ItwasonlyStoddart，unconsciouslyinsympathywithParis，andcensuredbyhisliteraryfriends，whoproducedtheoneBritishRomanticworkof1830。Thetitleitselfshowsthathewaspartlylaughingathisownperformance；hehasthemockeryofLesJeunesFranceinhim，aswellasthewormyandobituaryjoysofLaComediedelaMort。Thelittlebookcameout，inspiredby\"allthepoetasters。\"ChristopherNorthwrote，fouryearslater，inBlackwood\'sMagazine，atardyreview。Hestyledit\"aningeniouslyabsurdpoem，withaningeniouslyabsurdtitle，writteninastrange，namby-pambysortofstyle，betweentheweakestofShelleyandthestrongestofBarryCornwall。\"Thebook\"felldeadfromthePress，\"farmoredeadthan\"OmarKhayyam。\"Nay，misfortunepursuedit，MissStoddartkindlyinformsme，anditwasdoomedtotheflames。The\"remainder，\"thebulkoftheedition，wasreturnedtothepoetinsheets，andbyhimwasdepositedinagarret。Thefamilyhadacook，oneBetty，adescendant，perhaps，of\"thatunhappyBettyorElizabethBarnes，cookofMr。Warburton，SomersetHerald，\"whoburned，amongotherquartos，Shakespeare\'s\"HenryI。，\"
\"HenryII。，\"and\"KingStephen。\"Truetoherinheritedinstincts，Mr。Stoddart\'sBetty，slowly，relentlessly，throughfortyyears，used\"TheDeathWake\"fortheneedsandprocessesofherart。Thewholeoftheedition，exceptprobablyafew\"presentationcopies，\"
perishedinthekitchen。Asforthatfellcook，letushopethat\"TheBiblioclasticDeadHavediversepainstobrook，TheybreakAffliction\'sbreadWithBettyBarnes，theCook，\"
astheauthorof\"TheBirdBride\"sings。
MissStoddarthadjustinformedmeofthisdisaster，whichleftonealmosthopelessofeverowningacopyof\"TheDeathWake，\"whenI
foundabrownpaperparcelamongmanythatcontainedto-day\'sminorpoetry\"withtheauthor\'scompliments，\"andlo，inthisunpromisingparcelwasthelong-soughtvolume!Eversinceonewasasmallboy，readingStoddart\'s\"ScottishAngler，\"andoldBlackwood\'s，onehadpinedforasightof\"TheNecromaunt，\"andhere，cleaninits\"purepurplemantle\"ofsmoothcloth，laythedesiredone!
\"LikeDian\'skiss，unasked，unsought，Itgaveitself，andwasnotbought，\"
being，indeed，thediscoveryandgiftofafriendwhofishesandstudiestheLacustrineMuses。
Thecopyhasapeculiarinterest；itoncebelongedtoAytoun，thewriterof\"TheScottishCavaliers，\"of\"TheBonGaultierBallads，\"
andof\"Firmilian，\"thescourgeoftheSpasmodicSchool。Mr。
Aytounhasadornedthemarginswithnotesandwithcaricaturesofskullsandcross-bones，whilethefly-leavesbearasonnettotheauthor，andalyricindoggerel。Surelythisis，indeed，aliterarycuriosity。Thesonnetrunsthus:-
\"OwormyThomasStoddart，whoinheritestRichthoughtsandloathsome，nauseouswordsandrare，Tellme，myfriend，whyisitthatthouferretestAndgropestineachdeath-corruptedlair？
Seek\'stthouformaggotssuchashaveaffinityWiththoseinthineownbrain，ordostthouthinkThatallissweetwhichhathahorridstink？
WhydostthoumakeHaut-goutthysoledivinity？
HereisenoughofgeniustoconvertViledungtopreciousdiamondsandtospare，Thenwhytransformthediamondintodirt，Andchangethymind，whichshouldberichandfair，Intoamedleyofcreationsfoul，AsifaSeraphwouldbecomeaGhoul？\"
NodoubtMr。Stoddart\'sotherpassionforangling，inwhichheusedaScottishlatitudeconcerningbait，{7}impelledhimtosearchfor\"wormsandmaggots\":-
\"Fireandfaggots，Wormsandmaggots，\"
asAytounwritesontheotherfly-leaf，areindeedthematterof\"TheDeathWake。\"
Then，why，someonemayask，writeabout\"TheDeathWake\"atall？
Whyrouseagainthenightmareofaboyoftwenty？CertainlyIamnottosaythat\"TheDeathWake\"isapearlofgreatprice，butitdoescontainpassagesofpoetry——ofpoetryverycuriousbecauseitisfullofthenewnote，thenewmelodywhichyoungMr。Tennysonwasbeginningtowaken。ItanticipatesBeddoes，itcoincideswithGautierandLesChimeresofGerard，itanswerstheaccents，thenunheardinEngland，ofPoe。SomeAmericanwhoreadoutofthewaythings，andwasnottooscrupulous，recognised，androbbed，abrotherinTomStoddart。Elevenyearsafter\"TheDeathWake\"
appearedinEngland，itwaspublishedinGraham\'sMagazine，as\"Agatha，aNecromauntinThreeChimeras，\"byLouisFitzgeraldTasistro。NowPoewascloselyconnectedwithGraham\'sMagazine，andafter\"ArthurGordonPym，\"\"LouisFitzgeraldTasistro\"doessuggestEdgarAllenPoe。ButPoewasnotTasistro。
SomuchfortheliteraryhistoryoftheLunacy。
Thepoembegins——ChimeraI。begins:-
\"Ananthemofasisterchoristry!
And，likeawindwardmurmurofthesea，O\'ersilvershells，sosolemnlyitfalls!\"
Theanthemaccompaniesaprocessionofholyfatherstowardsabier；
\"AgatheWasonthelid——aname。Andwho？Nomore!
\'TwasonlyAgathe。\"
Asolitarymonkisprowlingaroundinthemoonlitcathedral；hehasabrowofstonymarble，hehasravenhair，andhefaltersoutthenameofAgathe。Hehassaidadieutothatfairone，andtohersisterPeace，thatliethinhergrave。Hehasloved，andloves，thesilentAgathe。HewasthesonofaCrusader，\"AndJuliohadfainHavebeenawarrior，buthisverybrainGrewfeveredatthesicklythoughtofdeath，Andtobestrickenwithawantofbreath。\"
Onthewholehedidwellnottoentertheservice。Mr。Aytounhasherewritten——\"ArumCoveforahussar。\"
\"AndhewouldsayAcursebeontheirlaurels。
AndanonWasJulioforgottenandhisline-
Nowonderforthisfrenziedtaleofmine。\"
How？asksAytoun，norhasthegrammaticalenigmayetbeenunriddled。
\"Oh!hewasweariedofthispassingscene!
