第8章

Ihavetakenthismiddlecourseinordertosatisfybothsides； foritwouldbedifficulttoinduceParliamenttoabolishoralterwhathasbeensorecentlyfixedbythem。TheChinesedress，asiswellknownallovertheworld，issuperiortothatwornbycivilizedpeopleintheWest，andtherecentchangefavoredbytheChineseisdeploredbymostforeignersinChina。Thefollowingparagraph，writtenbyaforeignmerchantandpublishedinoneoftheShanghaipapers，expressestheopinionofalmostallintelligentforeignersonthissubject: \"SometimebacktheworldwasjubilantoverthenewsthatamongthegreatreformsadoptedinChinawasthediscardingoftheChinesetunic，thatgreattypicalnationalcostume。`Theyareindeedgettingcivilized，\' saidthegossip；andoneandalladmiredtheenergydisplayedbytheresoluteYoungChinaincomingintolinewiththeCIVILIZEDworld，adoptingevenouruncomfortable，anti-hygienicandanti-estheticcostume。 \"Foreign`fashioned\'tailorshops，hatstores，shoemakers，etc。，sprangupalloverthecountry。WhenIpassedthroughCantoninSeptemberlast，Icouldnothelpnoticingalsothatthosetypicalstreetslinedwithboat-shaped，high-soledshoes，hadbeenreplacedbyforeign-stylebootandshoemakers。 \"UndoubtedlythereformwasgaininggroundandtheChinesewouldhavetobeinthefuturedepicteddressedupasaCaucasian。 \"InmysimplicityIsincerelyconfessIcouldnotbutdeplorethepassingawayofthecentury-oldtunic，soesthetic，socomfortable，sorich，sotypicaloftherace。InmyheartIwassorryforthechange，astomyconceptionitwasnotinthedresswheretheChinesehadtoseekreform……\" IagreewiththiswriterthatitisnotinthedomainofdressthatweChineseshouldlearnfromtheWesternpeoples。 TherearemanythingsinChinawhichcouldbeverywellimprovedbutcertainlynotdress。 Chapter12。AmericanversusChineseCivilization(Continued) Thequestionhasoftenbeenasked\"Whicharethecivilizednations？\" Andtheanswerhasbeen，\"AllEuropeandAmerica。\"Tothequery，\"WhataboutthenationsintheEast？\"theanswerhasbeenmadethatwiththeexceptionofJapan，whohasnowbecomeagreatcivilizedpower，theothernationsaremoreorlesscivilized。Whenthematterisfurtherpressedanditisasked，\"WhataboutChina？\"thegeneralreplyis，\"Sheissemi-civilized，\"orinotherwords，notsocivilizedasthenationsintheWest。 Beforepronouncingsuchanopinionjustifiable，letusconsidertheplainfacts。Itakeitthatcivilizationinculcatesculture，refinement，humaneconduct，fairdealingandjusttreatment。 Amielsays，\"Civilizationisfirstandforemostamoralthing。\" Thereisnodoubtthatthehumanrace，especiallyintheWest，hasimprovedwonderfullywithinthelastcentury。Manyinventionsanddiscoverieshavebeenmade，andmenarenowabletoenjoycomfortswhichcouldnothavebeenobtainedbefore。 Fromamaterialpointofviewwehavecertainlyprogressed，butdothe\"civilized\"peopleintheWestlivelongerthantheso-calledsemi-civilizedraces？Havetheysucceededinprolongingtheirlives？Aretheyhappierthanothers？ Ishouldliketoheartheiranswers。IsitnotafactthatAmericansaremoreliabletocatchcoldthanAsiatics； withtheleastchangeofair，andwiththeslightestappearanceofanepidemicaretheynotmoreeasilyinfectedthanAsiatics？Ifso，why？ Withtheirgeniusforinventionwhyhavetheynotdiscoveredmeanstosafeguardthemselvessothattheycanlivelongeronthisearth？ Again，canAmericanssaythattheyarehappierthantheChinese？ FrompersonalobservationIhaveformedtheopinionthattheChinesearemorecontentedthanAmericans，andonthewholehappier； andcertainlyonemeetsmoreoldpeopleinChinathaninAmerica。 SincetheUnitedStatesofAmericaisrich，wellgoverned，andprovidedwithmorematerialcomfortsthanChina，Americans，onewouldthink，shouldbehappierthanweare，butarethey？ Aretherenotmanyintheirmidstwhoarefriendlessandpenurious？ InChinanomaniswithoutfriends，orifheis，itishisownfault。 \"Virtueisneverfriendless，\"saidConfucius，and，associetyisconstitutedinChina，thisisliterallytrue。