第2章

Butitisnotonlythemenwhogoabroad；inmanycasesladiesalsotravelbythemselves。OnseveraloccasionsladyfriendsfromWashington，Philadelphia，andNewYorkhavevisitedmeinPeking。 ThisisoneoftheAmericans\'strongpoints。Isitnotwiserandmuchmoreusefultodisburseafewhundreddollarsorsointravellingandgainingknowledge，comingincontactwithotherpeoplesandenlargingthemind，thantospendlargesumsofmoneyingaudydresses，preciousstones，trinkets，andotherluxuries？ InalargecountrylikeAmericawhereaconsiderableportionofthelandstillremainspracticallyuncultivatedorundeveloped，hardy，industrious，andpatientworkmenareanecessity。 Butthealmostuncheckedinfluxofimmigrantswhoarenotdesirablecitizenscannotbutharmthecountry。Inthesedaysofinternationaltradeitisrightthatingressandegressfromonecountrytoanothershouldbeunhampered，butpersonswhohavecommittedcrimesathome，orwhoareignorantandilliterate，cannotbecomedesirablecitizensanywhere。 TheyshouldbebarredoutoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica。Itiswellknownthatforeignerstakepartinthemunicipalandfederalaffairsofthecountryassoonastheybecomecitizens。Nowifsuchpersonsreallyworkedforthegoodoftheiradoptedcountry，therecouldbenoobjectiontothis，butitisnosecretthatmanyhavenosuchmotives。Thatbeingso，itisaquestionwhetherstepsshouldnotbetakentolimittheirfreedom。 Ontheotherhand，asmanyfarmssufferfromlackofworkmen，peoplefromwhatevercountrywhoareindustrious，patient，andperseveringoughttobeadmittedaslaborers。Theywouldbeagreatboontothenation。 Thefearofcompetitionbycheaplaboriscauseless；regulationsmightbedrawnupforthecontroloftheseforeignlaborers，andontheirarrivaltheycouldbedraftedtothoseplaceswheretheirservicesmightbemosturgentlyneeded。SolongashonestandsteadyworkmenareexcludedfornoreasonotherthanthattheyareAsiatics，whilewhitemenareindiscriminatelyadmitted，Ifearthattheprosperityofthecountrycannotbeconsideredpermanent，foragricultureisthebackboneofstablewealth。Yetatpresentitisthecountry\'swealthwhichisoneoftheimportantfactorsofAmerica\'sgreatness。 IntheUnitedStatestherearethousandsofindividualswhosefortunesarecountedbysevenoreightfiguresingolddollars。 Andmuchofthismoneyhasbeenusedtobuildrailways，ortodevelopmanufactoriesandotherusefulindustries。 Thecountryhasgrowngreatthroughusefulwork，andnotonaccountofthearmyandnavy。 In1881America\'sarmynumberedonly26，622men，andhernavyconsistedofonly24iron-clads，2torpedo-boats，and25tugs，butin1910thepeacestrengthofherarmywas96，628andthenavyboasted33battleshipsand120armoredcruisersofdifferentsizes。 WithinthelastfewyearsithasbeenthepolicyofmanynationstoincreasethearmyandtobuildasmanyDreadnaughtsandsuper-dreadnaughtsaspossible。ManystatesmenhavebeeninfectedbythisDreadnaughtfever。 Theirpolicyseemstobebasedontheideathatthesafetyofanationdependsonthenumberofitsbattleships。Evenpeacefulandmoderatemenarecarriedawaybythishobby，andsupportit。Itisforgottenthatgreatchangeshavetakenplaceduringthelasttwentyorthirtyyears； thatanationcannowbeattackedbymeansquitebeyondthereachofDreadnaughts。Theenormoussumsspentonthesefrightfulmonsters，ifappliedtomoreworthyobjects，wouldhaveagreatereffectinpreservingthenations\'heritagesthananythingthesemonstrositiescando。 Thenationwhichhasalargearmyandastrongnavymaybecalledpowerful，butitcannotbeconsideredgreatwithoutothergoodrequisites。 