第4章

(12)Bearnomaliceagainstanyone。 (13)Beequitableandjusttoallmen。 (14)Libertyandfreedombutnotlicense。 (15)Donotuntootherswhatyewouldnotthatothersshoulddountoyou。 Ihavejotteddowntheabovejustastheyoccurredtomewhilewriting。 Theycaneasilybeamplified，andbemadethebasisofanethicalinstructioninalltheschools。Inanycase，everynationshouldaimatthehigheststandardofmorals。 Co-educationintheUnitedStatesisnotsounpopularasinsomeothercountries，anditisincreasinginfavor。Inalltheprimaryschools，andinmostofthehighschools，boysandgirlsstudyinthesameclass-room，andgirlsareadmittedasstudentseveninsomecollegesanduniversities。 Thisprincipleofadmittingthefairsextoequaleducationalprivilegesisslowlybutsurelybeingrecognizedeverywhere。Insomeuniversitiestheauthoritieshavegonehalf-way；lecturesaregiventothegirlstudentsinseparaterooms，orseparatebuildings，orhalls，areprovidedforthegirlstudents。Withregardtotheteachingstaff，intheprimaryschoolsnearlyalltheteachersarewomen，andinthehighschoolstheirnumberisatleasthalf，ifnotmore。 Insomeoftheuniversitiesthereareladyprofessorsortutors。 Itgoeswithoutsayingthatgirlshavethenaturaltalentforlearningeverythingthatboyscanlearn。Theobjectionsraisedbytheopponentsofco-educationseemtorestchieflyuponthedangeroftheintellectualorphysicaloverstrainofgirlsduringadolescence，andupontheunequalrateofdevelopmentofboysandgirlsduringthesecondaryschoolperiod。Itisfurtherallegedthatinmixedschoolsthecurriculumissoprescribedthatthegirls\'courseofstudyismoreorlessadaptedtothatoftheboys，withtheresultthatitcannothavetheartisticanddomesticcharacterwhichissuitableforthemajorityofgirls；butwhyshouldnotthecurriculumbearrangedinsuchawayastosuitbothsexes？Isitnotgoodforbothtolearnthesamesubjects？Thatwhichisgoodforaboytolearnisitnotequallyadvisableforagirltoknow，andviceversa？ Willnotsuchapolicycreatemutualsympathybetweenthesexes？ Theopponentsoftheco-educationpolicyassertthatitmakesthegirlsmasculine，andthatithasatendencytomaketheboysalittlefeminine。Itcannot，however，bedoubtedthatthesystemreducesthecostofeducation，suchastheduplicationoftheteachingstaff，laboratories，libraries，andotherequipment。 Itisobjectedthatthesystemhasdonemorethananythingelsetorobmarriageofitsattractions，bydivestingmanofmostofhisold-timeglamourandromance。Itisclaimedthatthisearlycontactwiththeothersex，onafootingofequality，andthemannerinwhichthemajorityofthegirlstudentsmorethanmaintaintheirintellectualstandingwiththeboys，hastendedtoproducethatcontemptofthemuch-vauntedsuperiorityofman，that，asarule，isreservedforthosepost-nuptialdiscoverieswhichmakemarriagesuchaninterestingventure。Buttheyforgetthatmarriagesarefrequentlycontractedinplaceswheregirlsandboysaretaughttogether，andwheretheyhavehadampleopportunitiesforknowingeachotherintimately，andthatexperienceprovesthatsuchmarriagesarehappyandlastingunions。 Itisinterestingtoobserve，however，thatasthenumberofeducationalinstitutionshasincreased，thenumberofunmarriedwomenhasbeencorrespondinglyaugmented。Itiseasytoexplainthisbythefactthatalargenumberofwomenearntheirownlivelihoodbygoingintobusinessandtheprofessions。Astheybecomemoreeducated，andareallowedtoparticipateinmanyofthesameprivilegesasmen，itisonlynaturalthattheyshouldshowtheirindependencebyremainingsingle。Thesamethingwouldoccurinanycountry，andwemayexpectalikestateofthingsinChinaasgreaterfacilitiesforinstructionareaffordedtowomen。