IfthisisnotsoinAmericaIfearthereissomethingwrongwiththatboastedcivilization，andthattheirmaterialtriumphsoverthephysicalforcesofnaturehavebeenpaiddearlyforbyalossofinsightintoherprofoundspiritualities。 PerhapssomewillunderstandwhenIquoteLaoTsze\'saddresstoConfuciuson\"Simplicity\"。\"Thechafffromwinnowingwillblindaman。 Mosquitoeswillbiteamanandkeephimawakeallnight，andsoitiswithallthetalkofyoursaboutcharityanddutytoone\'sneighbor，itdrivesonecrazy。Sir，strivetokeeptheworldinitsoriginalsimplicity——whysomuchfuss？Thewindblowsasitlisteth，soletvirtueestablishitself。Theswaniswhitewithoutadailybath，andtheravenisblackwithoutdyeingitself。Whenthepondisdryandthefishesaregaspingforbreathitisofnousetomoistenthemwithalittlewateroralittlesprinkling。Comparedtotheiroriginalandsimpleconditioninthepondandtheriversitisnothing。\" HenryWardBeechersays，\"Wealthmaynotproducecivilization，butcivilizationproducesmoney，\"andinmyopinionwhilewealthmaybeusedtopromotehappinessandhealthitasofteninjuresboth。 Happinessistheproductofliberality，intelligenceandservicetoothers，andthereflexofhappinessishealth。Mycontentionisthatthepeoplewhopossessthesegoodqualitiesinthegreatestdegreearethemostcivilized。 Nowcivilization，asmentionedinthepreviouschapter，wasbornintheEastandtravelledwestward。Thelawofnatureisspiral，andinasmuchasEasterncivilizationtaughtthepeopleoftheWest，soWesterncivilization，whichisbaseduponprinciplesnativetotheEast，willreturntoitsoriginalsource。Nonationcannowremainshutupwithinitselfwithoutintercoursewithothernations； theEastandtheWestcannolongerexistseparateandapart。 Thenewfacilitiesfortransportationandtravelbylandandwaterbringallnations，European，American，AsiaticandAfrican，nextdoortoeachother，andwhentheartofaviationismoreadvancedandpeopletravelintheairassafelyastheynowcrossoceans，therelationshipsofnationswillbecomestillcloser。 Whateffectwillthishaveonmankind？Thefirsteffectwillbe，Ishouldsay，greaterstability。Asinterestsbecomecommon，destructivecombatswillvanish。Allalikewillbeinterestedinpeace。 ItisagratifyingsignthatwithinrecentyearsthepeopleofAmericahavetakenaprominentpartinpeacemovements，andhaveinauguratedpeacecongresses，themembersofwhichrepresentdifferentsectionsofthecountry。Annualgatheringsofthisordermustdomuchtopreventwarandtoperpetuatepeace，byturningpeople\'sthoughtsintherightdirection。 Take，forinstance，theLakeMohonkConferenceonInternationalArbitration，whichwasstartedbyaprivategentleman，Mr。A。K。Smiley，whowaswonteveryyeartoinviteprominentofficialsandotherstohisbeautifulsummerplaceatLakeMohonkforaconference。 Hehaspassedaway，totheregretofhismanyfriends，butthegoodmovementstillcontinues，andthenineteenthannualconferencewasheldundertheauspicesofhisbrother，Mr。DanielSmiley。 Amongthosepresent，therewerenotonlyeminentAmericans，suchasDr。C。W。Eliot，PresidentEmeritusofHarvardUniversity，Ex-AmericanAmbassadorC。Tower，Dr。J。Taylor，PresidentofVassarCollege，andDr。LymanAbbott，butdistinguishedforeignerssuchasJ。A。Baker，M。P。，ofEngland，HerrHeinrichYorkSteiner，ofVienna，andmanyothers。 Amongthelargenumberofpeoplewhosupportthiskindofmovement，andthenumberisincreasingeveryday，thenameofMr。AndrewCarnegiestandsoutveryprominently。ThisbenevolentgentlemanisamostvigorousadvocateofInternationalPeace，andhasspentmostofhistimeandmoneyforthatpurpose。Hehasgiventenmilliondollars(gold) forthepurposeofestablishingtheCarnegiePeaceFund；thefirstparagraphinhislonglettertothetrusteesisworthyofreproduction，asitexpresseshisstrongconvictions: \"Ihavetransferredtoyou，\"hesays，\"asTrusteesoftheCarnegiePeaceFund，tenmilliondollarsoffivepercent。mortgagebonds，therevenueofwhichistobeadministeredbyyoutohastentheabolitionofinternationalwar，thefoulestblotuponourcivilization。Althoughwenolongereatourfellowmennortortureourprisoners，norsackcities，killingtheirinhabitants，westillkilleachotherinwarlikebarbarians。 