第14章

Publicopinionhailedthisdoctrinewithahowlofwildapplause，andsettheprisonersfree，towalkthecity，menofmark，andinfluence，andstation，astheyhadbeenbefore。 Publicopinion!whatclassofmenhaveanimmensepreponderanceovertherestofthecommunity，intheirpowerofrepresentingpublicopinioninthelegislature？theslave-owners。TheysendfromtheirtwelveStatesonehundredmembers，whilethefourteenfreeStates，withafreepopulationnearlydouble，returnbutahundredandforty-two。Beforewhomdothepresidentialcandidatesbowdownthemosthumbly，onwhomdotheyfawnthemostfondly，andforwhosetastesdotheycaterthemostassiduouslyintheirservileprotestations？Theslave-ownersalways。 Publicopinion!hearthepublicopinionofthefreeSouth，asexpressedbyitsownmembersintheHouseofRepresentativesatWashington。\'Ihaveagreatrespectforthechair，\'quothNorthCarolina，\'Ihaveagreatrespectforthechairasanofficerofthehouse，andagreatrespectforhimpersonally；nothingbutthatrespectpreventsmefromrushingtothetableandtearingthatpetitionwhichhasjustbeenpresentedfortheabolitionofslaveryinthedistrictofColumbia，topieces。\'-\'Iwarntheabolitionists，\'saysSouthCarolina，\'ignorant，infuriatedbarbariansastheyare，thatifchanceshallthrowanyofthemintoourhands，hemayexpectafelon\'sdeath。\'-\'LetanabolitionistcomewithinthebordersofSouthCarolina，\'criesathird；mildCarolina\'scolleague；\'andifwecancatchhim，wewilltryhim，andnotwithstandingtheinterferenceofallthegovernmentsonearth，includingtheFederalgovernment，wewillHANGhim。\' Publicopinionhasmadethislaw-IthasdeclaredthatinWashington，inthatcitywhichtakesitsnamefromthefatherofAmericanliberty，anyjusticeofthepeacemaybindwithfettersanynegropassingdownthestreetandthrusthimintojail:nooffenceontheblackman\'spartisnecessary。Thejusticesays，\'I choosetothinkthismanarunaway:\'andlockshimup。Publicopinionimpowersthemanoflawwhenthisisdone，toadvertisethenegrointhenewspapers，warninghisownertocomeandclaimhim，orhewillbesoldtopaythejailfees。Butsupposingheisafreeblack，andhasnoowner，itmaynaturallybepresumedthatheissetatliberty。No:HEISSOLDTORECOMPENSEHISJAILER。Thishasbeendoneagain，andagain，andagain。Hehasnomeansofprovinghisfreedom；hasnoadviser，messenger，orassistanceofanysortorkind；noinvestigationintohiscaseismade，orinquiryinstituted。He，afreeman，whomayhaveservedforyears，andboughthisliberty，isthrownintojailonnoprocess，fornocrime，andonnopretenceofcrime:andissoldtopaythejailfees。Thisseemsincredible，evenofAmerica，butitisthelaw。 Publicopinionisdeferredto，insuchcasesasthefollowing: whichisheadedinthenewspapers:- \'INTERESTINGLAW-CASE。 \'AninterestingcaseisnowontrialintheSupremeCourt，arisingoutofthefollowingfacts。AgentlemanresidinginMarylandhadallowedanagedpairofhisslaves，substantialthoughnotlegalfreedomforseveralyears。Whilethusliving，adaughterwasborntothem，whogrewupinthesameliberty，untilshemarriedafreenegro，andwentwithhimtoresideinPennsylvania。Theyhadseveralchildren，andlivedunmolesteduntiltheoriginalownerdied，whenhisheirattemptedtoregainthem；butthemagistratebeforewhomtheywerebrought，decidedthathehadnojurisdictioninthecase。THEOWNERSEIZEDTHEWOMANANDHERCHILDRENITSTHE NIGHT，ANDCARRIEDTHEMTOMARYLAND。\' \'Cashfornegroes，\'\'cashfornegroes，\'\'cashfornegroes，\'istheheadingofadvertisementsingreatcapitalsdownthelongcolumnsofthecrowdedjournals。Woodcutsofarunawaynegrowithmanacledhands，crouchingbeneathabluffpursuerintopboots，who，havingcaughthim，graspshimbythethroat，agreeablydiversifythepleasanttext。Theleadingarticleprotestsagainst\'thatabominableandhellishdoctrineofabolition，whichisrepugnantaliketoeverylawofGodandnature。\'Thedelicatemamma，whosmilesheracquiescenceinthissprightlywritingasshereadsthepaperinhercoolpiazza，quietsheryoungestchildwhoclingsaboutherskirts，bypromisingtheboy\'awhiptobeatthelittleniggerswith。\'-Butthenegroes，littleandbig，areprotectedbypublicopinion。 Letustrythispublicopinionbyanothertest，whichisimportantinthreepointsofview:first，asshowinghowdesperatelytimidofthepublicopinionslave-ownersare，intheirdelicatedescriptionsoffugitiveslavesinwidelycirculatednewspapers； secondly，asshowinghowperfectlycontentedtheslavesare，andhowveryseldomtheyrunaway；thirdly，asexhibitingtheirentirefreedomfromscar，orblemish，oranymarkofcruelinfliction，astheirpicturesaredrawn，notbylyingabolitionists，butbytheirowntruthfulmasters。 Thefollowingareafewspecimensoftheadvertisementsinthepublicpapers。Itisonlyfouryearssincetheoldestamongthemappeared；andothersofthesamenaturecontinuetobepublishedeveryday，inshoals。 \'Ranaway，NegressCaroline。Hadonacollarwithoneprongturneddown。\' \'Ranaway，ablackwoman，Betsy。Hadanironbaronherrightleg。\' \'Ranaway，thenegroManuel。Muchmarkedwithirons。\' \'Ranaway，thenegressFanny。Hadonanironbandaboutherneck。\' \'Ranaway，anegroboyabouttwelveyearsold。Hadroundhisneckachaindog-collarwith\"DeLampert\"engravedonit。\' \'Ranaway，thenegroHown。Hasaringofirononhisleftfoot。 Also，Grise，HISWIFE，havingaringandchainontheleftleg。\' \'Ranaway，anegroboynamedJames。Saidboywasironedwhenheleftme。\' \'Committedtojail，amanwhocallshisnameJohn。