，andvirtuallyastateofabsolutedefiancetotheordersoftheSpanishcrownensued。
DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildeParaguay\'，etc。，bookv。，p。52。
Theyalsosaid，inamemorialpresentedtotheMarquisofValdeliriosbytheProvincialBarreda，preservedatSimancas(Legajo7，447)，`ThattheyhadvoluntarilymadethemselvesvassalsoftheKingofSpain
despuesdeChristianarnos，noshizimosvoluntariamentevasallosdenuestroCatholicoReydeEspan~aparaqueamparandonosconsupoderfomentasenuestradevotaChristiandad。\'Itwasnotlikely，therefore，thattheywouldvoluntarilybecomesubjecttothePortuguese，theirmostbitterpersecutors。
JustatthismomentAltamirano，thecommissary，arrived，andfoundthestateofthingsmostserious。1ThecommissaryAltamiranosettoworkatoncetoplacebeforetheJesuitsoftheseventownsthedangertheyexposedthemselvestoiftheyrefusedtohelphimtocarryouttheordersofthecrown。Almostimmediatelyonhisarrivalhewrote2toDonJosedeCaruajalyLancastretosendmoretroops，andtothevariouspriests3todestroytheirpowder，andceasetomanufactureanymore。4Itismostlikelythat，ifAltamiranohadnosecretunderstandingwithhisbrotherJesuits，hislettersmusthaveconsiderablyamazedthem，andcertainlytheygaveoffencetotheIndians，whodeclaredhecouldnotbeaJesuitatall。SixhundredIndians，underachiefcalledSepeTyaragu，marcheduponSantoThome，whereAltamiranohadtakenuphisresidence，withtheavowedpurposeofdiscussingwhetherhewasaJesuitornot，and，ifthelattersuppositionprovedcorrect，ofthrowinghimintotheriverUruguay；5butAltamiranodidnotwaittheircoming，andreturnedprecipitatelytoBuenosAyres。Thecommissionwhichhadsetouttomarkthelimitsbetweenthecountries，6
buriedinthewoods，ormarchingalongtheriver，wasabsolutelyunawareofwhatwasgoingonamongsttheIndianstilltheyarrivedinSantaTeclaonFebruary26，1753。ThefirstnoticethattheyhadofitwaswhentheyfoundthemselvessurroundedbyastrongforceofIndians。
Oneofthecommissaries，DonJuandeEchevarria，isknowntohaveleftacuriousaccountoftheproceedings，fromwhichDeanFunes，Ibanez，andmostofthewritersonthesubjectmusthavecopied。7
1JoseBarreda，theFatherProvincialofthemissions，inacuriousletterunderdateofAugust2nd，1753，tellstheMarquisofValdeliriosthathefearsnotonlythatthe30，000Indiansresidentintheseventownsmayrebel，butthattheymaybejoinedbytheIndiansoftheotherreductions，andthatitispossibletheymayallapostatizeandreturntothewoods。
Brabo，inthenotestohis`AtlasdeCartasGeograficasdelosPaisesdelaAmericaMeridianal\'(Madrid，1872)，givesasynopsisofthisletter，whichformedpartofhiscollection，andcontainedthegreatestquantityofinterestingpapersontheJesuitsinParaguayandBoliviawhichhaseverbeenbroughttogether。In1872，afterpublishinghis`Atlas\'，his`ColecciondeDocumentos\'，andhis`Inventarios\'，hepresentedhispapers(morethan30，000innumber)
totheArchivoHistoricoNacionalofMadrid。Theretheyremain，andformarichminefordoggedscholarswhohavenotpassedtheiryouthonhorsebackwiththelazointheirhands。
2ArchivodeSimancas，Legajo7，378，folio146。
3Ibid。:`Quetodalapolvoraquetenganloscurasymisionerossequemeoseinutilizeypierdahechandolaalrio，yqueenlospueblosdondesefabrica，ceseluegoestelabor。\'
4Inanotherletter，alsopreservedatSimancas，anddatedatYapeyu，hecomplainsbitterlyofhisownsufferingonthejourney:
`Memolitantoconeltraqueoviolentodelcarretonquenohepodidovolversobremi。\'Theroadstothemissionsseemtohavebeenasbadasthosewhichproducedthehistoricalexclamation，`OduratellusHispaniae!\'ItiscertainlythecasethatIbanez，inhis`RepublicaJesuitica\'(Madrid，1768)，givesaverydifferentversionofthedoingsofAltamirano；forhesaysthatRafaeldeCordoba，Altamirano\'ssecretary，`embarkedinaschoonercalled`LaReal\'
agreatquantityofgunsandleadforballs，packingthemallinboxes，which，hesaid，werefullofobjectsofapiousnature……