ButlovednotDeath；hispurposewasbetweenLifeandthegrave；anditwouldvibratethereLikeawildbirdthatfloatedfarandfairBetwixtthesunandsea!\"
So\"hebecamemonk，\"andwassorryhehaddoneso，especiallywhenhemetaprettymaid，\"AndthiswasAgathe，youngAgathe，Amotherlessfairgirl，\"
whosefatherwasakindofDombey，for\"WhenshesmiledHebadenofather\'swelcometothechild，Buteventoldhiswish，andwill\'ditdone，Forhertobesad-hearted，andanun!\"
Soshe\"tookthedrearyveil。\"
TheymetlikeablightedIsabellaandLorenzo:
\"TheymetmanyatimeInthelonechapelsaftervesperchime，Theymetinloveandfear。\"
Then，oneday，\"Hehearditsaid:
PoorJulio，thyAgatheisdead。\"
Shedied\"LiketoastarwithinthetwilighthoursOfmorning，andshewasnot!SomehavethoughtTheLadyAbbessgaveheramaddraught。\"
HereMr。Aytoun，withsympathy，writes\"Damnher!\"(theLadyAbbess，thatis)andsuggeststhatthoughtmustberead\"thaft。\"
Through\"thearrasofthegloom\"(arrasisgood)，thepalebreezesaremoaning，andJulioiswanasstarsunseenforpaleness。
However，heliftsthetombstone\"asitwerelightsomeasasummergladness。\"\"Asummergladness，\"remarksMr。Aytoun，\"maypossiblyweighabouthalf-an-ounce。\"Juliocameonaskull，ahaggardone，inthegrave，andMr。Aytounkindlydesignsaskeleton，ringingabell，andcrying\"Dustho!\"
Nowgo，andgiveyourpoemstoyourfriends!
FinallyJuliounburiesAgathe:-
\"Thoumustgo，Mysweetbetrothed，withme，butnotbelow，Wherethereisdarkness，dream，andsolitude，Butwhereislight，andlife，andonetobroodAbovethee，tillthouwakest。Ha，IfearThouwiltnotwakeforever，sleepinghere，Wheretherearenonebutthewindstovisitthee。
AndConventfathers，andachoristryOfsisterssayingHush!ButIwillsingRaresongstothypurespirit，wanderingDownonthedewstohearme；IwilltuneTheinstrumentoftheetherealmoon，Andallthechoirofstars，toriseandfallInharmonyandbeautymusical。\"
Isthisnotmelodiousmadness，andisthispictureofthedistraughtpriest，settingforthtosailtheseaswithhisdeadlady，notaninventionthatNanteuilmighthaveillustrated，andtheclanofBousingotsapproved？
TheSecondChimeraopensnobly:-
\"Acurse!acurse!{8}thebeautifulpalewingOfasea-birdwaswornwithwandering，And，onasunnyrockbesidetheshore，Itstood，thegoldenwatersgazingo\'er；
AndtheywerenearingabrownamberflowOfweeds，thatglitteredgloriouslybelow!\"
JulioappearswithAgatheinhisarms，andwhatensuesisexcellentofitskind:-
\"Hedroptuponarock，andbyhimplaced，Overabedofsea-pinksgrowingwaste，Thesilentladye，andhemutter\'dwild，Strangewordsaboutamotherandnochild。
\"AndIshallwedthee，Agathe!althoughOursbenoGod-blestbridal——evenso!\"
Andfromthesandhetookasilvershell，ThathadbeenwastedbythefallandswellOfmanyamoon-bornetideintoaring-
Arude，rudering；itwasasnow-whitething，WherealonehermitlimpetsleptanddiedInagesfaraway。\'Thouartabride，SweetAgathe!Wakeup；wemustnotlinger!\'
Hepress\'dtheringuponherchillyfinger，Andtothesea-birdonitssunnystoneShouted，\'PalepriestthatliestallaloneUponthyoceanaltar，rise，awayToourgladbridal!\'anditswingsofgrayAlllazilyitspread，andhover\'dbyWithawildshriek——amelancholycry!
Then，swoopingslowlyo\'ertheheavingbreastOftheblueocean，vanishedinthewest。\"
Juliosangamadsongofamadpriesttoadeadmaid:……
\"Arosaryofstars，love!aprayerasweglide，Andawhisperonthewind，andamurmuronthetide，Andwe\'llsayafairadieutotheflowersthatareseen，Withshellsofsilversowninradiancybetween。
\"Arosaryofstars，love!thepuresttheyshallbe，Likespiritsofpalepearlsinthebosomofthesea；
Nowhelpthee，{9}VirginMother，withablessingaswego，Uponthelaughingwatersthatarewanderingbelow。\"
OnecanreadilybelievethatPoeadmiredthismusicalsadsong，if，indeed，heeversawthepoem。
Onemaygivetoomanyextracts，andthereisscantroomfortheextraordinarywitcheryofthemidnightseaandsky，wherethedeadandthedistraughtdriftwandering，\"Andthegreatocean，liketheholyhall，WheresleptaSeraphhostmaritimal，Wasgorgeouswithwingsofdiamond\"-
itwasasea\"Ofradiantandmoon-breastedemerald。\"
Therefollowsanothersong-
\"\'Tislighttolovetheeliving，girl，whenhopeisfullandfair，Inthespringtideofthybeauty，whenthereisnosorrowthereNosorrowonthybrow，andnoshadowonthyheart，When，likeafloatingsea-bird，brightandbeautifulthouart……
\"Butwhenthebrowisblighted，likeastaratmorningtideAndfadedisthecrimsonblushuponthecheekbeside，Itistoloveasseldomlovethebrightestandthebest，Whenourlovelieslikeadewupontheonethatisatrest。\"
Weoughttodistrustourownadmirationofwhatisrare，odd，noveltous，foundbyusinasense，andespeciallyonemustdistrustone\'slikingfortheversesofaTweedsideangler，ofapoetwhoseforebearslieinthegreenkirkyardofYarrow。But，allowingforallthis，Icannotbutthinktheseverymusical，accomplished，and，intheirplace，appropriateverses，tohavebeenwrittenbyaboyoftwenty。Norisitacommonimagination，thoughbusyinthisvulgarfieldofhorrors，thatliftsthepallidbridetolookuponthemirrorofthesea-
\"Andbidshergazeintothestartledsea，Andsays，\'Thineimage，frometernity，Hathcometomeetthee，ladye!\'andanonHebadethecoldcorsekisstheshadowyoneThatshookamidthewaters。\"
Thepictureofthemadnessofthirst，alliedtothediseaseofthebrain，isextremelypowerful，thedeliriousmonktellsthesaltseawaves\"Thatyehavepower，andpassion，andasoundAsoftheflyingofanangelroundThemightyworld；thatyeareonewithtime!\"
Here，Ican\'tbutthink，isimagination。
Mr。Aytoun，however，notednoneofthosepassages，northatwhere，intempestandthunder，ashipwreckedsailorswimstothestrangeboat，seestheLivingLoveandtheDead，andfallsbackintothetroughofthewave。ButeventhefriendlypencilofBonGaultierapprovesthepassagewhereanislerisesabovethesea，andtheboatislightlystrandedontheshoreofpureandsilvershells。
Thehorrorsofcorruption，intheThirdChimera，maybeleftunquoted，Aytounparodies-
\"Thechalk，thechalk，thecheese，thecheese，thecheeses，Andstraightwaydroppedhedownuponhiskneeses。\"