Iconsideranationasgreatwhensheispeacefully，justly，andhumanelygoverned，andwhenshepossessesalargenumberofbenevolentandgoodmenwhohaveavoiceintheadministration。 Thegreaterthenumberofgoodmenthatanationpossessesthegreatershebecomes。Americaisknowntohavealargenumberofsuchmenandwomen，menandwomenwhodevotetheirtimeandmoneytopreachingpeaceamongthenations。Mr。AndrewCarnegieisworthahundredDreadnaughts。HeandotherslikehimarethechieffactorsinsafeguardingtheinterestsandwelfareofAmerica。TheterritoryoftheUnitedStatesisseparatedfromEuropeandothercountriesbyvastoceans；sothatitwouldbedifficult，ifnotimpossible，forafoetosuccessfullyattackanyportionofthatcountry。 Butwhowishestoattackher？Shehasscarcelyanenemy。 Nocountryisinvadedbyanotherwithoutcause，andastheUnitedStatesisinfriendlyrelationswithallthePowers，thereisnoreasontofearforeigninvasion。Evenshouldaforeignpowersuccessfullyattackherandusurpaportionofherterritories，asuppositionwhichismostimprobable，wouldtheenemybeabletoholdwhatheseized？Historyshowsthatnoconqueredcountryhaseverbeensuccessfullyandpermanentlykeptwithoutthepeople\'sconsent，andthereisnottheleastchancethattheAmericanswilleverconsenttotheruleofaforeigngovernment。 ItistobehopedthattheUnitedStateswillnotfollowtheexampleofothernationsandundulyincreaseherarmaments，butthatshewilltaketheleadintheuniversalpeacemovementandshowtheworldthatagreatpowercanexistandmaintainherpositionwithoutforceofarms。Iamawarethatgeneraldisarmamentisnotpopularamongstatesmen，thatithasbeendenouncedbyaneminentauthorityasa\"will-o\'-thewisp\"，thatarbitrationhasbeenstyleda\"Jack-o\'-lantern\"，butthisisnotthefirsttimeagoodandworkableschemehasbeenbrandedwithopprobriousnames。Theabolitionofslaverywasatonetimeconsideredtobeaninsaneman\'sdream；nowallpeoplebelieveinit。 Willthetwentiethcenturywitnessthecollapseofourpresentcivilization？ Whyaretheworld\'sarmamentsconstantlyincreasing？ Tomyminditisduetotwocauses，oneofwhichismistrust。 OnenationbeginstobuildDreadnaughts，anotherdoesthesamethroughfearandmistrust。Thesecondcauseisthatitisthefashionofsomenationstofollowtheexampleofothersthattheymaypreservetheirpositionasgreatnavalpowers。 ButitisunnecessaryfortheUnitedStatestoshowsuchmistrustortofollowsuchfashion。Sheshouldrather，asbecomesagreatandpowerfulnation，takeanindependentcourseofherown。Ifshesetstheexampleothernationsinduetimewillfollowher。Thepeaceoftheworldwillbemoresurelyguarded，andAmericawillwintheapprobation，therespect，andthegratitudeofallpeace-lovingpeople。 Chapter3。AmericanGovernmentDemocraticprincipleswereenunciatedbyChinesephilosophersaslongagoas4，500years，andfromtimetotimevariousemperorsandstatesmenhaveendeavoredtoapplythemtothegovernmentofChina，buttheseprinciplesinalltheirminutedetailshavebeenexemplifiedonlybythewisdomofthestatesmenintheWest。IntheUnitedStatestheyareinfullswing。AsChinahasnowbecomeaRepublic，notinnameonlybutinfact，itwillbewellforherstatesmenandpoliticianstoexaminetheAmericanconstitution，andtostudyitsworkings。 TodothisatcloserangeitwillbenecessaryforthestudenttovisitWashington，theCapitaloftheUnitedStatesofAmerica。 HerehewillfindthePresident，orthechiefofthenation。 Withtheco-operationofhisCabinetandalargestaffofassistants，thePresidentadministerstheaffairsoftheFederalGovernment。 