This，\'saysIbanez，`wastoldmebythemasteroftheschooner`JoseelIngles\'，amanworthyofcredence。\'Thisispleasingtoone\'snationalpride，but，still，oneseemstowantalittlebetterauthorityeventhanthatof`Bardolph，theEnglishman\'。
5DeanFunes，bookv。，cap。iii。，p。54。
6Inamostcuriousletter(preservedatSimancas，Legajo7，447)，themayorandcouncilofthereductionofSanJuanwritetoAltamiranoupbraidinghimwithbeingtheirenemy，andtellhimthat`St。MichaelsentbyGodshowedtheirpoorgrandfathers(`suspobresabuelos\')wheretoplantacross，andafterwardstomarchduesouthfromthecrossandtheywouldfindaholyfatheroftheCompany。\'This，ofcourse，turnedoutasthesainthadforetold，andafteralongday\'smarchtheyencounteredtheJesuitandbecameChristians。
7Thisaccountseemstohavebeenlost，andacarefulsearchhasnotdisinterreditfromtheMaelstromofSimancas，thatprison
houseofsomanydocuments，withoutwhoseaidsomuchofSpanishhistorycannotbewritten。
Historians，likelawyersinconveyancing，catcherrorsonefromanother，andtransmitthemastruthsortitlestoposterity。CertainitisthatEchevarriasentforthenearestJesuitpriesttomediate，andheluckily，orunluckily，provedtobethatFatherThadeusEnnis，whoplayedsoprominentapartinthefutilerisingwhichtheenemiesoftheJesuitshavechosentodignifywiththehigh
soundingtitleofthe`JesuitWar\'。
IfFatherEnnisreallythoughttheIndianscouldholdheadtoboththeSpaniardsandthePortuguese，orifhethoughtthattherisingwoulddrawattentiontotheinjusticeofthetreaty，isdifficulttosay。Whether，indeed，heheadedithimself，orifhemerelyaccompaniedtheIndiansastheirspiritualguide，givingthemnowandthenthebenefitofhisadviceonmatterstemporal，afterthefashionoftheambitiouschurchmanofalltime，
isnowunknown。Whateverhisopinionswereuponthismatter，FatherEnnisshowedhimselfalmostfromthefirstirreconcilable。
Herefusedtomeetthecommissioners，andinhisplacesenta`cacique\'(chief)oftheIndians，oneSepeTyaragu，anofficialofthereductionofSanMiguel。Thischief，seeingtheescortofthecommissionwasbutsmall，`putonhisboots\'，
andtookhighground，daringtotalkabouttherightsofman，oftheloveofcountry，andsaidthatlibertyconsistedinbeingallowedtoenjoyhispropertyinpeace，sentimentswhich，thoughadmirableenoughinawhiteman\'smouth，formenofcolourarebutfitforcopy
books。
His`Efemerides\'，orJournal，printedandmutilatedbyIbanezinhis`RepublicadeParaguay\'，givesthebestaccountofthebrief`war\'
whichhascomedowntous；itissupplementedbythe`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'ofFatherCardiel，whichdealswiththemisstatementsofIbanezandothersagainsttheJesuits。
Inregardtohisownshareinthewar，PadreEnnissays:
`Atqueinexercitascuratorem，spiritualemmedicumsecumirepostulat。\'
`Sepusolasbotas\'。
The`cacique\'firmlyrefusedtovacatehislands，andsaidtheKingofSpain，ashelivedfaraway，couldnothaveunderstoodthebearingofaffairsinParaguay。Suchargumentsasthese，togetherwiththeperhapsoffensivetoneofthe`cacique\'，hadsucheffectonthecommissionersthat，afterhavingthreatenedhimwithvengeance，whichatthetimetheyhadnopowertocarryout，theybothwithdrewoutoftheterritory。
AsFunes1wellobserves，theSpaniardshadestablishedthemselvesintheseparts(theRiverPlateandParaguay)toobtainalimitlesssubmissionfromtheIndians。Anyresistancedrovethemtofury，andexcitedthemtotakerevenge。AsalltheIndians\'crimewastheirunwillingnesstoquitthelandsonwhichtheyhadbeenborn，itseemedalittlehardtoslaughterthem，evenbeforetheirpetitiontotheKinghadbeenrefused。
Mostprobablyallhadbeenpreparedbefore，forValdeliriosatonceissuedanorder，whichhehadthepowertodounderasealedletterfromtheKing，totheGovernorofBuenosAyres，Andonaegui，toprepareforwar。Activehostilitiesbrokeoutin1754，andFatherEnnishaspreservedaday
by
dayaccount，writteninpriestlyLatin，2
ofwhattookplace。Aftersomeskirmishes，whichatthefirstwerefavourabletotheIndians，whotookgreatcouragefromthem，3