Idonotfeelalarmedattheprospect； indeed，IwouldwelcomeitifIcouldseemycountry-womenactingasindependentlyandasorderlyastheirAmericansisters。 Thegamesandsportssanctionedandencouragedinschoolsanduniversitiesareuseful，inthattheyafforddiversionofthepupils\'mindsfromtheirschoolwork。Theyshouldnot，however，beindulgedininsuchawayastointerferewiththeirstudies。Take，asanexample，boatracing；severalmonthsofpreparationarenecessarybeforetheeventtakesplace，andduringagreatportionofthistimethestudentsdonotthinkmuchoftheirstudies；theyareallmadwithexcitement。Thecontestbetweenthetworivalpartiesisverykeen； theyhavebutonethought，andthatistowintherace。Inthisway，atleastsoitseemstome，themainobjectofrecreationisentirelylostsightof；itbecomesnolongeranamusement，butlaborandwork。 Iamtoldthatthecoxswainandtheothermembersoftheboatracegenerallyhavetotakealongrestwhentheraceisover，whichclearlyshowsthattheyhavebeenoverworking。 Ifavorallinnocentgamesandsportswhichmeanrecreationanddiversion，butifitbethoughtthatwithoutacontestgameswouldlosetheirrelishandtheirfun，thenIwouldsuggestthattheaimshouldbetheexhibitionofaperfectbodyandabsolutehealth。Letthestudents，whentheycometotherecreationground，indulgeinanysporttheyplease，butmakethemfeelthatitis\"badform\"tooverstrain，ordoanythingwhich，eventemporarily，marstheperfectworkingoftheirphysicalorganisms。 Leteachstudentsotrainhimselfastobecomehealthyandstrongbothphysicallyandmentally，andtheonewho，throughreasonableandwholesomeexercises，isabletopresenthimselfinthemostperfecthealthshouldbeawardedthehighestprize。 Chapter6。AmericanBusinessMethodsIfIshouldbeaskedwhatismostessentialforthesuccessfulcarryingonofbusinessinAmericaIwouldsayadvertising。AbusinessmaninAmericawhointendstosucceedmustadvertiseinthedaily，weekly，andmonthlypapers，andalsohavebigpostersinthestreets。 Idonotbelieveanyup-to-datemerchantinAmericafailstodothis。 Everybookandmagazinecontainsmanyadvertisements；sometimesfullyhalfofabigmagazineiscoveredwithnoticesorpicturesofarticlesforsale。 Whereveryougotheinevitableposterconfrontsyou；andevenwhenyoulookoutofthewindowofthetrainyouseelargesign-boardsannouncingsomearticleoftrade。Thenewerthebrandthebiggerthepicture。 Ifwhenyougetintoastreet-caryoulookaroundyouwillseenothingbutadvertisementsofallkindsandsorts，andifyouansweranadvertisementyouwillkeeponreceivingnoticesofthematteraboutwhichyouinquired。 EvennowIreceivelettersurgingmetobuysomethingorotheraboutwhichIsentaletterofinquirywhenIwasinAmerica。 Atnight，ifyoustrollroundthetownyouwillbeamazedbytheingeniousandcleversignswhichthealertmindsofthetradespeoplehaveinvented，suchasrevolvingelectriclightsformingthenameoftheadvertiserwithdifferentcolors，orafigureorshapeofsomesortillustratinghiswares。Buteventhisisnotthoughtsufficient。 Circularsareoftensenttoeveryone，makingspecialoffers，settingforthforcefulreasonswhythecommodityadvertisedisindispensable。 Certainstoresmakeitapointtoannouncecheapsalesonceortwiceayear，withfrom10to25percent。reduction。Itshouldbenotedthatnotradesmanvoluntarilysellshisgoodsataloss，sothatifduringasalehecangiveasmuchas25percent。discountwecaneasilycalculatethepercentageofprofithegenerallymakes。 Therearecaseswheremenwhostartedaspettydealershave，afterafewyears，becomemillionaires。 ToshowtheimportanceofadvertisingIcitethewell-knownsanitarydrinkwhichisasubstituteforteaandcoffee，andwhichbyextensiveadvertisinginalmosteverypaperpublishedineverycountryhasnowbecomeafavoritebeverage。