Juliocomesbacktoreason，hatesthedreadfulbride，andfeedsonlimpets，\"bythemass，hefeastethwell!\"
Therewasaholyhermitontheisle，\"Iweenlikeotherhermits，sowashe。\"
HeisAgathe\'sfather，andhehasretiredtoaneligibleislandwherehemayrepenthiscrueltytohisdaughter。Juliotellshistale，andgoesmadagain。TheapostrophetoLunacywhichfollowsismarked\"Beautiful\"byAytoun，andisinthespiritofCharlesLamb\'sremarkthatmadnesshaspleasuresunknowntothesane。
\"Thouart，thouartalone，Apure，purebeing，buttheGodonhighIswiththeeeverasthougoestby。\"
JuliowatchesagainbesidetheDead，tillmorningcomes，bringing\"Amurmurfarandfar，ofthosethatstirredWithinthegreatencampmentofthesea。\"
Thetidesweepsthemadandthedeaddowntheshores。\"Heperishedinadream。\"AsfortheHermit，heburiedthem，notknowingwhotheywere，butonalaterdayfoundandrecognisedthegoldencrossofAgathe，\"ForlongagohegavethatblessedcrossTohisfairgirl，andknewtherelicstill。\"
SotheHermitdiedofremorse，andonecannotsay，withWalton，\"andIhopethereaderissorry。\"
The\"otherpoems\"arevaguememoriesofShelley，oranticipationsofPoe。Oneofthemiscuriouslystyled\"Her，aStatue，\"andcontainsapassagethatremindsusofarubaiyatofOmar\'s，\"ShemightseeAlove-wing\'dSeraphglideingloryby，Strikingthetentofitsmortality。
\"ButthatisbutatentwhereinmayrestASultantotherealmofDeathaddrest；
TheSultanrises，andthedarkFerrashStrikes，andpreparesitforanotherguest。\"
MostakintoPoeisthe\"HymntoOrion，\"
\"Dostthou，inthyvigil，hailArcturusonhischariotpale，Leadinghimwithafieryflight-
Overthehollowhillofnight？\"
This，then，isahastysketch，andincomplete，ofabookwhich，perhaps，isonlyacuriosity，butwhich，Iventuretothink，gavepromiseofapoet。Whereistheladoftwentywhohaswrittenaswellto-day——nay，whereisthematurepersonofforty？Therewasawindofpoetryabroadin1830，blowingoverthebarricadesofParis，breathingbythesedgesofCam，stirringtheheatheronthehillsofYarrow。Hugo，Mr。Browning，LordTennyson，caughtthebreezeintheirsails，andwereborneadowntheTigrisofromance。
ButthebreaththatstirredthelochwhereTomStoddartlayandmusedinhisboat，soonbecametohimmerelythecurlonthewatersofloneSt。Mary\'sorLochSkene，andhebegancastingoverthegreatuneducatedtroutofahappiertime，forgetfuloftheMuse。
Hewroteanotherpiece，withasonorousanddelightfultitle，\"AjalonoftheWinds。\"Whereis\"AjalonoftheWinds\"？MissStoddartknowsnothingofit，butIfancythatthethrice-loathedBettycouldhavetoldatale。
MALIMCONVIVISQVAMPLACVISSECOQVIS。
Weneednot，perhaps，regretthatMr。Stoddartwithdrewfromthestrugglesandcompetitionsofpoeticliterature。Noveryhighplace，noverygloriouscrown，onefancies，wouldhavebeenhis。
Hiswouldhavebeenanxiety，doubtofself，disappointment，or，ifhesucceeded，thehatred，andenvyings，andlieswhicheventhendoggedthestepsofthevictor。Itwasbettertobequietandgoa-fishing。
\"Sorrow，sorrowspeedawayToourangler\'squietmound，Withtheoldpilgrim，twilightgray，Enterthroughtheholyground；
TherehesleepswhoseheartistwinedWithwildstreamandwanderingburn，WooerofthewesternwindWatcheroftheAprilmorn!\"
CHAPTERVIII:THECONFESSIONSOFSAINTAUGUSTINE
MycopyoftheConfessionsisadarklittlebook，\"asizeuncumbersometothenicesthand，\"intheformatofanElzevir，boundinblackmorocco，andadornedwith\"blind-tooled，\"thatisungilt，skullsandcrossbones。Ithaslostthetitle-pagewiththedate，butretainsthefrontispiece，engravedbyHuret。SaintAugustine，inhismitreandotherepiscopalarray，withaquillinhishand，sitsunderafloodofinspiringsunshine。Thedumpybookhasbeenmuchread，wasatsometimethepropertyofMr。JohnPhilips，andbearsonetouchingmanuscriptnote，ofwhichmorehereafter。Itis，Ipresume，acopyofthetranslationbySirTobyMatthew。TheauthorofthePrefacedeclares，withtruth，thatthetranslator\"hathconsultedsocloselyandearnestlywiththesaintthatheseemethtohavelightedhistorchatthisfire，andtospeakinthebestandmostsignificantEnglish，whatandhowhewouldhavedonehadheunderstoodourlanguage。\"
TherecanbenobetterEnglishversionofthisfamousbook，inwhichSaintAugustinetellsthestoryofhiseagerandpassionateyouth——ayouthtossedaboutbythecontendingtidesofLove，humananddivine。Readingitto-day，withamundanecuriosity，wemayhalfregretthespacewhichhegivestotheologicalmetaphysics，andhisbrieftantalisingglimpsesofwhatmostinterestsusnow——
thecommonlifeofmenwhentheChurchwasbecomingmistressoftheworld，whentheoldReligionsweredyingofallegoryandmoralinterpretationsandoccultdreams。But，evenso，SaintAugustine\'sinterestinhimself，intheveryobscureoriginsofeachhumanexistence，inthepsychologyofinfancyandyouth，inschooldisputes，andmagicalpretensions；hisardentaffections，hisexultations，andhisfaults，makehismemoirsimmortalamongtheunveilingsofthespirit。Hehasstudiedbabies，thathemayknowhisdarkbeginnings，andtheseedsofgraceandofevil。\"Then，bydegrees，IbegantofindwhereIwas；andIhadcertaindesirestodeclaremywilltothosebywhomitmightbeexecuted。ButIcouldnotdoit，……thereforewouldIbetossingmyarms，andsendingoutcertaincryes，……andwhentheyobeyedmenot……Iwouldfallintoarage，andthatnotagainstsuchasweremysubjectsorservants，butagainstmyEldersandmybetters，andIwouldrevengemyselfuponthembycrying。\"Hehasobservedthatinfants\"begintolaugh，firstsleeping，andthenshortlywaking；\"acuriousnote，buthedoesnotaskwhereforethesenseofhumour，ortheexpressionofit，comestochildrenfirstintheirslumber。Ofwhatdobabiesdream？Andwhatdothenestedswallowschirruptoeachotherintheirsleep？
\"SuchhaveIunderstoodthatsuchinfantsareasIcouldknow，andsuchhaveIbeentoldthatIwasbythemwhobroughtmeup，thougheventheymayratherbeaccountednottoknow，thantoknowthesethings。\"Onethingheknows，\"thateveninfancyissubjecttosin。\"Fromthewombwearetouchedwithevil。\"Myselfehaveseeneandobservedsomelittlechild，whocouldnotspeake；andyethewasallinanenviouskindofwrath，lookingpalewithabittercountenanceuponhisfoster-brother。\"Inanenviouskindofwrath!