OnlywildbeastsareexcusablefordoingthatinthistheTwentiethCenturyoftheChristianera，forthecrimeofwarisinherent，sinceitdecidesnotinfavoroftheright，butalwaysofthestrong。 Thenationiscriminalwhichrefusesarbitrationanddrivesitsadversarytoatribunalwhichknowsnothingofrighteousjudgment。\" IamgladtosaythatIamfamiliarwithmanyAmericanmagazinesandjournalswhichareregularlypublishedtoadvocatepeace，andIhavenodoubtthatineverycountrysimilarmovementsarestirring，forthenationsarebeginningtorealizethedisastrouseffectsofwar。 IfIamnotmistaken，however，Americansarethemostactiveinthismatter。 ThePermanentCourtofArbitrationatTheHague，whosemembersbelongtonearlyeverynation，isasignificantindexofthespiritofthetimes。 Yetwhatanironyoffatethatwhilepeoplearesoactiveinperpetuatingpeacetheycannotpreserveit。LookattherecentwarsinEurope，firstbetweenItalyandTurkey，andafterwardintheBalkans，tosaynothingofdisturbancesinChinaandotherpartsoftheworld。 Itisjustlikewarningachildnottotakepoisonandthenallowinghimtoswallowitanddie。Sensiblemenshouldconsiderthisquestioncalmlyandseriously。Weallagreeastothewickednessofwarandyetwewarwithoneanother；wedonotlikewaryetwecannothelpwar。 Thereissurelysomehiddendefectinthewaywehavebeenbroughtup。 Isnotthesloganofnationality，toagreatextent，therootoftheevil？ Everyschoolboyandschoolgirlistaughtthedutyofdevotion，orstrongattachment，tohisorherowncountry，andeverystatesmanorpublicmanpreachesthedoctrineofloyaltytoone\'snativeland； whilethemanwhodarestorenderservicetoanothercountry，theinterestsofwhichareopposedtotheinterestsofhisownland，isdenouncedatraitor。Insuchcasestheindividualisneverallowedanopinionastotherightorwrongofthedispute。Heisexpectedtosupporthisowncountryandtocryatalltimes，\"Ourcountry，rightorwrong。\"Apolitician\'sbestchancetosecurevotesistoglossoverthefaultsofhisownpartyornation，todilateonthewickednessofhisneighborsandtoexhorthiscompatriotstobeloyaltotheirnationalflag。Canitbewonderedatthatmenwhoareimbuedwithsuchdoctrinesbecomeselfishandnarrow-mindedandareeasilyinvolvedinquarrelswithothernations？ Patriotismis，ofcourse，thenationallife。Twenty-fourcenturiesago，speakingintheGreekColonyofNaxos，Pythagorasdescribedthisemotioninthefollowingeloquentpassage:\"Listen，mychildren，towhattheStateshouldbetothegoodcitizen。Itismorethanfatherormother，itismorethanhusbandorwife，itismorethanchildorfriend。 TheStateisthefatherandmotherofall，isthewifeofthehusbandandthehusbandofthewife。Thefamilyisgood，andgoodisthejoyofthemaninwifeandinson。ButgreateristheState，whichistheprotectorofall，withoutwhichthehomewouldberavagedanddestroyed。 Deartothegoodmanisthehonorofthewomanwhoborehim，dearthehonorofthewifewhosechildrenclingtohisknees； butdearershouldbethehonoroftheStatethatkeepssafethewifeandthechild。ItistheStatefromwhichcomesallthatmakesyourlifeprosperous，andgivesyoubeautyandsafety。 WithintheStatearebuiltupthearts，whichmakethedifferencebetweenthebarbarianandtheman。Ifthebravemandiesgladlyforthehearthstone，farmoregladlyshouldhediefortheState。\" ButonlywhentheStateseeksthegoodofthegoverned，forsaidPythagorasonanotheroccasion:\"Organizedsocietyexistsforthehappinessandwelfareofitsmembers；andwhereitfailstosecuretheseitstandsipsofactocondemned。\" Butto-dayshouldtheStatebeatwarwithanother，andanycitizenorsectionofcitizensbelievetheirowncountrywrongandtheopposingnationwronged，theydarenotsayso，oriftheydotheyrungreatriskofbeingpunishedfortreason。 Menandwomenthoughnolongerboughtandsoldinthemarketplacearesubjectedtosubtlerformsofserfdom。InmostEuropeancountriestheyareobligedtofightwhethertheywillornot，andirrespectiveoftheirprivateconvictionsaboutthedispute；eventhough，asisthecaseinsomeEuropeancountries，theymaybecitizensfromcompulsionratherthanchoice，theyarenotfreetoabstainfromactiveparticipationinthequarrel。