Hehasaclogofirononhisrightfootwhichwillweighfourorfivepounds。\' \'Detainedatthepolicejail，thenegrowench，Myra。HasseveralmarksofLASHING，andhasironsonherfeet。\' \'Ranaway，anegrowomanandtwochildren。Afewdaysbeforeshewentoff，Iburntherwithahotiron，ontheleftsideofherface。ItriedtomaketheletterM。\' \'Ranaway，anegromannamedHenry；hislefteyeout，somescarsfromadirkonandunderhisleftarm，andmuchscarredwiththewhip。\' \'Onehundreddollarsreward，foranegrofellow，Pompey，40yearsold。Heisbrandedontheleftjaw。\' \'Committedtojail，anegroman。Hasnotoesontheleftfoot。\' \'Ranaway，anegrowomannamedRachel。Haslostallhertoesexceptthelargeone。\' \'Ranaway，Sam。Hewasshotashorttimesincethroughthehand，andhasseveralshotsinhisleftarmandside。\' \'Ranaway，mynegromanDennis。Saidnegrohasbeenshotintheleftarmbetweentheshoulderandelbow，whichhasparalysedthelefthand。\' \'Ranaway，mynegromannamedSimon。Hehasbeenshotbadly，inhisbackandrightarm。\' \'Ranaway，anegronamedArthur。Hasaconsiderablescaracrosshisbreastandeacharm，madebyaknife；lovestotalkmuchofthegoodnessofGod。\' \'Twenty-fivedollarsrewardformymanIsaac。Hehasascaronhisforehead，causedbyablow；andoneonhisback，madebyashotfromapistol。\' \'Ranaway，anegrogirlcalledMary。Hasasmallscaroverhereye，agoodmanyteethmissing，theletterAisbrandedonhercheekandforehead。\' \'Ranaway，negroBen。Hasascaronhisrighthand；histhumbandforefingerbeinginjuredbybeingshotlastfall。Apartofthebonecameout。Hehasalsooneortwolargescarsonhisbackandhips。\' \'Detainedatthejail，amulatto，namedTom。Hasascarontherightcheek，andappearstohavebeenburnedwithpowderontheface。\' \'Ranaway，anegromannamedNed。Threeofhisfingersaredrawnintothepalmofhishandbyacut。Hasascaronthebackofhisneck，nearlyhalfround，donebyaknife。\' \'Wascommittedtojail，anegroman。SayshisnameisJosiah。Hisbackverymuchscarredbythewhip；andbrandedonthethighandhipsinthreeorfourplaces，thus(JM)。Therimofhisrightearhasbeenbitorcutoff。\' \'Fiftydollarsreward，formyfellowEdward。Hehasascaronthecornerofhismouth，twocutsonandunderhisarm，andtheletterEonhisarm。\' \'Ranaway，negroboyEllie。Hasascarononeofhisarmsfromthebiteofadog。\' \'Ranaway，fromtheplantationofJamesSurgette，thefollowingnegroes:Randal，hasoneearcropped；Bob，haslostoneeye； KentuckyTom，hasonejawbroken。\' \'Ranaway，Anthony。Oneofhisearscutoff，andhislefthandcutwithanaxe。\' \'FiftydollarsrewardforthenegroJimBlake。Hasapiececutoutofeachear，andthemiddlefingerofthelefthandcutofftothesecondjoint。\' \'Ranaway，anegrowomannamedMaria。Hasascarononesideofhercheek，byacut。Somescarsonherback。\' \'Ranaway，theMulattowenchMary。Hasacutontheleftarm，ascarontheleftshoulder，andtwoupperteethmissing。\' Ishouldsay，perhaps，inexplanationofthislatterpieceofdescription，thatamongtheotherblessingswhichpublicopinionsecurestothenegroes，isthecommonpracticeofviolentlypunchingouttheirteeth。Tomakethemwearironcollarsbydayandnight，andtoworrythemwithdogs，arepracticesalmosttooordinarytodeservemention。 \'Ranaway，mymanFountain。Hasholesinhisears，ascarontherightsideofhisforehead，hasbeenshotinthehindpartofhislegs，andismarkedonthebackwiththewhip。\' \'TwohundredandfiftydollarsrewardformynegromanJim。Heismuchmarkedwithshotinhisrightthigh。Theshotenteredontheoutside，halfwaybetweenthehipandkneejoints。\' \'Broughttojail，John。Leftearcropt。\' \'Takenup，anegroman。Isverymuchscarredaboutthefaceandbody，andhastheleftearbitoff。\' \'Ranaway，ablackgirl，namedMary。Hasascaronhercheek，andtheendofoneofhertoescutoff。\' \'Ranaway，myMulattowoman，Judy。Shehashadherrightarmbroke。\' \'Ranaway，mynegroman，Levi。Hislefthandhasbeenburnt，andI thinktheendofhisforefingerisoff。\' \'Ranaway，anegroman，NAMEDWASHINGTON。Haslostapartofhismiddlefinger，andtheendofhislittlefinger。\' \'Twenty-fivedollarsrewardformymanJohn。Thetipofhisnoseisbitoff。\' \'Twenty-fivedollarsrewardforthenegroslave，Sally。WalksAS THOUGHcrippledintheback。\' \'Ranaway，JoeDennis。Hasasmallnotchinoneofhisears。\' \'Ranaway，negroboy，Jack。Hasasmallcropoutofhisleftear。\' \'Ranaway，anegroman，namedIvory。Hasasmallpiececutoutofthetopofeachear。\' Whileuponthesubjectofears，ImayobservethatadistinguishedabolitionistinNewYorkoncereceivedanegro\'sear，whichhadbeencutoffclosetothehead，inageneralpostletter。Itwasforwardedbythefreeandindependentgentlemanwhohadcausedittobeamputated，withapoliterequestthathewouldplacethespecimeninhis\'collection。\' Icouldenlargethiscataloguewithbrokenarms，andbrokenlegs，andgashedflesh，andmissingteeth，andlaceratedbacks，andbitesofdogs，andbrandsofred-hotironsinnumerable:butasmyreaderswillbesufficientlysickenedandrepelledalready，Iwillturntoanotherbranchofthesubject。 Theseadvertisements，ofwhichasimilarcollectionmightbemadeforeveryyear，andmonth，andweek，andday；andwhicharecoollyreadinfamiliesasthingsofcourse，andasapartofthecurrentnewsandsmall-talk；willservetoshowhowverymuchtheslavesprofitbypublicopinion，andhowtenderitisintheirbehalf。 