Isitnotthemotiveofhalfourpolitics，andtoomuchofourcriticism？Suchisman\'sinbornnature，nottobecuredbylawsorreforms，nottobewashedoutofhisveins，though\"bloodbeshedlikerain，andtearslikeamist。\"For\"aninfantcannotendureacompaniontofeedwithhiminafountainofmilkwhichisrichlyaboundingandoverflowing，althoughthatcompanionbewhollydestitute，andcantakenootherfoodbutthat。\"ThisistheOriginalSin，inherited，innate，unacquired；forthisare\"babesspan-long\"tosuffer，asthefamousorinfamouspreacherdeclared。
\"Where，oratwhattime，wasIeverinnocent？\"hecries，andhearsnoanswerfrom\"thedarkbackwardandabysm\"ofthepre-natallife。
ThentheSaintdescribesachild\'slearningtospeak；howheamassesverbaltokensofthings，\"havingtamed，and，asitwere，brokenmymouthtothepronouncingofthem。\"\"AndsoIbegantolaunchoutmoredeeplyintothetempestuoustraffiqueandsocietyofmankind。\"Tempestuousenoughhefoundormadeit——thischildofaPaganfatherandaChristiansaint，Monica，thesaintofMotherhood。Thepastgenerationshad\"chalkedoutcertainlaboriouswaysoflearning，\"and，perhaps，SaintAugustineneverforgavethefloggingpedagogue——theplagosusOrbiliusofhisboyhood。Longbeforehisdayhehadfoundoutthatthesorrowsofchildren，andtheirjoys，arenolessseriousthanthesorrowsofmatureage。\"Isthere，Lord，anymanofsogreatamindthathecanthinklightlyofthoseracks，andhooks，andothertorments，fortheavoidingwhereofmenprayuntoTheewithgreatfearfromoneendoftheworldtotheother，asthathecanmakesportatsuchasdoemostsharplyinflictthesethingsuponthem，asourparentslaughedatthetormentswhichwechildrensusteynedatourmaster\'shands？\"CanwesupposethatMonicalaughed，orwasitonlytheheathenfatherwhoapprovedof\"roughingit？\"\"Beingyetachilde，IbegantobegThyaydeandsuccour；andIdidloosentheknotsofmytongueinprayingThee；andIbegged，beingyetalittleone，withnolittledevotion，thatImightnotbebeatenattheschoole。\"OneisremindedofTomTulliver，whogaveupevenprayingthathemightlearnonepartofhiswork:\"PleasemakeMr——saythatIamnottodomathematics。\"
TheSaintadmitsthathelackedneithermemorynorwit，\"buthetookdelightinplaying。\"\"Theplaysandtoysofmenarecalledbusiness，yet，whenchildrenfalluntothem，thesamemenpunishthem。\"Yettheschoolmasterwas\"morefeduponbyrage，\"ifbeateninanylittlequestionoflearning，thantheboy；\"ifinanymatchatBallIhadbeenmaisteredbyoneofmyplayfellows。\"He\"aspiredproudlytobevictoriousinthematcheswhichhemade，\"
andIseriouslyregrettosaythathewouldbuyamatch，andpayhisopponenttolosewhenhecouldnotwinfairly。Helikedromancesalso，\"tohavemyneearesscratchedwithlyingfables\"——a\"lazy，idleboy，\"likehimwhodalliedwithRebeccaandRowenaintheholidaysofCharterHouse。
SaintAugustine，likeSirWalterScottattheUniversityofEdinburgh，was\"TheGreekDunce。\"Bothofthesegreatmen，totheirsorrowandloss，absolutelyandtotallydeclinedtolearnGreek。\"ButwhatthereasonwaswhyIhatedtheGreekelanguage，whileIwastaughtit，beingachild，Idonotyetunderstand。\"
TheSaintwasfarfrombeingaloneinthatdistaste，andhewhowritesloathedGreeklikepoison——tillhecametoHomer。LatintheSaintloved，except\"whenreading，writing，andcastingofaccountswastaughtinLatin，whichIheldnotforlessepaynefullorpenalthantheveryGreeke。IweptforDido\'sdeath，whomadeherselfeawaywiththesword，\"hedeclares，\"andevenso，thesayingthattwoandtwomakesfourewasanungratefulsonginmineears；
whereasthewoodenhorsefullofarmedmen，theburningofTroy，andtheveryGhostofCreusa，wasamostdelightfulspectacleofvanity。\"
Inshort，theSaintwasaregularBoy——ahigh-spirited，clever，sportive，andwilfulcreature。Hewasasfondasmostboysofthemythicaltales，\"andforthatIwasaccountedtobeatowardlyboy。\"MeanwhilehedoesnotrecordthatMonicadislikedhislearningthefoolishdearoldheathenfables——\"thatfloodofhell!\"
Boyhoodgaveplacetoyouth，and，allowingforthevanityofself-
accusation，therecanbelittledoubtthattheyouthofSaintAugustinewasunejeunesseorageuse。\"AndwhatwasthatwhereinI
tookdelightbuttoloveandtobebeloved。\"Therewasevermuchsentimentandaffectioninhisamours，buthissoul\"couldnotdistinguishthebeautyofchastlovefromthemuddydarknessoflust。Streamsofthemdidconfusedlyboylinme\"——inhisAfricanveins。\"Witharestlesskindofweariness\"hepursuedthatOtherSelfofthePlatonicdream，neglectingtheLoveofGod:
\"Oh，howlateartthoucome，OmyJoy!\"
Thecourseofhiseducation——fortheBar，asweshouldsay——carriedhimfromhometoCarthage，whereherapidlyforgotthepurecounselsofhismother\"asoldwife\'sconsailes。\"\"Andwedelightedindoingill，notonlyforthepleasureofthefact，butevenfortheaffectionofprayse。\"EvenMonica，itseems，justifiedthesaying:
\"EverywomanisatheartaRake。\"
Marriagewouldhavebeenhismaking，SaintAugustinesays，\"butshedesirednoteventhatsoverymuch，lestthecloggsofawifemighthavehinderedherhopesofme……Inthemeantimethereinswereloosedtomebeyondreason。\"Yetthesinwhichheregretsmostbitterlywasnothingmoredreadfulthantherobberyofanorchard!