Chineserebellionsaresaidto\"liveonloot\"，i。e。，ontheforcibleconfiscationofprivateproperty，butisthatworsethanwinningbattlesontheforcibledeprivationofpersonalliberty？ Thisisnationalismgonemad!ItfostersthedesireforterritorygrabbingandillustratesafundamentaldifferencebetweentheOrientandtheOccident。 WithusgovernmentisbasedontheconsentofthegovernedinawaythattheWesternercanhardlyunderstand，forhispassiontoexpandischronic。Smallnationswhichareover-populatedwantterritoryfortheirsurpluspopulation；greatnationsdesireterritorytoextendtheirtrade，andwhenthereareseveralgreatpowerstodividethespoiltheydistributeitamongthemselvesandcallit\"spheresofinfluence\"，andallinhonorofthegodCommerce。InChinathefundamentalsofoursocialsystemarebrotherhoodandthedignityoflabor。 What，Iask，istheadvantageofaddingtonationalterritory？ Letusexaminethequestioncalmly。Ifatownoraprovinceisseizedtheconquerorhastokeepalargearmytomaintainpeaceandorder，andunlessthepeoplearewelldisposedtothenewauthoritytherewillbeconstanttroubleandfriction。Allthis，Imaysay，inpassing，isopposedtoourConfuciancodewhichbaseseverythingonreasonandabhorsviolence。Wewouldratherarguewithamobandfindout，ifpossible，itspointofview，thanfireonit。Wehaveyettobeconvincedthatgoodresultsflowfromtheuseoftheswordandthecannon。 Westernnationsknownoothercompulsion。 If，however，theacquisitionofnewterritoryarisesfromadesiretodevelopthecountryandtointroducethemostmodernandimprovedsystemsofgovernment，withoutulteriorintentions，thenitisbeyondpraise，butIfearthatsuchdisinterestedactionsarerare。 ThenearestapproachtosuchhighprincipleisthepurchaseofthePhilippineIslandsbytheUnitedStates。Icallit\"purchase\" becausetheUnitedStatesGovernmentpaidagoodpricefortheIslandsafterhavingseizedtheterritory。TheintentionsoftheGovernmentwerewellknownatthetime。SinceheracquisitionofthoseIslands，Americahasbeendoingherbesttodeveloptheirresourcesandexpandtheirtrade。Administrativeandjudicialreformshavebeenintroduced，liberaleducationhasbeengiventothenatives，whoarebeingtrainedforself-government。IthasbeenrepeatedlyandauthoritativelydeclaredbytheUnitedStatesthatassoonastheyarecompetenttogovernthemselveswithoutdangerofdisturbances，andareabletoestablishastablegovernment，Americawillgrantindependencetothoseislands。Ibelievethatwhenthepropertimecomesshewillfulfillherword，andthussetanobleexampletotheworld。 TheBritishinHongkongaffordanillustrationofadifferentorder，provingthetruthofmycontentionthat，exceptingasaspherefortheexerciseofaltruism，theacquisitionofnewterritoriesisanillusivegain。WhenHongkongwascededtoGreatBritainattheconclusionofawarinwhichChinawasdefeated，itwasabareislandcontainingonlyafewfishermen\'shuts。 Inordertomakeitatradingportandencouragepeopletolivethere，theBritishGovernmentspentlargesumsofmoneyyearafteryearforitsimprovementanddevelopment，andthroughthewiseadministrationofthelocalGovernmenteveryfacilitywasaffordedforfreetrade。 ItisnowaprosperousBritishcolonywithapopulationofnearlyhalfamillion。ButwhathavebeentheadvantagestoGreatBritain？ Financiallyshehasbeenagreatloser，fortheIslandwhichshereceivedatthecloseofherwarwithChinawasformanyyearsagreatdrainonhernationaltreasury。NowHongkongisaself-supportingcolony，butwhatbenefitsdotheBritishenjoytherethatdonotbelongtoeveryoneelse？Thecolonyisopentoallforeigners，andeveryrightwhichaBritishmerchanthasisequallysharedwitheveryoneelse。 Accordingtothecensusof1911，outofapopulationof456，739 only12，075werenon-Chinese，ofwhomasmallportionwereBritish； therestwereChinese。ThustheprosperityofthatcolonydependsupontheChinesewho，itisneedlesstosay，areinpossessionofalltheprivilegesthatareenjoyedbyBritishresidents。 Itshouldbenoticedthatthenumberofforeignfirmsandstores(i。e。