Butitmaybeworthwhiletoinquirehowtheslave-owners，andtheclassofsocietytowhichgreatnumbersofthembelong，defertopublicopinionintheirconduct，nottotheirslavesbuttoeachother；howtheyareaccustomedtorestraintheirpassions；whattheirbearingisamongthemselves；whethertheyarefierceorgentle；whethertheirsocialcustomsbebrutal，sanguinary，andviolent，orbeartheimpressofcivilisationandrefinement。 Thatwemayhavenopartialevidencefromabolitionistsinthisinquiry，either，Iwilloncemoreturntotheirownnewspapers，andIwillconfinemyself，thistime，toaselectionfromparagraphswhichappearedfromdaytoday，duringmyvisittoAmerica，andwhichrefertooccurrenceshappeningwhileIwasthere。Theitalicsintheseextracts，asintheforegoing，aremyown。 ThesecasesdidnotALLoccur，itwillbeseen，interritoryactuallybelongingtolegalisedSlaveStates，thoughmost，andthosetheveryworstamongthemdid，astheircounterpartsconstantlydo；butthepositionofthescenesofactioninreferencetoplacesimmediatelyathand，whereslaveryisthelaw； andthestrongresemblancebetweenthatclassofoutragesandtherest；leadtothejustpresumptionthatthecharacterofthepartiesconcernedwasformedinslavedistricts，andbrutalisedbyslavecustoms。 \'HORRIBLETRAGEDY。 \'ByaslipfromTHESOUTHPORTTELEGRAPH，Wisconsin，welearnthattheHon。CharlesC。P。Arndt，MemberoftheCouncilforBrowncounty，wasshotdeadONTHEFLOOROFTHECOUNCILCHAMBER，byJamesR。Vinyard，MemberfromGrantcounty。THEAFFAIRgrewoutofanominationforSheriffofGrantcounty。Mr。E。S。BakerwasnominatedandsupportedbyMr。Arndt。ThisnominationwasopposedbyVinyard，whowantedtheappointmenttovestinhisownbrother。 Inthecourseofdebate，thedeceasedmadesomestatementswhichVinyardpronouncedfalse，andmadeuseofviolentandinsultinglanguage，dealinglargelyinpersonalities，towhichMr。A。madenoreply。Aftertheadjournment，Mr。A。steppeduptoVinyard，andrequestedhimtoretract，whichherefusedtodo，repeatingtheoffensivewords。Mr。ArndtthenmadeablowatVinyard，whosteppedbackapace，drewapistol，andshothimdead。 \'TheissueappearstohavebeenprovokedonthepartofVinyard，whowasdeterminedatallhazardstodefeattheappointmentofBaker，andwho，himselfdefeated，turnedhisireandrevengeupontheunfortunateArndt。\' \'THEWISCONSINTRAGEDY。 PublicindignationrunshighintheterritoryofWisconsin，inrelationtothemurderofC。C。P。Arndt，intheLegislativeHalloftheTerritory。MeetingshavebeenheldindifferentcountiesofWisconsin，denouncingTHEPRACTICEOFSECRETLYBEARINGARMSINTHE LEGISLATIVECHAMBERSOFTHECOUNTRY。WehaveseentheaccountoftheexpulsionofJamesR。Vinyard，theperpetratorofthebloodydeed，andareamazedtohear，that，afterthisexpulsionbythosewhosawVinyardkillMr。Arndtinthepresenceofhisagedfather，whowasonavisittoseehisson，littledreamingthathewastowitnesshismurder，JUDGEDUNNHASDISCHARGEDVINYARDONBAIL。TheMiners\'FreePressspeaksINTERMSOFMERITEDREBUKEattheoutrageuponthefeelingsofthepeopleofWisconsin。Vinyardwaswithinarm\'slengthofMr。Arndt，whenhetooksuchdeadlyaimathim，thatheneverspoke。Vinyardmightatpleasure，beingsonear，haveonlywoundedhim，buthechosetokillhim。\' \'MURDER。 ByaletterinaSt。Louispaperofthe\'4th，wenoticeaterribleoutrageatBurlington，Iowa。AMr。Bridgmanhavinghadadifficultywithacitizenoftheplace，Mr。Ross；abrother-in-lawofthelatterprovidedhimselfwithoneofColt\'srevolvingpistols，metMr。B。inthestreet，ANDDISCHARGEDTHECONTENTSOF FIVEOFTHEBARRELSATHIM:EACHSHOTTAKINGEFFECT。Mr。B。，thoughhorriblywounded，anddying，returnedthefire，andkilledRossonthespot。\' \'TERRIBLEDEATHOFROBERTPOTTER。 \'Fromthe\"CaddoGazette，\"ofthe12thinst。，welearnthefrightfuldeathofColonelRobertPotter……Hewasbesetinhishousebyanenemy，namedRose。Hesprangfromhiscouch，seizedhisgun，and，inhisnight-clothes，rushedfromthehouse。Forabouttwohundredyardshisspeedseemedtodefyhispursuers；but，gettingentangledinathicket，hewascaptured。RosetoldhimTHATHEINTENDEDTOACTAGENEROUSPART，andgivehimachanceforhislife。HethentoldPotterhemightrun，andheshouldnotbeinterruptedtillhereachedacertaindistance。Potterstartedatthewordofcommand，andbeforeagunwasfiredhehadreachedthelake。Hisfirstimpulsewastojumpinthewateranddiveforit，whichhedid。Rosewasclosebehindhim，andformedhismenonthebankreadytoshoothimasherose。Inafewsecondshecameuptobreathe；andscarcehadhisheadreachedthesurfaceofthewaterwhenitwascompletelyriddledwiththeshotoftheirguns，andhesunk，torisenomore!\' \'MURDERINARKANSAS。 \'WeunderstandTHATASEVERERENCONTRECAMEOFFafewdayssinceintheSenecaNation，betweenMr。Loose，thesub-agentofthemixedbandoftheSenecas，Quapaw，andShawnees，andMr。JamesGillespie，ofthemercantilefirmofThomasG。AllisonandCo。，ofMaysville，Benton，CountyArk，inwhichthelatterwasslainwithabowie- knife。Somedifficultyhadforsometimeexistedbetweentheparties。ItissaidthatMajorGillespiebroughtontheattackwithacane。Asevereconflictensued，duringwhichtwopistolswerefiredbyGillespieandonebyLoose。LoosethenstabbedGillespiewithoneofthosenever-failingweapons，abowie-knife。 ThedeathofMajorG。ismuchregretted，ashewasaliberal-mindedandenergeticman。Sincetheabovewasintype，wehavelearnedthatMajorAllisonhasstatedtosomeofourcitizensintownthatMr。Loosegavethefirstblow。Weforbeartogiveanyparticulars，asTHEMATTERWILLBETHESUBJECTOFJUDICIALINVESTIGATION。\' \'FOULDEED。 ThesteamerThames，justfromMissouririver，broughtusahandbill，offeringarewardof500dollars，forthepersonwhoassassinatedLilburnW。