Pearshehadinplenty，nonethelesshewent，withabandofroisterers，andpillagedanotherman\'speartree。\"Ilovedthesin，notthatwhichIobtainedbythesame，butIlovedthesinitself。\"Therelaythestingofit!Theywerenotevenunusuallyexcellentpears。\"APearetreetherwas，neereourvineyard，heavyloadenwithfruite，whichtemptednotgreatlyeitherthesightortast。Totheshakingandrobbingthereof，certainemostwickedyouthes(whereofIwasone)wentlateatnight。Wecarriedawayhugeburthensoffruitfromthence，notforourowneeating，buttobecastbeforethehoggs。\"
Oh，moonlitnightofAfrica，andorchardbythesewildseabankswhereonceDidostood；oh，laughterofboysamongtheshakenleaves，andsoundoffallingfruit；howdoyoulivealoneoutofsomanynightsthatnomanremembers？ForCarthageisdestroyed，indeed，andforsakenofthesea，yetthatonehourofsummeristobeunforgottenwhilemanhasmemoryofthestoryofhispast。
Nothingofthis，tobesure，isinthemindoftheSaint，butalongremorseforthisgreatsin，whichheearnestlyanalyses。Norishesopenitentbutthatheisclear-sighted，andfindsthespringofhismis-doingintheSenseofHumour!\"Itwasadelightandlaughterwhichtickledus，evenattheveryhart，tofindthatwewereuponthepointofdeceivingthemwhofearednosuchthingfromus，andwho，iftheyhadknownit，wouldearnestlyhaveprocuredthecontrary。\"
SaintAugustineadmitsthathelivedwithafastset，aspeoplesaynow——\"theDepravers\"or\"Destroyers\"；thoughhelovedthemlittle，\"whoseactionsIeverdidabhor，thatis，theirDestructionofothers，amongstwhomIyetlivedwithakindofshamelessbashfulness。\"Inshort，the\"Hell-FireClub\"ofthatdaynumberedareluctantSaintamongitsmembers!ItwasnoChristiangospel，buttheHortensiusofCicerowhichwonhimfromthisperiloussociety。\"Italteredmyaffection，andmademeaddressmyprayerstoThee，OLord，andgavemeotherdesiresandpurposesthanIhadbefore。Allvainhopesdidinstantlygrowbaseinmyneeyes，andI
did，withanincredibleheatofhart，aspiretowardstheImmortalityofWisdom。\"Thusitwasreally\"SaintTully，\"andnotthemysticcallofTolle!Lege!that\"converted\"Augustine，divertingthecurrentofhislifeintothechannelofRighteousness。\"HowwasIkindledthen，oh，myGod，withadesiretoflyfromearthlythingstowardsThee。\"
TherenowremainedonlythechoiceofaRoad。SaintAugustinedateshisownconversionfromthedayofhisturningtothestraitChristianorthodoxy。EventhePlatonicwritings，hadheknownGreek，wouldnothavesatisfiedhisdesire。\"ForwherewasthatCharitythatbuildethuponthefoundationofHumility，whichisChristJesus？……Thesepages\"(ofthePlatonists)\"carriednotinthemthiscountenanceofpiety——thetearsofconfession，andthatsacrificeofThinewhichisanafflictedspirit，acontriteandhumbledheart，thesalvationofThypeople，theSpouse，theCity，thepledgeofThyHolySpirit，theCupofourRedemption。Nomandoththerethusexpresshimself。ShallnotmysoulbesubjecttoGod，forofHimismysalvation？ForHeismyGod，andmysalvation，myprotectour；Ishallneverbemoved。Nomandoththereoncecallandsaytohim:\'Comeuntomeallyouthatlabour。\'\"
TheheathendoctorshadnotthegracewhichSaintAugustineinstinctivelyknewhelacked——thegraceofHumility，northeComfortthatisnotfromwithinbutfromwithout。Totheseheaspired；letusfollowhimonthepathbywhichhecamewithintheirinfluence；butletusnotforgetthattheguideonthewaytotheCitywaskind，clever，wordy，vainoldMarcusTulliusCicero。
ItistotheCitythatallourfacesshouldbeset，ifweknewwhatbelongstoourpeace；thitherwecastfond，hopeless，backwardglances，evenifwebeofthosewhomTertulliancalls\"SaintSatan\'sPenitents。\"Here，inAugustine，wemeetamanwhofoundthepath——oneofthefewwhohavefoundit，ofthefewwhohavewonthatLovewhichisouronlyrest。Itmaybeworthwhiletofollowhimtothejourney\'send。
ThetreatiseofCicero，then，inflamedAugustine\"tothelovingandseekingandfindingandholdingandinseparablyembracingofwisdomitself，wheresoeveritwas。\"Yet，whenhelookedforwisdomintheChristianScriptures，alltheliteraryman，therhetoricianinhim，wasrepelledbythesimplicityofthestyle。WithoutgoingfurtherthanMr。Pater\'sbook，\"Marius，theEpicurean，\"andhisaccountofApuleius，anEnglishreadermaylearnwhatkindofstylealearnedAfricanofthatdatefoundnottoosimple。ButCicero，ratherthanApuleius，wasAugustine\'sideal；thatverboseandsonorouseloquencecaptivatedhim，asitdidtheearlyscholarswhenlearningrevived。AugustinehaddalliedalittlewiththesectoftheManichees，whichappearstohavegrievedhismothermorethanhiswildlife。
Butshewascomfortedbyavision，whenshefoundherselfinawood，andmet\"agloriousyoungman，\"whoinformedherthat\"whereshewasthereshouldhersonbealso。\"CuriousitistothinkthatthisverysemblanceofagloriousyoungmanhauntsthemagicaldreamsofheathenRedIndians，advisingthemwheretheyshallfindgame，andwasbeheldinsuchecstasiesbyJohnTanner，awhitemanwholivedwiththeIndians，andadoptedtheirreligion。TheGreekswouldhavecalledthisappearanceHermes，eveninthisguiseOdysseusmethimintheoakwoodofCirce\'sIsle。ButAugustinewasnotyetinhismother\'sfaith；hestilltaughtandstudiedrhetoric，contendingforitsprizes，butdecliningtobeaidedbyacertainwizardofhisacquaintance。Hehadenteredasacompetitorfora\"Tragicallpoeme，\"butwastoosportsmanliketoseekvictorybyartnecromantic。YethefollowedafterAstrologers，becausetheyusednosacrifices，anddidnotpretendtoconsultspirits。