，non-British)havebeenandareincreasing，whilebigBritishhongsarelessnumerousthanbefore。Financially，theBritishpeoplehavecertainlynotbeengainersbytheacquisitionofthatcolony。 OfcourseIshallbetoldthatitaddstotheprestigeofGreatBritain，butthisisanempty，bumptiousboastdearlypaidforbytheBritishtax-payer。 Fromaneconomicandmoralpointofview，however，ImustadmitthatagreatdealofgoodhasbeendonebytheBritishGovernmentinHongkong。 IthasprovidedtheChinesewithanactualworkingmodelofaWesternsystemofgovernmentwhich，notwithstandingmanydifficulties，hassucceededintransformingabarrenislandintoaprosperoustown，whichisnowthelargestshippingportinChina。Theimpartialadministrationoflawandthehumanetreatmentofcriminalscannotbutexciteadmirationandgaintheconfidenceofthenatives。 IftheBritishGovernment，inacquiringthedesertisland，hadforitspurposetheinstructionofthenativesinamodernsystemofgovernment，sheistobesincerelycongratulated，butitisfearedthathermotiveswerelessaltruistic。 Theseremarksapplyequally，ifnotwithgreaterforce，totheothercoloniesorpossessionsinChinaunderthecontrolofEuropeanPowers，aswellastotheothercoloniesoftheBritishEmpire，suchasAustralia，NewZealand，Canada，andotherswhicharecalled\"self-governingdominions\"。 TheImperialGovernmentfeelsverytendertowardthesecolonists，andpracticallytheyareallowedtomanagetheiraffairsastheylike。 Sincetheyaresogenerouslytreatedandenjoytheprotectionofsogreatapower，thereisnofearthattheseself-governingdominionswilleverbecomeindependentoftheirmothercountry；butiftheyevershoulddoso，itismostimprobablethatshewoulddeclarewaragainstthem，astheBritishpeoplehavegrownwisersincetheirexperiencewiththeAmericancolonists。Britishstatesmenhavebeenawakenedtothenecessityofwinningthegood-willoftheircolonists，andwithinrecentyearshaveadoptedthepolicyofinvitingtheColonialpremierstoLondontodiscussquestionsaffectingImperialandColonialinterests。 ImperialfederationseemstobegrowingpopularwiththeBritishanditisprobablethatinthefutureEngland，Scotland，Wales，andIrelandwilleachhaveitsownparliament，withanImperialParliament，sittingatWestminster，containingrepresentativesfromallpartsoftheBritishEmpire，butAmericaistheonlynationwhichhasaddedtoherresponsibilitieswiththeavowedpurposeofmakingsemi-civilizedtribesindependent，self-governingcolonies，andAmericaisalmosttheonlygreatpowerthathasneveroccupiedorheldterritoryinChina。 Letmeaskagainwhatistheobjectofnationsseekingnewpossessions？ Isitforthepurposeoftrade？Ifso，theobjectcanbeobtainedwithoutacquiringterritory。Inthesedaysofenlightenmentanyonecangotoanycountryandtradewithoutrestriction，andintheBritishcoloniesthealienisinthesamepositionasthenative。 Heisnothamperedby\"permits\"orother\"red-tape\"methods。Isitforthepurposeofemigration？InEurope，AmericaandalltheBritishcolonies，sofarasIknow，whitepeople，unlesstheyarepaupersorundesirables，canemigratetoanycountryandafterashortperiodbecomenaturalized。 Somestatesmenwouldsaythatitisnecessaryforagreatpowertohavenavalbasesorcoalingstationsinseveralpartsoftheworld。 Thispresupposespreparationsforwar；butifinternationalpeaceweremaintained，suchpossessionswouldbeuselessandthemoneyspentonthemwasted。Inanycaseitisunproductiveexpenditure。 Itisthefashionforpoliticians(andIamsorrytofindthemsupportedbyeminentstatesmen)topreachthedoctrineofarmaments；theyallegethatinordertopreservepeaceitisnecessarytobepreparedforwar，thatanationwithalargearmyornavycommandsrespect，andthatherwordcarriesweight。Thisargumentcutsbothways，foranationoccupyingsuchacommandingpositionmaybeunreasonableandaterrortoweakernations。Ifthishigh-toneddoctrinecontinueswherewillitend？Weshallsoonseeeverynationarmingtotheteethforthesakeofhernationalhonorandsafety，anddraininghertreasuryforthepurposeofbuildingdreadnaughtsandprovidingarmaments。 