thefirstencounterofaseriousnatureoccurredonFebruary24，1754。
Quitenaturally，thevictorywasonthesideofthebest
armedbattalions，andtheIndianslostmanyoftheirbestmen，andtheirlargestpieceofordnance。4
1DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay\'，BuenosAyres，etc。，bookv。，cap。iv。，p。58。
2LuckilyIbanez(`RepublicaJesuiticadeParaguay\')hasnotcorrectedthemanyfaultsofspellingandLatinityintowhichPadreEnnisfell。
Those，thoughleftinfrommalice，asIbanezwasabitterenemyoftheJesuits，servetopresentthemaninhishabitashewrote。
However，Ibanezhassomuchmutilatedthetextofthejournalthatoccasionallythesenseisleftobscure。
3`Hocitaquenunciolaetialteroacincensi……Sacramentoexpiationisetpanefortimroborati\'(Ennis，`Efemerides\')。
4Cardiel，inhis`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。426，says:
`Lomismoes28，000milIndiosqueigualnumerodemuchachos。\'
Withvaryingsuccessthewardraggedonforseveralyears，afterthestyleoftheGauchowarfareintheRiverPlatewhichwascommontwentyyearsago，orthatinVenezuelawhichobtainsto
day。
Alternatelyeachpartycarriedofftheother\'shorses，droveeachother\'scattle，or，iftheycaughtastraggler，tiedhishandsandcuthisthroatorlancedhim，thepartywhohadlostthemanprotestinghewas`massacred\'
aterminuseevento
daywhenthepartytowhichone\'sselfbelongssustainsreverse。
Forthefirsttwoyears
forwarsinSouthAmericatilltwentyyearsagoweretothefullasinterminableasthatofTroy
FatherThadeusEnniskepthisjournal，faithfullychroniclingallthathesaw。
OccasionallyinaperfunctorywayhesayshismissionwiththerevoltedIndianswasasapriestandphysiciantothesoulsandbodiesofhisflock；butnowandthenhesetsdownthecaptureofaconvoyofsomethirtycarts，orthecuttingoffsomemessengercarryingdespatchesfromtheGenerals。InthisheseesthehandofGod(putforthtohelphisJesuits1)，althoughhenowandthencomplainstheIndianswereremissinfollowingupanysuccesstheyhad。Afterthefirstencounter，theIndiansseemtohaveemployedtheimmemorialguerillatacticswhichsooftenwasteallthestrengthofanarmywhichhasconqueredinthefield。FatherCardiel2describestheIndianarmy，quotingfromthewritingofaSpanishofficerwhoservedagainstthem，asquitecontemptible。Theircannonwerebuthollowreeds，boundroundwithhide，whichcouldonlybefiredtwoorthreetimes，andcarriedballsapoundinweight。3Somelancesandbowsandarrowswhichtheyhadappearedtohimmoreformidable。Mostofthemcarriedbannerswiththepaintedfigureofasaint，underwhoseaegistheydeemedthemselvessecurefromcannon
balls。Theirtrencheswerebutshallowditches，withafewdeeperholestoshelterin，butwhich，asCardielobserves，servedmanyofthemforgraves，astheywereopentoartillery，havingbeenconstructedwithout`anounceofmilitaryart\'。TheofficeraddsthatnosoonerhadtheIndiansheardthecannonthantheyfled，leavingalmostninehundredonthefieldandlosingone
sixthprisoners。4
Finally，theofficerremarkswithdisgustthattheofficialchronicleroftheaffair`liesfromfirsttolast\'5whenhedeclaresthattheIndianscouldmakeanyresistanceagainstdisciplinedtroops。
Withvaryingfortunethecampaigndraggedon，untilin1756
thediaryofFatherEnnis，badLatinityandall，comestoanabruptconclusionatthetakingofSanLorenzo，wherethestout
heartedpriestwastakenprisoner。Hispapersfellintounfriendlyhands，andweremadeuseofbyIbanez，withthecontextdulydistortedinvariouspassages，andservedasoneofthemostformidableindictmentsagainsttheJesuitsintheexpulsionunderCharlesIII。
1`NectamenresipiscebatetDivinamNemesimquamquamclareexperiebaturprocausa^Societatis。\'
2`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。404。
3Infact，theymuchresembledthose`crakysofwarre\'which，withthe`tymmerisforhelmys\'，Barbour，inthe`Bruce\'，takesnoticeofasthetwonoteworthyeventsofabattlethathechronicles:
`Twanoweltyisthatdaythaisaw，ThatforouthinScotlandhadbenenane。