Baggs，lateGovernorofthisState，atIndependence，onthenightofthe6thinst。GovernorBaggs，itisstatedinawrittenmemorandum，wasnotdead，butmortallywounded。 \'Sincetheabovewaswritten，wereceivedanotefromtheclerkoftheThames，givingthefollowingparticulars。Gov。BaggswasshotbysomevillainonFriday，6thinst。，intheevening，whilesittinginaroominhisownhouseinIndependence。Hisson，aboy，hearingareport，ranintotheroom，andfoundtheGovernorsittinginhischair，withhisjawfallendown，andhisheadleaningback； ondiscoveringtheinjurydonetohisfather，hegavethealarm。 Foottrackswerefoundinthegardenbelowthewindow，andapistolpickedupsupposedtohavebeenoverloaded，andthrownfromthehandofthescoundrelwhofiredit。Threebuckshotsofaheavyload，tookeffect；onegoingthroughhismouth，oneintothebrain，andanotherprobablyinornearthebrain；allgoingintothebackpartoftheneckandhead。TheGovernorwasstillaliveonthemorningofthe7th；butnohopesforhisrecoverybyhisfriends，andbutslighthopesfromhisphysicians。 \'Amanwassuspected，andtheSheriffmostprobablyhaspossessionofhimbythistime。 \'ThepistolwasoneofapairstolensomedayspreviousfromabakerinIndependence，andthelegalauthoritieshavethedescriptionoftheother。\' \'RENCONTRE。 \'AnunfortunateAFFAIRtookplaceonFridayeveninginChatresStreet，inwhichoneofourmostrespectablecitizensreceivedadangerouswound，fromapoignard，intheabdomen。FromtheBee(NewOrleans)ofyesterday，welearnthefollowingparticulars。ItappearsthatanarticlewaspublishedintheFrenchsideofthepaperonMondaylast，containingsomestricturesontheArtilleryBattalionforfiringtheirgunsonSundaymorning，inanswertothosefromtheOntarioandWoodbury，andtherebymuchalarmwascausedtothefamiliesofthosepersonswhowereoutallnightpreservingthepeaceofthecity。MajorC。Gally，Commanderofthebattalion，resentingthis，calledattheofficeanddemandedtheauthor\'sname；thatofMr。P。Arpinwasgiventohim，whowasabsentatthetime。Someangrywordsthenpassedwithoneoftheproprietors，andachallengefollowed；thefriendsofbothpartiestriedtoarrangetheaffair，butfailedtodoso。OnFridayevening，aboutseveno\'clock，MajorGallymetMr。P。ArpininChatresStreet，andaccostedhim。\"AreyouMr。Arpin？\" \'\"Yes，sir。\" \'\"ThenIhavetotellyouthatyouarea-\"(applyinganappropriateepithet)。 \'\"Ishallremindyouofyourwords，sir。\" \'\"ButIhavesaidIwouldbreakmycaneonyourshoulders。\" \'\"Iknowit，butIhavenotyetreceivedtheblow。\" \'Atthesewords，MajorGally，havingacaneinhishands，struckMr。Arpinacrosstheface，andthelatterdrewapoignardfromhispocketandstabbedMajorGallyintheabdomen。 \'Fearsareentertainedthatthewoundwillbemortal。WE UNDERSTANDTHATMR。ARPINHASGIVENSECURITYFORHISAPPEARANCEAT THECRIMINALCOURTTOANSWERTHECHARGE。\' \'AFFRAYINMISSISSIPPI。 \'Onthe27thult。，inanaffraynearCarthage，Leakecounty，Mississippi，betweenJamesCottinghamandJohnWilburn，thelatterwasshotbytheformer，andsohorriblywounded，thattherewasnohopeofhisrecovery。Onthe2ndinstant，therewasanaffrayatCarthagebetweenA。C。SharkeyandGeorgeGoff，inwhichthelatterwasshot，andthoughtmortallywounded。Sharkeydeliveredhimselfuptotheauthorities，BUTCHANGEDHISMINDANDESCAPED!\' \'PERSONALENCOUNTER。 \'AnencountertookplaceinSparta，afewdayssince，betweenthebarkeeperofanhotel，andamannamedBury。ItappearsthatBuryhadbecomesomewhatnoisy，ANDTHATTHEBARKEEPER，DETERMINEDTO PRESERVEORDER，HADTHREATENEDTOSHOOTBURY，whereuponBurydrewapistolandshotthebarkeeperdown。Hewasnotdeadatthelastaccounts，butslighthopeswereentertainedofhisrecovery。\' \'DUEL。 \'TheclerkofthesteamboatTRIBUNEinformsusthatanotherduelwasfoughtonTuesdaylast，byMr。Robbins，abankofficerinVicksburg，andMr。Fall，theeditoroftheVicksburgSentinel。 Accordingtothearrangement，thepartieshadsixpistolseach，which，aftertheword\"Fire!\"THEYWERETODISCHARGEASFASTAS THEYPLEASED。Fallfiredtwopistolswithouteffect。Mr。Robbins\' firstshottookeffectinFall\'sthigh，whofell，andwasunabletocontinuethecombat。\' \'AFFRAYINCLARKECOUNTY。 \'AnUNFORTUNATEAFFRAYoccurredinClarkecounty(MO。)，nearWaterloo，onTuesdaythe19thult。，whichoriginatedinsettlingthepartnershipconcernsofMessrs。M\'KaneandM\'Allister，whohadbeenengagedinthebusinessofdistilling，andresultedinthedeathofthelatter，whowasshotdownbyMr。M\'Kane，becauseofhisattemptingtotakepossessionofsevenbarrelsofwhiskey，thepropertyofM\'Kane，whichhadbeenknockedofftoM\'Allisteratasheriff\'ssaleatonedollarperbarrel。M\'KaneimmediatelyfledANDATTHELATESTDATESHADNOTBEENTAKEN。 \'THISUNFORTUNATEAFFRAYcausedconsiderableexcitementintheneighbourhood，asboththepartiesweremenwithlargefamiliesdependinguponthemandstoodwellinthecommunity。\' Iwillquotebutonemoreparagraph，which，byreasonofitsmonstrousabsurdity，maybearelieftotheseatrociousdeeds。 \'AFFAIROFHONOUR。 \'WehavejustheardtheparticularsofameetingwhichtookplaceonSixMileIsland，onTuesday，betweentwoyoungbloodsofourcity:SamuelThurston，AGEDFIFTEEN，andWilliamHine，AGED THIRTEENyears。Theywereattendedbyyounggentlemenofthesameage。Theweaponsusedontheoccasion，wereacoupleofDickson\'sbestrifles；thedistance，thirtyyards。