Whensuchastateofthingsexistscaninternationalpeacebeperpetuated？ Willnotoccasionbefoundtotestthosewarimplementsandtoutilizethenavalandmilitarymen？Whenyoupurchaseaknifedon\'tyouexpecttouseit？Mr。LloydGeorge，theEnglishChancelloroftheExchequer，inaspeechinwhichhelamentedtheever-increasingbutunnecessaryexpenditureonarmaments，saidinParliament:\"Ifeelconfidentthatitwillendinagreatdisaster——Iwon\'tsaytothiscountry，thoughitisjustpossiblethatitmayendinadisasterhere。\" Amanwitharevolversometimesinvitesattack，lestwhatwasatfirstintendedonlyforadefenseshouldbecomeamenace。 WhendiscussingthecrazeoftheWesternnationsforaddingtotheirterritoriesIsaidthatwhitepeoplecanemigratetoanyforeigncountrythattheyplease，butitisnotsowiththeyellowrace。Ithasbeenassertedwithauthoritythatsomecountriesarereservedexclusivelyforthewhiteraces，andwiththisobjectinviewlawshavebeenenactedprohibitingthenativesofAsiafrombecomingnaturalizedcitizens，besidesimposingverystrictandalmostprohibitoryregulationsregardingtheiradmission。Thosewhosupportsuchapolicyholdthatthey，thewhitepeople，aresuperiortotheyellowpeopleinintellect，ineducation，intaste，andinhabits，andthattheyellowpeopleareunworthytoassociatewiththem。YetinChinawehavemanners，wehavearts，wehavemorals，andwehavemanagedafairlylargesocietyforthousandsofyearswithoutthebitterclasshatreds，classdivisions，andclassstrugglesthathavemarredthefairprogressoftheWest。 Wehavenotenslavedourlivestowealth。Welikeluxurybutwelikeotherthingsbetter。Welovelifemorethanchasingimitationsoflife。 Ourdifferencesofcolor，likeourdifferencesofspeech，areaccidental，theyareduetoclimaticandotherinfluences。Wecameoriginallyfromonestock。Weallstartedevenly，Heavenhasnofavorites。 Manalonehasmadedifferencesbetweenmanandman，andtheyellowmanisnowhitinferiortothewhitepeopleinintelligence。 DuringtheRusso-JapanWarwasitnottheyellowracethatdisplayedthesuperiorintelligence？IamsometimesalmosttemptedtosaythatAsiawillhavetocivilizetheWestoveragain。 Iamnotbitterorsarcastic，butIdocontendthatthereareyetmanythingsthatthewhiteraceshavetolearnfromtheircoloredbrethren。 InIndia，inChina，andinJapanthereareinstitutionswhichhaveastabilityunknownoutsideAsia。ReligionhasapparentlylittleinfluenceonWesterncivilization；itisthecorner-stoneofsocietyinallAsiaticcivilizations。Theresultisthatthecoloredracesplacemoralityintheplaceassignedbytheirmorepracticalwhiteconfrerestoeconomicpropositions。Wethink，aswecontemplatetheWest，thatwhitepeopledonotunderstandcomfortbecausetheyhavenoleisuretoenjoycontentment；THEYmeasurelifebyaccumulation，WEbymorality。 Familytiesarestrongerwiththeso-calledcoloredracesthantheyareamongthemoreirresponsiblewhiteraces； consequentlythesocialsenseiskeeneramongtheformerandmuchindividualsufferingisavoided。Wehaveourvices，butthesearenotpeculiartoUS；and，atleast，wehavethemeritofbeingeasilygoverned。WhereverthereareChinesecoloniesthegeneralverdictis:\"TheChinesemakegoodcitizens。\" ThisiswhatthelateSirRobertHart，towhomChinaowesherCustomsorganization，saidaboutus: \"They(theChinese)arewell-behaved，law-abiding，intelligent，economical，andindustrious；theycanlearnanythinganddoanything； theyarepunctiliouslypolite，theyworshiptalent，andtheybelieveinrightsofirmlythattheyscorntothinkitrequirestobesupportedorenforcedbymight；theydelightinliterature，andeverywheretheyhavetheirliteraryclubsandcoteriesforlearninganddiscussingeachother\'sessaysandverses； theypossessandpractiseanadmirablesystemofethics，andtheyaregenerous，charitable，andfondofgoodwork； theyneverforgetafavor，theymakerichreturnforanykindness，andthoughtheyknowmoneywillbuyservice，amanmustbemorethanwealthytowinesteemandrespect；theyarepractical，teachable，andwonderfullygiftedwithcommonsense；theyareexcellentartisans，reliableworkmen，andofagoodfaiththateveryoneacknowledgesandadmiresintheircommercialdealings；innocountrythatisorwas，hasthecommandment`Honorthyfatherandthymother\'，beensoreligiouslyobeyed，orsofullyandwithoutexceptiongiveneffectto，anditisinfactthekeynoteoftheirfamily，social，officialandnationallife，andbecauseitissotheirdaysarelonginthelandGodhasgiventhem。