Hemaybeanewmanandhavehadnoprevioustrainingindiplomacy，andlittleadministrativeexperience，butinallprobabilityheisamanofresourceandadaptability，whohasmasteredeverydetailofhishighoffice。Allimportantmattersarereferredtohim，sothathisdailyworktaxeshiswholestrengthandenergy。 AnotherpartofhisfunctionistoseetheCongressmen，Senators，orRepresentatives，andotherswhocalltoseehimonbusiness，andthistakesupagreatpartofhistime。Infact，heisexpectedtobe，andgenerallyis，`Suaviterinmodo，fortiterinre\'。 InWashingtontheNationalCongress，whichiscomposedoftheSenateandoftheHouseofRepresentatives，holdsitssittingsintheCapitol，andpassesbillssubjecttotheapprovalofthePresident。 Ifhesignsabillitbecomeslaw，andbindsthenation。 Thebasicprincipleofdemocracyisthesovereigntyofthepeople，butasthepeoplecannotofthemselvesgovernthecountry，theymustdelegatetheirpowertoagentswhoactforthem。 ThustheyelecttheChiefMagistratetogovernthecountry，andlegislatorstomakethelaws。Thepowersgiventotheseagentsareirrevocableduringtheirrespectivetermsofoffice。Theelectorsareabsolutelyboundbytheiractions。WhateverlawsCongressmaypass，thepeoplemuststrictlyobey；thustheservantsofthepeoplereallybecometheirmasters。Thereisnofear，however，thattheirmastersprotemporewillbetraytheirtrust，asanyneglectofdutyontheirpart，ordisregardofthewishesoftheirconstituents，wouldmostlikelydestroytheirchancesofre-election。 AccordingtothetermsoftheConstitution，thesenatorsandrepresentativesmustberesidentsofthestatesforwhichtheyarechosen。 Thisisanexcellentprovision，insuringthatthepeople\'sdelegatespossesslocalknowledgeandknowhowtosafeguardtheinterestsandwelfareofthestateswhichsentthemtoWashington。Ontheotherhand，aseachstate，irrespectiveofitssize，isentitledtoelectonlytwoSenators，andtosendonlyalimitednumberofRepresentativestotheHouse，proportionallytoitspopulation，unfortunatelyitfrequentlyhappensthateminent，capable，andwell-knownpublicmen，oflargeexperience，aredeprivedofanopportunitytoservetheircountry。InEngland，andinsomeotherlands，theelectorsmaychooseastheirrepresentativearesidentofanycity，borough，orcountyastheyplease，anditonlyoccasionallyhappensthatthememberofParliamentactuallylivesinthedistrictwhichherepresents。IsitadvisabletoadoptasimilarsystemintheUnitedStates？ItcouldnotbedonewithoutamendingtheConstitution，andthiswouldnotbeeasy； buteverynation，aswellaseachindividual，shouldbeprepared，atalltimes，toreceivefreshlight，andbewillingtochangeoldcustomstosuitnewconditions，andsoImakethesuggestion。 ThefixingoffouryearsasthetermofofficeforthePresidentwasanexcellentidea，intendednodoubttopreventanunpopularorbadPresidentfromremainingtoolonginpower。Itis，however，graduallydawningonthemindsofintelligentpeoplethatthislimitedterm，thoughexcellentintheory，isveryinconvenientinpractice。 HoweverintelligentandcapableanewPresidentmaybe，severalmonthsmustelapsebeforehecanthoroughlyunderstandallthedetailsincidentaltohisexaltedposition，involving，inadditiontounavoidablesocialfunctions，thedailyreceptionofcallers，andmanyothermultifariousduties。Bythetimehehasbecomefamiliarwiththesematters，andtheworkoftheofficeisrunningsmoothly，halfofhistermhasgone；andshouldheaspiretoasecondterm，whichisquitenatural，hemustdevoteagreatdealoftimeandattentiontoelectioneering。FouryearsisplainlytooshortaperiodtogiveanyPresidentachancetodojusticeeithertohimselfortothenationwhichentrustedhimwithhisheavyresponsibilities。 