Theytookonefire，withoutanydamagebeingsustainedbyeitherparty，excepttheballofThurston\'sgunpassingthroughthecrownofHine\'shat。THROUGH THEINTERCESSIONOFTHEBOARDOFHONOUR，thechallengewaswithdrawn，andthedifferenceamicablyadjusted。\' IfthereaderwillpicturetohimselfthekindofBoardofHonourwhichamicablyadjustedthedifferencebetweenthesetwolittleboys，whoinanyotherpartoftheworldwouldhavebeenamicablyadjustedontwoporters\'backsandsoundlyfloggedwithbirchenrods，hewillbepossessed，nodoubt，withasstrongasenseofitsludicrouscharacter，asthatwhichsetsmelaughingwheneveritsimagerisesupbeforeme。 Now，Iappealtoeveryhumanmind，imbuedwiththecommonestofcommonsense，andthecommonestofcommonhumanity；toalldispassionate，reasoningcreatures，ofanyshadeofopinion；andask，withtheserevoltingevidencesofthestateofsocietywhichexistsinandabouttheslavedistrictsofAmericabeforethem，cantheyhaveadoubtoftherealconditionoftheslave，orcantheyforamomentmakeacompromisebetweentheinstitutionoranyofitsflagrant，fearfulfeatures，andtheirownjustconsciences？ Willtheysayofanytaleofcrueltyandhorror，howeveraggravatedindegree，thatitisimprobable，whentheycanturntothepublicprints，and，running，readsuchsignsasthese，laidbeforethembythemenwhoruletheslaves:intheirownactsandundertheirownhands？ Dowenotknowthattheworstdeformityanduglinessofslaveryareatoncethecauseandtheeffectoftherecklesslicensetakenbythesefreebornoutlaws？Dowenotknowthatthemanwhohasbeenbornandbredamongitswrongs；whohasseeninhischildhoodhusbandsobligedatthewordofcommandtoflogtheirwives；women，indecentlycompelledtoholduptheirowngarmentsthatmenmightlaytheheavierstripesupontheirlegs，drivenandharriedbybrutaloverseersintheirtimeoftravail，andbecomingmothersonthefieldoftoil，undertheverylashitself；whohasreadinyouth，andseenhisvirginsistersread，descriptionsofrunawaymenandwomen，andtheirdisfiguredpersons，whichcouldnotbepublishedelsewhere，ofsomuchstockuponafarm，oratashowofbeasts:-dowenotknowthatthatman，wheneverhiswrathiskindledup，willbeabrutalsavage？Dowenotknowthatasheisacowardinhisdomesticlife，stalkingamonghisshrinkingmenandwomenslavesarmedwithhisheavywhip，sohewillbeacowardoutofdoors，andcarryingcowards\'weaponshiddeninhisbreast，willshootmendownandstabthemwhenhequarrels？Andifourreasondidnotteachusthisandmuchbeyond；ifweweresuchidiotsastocloseoureyestothatfinemodeoftrainingwhichrearsupsuchmen；shouldwenotknowthattheywhoamongtheirequalsstabandpistolinthelegislativehalls，andinthecounting-house，andonthemarketplace，andinalltheelsewherepeacefulpursuitsoflife，mustbetotheirdependants，eventhoughtheywerefreeservants，somanymercilessandunrelentingtyrants？ What!shallwedeclaimagainsttheignorantpeasantryofIreland，andmincethematterwhentheseAmericantaskmastersareinquestion？Shallwecryshameonthebrutalityofthosewhohamstringcattle:andsparethelightsofFreedomuponearthwhonotchtheearsofmenandwomen，cutpleasantposiesintheshrinkingflesh，learntowritewithpensofred-hotirononthehumanface，racktheirpoeticfanciesforliveriesofmutilationwhichtheirslavesshallwearforlifeandcarrytothegrave，breakinglivinglimbsasdidthesoldierywhomockedandslewtheSaviouroftheworld，andsetdefencelesscreaturesupfortargets! ShallwewhimperoverlegendsofthetorturespractisedoneachotherbythePaganIndians，andsmileuponthecrueltiesofChristianmen!Shallwe，solongasthesethingslast，exultabovethescatteredremnantsofthatrace，andtriumphinthewhiteenjoymentoftheirpossessions？Rather，forme，restoretheforestandtheIndianvillage；inlieuofstarsandstripes，letsomepoorfeatherflutterinthebreeze；replacethestreetsandsquaresbywigwams；andthoughthedeath-songofahundredhaughtywarriorsfilltheair，itwillbemusictotheshriekofoneunhappyslave。 Ononetheme，whichiscommonlybeforeoureyes，andinrespectofwhichournationalcharacterischangingfast，lettheplainTruthbespoken，andletusnot，likedastards，beataboutthebushbyhintingattheSpaniardandthefierceItalian。WhenknivesaredrawnbyEnglishmeninconflictletitbesaidandknown:\'WeowethischangetoRepublicanSlavery。ThesearetheweaponsofFreedom。Withsharppointsandedgessuchasthese，LibertyinAmericahewsandhacksherslaves；or，failingthatpursuit，hersonsdevotethemtoabetteruse，andturnthemoneachother。\' CHAPTERXVIII-CONCLUDINGREMARKS THEREaremanypassagesinthisbook，whereIhavebeenatsomepainstoresistthetemptationoftroublingmyreaderswithmyowndeductionsandconclusions:preferringthattheyshouldjudgeforthemselves，fromsuchpremisesasIhavelaidbeforethem。Myonlyobjectintheoutset，was，tocarrythemwithmefaithfullywheresoeverIwent:andthattaskIhavedischarged。 ButImaybepardoned，ifonsuchathemeasthegeneralcharacteroftheAmericanpeople，andthegeneralcharacteroftheirsocialsystem，aspresentedtoastranger\'seyes，Idesiretoexpressmyownopinionsinafewwords，beforeIbringthesevolumestoaclose。 Theyare，bynature，frank，brave，cordial，hospitable，andaffectionate。Cultivationandrefinementseembuttoenhancetheirwarmthofheartandardententhusiasm；anditisthepossessionoftheselatterqualitiesinamostremarkabledegree，whichrendersaneducatedAmericanoneofthemostendearingandmostgenerousoffriends。