\" Thecryof\"AmericafortheAmericans\"or\"AustraliafortheAustralians\" ismostillogical，forthosepeoplewerenottheoriginalownersofthesoil； withfargreaterreasonweinthefarEastmightshout，\"ChinafortheChinese\"，\"JapanfortheJapanese\"。IwillquoteMr。T。S。Sutton，EnglishSecretaryoftheChinese-AmericanLeagueofJustice，onthispoint。\"Themostasininewhineintheworld，\"hesays，\"isthatof`AmericafortheAmericans\'or`ChinafortheChinese\'，etc。 Itisthehissingsloganofgreed，fear，envy，selfishness，ignoranceandprejudice。Noman，nohumanbeingwhocallshimselfaman，noChristian，nosaneorreasonableperson，shouldorcouldeverbeguiltyofutteringthatdespicablewail。Godmadetheworldforallmen，andifGodhasanypreference，ifGodisanyrespecterofpersons，HemustsurelyfavortheChinese，forHehasmademoreofthemthanofanyotherpeopleontheglobe。`AmericafortheaboriginalIndians\' wasoncethecry。ThenwhentheEnglishcameoveritchangedto`AmericafortheEnglish\'，later`AmericaforthePuritans\'，andaroundNewOrleanstheycried`AmericafortheFrench\'。InPennsylvaniathesloganwas`AmericafortheDutch\'，etc。，butthetruthremainsthatGodhassetasideAmericaas`themeltingpot\'oftheworld，thelandtowhichallpeoplemaycome，andfromwhichtherehasarisen，andwillcontinuetorise，agreatmixedrace，acosmopolitannationthatmay，ifitisnotmisledbyprejudiceandignorance，yetleadtheworld。\" AlthoughMr。Sutton\'sphraseologyissomewhatstrong，hisargumentsaresoundandunanswerable。 Inowpasstosomelesscontroversialaspectsofmytheme，andnoteapraiseworthycustomthatispracticallyunknownintheFarEast。 IrefertothehabitofinternationalmarriageswhicharenotonlycommonincosmopolitanAmericabutareofdailyoccurrenceinEuropealso，amongordinarypeopleaswellastheroyalfamiliesofEurope，sothatnearlyalltheEuropeancourtsarerelatedonetotheother。 Thisisagoodomenforapermanentworld-peace。TherehavebeensomemarriagesofAsiaticswithEuropeansandAmericans，andtheyshouldbeencouraged。EverythingthatbringstheEastandWesttogetherandhelpseachtounderstandtheotherbetter，isgood。Theoffspringfromsuchmixedunionsinheritthegoodpointsofbothsides。TheheadmasteroftheQueen\'sCollegeinHongkong，wheretherearehundredsofboysofdifferentnationalitiesstudyingtogether，oncetoldmethatformerlyattheyearlyexaminationtheprizeswerenearlyallwonbytheChinesestudents，butthatinlateryearswhenEurasianboyswereadmitted，theybeattheChineseandalltheothers，andgenerallycameoutthebest。 Notonlyinschoolbutinbusinessalsotheyhaveturnedoutwell。 ItiswellknownthattherichestmaninHongkongisaEurasian。 ItissaidthatthefatherofAguinaldo，thewell-knownPhilippineleader，wasaChinese。Thereisnodoubtthatmixedmarriagesofthewhitewiththeyellowraceswillbeproductiveofgoodtobothsides。 ButdoChinesereallymakegoodhusbands？myladyfriendsask。 IwillcitethecaseofanAmericanlady。SomeyearsagoaChinesecalledonmeatmyLegationinWashingtonaccompaniedbyanAmericanladyandagirl。Theladywasintroducedtomeashiswifeandthegirlashisdaughter；Inaturallysupposedthattheladywasthegirl\'smother，butshetoldmethatthegirlwasthedaughterofherlateintimatefriend，andthatafterherdeath，knowingthatthechild\'sfatherhadbeenagoodandaffectionatehusbandtoherfriend，shehadgladlybecomehissecondwife，andadoptedhisdaughter。 Thosewhobelieveinreincarnation(andIhopemostofmyreadersdo，asitisacluetomanymysteries)understandthatwhenpeoplearereincarnatedtheyarenotalwaysborninthesamecountryorcontinentasthatinwhichtheylivedintheirpreviouslife。IhaveanimpressionthatinoneofmyformerexistencesIwasbornandbroughtupintheUnitedStates。