Theproprietorisnowamulti-millionaireandIamtoldthathespendsmorethanamilliondollarsayearinadvertising。 AnotherthinginseparablefromAmericanbusinessisthetelephone。 Atelephoneisapartofeverywell-appointedhouse，everypartner\'sdeskisprovidedwithatelephone，throughwhichhetalkstohisclientsandtransactsbusinesswiththem。InallofficialdepartmentsinWashingtonscoresoftelephonesareprovided；eventhesecretaryofthedepartmentandthechiefofthebureaugiveordersbytelephone。 Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthismeansofcommunicationisalsofoundinthehomeofalmosteverywell-to-dofamily。 Theinventionofatelephoneisagreatblessingtomankind； itenablesfriendstotalktoeachotheratadistancewithoutthetroubleofcalling。*Sweetheartscanexchangetheirsweetnothings，andevenproposalsofmarriagehavebeenmadeandacceptedthroughthetelephone。However，oneissubjectedtofrequentannoyancesfromwrongconnectionsattheCentralOffice，andsometimesgraveerrorsaremade。Once，throughaseriousblunder，oramischievousjoke，IlostadinnerinmyLegationinWashington。 Myvaletreceivedatelephonemessagefromaladyfriendinvitingmetodineatherhouse。Igladlyacceptedtheinvitation，andattheappointedtimedrovetoherhome，onlytofindthattherewasnodinner-partyon，andthatIshouldhavetogohungry—— *\"Tocall\"inthesenseof\"tovisit\"——A。R。L。，1996—— Withsometrades，inordertocreateanewmarket，commercialtravellersor\"drummers\"givetheirgoodsawayfornothing。 Experiencehasprovedthatwhattheyloseatthestarttheyrecoverinthecourseoftime，receivinginadditiontripleortenfoldmorebusinessthanthecostoftheoriginaloutlay。Thesecommercialagentstravelthroughallsectionsofthecountrytosolicitbusiness； theycalluponthosewhocangivethemorders；theylookupthosewhoareengagedinsimilarbusinessestotheirown，and，iftheyareretailers，theyinvitetheirorders，oraskthemtobecomesub-agents。Thesegentlemenpracticallyliveonthetrains: theyeat，sleep，anddotheirbusinesswhiletravelling。 Oneofthemtoldmethatinonemonthhehadcovered38，000miles，andthathehadnotbeenbacktohisfirmforthreemonths。 ThereisnodoubtthattheAmericanpeopleareactive，strenuousworkers。 Theywillwillinglygoanydistance，andundertakeanyjourney，howeverarduous，ifitpromisesbusiness；theyseemtobealwaysonthego，andtheyarepreparedtostartanywhereatamoment\'snotice。 AnAmericanwhocalledonmeashorttimeagoinShanghaitoldmethatwhenhelefthishouseonemorningatNewYork，hehadnottheslightestnotionhewasgoingtoundertakealongjourneythatday；butthatwhenhegottohisofficehisbossaskedhimifhewouldgotoChinaonacertaincommission。 Heacceptedtheresponsibilityatonceandtelephonedtohiswifetopackuphisthings。TwohourslaterhewasonatrainboundforSanFranciscowhereheboardedasteamerforChina。 ThesamegentlemantoldmethatthistripwashissecondvisittoChinawithinafewmonths。 Americansalesmenarecleverandcapable，andwellknowhowtorecommendwhatevertheyhavetosell。Youwalkintoastorejusttolookaround； theremaybenothingthatyouwant，buttheadroitmannerinwhichthesalesmantalks，andthewayinwhichheexplainsthegoodpointsofeveryarticleatwhichyoulook，makesitextremelydifficultforyoutoleavethestorewithoutmakingsomepurchases。SalesmenandcommercialtravellersintheUnitedStateshavecertainlylearnedtheartofspeaking。 Ionce，however，metaremarkableexceptiontothisruleinthepersonofanAmericangentlemanwhowassingularlylackingintact； hewasinChinawiththeintentionofobtainingaconcession，andhehadnearlyaccomplishedhisobjectwhenhespoilteverythingbyhisbluntspeech。