Tymmerisforhelmyswarthetane，ThatthaimthouchtthaneoffgretbewteAndalsuawondyrfortose。
Thetothyr，crakyswar，offwer，Thatthaibeforherdneuirer。\'
`TheBruce\'，BookeFourteene，p。392。
4Thiswasinanactionintheyear1756。
5`Mientedelacruzalafecha\'。
AlthoughThadeusEnnisandotherJesuitsaccompaniedthetroops，andnodoubtaidedmuchbytheiradvice，theIndianshadasageneraloneNicolasNeenguiru，styledintheGazettesofthetimetheKingofParaguay。Aboutthismanallkindsofmonstrouslegendssoonsprangup。Onelittlelyingbook，entitled`HistoiredeNicolasI。，RoyduParaguaietEmpereurdesMamalus\'，whichbearsuponitstitle
page`SaintPaul\'，1756，especiallyexcels。
Inthatbriefworkofbutonehundredandseventeenpages，printedonyellowishpaper，andwithoneofthefinestlittlevignettesofabasketoffruitandflowersuponitstitle
pagethatonecouldwishtosee，asortofparodyofaSpanishpicaresquenovelinduodecimoissetforthwithcircumstance。
TheMamalucos，orPaulistas，were，ofcourse，thebitterestenemiesofeverythingParaguayan，sothataKinghadaswellbeenstyledof`IcelandandofParaguay\'。
IfthisassumestobeSaoPaulodePiritinangainBrazil，itisnotunlikelyoneofthefewbookspublishedthereintheeighteenthcentury，ifnottheonlyone。Happyisthecityofonebook，especiallywhenthatworkhasnothingofatheologicalcharacterinit，eventhoughitliesfrom`lacruzalafecha\'。
NicolasRoubioniisdulybornin1710，inasmall`bourgadedel\'Andalousie\'
bearingthenameofTaratos。Thenamecarriesconvictionfromthestart，andpronouncedalafrancaise，withtheaccentequaluponallthesyllables，isquiteasSpanishasthemostexigentofcomicoperascouldpossiblydesire。Hisfather，`ancienmilitaire\'，lefthimalonetoeducatehimselfashebestliked。ArrivedateighteenyearsofageherunsawaytoSeville，andafterseveraladventuresinthestyleofthoseofRinconeteandCortadillo，seenthroughFrenchspectacles，enterstheserviceofaladybearingthewell
knownSpanishnameofDonnaMariadellaCupidita。
UndertheunnecessaryaliasofMedelino，andinthecapacityofcook，hebecomesthelady\'sloverasindutybound。`Chasse\'fromSevillebyajealousbrotherofhislove，hefliesforrefugetoa`bourgade\'
(namenotchronicled)somesevenleaguesaway。Hethenbecomesamuleteer，andatMedinaSidoniakillsaman，and，forcedtoflee，repairstoMalaga，wherehelivespeacefullytenyears。Findinglifedullthere，hejourneystoAragonandjoinstheJesuits，andfromhenceforthhisfutureisassured。AfteranintervalhereappearsatHuesca，andatoncefallsinlovewith`unebelleespagnole\'，DonnaVictoriaFortini，whomhecourtsundertheguiseofagentlemanofSeville，returningeverynighttotheconventoftheJesuitstochangehisclothes。Sogreatbecomeshiseffronterythatunderthestyleandtitleof`ComtedelaEmmandes\'，hepubliclymarries`sabelle\'，theJesuitseitherconsenting，ortooastoundedatthefacttointervene。ThingsgettinghotinHuesca，heembarksforBuenosAyresasamissionary，leavingpoorDonnadelaVictoria`dansuneinquietudemortelle\'，asshemightwellhavebeen。
ArrivedinBuenosAyresjustatthemomentofthecessionofthesevenJesuittowns，heseeshisopportunity，learnsGuaraniinthebriefspaceofsixorsevenweeks，andjoinstheIndians。
Theynaturally，havingbeentrainedtolookoneveryforeigneroutsidetheOrderoftheJesuitsasanenemy，receivehimastheirKing。
Underthetitleofthe`SonoftheSunandStarofLiberty\'herulesthem，lookedonasaGod。Thebriefmendaciouschronicleleaveshimonthethrone，justafterhavingjoinedtheempireoftheMamalucostothatofParaguay，andpromisingtogivetheworldmoreofhishistorywhenitcomestohand。
BystoriessuchasthosecontainedinthemendaciouslittlebookimprintedatSt。Paul，theeasy
mindedpublic
then，asnow，alwaysmoreeasilyimpressedwithliesthanwiththetruth
wasbiassedagainsttheJesuitsinParaguay。FatherDobrizhoffer，
whoknew`King\'Nicolasfromhisyouthup，hasleftaverydifferentversionofhishistory，inwhichnoDonnadellaCupiditaordelaVictoriaevenremotelyflourishes。NicolasNeenguiruwasborninthetownshipofLaConcepcion，ofwhichinafter