Presidentialelectionsarenationalnecessities，butthelessfrequentlytheyoccurthebetterforthegeneralwelfareofthecountry。 ThosewhohavebeenintheUnitedStatesduringcampaignyears，andhaveseenthecomplicatedworkingofthepoliticalmachinery，andallitsseriousconsequences，will，Ifeelconvinced，agreewithwhatIsay。DuringthegreaterpartoftheyearinwhichaPresidenthastobeelectedtheentirenationisabsorbedintheevent，allthepeople，bothhighandlow，beingmoreorlesskeenlyinterestedintheissue，andthepreparationsleadinguptoit。 Theyseemtoputeverythingelseintheshade，andtogivemoreattentiontothisthantoanythingelse。Politiciansandofficialswhohaveapersonalinterestintheresult，willdevotetheirwholetimeandenergytothework。Otherswhoarelessactive，still，directlyorindirectly，taketheirshareintheelectioneering。Campaignfundshavetoberaisedandlargesumsofmoneyaredisbursedinmanydirections。 Allthissadlyinterruptsbusiness；itnotonlytakesmanybusinessmenfromtheirmorelegitimateduties，butitpreventsmerchantsandlargecorporationsfromembarkinginnewenterprises，andsoincidentallylimitsthedemandforlabor。Inshort，thewholenationispracticallyhurledintoastateofbustleandexcitement，andthegeneraltradeofthecountryisseriouslyaffected。 AyoungmaninWashington，whowasengagedtobemarried，oncetoldmethathewastoobusytothinkofmarriageuntiltheelectionwasover。 IftheFrenchsystemwerefollowed，andthePresidentwereelectedbyamajorityofthecombinedvotesoftheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives，theinconveniences，theexcitementsandexpenseaboveenumeratedmightbeavoided，butIthinkthepeopleofAmericawouldratherenduretheseevilsthanbedeprivedofthepleasureofelectingtheirPresidentthemselves。Thealternateremedy，sofarasIcansee，istoextendthepresidentialtermto，say，sixorsevenyears，withoutanychanceofare-election。 Ifthisproposalwereadopted，thePresidentwouldbemorefreeandindependent，hewouldnotbehauntedbythebugbearoflosinghispositionbytemporarilydispleasinghispoliticalfriends，hecouldgivehisundividedattention，ashecannotdonow，tofederalaffairs，andworkwithoutbiasorfear，andwithoutinterruption，forthewelfareofhisnation。Hewouldhavemorechanceofreallydoingsomethingforhiscountrywhichwasworthwhile。 Afurtheradvantageisthatthecountrywouldnotbesofrequentlytroubledwiththeturmoilandexcitementarisingfromthepresidentialelection。 IfIwereallowedtoprophecy，IshouldsaythattheyoungRepublicofChina，profitingbytheexperiencesofFranceandAmerica，willmostlikelyadopttheFrenchsystemofelectingitsPresident，ordevelopasystemsomewhatsimilartoit。 OneofthedefectsintheAmericanwayofgovernmentisthespoilssystem，inaccordancewiththemaxim，\"Tothevictorbelongsthespoils。\" ThenewPresidenthastherightofdismissingalargenumberoftheholdersofFederalOffices，andtoappointintheirplaceshisfriends，ormenofhispartywhohaverendereditservices，orwhohaveotherwisebeeninstrumentalingettinghimelected。 Iamtoldthatthousandsofofficialsareturnedoutinthiswayeveryfouryears。PresidentJacksonintroducedthepractice，andalmosteverysucceedingPresidenthascontinuedit。 Thisspoilssystemhasbeenadoptedbyalmosteverystateandmunicipality； itformsindeedthecorner-stoneofpracticalpoliticsintheUnitedStates。 Ineverycountry，allovertheworld，therearecaseswherepositionsandplacesofemolumenthavebeenobtainedthroughinfluentialfriends，buttodismisspublicservantswhoaredoingusefulwork，fornobetterreasonthansimplytomakeroomforothers，isverybadforthecivilservice，andforthecountryitserves。 