EventhederisionofhisdearfriendNebridiuscouldnotthenmovehimfromthoseabsurdspeculations。Hisfrienddied，and\"hiswholeheartwasdarkened；\"\"mineeyeswouldbelookingforhiminallplaces，buttheyfoundhimnot，andIhatedallthingsbecausetheytoldmenonewsofhim。\"Hefellintoanextremewearinessoflife，andnolessfearofdeath。Helivedbutbyhalves；havinglostdimidiumanimaesuae，andyetdreadeddeath，\"LesthemightchancetohavewholydyedwhomeIextremelyloved。\"SohereturnedtoCarthageforchange，andsoughtpleasureinotherfriendships；
but\"BlessedisthemanthatlovesTheeandhisfriendinTheeandhisenemyforThee。Forheonlyneverlosethadearfriendtowhomallmenaredear，forHissake，whoisneverlost。\"
Here，onthemarginoftheoldbook，besidethesethoughts，sobeautifulifsohelpless，likeallwords，toconsole，somereaderlongdeadhaswritten:-
\"Prayforyourpoorservant，J。M。\"
Andagain，\"Prayforyourpoorfriend。\"
Doubtless，someCatholicreader，himselfbereaved，isimploringtheprayersofadearfrienddead；andsureweneedtheirpetitionsmorethantheyneedours，whohaveleftthisworldoftemptation，andareatpeace。
AfterthislossSaintAugustinewenttoRome，hisambitionurginghim，perhaps，butmorehisdisgustwiththeviolentandriotouslifeofstudentsinCarthage。Toleavehismotherwasdifficult，but\"Ilyedtomymother，yea，suchamother，andsoescapedfromher。\"Andnowhehadadangeroussickness，andafterwardsbetookhimselftoconversewiththeorthodox，forexampleatMilanwithSaintAmbrose。InMilanhismotherwouldwillinglyhavecontinuedintheAfricanritual——aPagansurvival——carryingwineandfoodtothegravesofthedead；butthisSaintAmbroseforbade，andsheobeyedhimforhim\"shedidextremelyaffectfortheregardofmyspirituallgood。\"
FromMilanhisfriendAlipiusprecededhimtoRome，andthere\"wasdamnablydelighted\"withthegladiatorialcombats，being\"madedrunkwithadelightinblood。\"AugustinefollowedhimtoRome，andtherelostthegirlofhisheart，\"sothatmyheartwaswounded，asthattheveryblooddidfollow。\"Theladyhadmadeavowofeternalchastity，\"havingleftmewithasonbyher。\"Buthefelltoanewloveastheoldonewasdeparted，andyettheancientwoundpainedhimstill\"afteramoredesperateanddoggedmanner。\"
Haeretletalisarundo!
Bythesepassionshisconversionwasdelayed，thecarnalandspiritualwillsfightingagainsteachotherwithinhim。\"Givemechastityandcontinency，OLord，\"hewouldpray，\"butdonotgiveityet，\"andperhapsthisisthefrankestoftheconfessionsofSaintAugustine。Inthemidstofthiswarofthespiritandtheflesh，\"BeholdIheardavoyce，asifithadbeenofsomeboyorgirlfromsomehousenotfarreoff，utteringandoftenrepeatingthesewordsinakindofsingingvoice，\"Tolle，Lege；Tolle，Lege，Takeupandread，takeupandread。\"
SohetookupaTestament，and，openingitatrandom，afterthemannerofhisVirgilianlots，read:-
\"Notinsurfeitingandwantonness，notincausalityanduncleanness，\"withwhatfollows。\"NeitherwouldIreadanyfurther，neitherwasthereanycausewhyIshould。\"SaintAugustinedoesnot，perhaps，meanustounderstand(ashistranslatordoes)，thathewas\"miraculouslycalled。\"Heknewwhatwasrightperfectlywellbefore；thetextonlyclinchedaresolvewhichhehasfounditveryhardtomake。Perhapstherewasatrifleofsuperstitioninthematter。Weneverknowhowsuperstitiousweare。Atallevents，henceforth\"Ineitherdesiredawife，norhadIanyambitiouscareofanyworldlything。\"Hetoldhismother，andMonicarejoiced，believingthatnowherprayerswereanswered。
SuchisthestoryoftheconversionofSaintAugustine。Itwasthematuringofanoldpurpose，andlongdeferred。MuchstrangerstoriesaretoldofBunyanandColonelGardiner。Hegaveuprhetoric；anothermanwasengaged\"tosellwords\"tothestudentsofMilan。Beingnowconverted，theSaintbecomeslessinteresting，exceptforhisaccountofhismother\'sdeath，andofthatecstaticconversetheyheld\"sheandIalone，leaningagainstawindow，whichhadaprospectuponthegardenofourlodgingatOstia。\"
They\"Cameonthatwhichis，andheardThevastpulsationsoftheworld。\"
\"Andwhilestwethusspake，andpantedtowardsthedivine，wegrewabletotakealittletastethereof，withthewholestrifeofourhearts，andwesighedprofoundly，andleftthere，confined，theverytopandflowerofoursoulsandspirits；andwereturnedtothenoyseoflanguageagain，wherewordsarebegunandended。\"
ThenMonicafellsicktodeath，andthoughshehadeverwishedtoliebesideherhusbandinAfrica，shesaid:\"LaythisBodywhereyouwill。Letnotanycareofitdisquietyou；onlythisI