lifeherosetobethemayor。HemarriedanIndianwoman，not`unebelleAndalouse\'，andDobrizhoffersaysafriendofhis，oneFatherZierheim，hadhimwhippedpubliclyforpettytheftwhenayoungman。
Atthetime(1753)when，incompanywithanotherIndian，oneJose，mayorofSanMiguel，heheadedtheIndianrevolt，hewasamanofmiddleage，tall，taciturnandgrave，andnotill
looking，thoughmarkedacrossthecheekwithadisfiguringscar。
AtnotimewasheevenalaybrotheroftheJesuitOrder，asbytheirrulesinParaguaynoIndianswereevertakeneitheraslaybrothersoraspriests。Solittlewasthemanfearedbytheauthoritiesthat，oncetheIndians\'resistancewasover，NicolaswenttotheSpanishcamp，wasquietlyheard，dismissed，andthencontinuedinhisofficeasthemayorofhisnativeplace。
ThelegendsprangfromamistakeinGuarani，towhichperhapsalittlemalicegaveitsartfulcharm。InGuaranitheword`Rubicha\'
signifiesachief，whereas`Nfurabicha\'meansking。Thetwo，pronouncedbyonebutillacquaintedwiththelanguagesoundidentical。
NothingwasmorelikelythanthattheIndiansshouldcalltheirgeneraltheirchief；hadtheythoughtreallyofsettlinguponaking，itiscertainthattheywouldhavechosenoneofthefamilyofsomewell
knownchief，andnotanIndianmerelyappointedmayorbytheJesuits。
Butbethatasitmay，GeneralNeenguiru，thoughhehasleftsomeinterestingletters，whicharepreservedinthearchivesofSimancas，showednocapacityforgeneralship。Throughoutthecourseofthecampaignheendeavouredtoreplacehiswantofskillbytricksandbyintrigues，butofsofutileanaturethattheywerefrustratedandrendereduselessatonce。Hisfirstendeavourwastogaintime，whenhefoundhimselfwithseventeenhundredmenopposedtoAndonaegui，GovernorofBuenosAyres，whohadanarmywellequippedwithguns，ofabouttwothousandmen。
NeenguiruwrotetoAndonaegui，tellinghimthattheIndianswerereadytosubmit，andthen，whilstwaitingforananswer，setaboutfortifyingthepositionwhichheheld。Warnedbyaspy，Andonaeguiattackedatonce，anddrovetheIndiansfromtheirtrencheslikeaflockofsheep，takingtheirwoodencannon，lances，andbanners，andkillingthirteenhundredofthem。
`AccountoftheAbipones\'，vol。i。，p。32。
TheonlymantheIndiansproducedwhoshowedanyaptitudeasaleaderwasachiefcalledSepeTyaragu。Athisdeathinactionin1756
NicolasNeenguirusucceededtohispost。
Agloriousvictory，and，asFatherEnnissays，`tobeexpected，andwhich，haditchancedotherwise，musthavecoveredtheSpaniardsandthePortuguesewithshame。\'Infact，avictoryofthesamekindasthosewhichsincethattimehavebeenmostusualwhenwell
armedEuropeantroopshavefacedhalf
naked，ill
armedsavages，butwhich，ofcourse，reflectnocreditonthevictor，or，atbest，justasmuchcreditasabutcherrightfullyreceiveswhenhedefeatsacalf。
ButevenafterthevictoryovertheIndiansofNicolasNeenguiruthetroublesoftheallieswerenotquiteatanend。
Theusualdissensionsbetweenallieswhomutuallydetesteachothersoonbrokeout，andGomezFreire，theGeneralofthePortuguese，onlypreventedacollisionwiththeSpaniardsbyconsiderabletact。
Afterashortcampaignofafewmonths，thealliesenteredtherebellioustownsandtookpossessionofthemall，withtheexceptionofSanLorenzo，whichcontinuedtoholdout。Amonthortwoservedtoreduceit，too，andthewholeterritoryoftheseventownssubmittedtothepowerofthejointforcesofPortugalandSpain。
Thestruggleover，NeenguiruwasquietlyagainreinstatedmayorofConcepcion，thebruisedwoodencannondulysetupasmonuments，thedeadleftontheplainsandthe`esteros\'
forthechimangosandthecaranchostogorgeupon，and，law\'sduemajestyoncemorevindicated，theconquerorssetabout，in1757，totracethelimitsbetweentheterritoriesofthetwoChristianKings。
`MilvagoChimango\'。
`Polyhorustharus\'。Inrelationtotheword`tharus\'，whichfiguresasasortofscientific(ordoggerel)cognomentothisbird，Mr。W。H。Hudsononcepointedouttomethat，likesomeother`scientificfacts\'，itoriginatedinamistake。