HesaidhehadnotcometoChinaforanyphilanthropicpurposes，butthathewasinthecountrytomakemoney。 WeallknowthattheaveragebusinessmanisneitheraPeabodynoraCarnegie，butitwasquiteunnecessaryforthisgentlemantoannouncethathissoleobjectwastomakemoneyoutoftheChinese。 UptoafewyearsagobusinessmeninAmerica，especiallycapitalists，hadscarcelyanyideaoftransactingbusinessinChina。 IwellrememberthedifficultyIhadinraisingarailwayloaninAmerica。 Itwasin1897。IhadreceivedpositiveinstructionsfrommygovernmenttoobtainabigloanforthepurposeofconstructingtheproposedrailwayfromHankowtoCanton。Iendeavoredtointerestwell-knownbankersandcapitalistsinNewYorkCitybutnoneofthemwouldconsidertheproposals。 Theyinvariablysaidthattheirmoneycouldbejustaseasily，andjustasprofitably，investedintheirowncountry，andwithbettersecurity，thanwasobtainableinChina。 Itwasonlyafternearlytwelvemonthsofhardwork，ofcarefulexplanationandmuchpersuasion，thatIsucceededinfindingacapitalistwhowaspreparedtodiscussthematterandmaketheloan。 Conditionshavenowchanged。AmericanbankersandothershavefoundthatinvestmentsinChinaarequitesafe。TheyhavesentagentstoChinatorepresenttheminthematterofabiginternationalloan，andtheyarenowjustasreadytolendmoneyinChinaasinEurope，andonthesameterms。InconjunctionwiththerepresentativesofsomelargeEuropeancapitaliststheyevenformedapowerfulsyndicateinChina，forthepurposeofarrangingloanstoresponsibleChineseinvestors。 Inthespringof1913，however，theywithdrewfromthesyndicate。 TheopportunitiestomakemoneyinAmericaaregreatandayoungmanwithonlyfairability，butanhonestpurpose，willalwaysgetsomethingtodo；andifheisindustriousandreadyforhardwork，ifhepossesscourageandperseverance，hewillmostsurelygoforwardandprobablyintimebecomeindependent。 Therearehundredsofmillionairesandmulti-millionairesinAmericawho，intheiryoungerdays，wereaspoorassparrowsinasnowstorm，butthroughperseverance，combinedwithindustriousandeconomicalhabitstheyhaveprosperedfarbeyondtheirownexpectations。 Theclevermethodstheyadoptinthecarryingonoftheirbusinesscannotbutarouseouradmiration，andChinesemerchantswoulddowelltosendsomeoftheirsonstoAmericatostudythevarioussystemspractisedthere。Butnonationoranyclassofpeopleisperfect，andthereisonemoney-makingdevicewhichseemstomenotquitesoundinprinciple。Toincreasethecapitalofacorporationnewsharesaresometimesissued，withoutacorrespondingincreaseintheactualcapital。Thesenewsharesmayrepresenthalf，orasmuchoftheactualcapitalashasbeenalreadysubscribed。 Suchacourseisusuallydefendedbytheclaimthatasthepropertyandfranchiseshaveincreasedinvaluesincetheformationofthecorporationtheincreaseofthestockisnecessaryinordertofairlyrepresenttheexistingcapital。Itissaidthatsomerailwaystockhasbeen\"watered\"inthiswaytoanalarmingextent，sothatagreatdealofitisfictitious，yetthoughitexistsonlyonpaperitranksastheequalofthegenuinestockwhenthedividendsarepaid。 Whetherornotsuchanactionreallyisjustifiable，orevenmoral，IleavetotheChristianclergyandtheirfollowerstodecide。 Thepromotersanddirectorsofsuchconcernshaveatleasthituponaveryclevermethodforbecomingrich，andifthesecuritiesoftheoriginalshareholdersarenotinjured，andtheholdersofthegenuineandthewateredstockcanshareequallywithoutendangeringtheinterestsofall，perhapssuchanactionmaybelessblamable，butitisanewkindofproceedingtoOrientals。 Imustnotomittomention，however，theconfidencewhichisplacedinthehonestyofthepeopleingeneral；forexample，youenteranomnibus，youwillfindthedriver，butnoconductortocollectthefare。 \"Itisuptoyou\"toputthefareintoabox，andifyoudonotpaynoonewillaskforit。Yeteveryfareispaid。Ihaveneverseenadishonestmanwhoomittedtopay。ThisisaremarkablefactwhichIhavenoticednowherebutinAmerica。Isupposeitisbecausethepeoplearenotpoor，andastheyarealwaysabletopaythefaretheydoso。Theyaretoohonesttocheat。Itiscertainlyagoodwaytoencouragepeopletobehonest，toputthemontheirhonorandthenrelyontheirownsenseofuprightness。 ThemostcurioussightIhaveeverseenwastheStockExchangeinNewYork。 Itisusedasamarketforthepurchaseandsaleofvariousarticles，buttherewerenogoodsexposedforsale。Isawagoodmanypeoplerunningabouttalking，yellingandhowling，andhadInotbeeninformedbeforehandwhattoexpectIshouldhavethoughtthatthemenweregettingready，intheirexcitement，forageneralallroundfight。 However，Ididnotseeanyexchangeofblows，andIdidnothearthatanybloodwasshed。 AnotherremarkablefeatureofthescenewasthatIdidnotseeasinglewomanthere；shewasconspicuousbyherabsence。 WhetherornottherulesoftheExchangeallowhertobecomeamemberIdonotknow；thatisaquestionforthewomansuffragiststoinvestigate，butIlearnedthatitisawealthyassociationconsistingof1，100members，andthattobecomeamemberonemustbeacitizenoftheUnitedStatesof21yearsofageormore。Thenumberofmembersislimited。 Personsobtainmembershipbyelection，orbythetransferofthemembershipofamemberwhohasresignedordied。 Anewmemberwhoisadmittedbytransferpaysaninitiationfeeof2，000golddollars，inadditiontoalargefeetothetransferrer，forhis\"seatintheHouse\"。Amembermaytransferhisseattohisson，iftheCommitteeoftheExchangeapprove，withoutchargingforit； butinallcasesthetransferreepaystheabove-mentionedinitiationfeeof2，000golddollars。 Thepricesfortheseseatsvary，thefluctuationsbeingduetotheupwardordownwardtrendofthestockmarket。Withinrecentyearsthepricehasrisenconsiderably，andasmuchas95，000golddollarshasbeenpaidtothetransferrer。ThisismuchhigherthanthepriceusuallypaidbynewmembersinStockExchangesinEurope，yetwhenaseatbecomesvacantthereisnolackofpurchasers。 Itisclearthataseatinthe\"House\"isveryvaluabletotheholder。 Inthebuildingeachmemberhasastallallottedtohimwherehehasatelephoneforhisexclusiveuse；thisenableshimtocommunicateeverytransactiondoneintheExchangetohisbusinesshouse，andtokeepupconnectionswithhisconstituentsinothercities。 Whenoneofhisconstituents，sayinWashington，D。C。，desirestobuyacertainsecuritytheorderisconveyedtohimdirect，andexecutedwithoutdelay。Ihaveseenatransactionofthiskindexecutedintenminutes，thoughtherewasadistanceofseveralhundredmilesbetweenclientandbroker。Theamountofbusinesstransactedinthe\"House\"everydayisenormous，aggregatingmanymillionsofdollars。 NewYorkalsohasotherExchanges，wheredifferentarticlesofmerchandisearepurchasedandsold，suchascorn，coffee，cotton，etc。，andthevolumeofbusinesstransacteddailyinthat\"EmpireCity\" mustbeimmense，andalmostbeyondcalculation。 OfcoursethereareExchangesinChicago，Boston，Cincinnati，St。Louis，Philadelphia，Baltimore，Washingtonandothercities，allconductedonsimilarlines，butthepricesarealwaysgovernedbythequotationsfromNewYork。Thisskilfulandsystematicwayofdoingbusinessisremarkable，andIaminclinedtobelievethatNewYorkisaheadofmanycitiesinSouthAmericaandinEurope。 NowonderthattheservicesofAmericansarerequiredbyothercountriesinindustrialandtechnicalconcerns。Someyearsago，whenIwasinMadrid，Inoticedthatthestreettram-carwasrunningaccordingtotheAmericansystem，anduponinquiryIwastolditwascontrolledbyanAmericansyndicate。 