Ineverwassowonupon，asbythisclass；neveryieldedupmyfullconfidenceandesteemsoreadilyandpleasurably，astothem；nevercanmakeagain，inhalfayear，somanyfriendsforwhomIseemtoentertaintheregardofhalfalife。 Thesequalitiesarenatural，Iimplicitlybelieve，tothewholepeople。Thattheyare，however，sadlysappedandblightedintheirgrowthamongthemass；andthatthereareinfluencesatworkwhichendangerthemstillmore，andgivebutlittlepresentpromiseoftheirhealthyrestoration；isatruththatoughttobetold。 Itisanessentialpartofeverynationalcharactertopiqueitselfmightilyuponitsfaults，andtodeducetokensofitsvirtueoritswisdomfromtheirveryexaggeration。OnegreatblemishinthepopularmindofAmerica，andtheprolificparentofaninnumerablebroodofevils，isUniversalDistrust。YettheAmericancitizenplumeshimselfuponthisspirit，evenwhenheissufficientlydispassionatetoperceivetheruinitworks；andwilloftenadduceit，inspiteofhisownreason，asaninstanceofthegreatsagacityandacutenessofthepeople，andtheirsuperiorshrewdnessandindependence。 \'Youcarry，\'saysthestranger，\'thisjealousyanddistrustintoeverytransactionofpubliclife。Byrepellingworthymenfromyourlegislativeassemblies，ithasbredupaclassofcandidatesforthesuffrage，who，intheirveryact，disgraceyourInstitutionsandyourpeople\'schoice。Ithasrenderedyousofickle，andsogiventochange，thatyourinconstancyhaspassedintoaproverb；foryounosoonersetupanidolfirmly，thanyouaresuretopullitdownanddashitintofragments:andthis，becausedirectlyyourewardabenefactor，orapublicservant，youdistrusthim，merelybecauseheisrewarded；andimmediatelyapplyyourselvestofindout，eitherthatyouhavebeentoobountifulinyouracknowledgments，orheremissinhisdeserts。Anymanwhoattainsahighplaceamongyou，fromthePresidentdownwards，maydatehisdownfallfromthatmoment；foranyprintedliethatanynotoriousvillainpens，althoughitmilitatedirectlyagainstthecharacterandconductofalife，appealsatoncetoyourdistrust，andisbelieved。Youwillstrainatagnatinthewayoftrustfulnessandconfidence，howeverfairlywonandwelldeserved； butyouwillswallowawholecaravanofcamels，iftheybeladenwithunworthydoubtsandmeansuspicions。Isthiswell，thinkyou，orlikelytoelevatethecharacterofthegovernorsorthegoverned，amongyou？\' Theanswerisinvariablythesame:\'There\'sfreedomofopinionhere，youknow。Everymanthinksforhimself，andwearenottobeeasilyoverreached。That\'showourpeoplecometobesuspicious。\' Anotherprominentfeatureistheloveof\'smart\'dealing:whichgildsovermanyaswindleandgrossbreachoftrust；manyadefalcation，publicandprivate；andenablesmanyaknavetoholdhisheadupwiththebest，whowelldeservesahalter；thoughithasnotbeenwithoutitsretributiveoperation，forthissmartnesshasdonemoreinafewyearstoimpairthepubliccredit，andtocripplethepublicresources，thandullhonesty，howeverrash，couldhaveeffectedinacentury。Themeritsofabrokenspeculation，orabankruptcy，orofasuccessfulscoundrel，arenotgaugedbyitsorhisobservanceofthegoldenrule，\'Doasyouwouldbedoneby，\'butareconsideredwithreferencetotheirsmartness。Irecollect，onbothoccasionsofourpassingthatill- fatedCairoontheMississippi，remarkingonthebadeffectssuchgrossdeceitsmusthavewhentheyexploded，ingeneratingawantofconfidenceabroad，anddiscouragingforeigninvestment:butIwasgiventounderstandthatthiswasaverysmartschemebywhichadealofmoneyhadbeenmade:andthatitssmartestfeaturewas，thattheyforgotthesethingsabroad，inaveryshorttime，andspeculatedagain，asfreelyasever。ThefollowingdialogueIhaveheldahundredtimes:\'IsitnotaverydisgracefulcircumstancethatsuchamanasSo-and-soshouldbeacquiringalargepropertybythemostinfamousandodiousmeans，andnotwithstandingallthecrimesofwhichhehasbeenguilty，shouldbetoleratedandabettedbyyourCitizens？Heisapublicnuisance，ishenot？\'\'Yes，sir。\'\'Aconvictedliar？\'\'Yes，sir。\'\'Hehasbeenkicked，andcuffed，andcaned？\'\'Yes，sir。\'\'Andheisutterlydishonourable，debased，andprofligate？\'\'Yes，sir。\'\'Inthenameofwonder，then，whatishismerit？\'\'Well，sir，heisasmartman。\' Inlikemanner，allkindsofdeficientandimpoliticusagesarereferredtothenationalloveoftrade；though，oddlyenough，itwouldbeaweightychargeagainstaforeignerthatheregardedtheAmericansasatradingpeople。Theloveoftradeisassignedasareasonforthatcomfortlesscustom，soveryprevalentincountrytowns，ofmarriedpersonslivinginhotels，havingnofiresideoftheirown，andseldommeetingfromearlymorninguntillateatnight，butatthehastypublicmeals。TheloveoftradeisareasonwhytheliteratureofAmericaistoremainforeverunprotected\'Forweareatradingpeople，anddon\'tcareforpoetry:\'thoughweDO，bytheway，professtobeveryproudofourpoets:whilehealthfulamusements，cheerfulmeansofrecreation，andwholesomefancies，mustfadebeforethesternutilitarianjoysoftrade。 Thesethreecharacteristicsarestronglypresentedateveryturn，fullinthestranger\'sview。But，thefoulgrowthofAmericahasamoretangledrootthanthis；anditstrikesitsfibres，deepinitslicentiousPress。 Schoolsmaybeerected，East，West，North，andSouth；pupilsbetaught，andmastersreared，byscoresuponscoresofthousands； collegesmaythrive，churchesmaybecrammed，temperancemaybediffused，andadvancingknowledgeinallotherformswalkthroughthelandwithgiantstrides:butwhilethenewspaperpressofAmericaisin，ornear，itspresentabjectstate，highmoralimprovementinthatcountryishopeless。