ThePampaIndiannameofthebirdis`trare\'。Molina(DonJuanIgnacio)，inhis`HistoryofChile\'，happenedtospelltheword`thare\'，insteadof`trare\'，andthenproceededtomakeadog
Latinformofit。
Thusthebirdhasreceiveditspresentscientificname。
Mostoftheseventownswerehalfdeserted，theIndianshavingfledforrefugetothewoods，andthecommissionsettoworkuponitslaboursinadesertwhichititselfhadmade。OutofthefourteenthousandIndianswhohadinhabitedthesevenflourishingtownsupontheUruguaybutfewremained；
yetstilltheworkofpacificationandworkingattheboundarywentonslowly，forfrom1753to1759nothingofconsequencewasdone。
In1760FerdinandVI。died，andhissonCharlesIII。succeededhim，andstilltheboundarycommissionworkedonhopelesslyinParaguay。
TheJesuits，whohadworkedunceasinglyduringthelasteightyearstoannulthetreatyhandingthesevenmissionsovertothePortuguese，atlength，in1761，obtainedfromCharlesIII。atreatyannullingallthathadbeendone，andprovidingthattheseventownsshouldremainpartofthedominionsoftheSpanishcrown。
Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。430:`……llegoallidespuesdelafugaydesamparodelospueblos……sacoalosdosPadresqueestabanmuyafligidosporlasoledadyalboroto。\'
Theytriumphed；buttheirtriumphaddedanothersteptowardstheirruin，forthejealousywhichtheyevokedbytheirpersistentfightraisedupmuchanimositytowardsthemselvesinSpain。HowgreatasharetheyhadintheresistanceoftheIndianscannotbeknownwithcertainty。
PaperspreservedinthearchivesofSimancaschargethemwithstirringuptheIndianstoresist；1buttheyarechieflyfromValdeliriosandothers，who，naturallyfindingresistance，putitdownatoncetotheJesuits，whomthen，asnow，itwasthefashiontoabuse。TheIndiansthemselvesseemtohavebeenperplexed，nodoubtencouragedbytheirpriestsononehand，andontheotherseeingthecommissaryAltamirano，himselfaJesuit，callinguponthemtosubmit。
InapatheticletterwrittentotheGovernorofBuenosAyres，anddated`enlaestanciadeSanLuis，Feb。28de1756\'，PrimoIbarrenda，ofSanMiguel，says:2`ThisourwritingIsendtoyouthatyoumaytellusfinallywhatistobeourlot，andthatyoutakearesolutionwhatitisthatyoushalldo。Youseehowthatlastyearthefathercommissary3cametothisourlandtobotherustoleaveit:
toleaveourtownsandallourterritories，sayingitwasthewillofourlordtheKing:besidesthisyouyourselfsentusarigorouslettertellingustoburnourtowns，destroythefields，evenpulldownourchurch，whichissobeautiful(`tanlindo\')，andsayingalsothatyouwouldkillus。
Youalsosay，andthereforeweaskyouifitisthetruth，forifitis，wewillalldiebeforetheHolySacrament；butsparethechurch，foritisGod\'s，andeventheinfidelswouldnotdoitanyharm。\'
TheygoontosaytheyhavealwaysbeenobedientsubjectsoftheKing，andthatitisimpossiblethathiswishcouldbetoinjurethem
infact，theletterofinnocentmen，halfcivilized，andthinkingjustice，mercy，andright
doingweretobefoundwithGovernorsandKings。HadmanyoftheJesuitschosentotakethefield，theirknowledgeofthecountryandthevastinfluencethattheyhadupontheIndianswouldhavemadethecampaignperilousenoughevenfortheunitedmilitarypowerofPortugalandSpain。
Asitwas，themiserablewardraggedonforeightlongyears，andforresultruinedsevenmissionswherebeforetheIndianslivedhappily。
Then，whenthefieldsweredesolate，thevillagesdeserted，andtheIndianpopulationhalfdispersed，statesmeninSpainandPortugalsawfittochangetheirminds，toannulthetreaty，andtopassadiplomaticspongeovertheruinandthemiserytheyhadcaused。
1Inaletter(ArchivodeSimancas，Legajo7，378，folio128)，Valdelirios，writingtothegovernorofBuenosAyres，DonJosedeCaravajalyLancastre，says:`InagotablessonlosrecursosdelosPadresparaquesedilateynoseratifiqueeltratado……\'
ButhegivesnoproofexceptthattheyhadsentpetitionstotheKing
surelyaveryconstitutionalthingforthemtodo。