Attemptstoremedytheseevilshavebeenmadewithinrecentyearsbytheintroductionofwhatiscalled\"CivilServiceReform\"，bywhichacandidateisappointedtoapostafteranexamination，andthetermofhisserviceisfixed。Ifthisistobestrictlyadheredtoinallcases，thePresidentwillbe，toagreatextent，deprivedofthemeansofrewardinghispoliticalfriends。 InthatcaseIdoubtiftheprofessionalpoliticiansandwirepullerswillbesoactiveandarduousastheyhavehithertobeen，asthechiefaiminsecuringtheelectionofthenomineewillhavebeentakenaway。 GreatcreditisduetoPresidentTaftforhiscourageandimpartiality，inthatafterassumingthedutiesofthehighofficetowhichhewaselected，hegaveappointmentstomenaccordingtotheirability，irrespectiveofpartyclaims，andevenwentsofarastoinviteoneortwogentlemenofknownability，whobelongedtotheoppositeparty，tobecomemembersofhisCabinet。 InAmericamenarenotanxiousforofficialoffices。 Menpossessingtalentandability，withbusinessacumen，areingreatdemand，andcandistinguishthemselvesintheirseveralprofessionsinvariousways； theycaneasilyattainapositionofwealthandinfluence，andsosuchmenkeepoutofpolitics。Itmustnot，however，beinferredfromthisthatthegovernmentofficialsinAmericaareincompetent。 OnthecontraryIgladlytestifyfrommypersonalexperiencethattheworkdonebythemisnotonlyefficient，butthat，takenasawhole，theycomparemostfavorablywithanyotherbodyofgovernmentofficialsinEurope。Still，onaccountofthesmallsalariespaid，itisnottobewonderedatthatexceptionallygoodmencannotbeinducedtoacceptofficialpositions。IhaveknownseveralCabinetMinisterswho，afterholdingtheirofficesfortwoorthreeyears，wereobligedtoresignandresumetheirformerbusiness，andaPresidenthasbeenknowntoexperiencegreatdifficultyingettinggoodandcompetentmentosucceedthem。 TheseremarksdonotapplytothePresident，notbecausethePresident\'ssalaryislarge，forcomparedwithwhatEuropeanKingsandEmperorsreceiveitisverysmall，butbecausethepositionis，farandaboveanyother，thelargestgiftthepeoplecanbestow。Noonehaseverbeenknowntorefuseapresidentialnomination。Ibelieveanyonetowhomitwasofferedwouldalwaysgladlyacceptit。IhaveconversedwithsomeinAmericawhotoldmethattheywereheirsapparenttotheWhiteHouse，andsotheyare，fortheyarejustaseligiblecandidatesfortheposition，asistheCrownPrincetosucceedtoathroneinanyEuropeancountry。 Evenaladywasoncenominatedasapresidentialcandidate，althoughshedidnotobtainmanyvotes。 OneofthethingswhicharousesmyadmirationisthedueobservancebythepeopleoftheexistinglawsandtheConstitution。 Everyoneobeysthem，fromthePresidenttothepedler，withoutanyexception。 Sometimes，however，byatoostrictandtechnicalinterpretationofthelaw，itworksahardship。Letmequoteacase。AccordingtoArticle1，Section6，oftheConstitution，\"noSenatororRepresentativeshall，duringthetimeforwhichhewaselected，beappointedtoanycivilofficeundertheauthorityoftheUnitedStates，whichshallhavebeencreated，ortheemolumentswhereofshallhavebeenincreased，duringsuchtime。\" AcertainSenatorwasappointedbythePresidenttoaCabinetoffice，butithappenedthatthesalaryattachedtothatofficehadbeenraisedduringthetimehewasintheSenate，andsoitwasheldthathecoulddrawonlythesalarywhichwasallowedbeforehebecameaSenator，andthathewasnotentitledtotheincreasewhichwassanctionedbyCongresswhilehewasintheSenate，althoughatthetimehehadnottheslightestnotionthattheincreasewouldeveraffecthisownpocket。 