entreat，thatyouwillremembermeatthealtaroftheLord，wheresoeveryoube。\"\"Butupontheninthdayofhersickness，inthesix-and-fiftiethyearofherage，andthethree-and-thirtiethofmine，thatreligiousandpioussoulwasdischargedfromtheprisonofherbody。\"
ThegriefofAugustinewasnotlesskeen，itseems，thanithadbeenatthedeathofhisfriend。Buthecouldrememberhow\"sherelatedwithgreatdearnessofaffection，howsheneverheardanyharshorunkindwordtobedartedoutofmymouthagainsther。\"
Andtothisconsolationwasaddedwhoknowswhatofconfidenceandtendernessofcertainhope，orakindofdeadness，perhaps，thatmaylightenthepainofaheartveryoftentriedandinuredtoeverypain。Foritiscertainthat\"thisgreenwound\"wasgreenandgrievousforabriefertimethantheagonyofhisearliersorrows。Hehimself，soearnestinanalysinghisownemotions，isperplexedbytheshortdateofhistears，andhissharpestgrief:
\"Lethimreaditwhowill，andinterpretitasitpleasethhim。\"
So，withthedeathofMonica，wemayleaveSaintAugustine。Themosthumanofbooks，the\"Confessions，\"nowstraysintotheology。
Ofallbooksthatwhichitmostoddlyresembles，tomyfancyatleast，isthepoemsofCatullus。Thepassionandthetenderhearttheyhaveincommon，andincommonthewaroffleshandspirit；theshamefulinappeasableloveofLesbia，oroftheworldlylife；sodelightfulanddeartothepoetandtothesaint，sodespisedinothermoodsconqueredandvictoriousagain，amongthebattlesofthewarinourmembers。TheverywordsinwhichtheVeroneseandtheBishopofHippodescribedthepleasureandgaietyofanearlyfriendshiparealmostthesame，andwefeelthat，bornfourhundredyearslater，theloverofLesbia，thesingerofSirmiomightactuallyhavefoundpeaceinreligion，andexchangedtheearthlyfortheheavenlylove。
CHAPTERIX:SMOLLETT
ThegreatEnglishnovelistsoftheeighteenthcenturyturnedthecourseofEnglishLiteratureoutofitsolderchannel。HerstreamshaddescendedfromthedoublepeaksofParnassustoirrigatetheenamelledfieldsandelegantparterresofpoetryandthedrama，asthecriticsoftheperiodmighthavesaid。ButRichardson，Fielding，Smollett，andSterne，divertedthewaters，frompoetryandplays，intotheregionofthenovel，whithertheyhavebroughtdownacopiousalluvialdeposit。ModernauthorsdolittlebuttillthisfertileDelta:thedramaisnowinthedesert，poetryisadrug，andfictionisliterature。Amongthewriterswhomadethisrevolution，Smollettis，personally，theleastwellknowntotheworld，despitethegreatpartwhichautobiographyandconfessionsplayinhiswork。Heisalwaystalkingabouthimself，andintroducinghisownexperiences。Butthereislittleevidencefromwithout；hisextantcorrespondenceisscanty；hewasnotinDr。
Johnson\'scircle，muchlesswasheinthatofHoraceWalpole。Hewasnotapopularman，andprobablyhehaslongceasedtobeapopularauthor。About1780thevendorsofchildren\'sbooksissuedabridgmentsof\"TomJones\"and\"Pamela，\"\"Clarissa\"and\"JosephAndrews，\"adaptedtotheneedsofinfantminds。Itwasacuriousenterprise，certainly，butthebooksellersdonotseemtohaveproduced\"EveryBoy\'sRoderickRandom，\"or\"PeregrinePicklefortheYoung。\"Smollett，inshort，islessknownthanFieldingandSterne，evenThackeraysaysbutawordabouthim，inthe\"EnglishHumorists，\"andhehasnoplaceintheseriesof\"EnglishMenofLetters。\"
WhatweknowofSmollettrevealsathoroughlytypicalScotofhisperiod；aScotofthespeciesabsolutelyopposedtoSirPertinaxMacsycophant，andratherakintothespeciesofRobertBurns。
\"Ratherakin，\"wemaysay，forSmollett，likeBurns，wasahumorist，andinhishumourfarfromdainty；hewasapersonalsatirist，andasatiristfarfromchivalrous。LikeBurns，too，hewasapoetofindependence；likeBurns，andevenmorethanBurns，inatimeofpatronagehewasrecalcitrantagainstpatrons。But，unlikeBurns，hewasfarouchetoanextremedegree；and，unlikeBurns，hecarriedveryfarhisprejudicesabouthis\"gentrice，\"hisgentlebirth。Hereinheisattheoppositepolefromthegreatpeasantpoet。
Twopotentcharacteristicsofhiscountrywereatwarwithinhim。
Therewas，first，thebeliefin\"gentrice，\"inanaturaldifferenceofkindbetweenmenofcoatarmourandmenwithoutit。ThusRoderickRandom，thestarvingcadetofalineofsmalllairds，acceptsthealmostincredibleself-denialanddevotionofStrapasmerelyhisdue。PrinceCharlescouldnothavetakenthedevotionofHenryGoring，orofNeilMacEachain，moreentirelyasamatterofcourse，involvingnoconsiderationinreturn，thanRodericktooktheunparalleledself-sacrificeofhisbarberfriendandschool-
mate。Scotthasremarkedonthiscontemptuousandungratefulselfishness，andhascontrasteditwiththerelationsofTomJonesandPartridge。Ofcourse，itisnottobeassumedthatSmollettwouldhavebehavedlikeRoderick，when，\"findingthefireinmyapartmentalmostextinguished，IventedmyfuryuponpoorStrap，whoseearIpinchedwithsuchviolencethatheroaredhideouslywithpain……\"TobesureRoderickpresently\"feltunspeakableremorse……foamedatthemouth，andkickedthechairsabouttheroom。\"NowStraphadrescuedRoderickfromstarvation，hadbestowedonhimhundredsofpounds，andhadcarriedhisbaggage，anddinedonhisleavings。ButStrapwasnotgentlyborn!