2TheletterwaswrittenoriginallyinGuarani，andacertifiedtranslationofitexistsatSimancas，Legajo7，385，folio13。
3Altamirano。
ChapterX
PositionoftheJesuitsin1761
DecreefortheirexpulsionsentfromSpain
BucarelisenttosuppressthecollegesanddriveouttheJesuits
Theysubmitwithoutresistance
AftertwohundredyearstheyareexpelledfromParaguay
Thecountryunderthenewrule
Thesystemofgovernmentpracticallyunchanged`Nostormissoinsidious\'(saidSt。Ignatius)`asaperfectcalm，andnoenemysodangerousastheabsenceofallenemies。\'
ThisdangerousstateofcalmwithoutanapparentenemyinsightwasthepositionoftheJesuitsinParaguayin1761。BydesperateeffortsandintriguesinSpaintheyhadkepttheirthirtymissionsfrombeingmutilated；theirinfluenceamongsttheIndianshadneverbeenmoreabsolute。ThegovernorsofBuenosAyresandofParaguayhadtriedafallwiththem，andthehonoursofthestrugglewerewiththeJesuits。Theyhadsucceededingettingputintoforcetheclausesofthe`LawsoftheIndies\'，whichkeptSpaniardsoutoftheIndiansettlements。Eventhosesentagainstthemhadbeenforcedtotestifytotheirutility1inParaguay。
ButthroughoutSpainandherenormousempireinAmericaandintheEastperpetualhostilitybetweentheJesuitsandtheregularclergyhadbeengoingonforyears。IneveryportionofAmericatheJesuitswereunpopular，theexcuseallegedbeingtheirwealthandpower；2buttherealreasonwastheirattitudeonslavery。Afterrepeatedgrumblingsofdistantthunder，atlengththestormbroke，andthedecreefortheexpulsionoftheJesuitsinSpainandherdominionswassigned，andtheordersenttoBucareli，GovernorofBuenosAyres，inJuneof1767，toputitintoforceinParaguay。
ThereasonswhichinducedKingCharlesIII。toexpeltheJesuits，mysteriousastheywere，andlockedupadeadsecretintheroyalbreast，3
mayormaynothavebeensufficientinSpain，butcouldinnorespecthaveheldgoodforParaguay，wherethereexistedlittlescopeforcourtintrigue，andwheretheJesuitswerefarremovedfromtheirfellowSpanishsubjects，andoccupiedentirelywiththeirmissionwork。
Manyandvarioushavebeentheexplanationswhichhistorianshavesetforthforthisdecree。CertainitisinSpainthisOrderhadattainedtoconsiderablepower，andthatinRometheableroftheirGeneralsoccasionallykeptthePopesinmentalservitude。
1DonPedroCevallos，GovernorofBuenosAyres，whowasinParaguayin1755，senttheretofightthetroopsofKingNicolas，found，ashehimselfsays，`noKing，andnotroops，butafewhalf
armedIndians。\'
WritingtotheKing，hesays:`LosJesuitassonutilesenelParaguay。\'
2ThefiguresinChapterVII。servetoshowthatinParaguay，atleast，theywerenotexactlymillionaires。InMexico，Palafox，thesaintlyBishopofPuebla，hadsetaboutallkindsofstoriesastotheirriches，butGeronimoTerenichi，anecclesiasticsenttoMexicotoexamineintothequestionoftheJesuitsandtheirwealth，afterayearofresidence，expresslysays`theywereverypoor，andladenwithdebt\'(`eranmuypobresyestabancargadosdedeudas\'):
`ColecciondelosarticulosdelaEsperanza，sobrelaHistoriadelReinadodeCarlosIII。\'，p。435。Madrid，1859。
3Theywereexpresslyproclaimedtobe`ocultasyreservadas\'。
CarlosIII。，indefenceofhis`occult\'and`reserved\'reasons，said，`misrazones，soloDiosyyodebemosconocerlas\'
(`ReinadodeCarlosIII。\'，vol。iii。，p。120。FerrerdelRio，Madrid，1856)。NodoubtCarlosIII。satisfiedhisconsciencewiththisdictum，butitispermissibletodoubtwhetherthepoweralludedtoinsuchacousin
likemannerbytheKingwasequallysatisfied。
SomehaveaccountedfortheactofCharlesIII。asbeingbutrevengeforthetumultofAranjuezundertheministryofEsquilace，1
arguingthattheJesuitswereinfacttheauthorsofit，andthatitwasbuttheprecursorofaplottodethronetheKingandplacehisbrotherDonLuisuponthethrone，asbeingnotsoliberalinhisideas。
Others，again，havestated2thattheJesuitssetaboutacalumnythatCharlesIII。wasnottheQueen\'ssonbyherhusband，butbyaloverwhomtheysaidshehad。TheonlyreasonwhichseemsfeasibleisthattheKingwasworkedonbythefearthattheOrderhadrisentotoomuchpower，andthatifhedidnotatoncetakestepsthemonarchywouldberenderedbutamereappendageoftheGeneraloftheJesuits。3