InsayingthisIdonotexpresstheslightestregretsathavingnowbeenborninAsia。IonlywishtogiveahinttothosewhitepeoplewhoadvocateanexclusivepolicythatintheirnextlifetheymaybeborninAsiaorAfrica，andthattheinjurytheyarenowinflictingontheyellowpeopletheymaythemselveshavetosufferinanotherlife。 WhileadmittingthatweChinesehaveourfaultsandthatinsomematterswehavemuchtolearn，especiallyfromtheAmericans，weatleastpossessonemoralquality，magnanimity，whiletheprimalvirtuesofindustry，economy，obedience，andloveofpeace，combinedwitha\"moderationinallthings\"，arealsocommonamongus。Ourpeoplehavefrequentlybeenslightedorill-treatedbutweentertainnorevengefulspirit，andarewillingtoforget。Webelievethatintheendrightwillconquermight。InnumerableashavebeenthedisputesbetweenChineseandforeignersitcanatleastbesaid，withoutgoingintodetails，thatwehavenot，inthefirstinstance，beentheaggressors。Letmesupplyalocalillustrationshowinghowourfaultsarealwaysexaggerated。Westernpeoplearefondofhorse-racing。 InShanghaitheyhavesecuredfromtheChinesealargepieceofgroundwheretheyholdracemeetingstwiceayear，butnoChineseareallowedonthegrand-standduringtheracedays。Theyareprovidedwithaseparateentrance，andaseparateenclosure，asthoughtheywerethevictimsofsomeinfectiousdisease。IhavebeentoldthatafewyearsagoaChinesegentlemantooksomeChineseladiesintothegrand-standandthattheymisbehaved；hencethisdiscriminatorytreatmentofChinese。 Itisproperthatstepsshouldbetakentopreserveorderanddecencyinpublicplaces，butisitfairtointerdictthepeopleofanationonaccountofthemisconductoftwoorthree？SupposeithadbeenGermanswhohadmisbehavedthemselves(whichisnotlikely)，wouldtheraceclubhavedaredtoexcludeGermansfromsharingwithothernationsthepleasuresoftheraces？ Incontrastwiththis，letusseewhattheChinesehavedone。 Havinglearnedthegameofhorse-racingfromtheforeignersinChina，andnotbeingallowedtoparticipate，theyhaveformedtheirownraceclub，and，withintention，havecalleditthe\"InternationalRecreationClub\"。 ThisClubhaspurchasedalargetractoflandatKiangwan，aboutfivemilesfromShanghai，andhasturneditintoarace-course，considerablylargerthanthatinShanghai。Whenaracemeetingisheldthere，ITISOPENTOFOREIGNERSASWELLASCHINESE，infactcomplimentaryticketshaveevenbeensenttothemembersoftheforeignraceclubinvitingtheirattendance。Halfofthemembersoftheracecommitteeareforeigners； whileforeignersandChineseactjointlyasstewardsandjudges； theponiesthatrunareownedbyforeignersaswellasbyChinese，andChinesejockeyscompetewithforeignjockeysinalltheevents。 Amostpleasingfeatureoftheseracesistheverymanifestcordialgoodfeelingwhichprevailsthroughouttheracesthere。 TheChinesehavebeendubbed\"semi-civilizedandheathenish\"，butthe\"InternationalRecreationClub\"andtheKiangwanrace-coursedisplayanabsenceofanydesiretoretaliateandsentimentsofinternationalfriendshipsuchasitwould，perhaps，bedifficulttoparallel。 ShouldsuchpeoplebedeniedadmissionintoAustralia，Canada，ortheUnitedStates？Wouldnottheexclusionistsinthosecountriesprofitbyassociationwiththem？ TheimmigrationlawsinforceinAustraliaare，Iaminformed，evenmorestrictandmoreseverethanthoseintheUnitedStates。 Theyamounttoalmosttotalprohibition；fortheyaredirectednotonlyagainstChineselaborersbutaresooperatedthattheChinesemerchantandstudentarealsopracticallyrefusedadmission。 InthecourseofalecturedeliveredinEnglandbyMrs。AnnieBesantin1912 on\"ThecitizenshipofcoloredracesintheBritishEmpire\"，whilecondemningtheraceprejudicesofherownpeople，shebroughtoutafactwhichwillbeinterestingtomyreaders，especiallytotheAustralians。 Shesays，\"InAustraliaaverycuriouschangeistakingplace。 Colorhasverymuchdeepenedinthatclime，andtheAustralianhasbecomeveryyellow；sothatitbecomesaproblemwhether，afteratime，thepeoplewouldbeallowedtoliveintheirowncountry。 ThewhitepeoplearefarmorecoloredthanaresomeIndians。\"