TherelationofthestatestotheFederalGovernmentispeculiarandunique。 IwillillustratemypointbycorrectingamistakeoftenmadebyforeignersinregardtothedifferentprovincesofChina。ItisgenerallyassumedbyWesternwritersthateachprovinceinChinaisself-governed，andthattheprovincialauthoritiesactindependentlyandindefianceoftheinjunctionsofthePekingGovernment。Thefacts，however，arethatuntiltheestablishmentoftheRepublic，alltheofficialsintheProvinceswereappointedorsanctionedbythePekingGovernment，andthatbyanImperialdecreeevenaViceroyorGovernorcould，atanymoment，bechangedordismissed，andthatnoimportantmattercouldbetransactedwithouttheImperialsanction。HowdoesthiscomparewiththestatesinAmerica？EveryAmericanboaststhathisstateisindependentoftheFederalGovernment。Allofficials，fromtheGovernordownward，are，ineverystate，electedbythepeople。EachstateisprovidedwithaLegislatureconsistingofaSenateandaHouseofRepresentatives，alsoelectedbythepopularvote。Thestatehasverylarge，andalmostabsolute，legislativeandexecutivepowers，andiscompetenttodealwithallmattersnotreservedbytheConstitutionfortheFederalGovernment。Eachstateisalsoindependentofeveryotherstate。Thecriminalandcivillaws，includingallmatterspertainingtothetransferofandthesuccessiontoproperty，aswellasmarriage，divorceandfiscallaws，arewithinthescopeofthestateadministrations。Theauthoritiesofeachstatenaturallydotheirbesttomaketheirownstateaspopulousandprosperousaspossible。Thusinsomestatesthelawsconcerningdivorce，corporations，andlandedproperty，aremorefavorablethaninotherstates。 Aperson，forexample，unabletoobtainadivorceinhisownstate，can，withoutdifficulty，attainhisobjectinanotherstate。 Whatisexpresslyprohibitedbystatuteinonestatemaybeperfectlylegitimateintheneighboringstate。 Itisthesamewiththelocaltaxes；feesandtaxesarenotuniform； inonestatetheyareheavy，whileinanothertheyarecomparativelylight。 AstrangerwouldnaturallybesurprisedtofindsuchaconditionofthingsinagreatnationlikeAmerica，andwouldwonderhowthemachineryofsuchagovernmentcanworksowell。Neverthelesshewillfindthateverythinggoesonsmoothly。Thiscanbeexplainedonlybythefactthattheinhabitantsofonestateoftenremovetootherstates，andbycommercialandotherdealingsandsocialassociationstheymixtogether，sothat，notwithstandingthedissimilarityofconditionsindifferentstates，thepeopleeasilyadaptthemselvestothelocalsurroundings，and，sofarasIcanfind，nofrictionorquarrelhaseverarisenbetweentwostates。However，woulditnotbebetterforallthestatestoappointaninterstatecommitteetoreviseandcodifytheirlawswithaviewtomakingthemuniform？ ForeignerslivinginAmericasometimesfindthemselvesatadisadvantage，owingtothestatebeingindependentofthecontroloftheFederalGovernment。 Thispointcanbebetterillustratedbyacasewhichhappenedsomeyearsagoinoneofthestates。Aforeigner，whowasthesubjectofaEuropeancountry，wasattackedbyamob，andhispropertydestroyed。Helaidhiscomplaintbeforethelocalauthorities，butitappearedthathecouldnotobtaintheredresshesought。Hisconsuldidallhecouldforhimbyappealingtothelocalauthorities，butwithoutsuccess； finallythematterwasreportedtohisambassadorinWashington，whoimmediatelyinterestedhimselfintheaffairandbroughtitbeforetheSecretaryofState。