ThepursuitofwealthinAmericaisintense；itisapparenteverywhereandseemstobethechiefaimoftheAmericanpeople。 Becauseoftheireagernesstobecomerichassoonaspossibletheyareallinaconstanthurry。Youmayseepeopleinthestreetsalmostrunningtotheiroffices，atluncheontheydonotmasticatetheirfood，theyboltit，andinlessthantenminutesareontheirwaybacktotheirofficeagain。Everyoneisurgedonbythisspiritofhaste，andyoufrequentlyhearofsuddendeathswhichdoctorsattributetoheartfailure，orsomeothermalady，butwhichIsuspectarecausedbythecontinualrestlesshurryandworry。 Peoplewhoaresounnaturallyeagertogetrichnaturallysufferforit。 ItisthegeneralbeliefthatAmericansdonotliveaslongasEuropeans。 Theymakemoneyeasilyandtheirexpectationsarehigh。 IhaveknownmanyAmericanswho，inmyopinion，werewealthypeople，buttheythemselvesdidnotthinkso；infact，theysaidtheywerepoor。 OnceIaskedagentleman，whowasknowntobeworthhalfamillionofgolddollars，whetheritwasnottimeforhimtoretire。 Hepooh-poohedtheideaandsaidthathecouldnotaffordtogiveuphiswork。 Inreplytomyinquiriesheinformedmethathewouldnotcallamanwealthyunlessheshouldbepossessedofoneortwomillionsofdollars。 Withsuchextravagantideas，itisnowonderthatAmericansworksohard。 Igrantthataman\'smissioninthisworldistoattainhappiness。 AccordingtoWebster，happinessis\"thatstateofbeingwhichisattendedwithenjoyment，\"butitiscurioustoobservewhatdifferentnotionspeoplehaveastowhathappinessis。 IknowanEnglishmaninChinawhobyhisskilfulbusinessmanagement，combinedwithgoodluck，hasamassedimmensewealth；infact，heisconsideredtherichestmanintheportwhereheresides。 Heisabachelor，overseventyyearsold，andleadsaverysimplelife。 Buthestillgoestohisofficeeveryday，andtoilsasifhehadtoworkforaliving。Beingtoldthatheshoulddiscontinuehisdrudgery，asathisdeathhewouldhavetoleavehislargefortunetorelativeswhowouldprobablysquanderit，hegaveananswerwhichischaracteristicoftheman。\"Ilove，\"hesaid，\"accumulatingdollarsandbanknotes，andmyenjoymentisincountingthem；ifmyrelativeswhowillinheritmyfortune，takeasmuchpleasureinspendingitasIhavehadinmakingit，theywillbequitewelcometotheirjoy。\" Notmanypeople，Ifancy，willagreewiththeoldbachelor\'sviewoflife。 Ioncesuggestedtoamulti-millionaireofNewYorkthatitwastimeforhimtoretirefromactivework，leavinghissonstocarryonhisbusiness。 Hetoldmethathewouldbeunhappywithoutworkandthatheenjoyedthedemandshisbusinessmadeonhimeachday。 Manyaman\'slifehasbeenshortenedbyhisretiringfrombusiness。 Itisthemindratherthanthebodythatlives，andapartfromtheirbusinessthesemenhavenothoughtsandthereforenolife。Aman\'sideaofhappinessisgreatlygovernedbyhispersonaltastes，andisinfluencedbyhisenvironment，hiseducationandtheclimate。 Theformwhichitistoassumemayvarywithpersonsofdifferenttastesandpositions，butitshouldnotbecarriedoutforhisownbenefitsolelyanditshouldnotbeinjurioustohishealthortohisintellectualandspiritualimprovement，norshoulditbedetrimentaltotheinterestsofotherpeople。 Chapter7。AmericanFreedomandEqualityWhenanOriental，who，throughouthislife，haslivedinhisowncountrywherethewillofhisSovereignissupreme，andthepersonallibertyofthesubjectunknown，firstsetsfootonthesoiloftheUnitedStates，hebreathesanatmosphereunlikeanythinghehaseverknown，andexperiencescurioussensationswhichareabsolutelynew。 Forthefirsttimeinhislifehefeelsthathecandowhateverhepleaseswithoutrestraint，andthathecantalkfreelytopeoplewithoutfear。