Yearbyyear，itmustandwillgoback；yearbyyear，thetoneofpublicfeelingmustsinklowerdown；yearbyyear，theCongressandtheSenatemustbecomeoflessaccountbeforealldecentmen；andyearbyyear，thememoryoftheGreatFathersoftheRevolutionmustbeoutragedmoreandmore，inthebadlifeoftheirdegeneratechild。 AmongtheherdofjournalswhicharepublishedintheStates，therearesome，thereaderscarcelyneedbetold，ofcharacterandcredit。Frompersonalintercoursewithaccomplishedgentlemenconnectedwithpublicationsofthisclass，Ihavederivedbothpleasureandprofit。ButthenameoftheseisFew，andoftheothersLegion；andtheinfluenceofthegood，ispowerlesstocounteractthemoralpoisonofthebad。 AmongthegentryofAmerica；amongthewell-informedandmoderate: inthelearnedprofessions；atthebarandonthebench:thereis，astherecanbe，butoneopinion，inreferencetotheviciouscharacteroftheseinfamousjournals。Itissometimescontended- Iwillnotsaystrangely，foritisnaturaltoseekexcusesforsuchadisgrace-thattheirinfluenceisnotsogreatasavisitorwouldsuppose。Imustbepardonedforsayingthatthereisnowarrantforthisplea，andthateveryfactandcircumstancetendsdirectlytotheoppositeconclusion。 Whenanyman，ofanygradeofdesertinintellectorcharacter，canclimbtoanypublicdistinction，nomatterwhat，inAmerica，withoutfirstgrovellingdownupontheearth，andbendingthekneebeforethismonsterofdepravity；whenanyprivateexcellenceissafefromitsattacks；whenanysocialconfidenceisleftunbrokenbyit，oranytieofsocialdecencyandhonourisheldintheleastregard；whenanymaninthatfreecountryhasfreedomofopinion，andpresumestothinkforhimself，andspeakforhimself，withouthumblereferencetoacensorshipwhich，foritsrampantignoranceandbasedishonesty，heutterlyloathesanddespisesinhisheart； whenthosewhomostacutelyfeelitsinfamyandthereproachitcastsuponthenation，andwhomostdenounceittoeachother，daretosettheirheelsupon，andcrushitopenly，inthesightofallmen:then，Iwillbelievethatitsinfluenceislessening，andmenarereturningtotheirmanlysenses。ButwhilethatPresshasitsevileyeineveryhouse，anditsblackhandineveryappointmentinthestate，fromapresidenttoapostman；while，withribaldslanderforitsonlystockintrade，itisthestandardliteratureofanenormousclass，whomustfindtheirreadinginanewspaper，ortheywillnotreadatall；solongmustitsodiumbeuponthecountry\'shead，andsolongmusttheevilitworks，beplainlyvisibleintheRepublic。 TothosewhoareaccustomedtotheleadingEnglishjournals，ortotherespectablejournalsoftheContinentofEurope；tothosewhoareaccustomedtoanythingelseinprintandpaper；itwouldbeimpossible，withoutanamountofextractforwhichIhaveneitherspacenorinclination，toconveyanadequateideaofthisfrightfulengineinAmerica。Butifanymandesireconfirmationofmystatementonthishead，lethimrepairtoanyplaceinthiscityofLondon，wherescatterednumbersofthesepublicationsaretobefound；andthere，lethimformhisownopinion。(1) Itwouldbewell，therecanbenodoubt，fortheAmericanpeopleasawhole，iftheylovedtheRealless，andtheIdealsomewhatmore。 Itwouldbewell，ifthereweregreaterencouragementtolightnessofheartandgaiety，andawidercultivationofwhatisbeautiful，withoutbeingeminentlyanddirectlyuseful。Buthere，Ithinkthegeneralremonstrance，\'weareanewcountry，\'whichissooftenadvancedasanexcusefordefectswhicharequiteunjustifiable，asbeing，ofright，onlytheslowgrowthofanoldone，maybeveryreasonablyurged:andIyethopetohearoftherebeingsomeothernationalamusementintheUnitedStates，besidesnewspaperpolitics。 Theycertainlyarenotahumorouspeople，andtheirtemperamentalwaysimpressedmeisbeingofadullandgloomycharacter。Inshrewdnessofremark，andacertaincast-ironquaintness，theYankees，orpeopleofNewEngland，unquestionablytakethelead；astheydoinmostotherevidencesofintelligence。Butintravellingabout，outofthelargecities-asIhaveremarkedinformerpartsofthesevolumes-Iwasquiteoppressedbytheprevailingseriousnessandmelancholyairofbusiness:whichwassogeneralandunvarying，thatateverynewtownIcameto，IseemedtomeettheverysamepeoplewhomIhadleftbehindme，atthelast。Suchdefectsasareperceptibleinthenationalmanners，seem，tome，tobereferable，inagreatdegree，tothiscause:whichhasgeneratedadull，sullenpersistenceincoarseusages，andrejectedthegracesoflifeasundeservingofattention。ThereisnodoubtthatWashington，whowasalwaysmostscrupulousandexactonpointsofceremony，perceivedthetendencytowardsthismistake，eveninhistime，anddidhisutmosttocorrectit。 IcannotholdwithotherwritersonthesesubjectsthattheprevalenceofvariousformsofdissentinAmerica，isinanywayattributabletothenon-existencethereofanestablishedchurch: indeed，Ithinkthetemperofthepeople，ifitadmittedofsuchanInstitutionbeingfoundedamongstthem，wouldleadthemtodesertit，asamatterofcourse，merelybecauseitWASestablished。But，supposingittoexist，Idoubtitsprobableefficacyinsummoningthewanderingsheeptoonegreatfold，simplybecauseoftheimmenseamountofdissentwhichprevailsathome；andbecauseIdonotfindinAmericaanyoneformofreligionwithwhichweinEurope，oreveninEngland，areunacquainted。