Smollettwouldnot，probably，haveactedthus，buthedidnotconsidersuchconductathingoutofnature。
OntheothersidewasSmollett\'sScottishspiritofindependence。
Asearlyas1515，JamesIngles，chaplainofMargaretTudor，wrotetoAdamWilliamson，\"Youknowtheuseofthiscountry……Themanhathmorewordsthanthemaster，andwillnotbecontentexceptheknowthemaster\'scounsel。Thereisnoorderamongus。\"Straphadtheinstinctoffeudalloyaltytoadescendantofalaird。ButSmollettboaststhat，beingatthetimeabouttwenty，andhavingburdenedanoblemanwithhisimpossibleplay，\"TheRegicide，\"
\"resolvedtopunishhisbarbarousindifference，andactuallydiscardedmyPatron。\"HEwasnotgivento\"booing\"(inthesenseofbowing)，buthad，ofallknownScots，themost\"cantyconceito\'
himsel\'。\"Thesequalities，withaviolenceoftemperwhichtooktheformofbeatingpeoplewhenonhistravels，cannothavemadeSmollettapopularcharacter。Heknewhisfaults，asheshowsinthededicationof\"Ferdinand，CountFathom，\"tohimself。\"Ihaveknownyoutrifling，superficial，andobstinateindispute；meanlyjealousandawkwardlyreserved；rashandhaughtyinyourresentment；andcoarseandlowlyinyourconnections。\"
Hecould，itistrue，onoccasion，forgive(evenwherehehadnotbeenwronged)，andcouldcompensate，inmildermoods，forthefierceattacksmadeinhourswhenhewas\"meanlyjealous。\"Yet，inearlylifeatleast，heregardedhisownRoderickRandomas\"modestandmeritorious，\"strugglingnoblywiththedifficultieswhichbeseta\"friendlessorphan，\"especiallyfromthe\"selfishness，envy，malice，andbaseindifferenceofmankind。\"Roderickhimselfis，infact，theincarnationofthebasestselfishness。Inoneofhisadventuresheisguiltyofthatextremeinfamywhichthed\'Artagnanof\"TheThreeMusketeers\"andofthe\"Memoirs\"
committed，andforwhichthed\'ArtagnanofLeVicomtedeBragelonnetookshametohimself。Whileengagedinavirtuouspassion，Rodericknotonlybehaveslikeavulgardebauchee，butpursuesthemeanestartsofthefortune-hunterwhoisreadytomarryanywomanforhermoney。Suchisthemodestandmeritoriousorphan，andmankindnowcarriesits\"baseindifference\"sofar，thatSmollett\'sbiographer，Mr。Hannay，says，\"ifRoderickhadbeenhanged，I，formypart，shouldhaveheardthetidingsunmoved……Smollettobviouslydiedwithoutrealisinghownearlythehero，whowasinsomesortaportraitofhimself，cametobeingaruffian。\"
Dr。Carlyle，in1758，beinginLondon，foundSmollett\"muchofahumorist，andnottobeputoutofhisway。\"A\"humorist，\"here，meansanoverbearinglyeccentricperson，suchasSmollett，wholivedmuchinasocietyofliterarydependants，wasapttobecome。
ButDr。Carlylealsofoundthat，thoughSmollett\"describedsowellthecharactersofruffiansandprofligates，\"hedidnotresemblethem。Dr。Robertson，thehistorian，\"expressedgreatsurpriseathispolishedandagreeablemanners，andthegreaturbanityofhisconversation。\"Hewashandsomeinperson，ashisportraitshows，buthis\"nervoussystemwasexceedinglyirritableandsubjecttopassion，\"ashesaysintheLatinaccountofhishealthwhich，in1763，hedrewupforthephysicianatMontpellier。Though，whenhechose，hecouldbehavelikeamanofbreeding，andthoughheundeniablyhadawarmheartforhiswifeanddaughter，hedidnotalwayschoosetobehavewell。ExceptDr。Moore，hisbiographer，heseemstohavehadfewrealfriendsduringmostofhiscareer。
Astopersonswhomhechosetoregardashisenemies，hewasbeyondmeasurerancorousanddangerous。Fromhisfirstpatron，LordLyttelton，tohislast，hepursuedthemwithunscrupulousanimosity。Ifhedidnotmeanactuallytodrawportraitsofhisgrandfather，hiscousins，hisschool-master，andtheapothecarywhosegallipotsheattended——in\"RoderickRandom，\"——yethelefttheoriginalswhosuggestedhischaractersinaveryawkwardsituation。
Forassuredlyhedidentertainaspiteagainsthisgrandfather:
andasmanyoftheincidentsin\"RoderickRandom\"wereautobiographical，thepublicreadilyinferredthatotherswerefoundedonfactTheoutlinesofSmollett\'scareerarefamiliar，thoughgapsinourknowledgeoccur。Perhapstheymaypartlybefilledupbytheaidofpassagesinhisnovels，plays，andpoems:inthese，atallevents，hedescribesconditionsandsituationsthroughwhichhehimselfmay，ormust，havepassed。
Bornin1721，hewasayoungersonofArchibald，ayoungersonofSirJamesSmollettofBonhill，ahouseonthenowpollutedLeven，betweenLochLomondandtheestuaryoftheClyde。Smollett\'sfathermadeanimprudentmarriage:thegrandfatherprovidedasmall，butcompetentprovisionforhimandhisfamily，duringhisownlife。Thefather，Archibald，died；thegrandfatherleftnothingtothemotherofTobiasandherchildren，buttheywereassistedwithscrimpdecencybytheheirs。HencetheattacksonthegrandfatherandcousinsofRoderickRandom:but，later，Smollettreturnedtokinderfeelings。
InsomewaysTobiasresembledhisoldgrandsire。About1710thatgentlemanwroteaMemoirofhisownlife。HencewelearnthatHE，inchildhood，likeRoderickRandom，wasregardedas\"aclogandburden，\"andwasneglectedbyhisfather，ill-usedbyhisstep-
mother。ThusTobiashadnotonlyhisownearlypovertytoresent，buthadahereditarygrudgeagainstfortune，and\"thebaseindifferenceofmankind。\"Theoldgentlemanwaslodged\"withveryhardandpenuriouspeople，\"atGlasgowUniversity。Heroseintheworld，andwasagoodPresbyterianWhig，but\"hadnoliberty\"tohelptoforfeitJamesII。\"Thepuirchild，hisson\"(JamesIII。
andVIII。)，\"ifhewasreallysuch，wasinnocent，anditwerehardtodoanythingthatwouldtouchthesonforthefather\'sfault。\"
Theoldgentleman，therefore，thoughaMemberofParliament，evadedattendingthefirstParliamentaftertheUnion:\"Ihadnofreedomtodoit，becauseIunderstoodthatthegreatbusinesstobeagitatedthereinwastomakelawsforabjuringthePretender……
whichIcouldnotgoinwith，beingalwaysofopinionthatitwashardtoimposeoathsonpeoplewhohadnotfreedomtotakethem。\"
Thiswasuncommonlyliberalconduct，inaWhig，andourSmollett，thoughnoJacobite，wasindistinctandcourageoussympathywithJacobiteScotland。Indeed，hewasaspatrioticasBurns，orashisownLismahago。Theseweretimes，wemustremember，inwhichScottishpatriotismwasmorethanamerehistoricalsentiment。
Scotlandwasinconceivablypoor，andScots，inEngland，werethereforeridiculous。Thecountryhad，sofar，gainedverylittlebytheUnion，andtheUnionwasdetestedevenbyScottishWhigEarls。ItisrecordedbyMoorethat，whileattheDumbartonGrammarSchool，Smollettwrote\"versestothememoryofWallace，ofwhomhebecameanearlyadmirer，\"havingread\"BlindHarry\'stranslationoftheLatinpoemsofJohnBlair，\"chaplaintothathero。ThereprobablyneverwereanysuchLatinpoems，butSmollettbeganwiththesamehero-worshipasBurns。HehadtheattachmentofaScottohisnativestream，theLeven，whichlaterhewastocelebrate。NowifSmolletthadcreditedRoderickRandomwiththeserural，poetical，andpatriotictastes，hisherowouldhavebeenmuchmorehumanandamiable。TherewasmuchgoodinSmollettwhichisabsentinRandom。Butforsomereason，probablybecauseScotlandwasunpopularaftertheForty-Five，Smollettmerelydescribesthewoes，illusage，andretaliationsofRoderick。ThathesufferedasRandomdidistothelastdegreeimprobable。HehadafairknowledgeofLatin，andwasnotdestituteofGreek，whilehismaster，aMr。Love，boreagoodcharacterbothforhumanityandscholarship。HemusthavestudiedtheclassicsatGlasgowUniversity，wherehewasapprenticedtoMr。Gordon，asurgeon。