TheSecretary，aftergoingintothefactsofthecase，saidthatallhecoulddowastowritetotheGovernorofthatstateandrequesthimtotakethematterup，buttheGovernor，forsomereasonorother，didnottakeanysuchactionaswouldhavegivensatisfactoryredresstotheforeigner。 HisambassadormadefrequentappealstotheSecretaryofState，buttheSecretarywaspowerless，astheConstitutiondoesnotempowertheFederalGovernmenttointerfereinstatematters。 ThisseemsablemishintheadministrationofforeignaffairsintheUnitedStatesofAmerica。Supposeaforeignershouldbeill-treatedormurderedinastate，andnoproperredressbegiven，theFederalGovernmentcannotsenditsofficerstoarresttheculprit。 AllitcandoistoasktheGovernorofthatstatetotakeaction，andifhefailtodosothereisnoremedy。Fortunatelysuchacaserarelyhappens，butforthemoreefficientcarryingonoftheirstateaffairs，isitnotbetterinspecialcasestoinvesttheFederalGovernmentwithlargerpowersthanthoseatpresentpossessedbyit？ Iamawarethatthisopensupaseriousquestion；thatCongresswillbeveryreluctanttoconferontheFederalGovernmentanypowertointerfereinthestateaffairs，knowingthatthestateswouldnottoleratesuchaninterference；butasthereisalargeandeverincreasingnumberofaliensresidingintheUnitedStates，itnaturallyfollowsthatriots，andchargesofilltreatmentofforeignersnowandthendooccur。 Nowstateofficialscan，asarule，betrustedtodealwiththesemattersfairly，butwherelocalprejudiceagainstaclassofaliensrunshigh，isitnotadvisabletoleavetotheFederalofficials，whoaredisinterested，thesettlementofsuchcases？Forthesakeofcordialforeignrelations，andtoavoidinternationalcomplications，thispoint，Iventuretosuggest，shouldbeseriouslyconsideredbytheFederalandtheStateGovernments。 Thequestionastowhatformofgovernmentshouldbeadoptedbyanycountryisnoteasytodecide。ThepeopleofAmericawouldnodoubtclaimthattheirsystemisthebest，whilethepeopleofthemonarchialgovernmentsinEuropewouldmaintainthattheirsispreferable。Thisismostlyamatterofeducation，andpeoplewhohavebeenaccustomedtotheirownformofgovernmentnaturallylikeitbest。 Therearecommunitieswhohavebeenlongaccustomedtotheoldsystemofmonarchialgovernment，withtheirancienttraditionsandusages。 Thereareothercommunities，withadifferentpoliticalatmosphere，whereallthepeopleshareinthepublicaffairsofState。 Itwouldbemanifestlyimpropertointroduceademocraticgovernmentamongtheformer。Itwouldnotsuittheirtastesnorfitinwiththeirideas。 Whatisgoodforonenationisnotnecessarilygoodforanother。 Eachsystemofgovernmenthasitsgoodpoints，providedthattheyarefaithfullyandjustlycarriedout。Theaimtosecurethehappinessandcomfortofthepeopleandtopromotethepeaceandprosperityofthenationshouldalwaysbekeptinview。 Aslongastheseobjectscanbesecureditdoesnotmattermuchwhetherthegovernmentismonarchial，republican，orsomethingelse。 ItmaypertinentlybeaskedwhyChinahasbecomeaRepublic，sincefromtimeimmemorialshehashadamonarchialformofgovernment。 TheansweristhattheconditionsandcircumstancesinChinaarepeculiar，andaredifferentfromthoseprevailinginJapanandothercountries。 InJapanitisclaimedthattheEmpirewasfoundedbythefirstEmperor，JummuTenno，660B。C。andthatthedynastyfoundedbyhimhascontinuedeversince。ItiswellknownthattheChineseImperialfamilyisofManchuorigin。TheChingdynastywasfoundedin1644byconquest，notbysuccession。UpontherecentoverthrowoftheManchudynastyitwasfoundverydifficulttofindaChinese，howeverpopularandable，whopossessedthelegalrightofsucceedingtothethrone。