1Thiscelebratedtumult，generallyknowninSpainas`elMotindeAranjuez\'，andsometimesas`elMotindeEsquilace\'，occurredonPalmSunday，1766。TheostensiblereasonwasanedictoftheKing(CharlesIII。)prohibitingtheuseoflongcloaksandbroad
brimmedhats，whichhadbeenforlongpopularinSpain。ThetumultassumedsuchformidabledimensionsthattheWalloonGuardswereunabletoquellit，buttwofriars，PadreOsmaandPadreCueva，insomemannerwereabletostemtheconfusion。TheKingandthecourtweresomuchdisturbedthattheyquittedMadridandwenttoAranjuez。ThereisnoproofthattheJesuitshadanyhandatallintheaffair。
2FerrerdelRio，inhishistoryofthereignofCharlesIII。
3Such，atleast，severalofhisletterstothePope，ClementXII。，wouldseemtoindicate。ItisnotimpossiblethatthestrenuousoppositionwhichtheJesuitsgavetotheInquisitionmayhavehadsomethingtodowiththeirexpulsion。Someofthemwentgreatlengthsintheirattacks。P。AntonioVieyra，thecelebratedPortugueseJesuit，inhis`Relac，ao~Exactissima，Instructiva，Curioza，Verdadeira，NoticiozadoProcedimentodasInquizic，oisdePortugal\'(EmVeneza，1750)，isalmostassevereasProtestantwritershavebeenagainsttheInquisition。
ParticularlydoesheinveighagainsttheprisonsystemoftheHolyOffice(pp。3
5，chap。i。)。Inthelastchapter(p。154)，VieyracallsSaavedra，thefounderofthePortugueseInquisition，atyrant，andinrecountinghisdeedscallshim`tyranno\'，`cruel\'，`falsario\'，`herege\'，and`ladram\'(athief)，andfinishesbyassertingthatthetribunalinventedbysuchaman`haditsrootsinhell\'，andthat`itsministerscouldnotgotoheaven\'。
Whetheritissoundpolicyofanygovernmenttoexpelarace，orsect，ororderfromitsdomains，nomatterwhattheimmediateexigenciesofthetimesseemtorequire，isamootpoint。TheexpulsionsoftheJews，Moriscos，andHuguenots，andthedissolutionofthemonasteriesinthetimesofthattrueProtestantHenryVIII。ofeverpiousmemory，donotexactlyseemtohavehadtheeffectuponthecountrieswheretheytookplacethatwasatfirstexpectedbytheirinstigators。
ExpelledbyCharlesIII。，theJesuitsto
dayinSpainhavere
acquiredmuchoftheirinfluence。Sothatitseemsthatpersecution，tobeeffectual，mustnotstoponthissideofextermination，andthisourLordProtectorCromwellunderstoodfullwell。
TheViceroyBucarelitowhomthetaskoftheexpulsionoftheOrderintheviceroyaltyofBuenosAyresandofParaguaywasentrusted，wasnoordinaryman。AppointedViceroyofBuenosAyresafteradistinguishedcareerofpublicservice，hefoundhimself，almostwithoutwarning，andwithoutanyadequateforcesathiscommand，obligedtoexecutebyfarthemostimportantandfar
reachingtaskthathadeverfallentothelotofanySpanishGovernorinAmericatocarryout。ButashisserviceshadnotbeenchieflyinAmerica，heheldtheideawhichatthetimewasgenerallyreceivedinEurope，thattheJesuitspossessedgreatwealth，hadbodiesoftrainedtroops，andsowouldresistalleffortsatexpulsiontothedeath。
HisfullnamewasDonFranciscodePaulaBucareliyUrsua。
Brabo(`ColecciondeDocumentos\'，etc。)saysofhim，`speakingofthepettyjealousiesandintrigueswhichthedecreeofexpulsionevoked:`Enmediodetantascontrariedades，crimenesymiseriasdestacaserenalafiguradeBucareli，nosolollevandoacaboconincansablecelosucometido，sinoatendiendoasuplirenlaorganizacionreligiosa，intelectualycivillosnumerososvaciosquedejabalafaltadelabsorbenteydecisivoinflujojesuitico。\'
Fullofthesevisions，saysDeanFunes，heconsideredtheorder，whichwastransmittedtohimfromSpain，asinvolvingseriousmilitaryrisk，andevidentlyseemstohavelookedoneveryJesuitvillageasastrongplaceofarms。July22，1767，wasthedayhechose，keepinghisdesignasecret，andpreparingtostrikeinCorrientes，Cordoba，MonteVideo，andSantaFe，onthesameday，orrathernight，fortheterroroftheJesuitswassogreatthathedesignedtoexpelthemallbynight。