Dissentersresortthitheringreatnumbers，asotherpeopledo，simplybecauseitisalandofresort；andgreatsettlementsofthemarefounded，becausegroundcanbepurchased，andtownsandvillagesreared，wheretherewerenoneofthehumancreationbefore。ButeventheShakersemigratedfromEngland；ourcountryisnotunknowntoMr。 JosephSmith，theapostleofMormonism，ortohisbenighteddisciples；IhavebeheldreligiousscenesmyselfinsomeofourpopuloustownswhichcanhardlybesurpassedbyanAmericancamp- meeting；andIamnotawarethatanyinstanceofsuperstitiousimpostureontheonehand，andsuperstitiouscredulityontheother，hashaditsoriginintheUnitedStates，whichwecannotmorethanparallelbytheprecedentsofMrs。Southcote，MaryToftstherabbit-breeder，orevenMr。ThornofCanterbury:whichlattercasearose，sometimeafterthedarkageshadpassedaway。 TheRepublicanInstitutionsofAmericaundoubtedlyleadthepeopletoasserttheirself-respectandtheirequality；butatravellerisboundtobearthoseInstitutionsinhismind，andnothastilytoresentthenearapproachofaclassofstrangers，who，athome，wouldkeepaloof。Thischaracteristic，whenitwastincturedwithnofoolishpride，andstoppedshortofnohonestservice，neveroffendedme；andIveryseldom，ifever，experienceditsrudeorunbecomingdisplay。Onceortwiceitwascomicallydeveloped，asinthefollowingcase；butthiswasanamusingincident，andnottherule，ornearit。 Iwantedapairofbootsatacertaintown，forIhadnonetotravelin，butthosewiththememorablecorksoles，whichweremuchtoohotforthefierydecksofasteamboat。Ithereforesentamessagetoanartistinboots，importing，withmycompliments，thatIshouldbehappytoseehim，ifhewoulddomethepolitefavourtocall。Heverykindlyreturnedforanswer，thathewould\'lookround\'atsixo\'clockthatevening。 Iwaslyingonthesofa，withabookandawine-glass，ataboutthattime，whenthedooropened，andagentlemaninastiffcravat，withinayearortwooneithersideofthirty，entered，inhishatandgloves；walkeduptothelooking-glass；arrangedhishair；tookoffhisgloves；slowlyproducedameasurefromtheuttermostdepthsofhiscoat-pocket；andrequestedme，inalanguidtone，to\'unfix\' mystraps。Icomplied，butlookedwithsomecuriosityathishat，whichwasstilluponhishead。Itmighthavebeenthat，oritmighthavebeentheheat-buthetookitoff。Then，hesathimselfdownonachairoppositetome；restedanarmoneachknee； and，leaningforwardverymuch，tookfromtheground，byagreateffort，thespecimenofmetropolitanworkmanshipwhichIhadjustpulledoff:whistling，pleasantly，ashedidso。Heturneditoverandover；surveyeditwithacontemptnolanguagecanexpress； andinquiredifIwishedhimtofixmeabootlikeTHAT？I courteouslyreplied，thatprovidedthebootswerelargeenough，I wouldleavetheresttohim；thatifconvenientandpracticable，I shouldnotobjecttotheirbearingsomeresemblancetothemodelthenbeforehim；butthatIwouldbeentirelyguidedby，andwouldbegtoleavethewholesubjectto，hisjudgmentanddiscretion。 \'Youan\'tpartickler，aboutthisscoopintheheel，Isupposethen？\'sayshe:\'wedon\'tfollerthat，here。\'Irepeatedmylastobservation。Helookedathimselfintheglassagain；wentclosertoittodashagrainortwoofdustoutofthecornerofhiseye； andsettledhiscravat。Allthistime，mylegandfootwereintheair。\'Nearlyready，sir？\'Iinquired。\'Well，prettynigh，\'hesaid；\'keepsteady。\'IkeptassteadyasIcould，bothinfootandface；andhavingbythistimegotthedustout，andfoundhispencil-case，hemeasuredme，andmadethenecessarynotes。Whenhehadfinished，hefellintohisoldattitude，andtakingupthebootagain，musedforsometime。\'Andthis，\'hesaid，atlast，\'isanEnglishboot，isit？ThisisaLondonboot，eh？\'\'That，sir，\'I replied，\'isaLondonboot。\'Hemusedoveritagain，afterthemannerofHamletwithYorick\'sskull；noddedhishead，aswhoshouldsay，\'IpitytheInstitutionsthatledtotheproductionofthisboot!\'；rose；putuphispencil，notes，andpaper-glancingathimselfintheglass，allthetime-putonhishat-drewonhisglovesveryslowly；andfinallywalkedout。Whenhehadbeengoneaboutaminute，thedoorreopened，andhishatandhisheadreappeared。Helookedroundtheroom，andatthebootagain，whichwasstilllyingonthefloor；appearedthoughtfulforaminute；andthensaid\'Well，goodarternoon。\'\'Goodafternoon，sir，\'saidI: andthatwastheendoftheinterview。 ThereisbutoneotherheadonwhichIwishtoofferaremark；andthathasreferencetothepublichealth。Insovastacountry，wheretherearethousandsofmillionsofacresoflandyetunsettledanduncleared，andoneveryroodofwhich，vegetabledecompositionisannuallytakingplace；wheretherearesomanygreatrivers，andsuchoppositevarietiesofclimate；therecannotfailtobeagreatamountofsicknessatcertainseasons。ButI mayventuretosay，afterconversingwithmanymembersofthemedicalprofessioninAmerica，thatIamnotsingularintheopinionthatmuchofthediseasewhichdoesprevail，mightbeavoided，ifafewcommonprecautionswereobserved。Greatermeansofpersonalcleanliness，areindispensabletothisend；thecustomofhastilyswallowinglargequantitiesofanimalfood，threetimesa-day，andrushingbacktosedentarypursuitsaftereachmeal，mustbechanged；thegentlersexmustgomorewiselyclad，andtakemorehealthfulexercise；andinthelatterclause，themalesmustbeincludedalso。Aboveall，inpublicinstitutions，andthroughoutthewholeofeverytownandcity，thesystemofventilation，anddrainage，andremovalofimpuritiesrequirestobethoroughlyrevised。ThereisnolocalLegislatureinAmericawhichmaynotstudyMr。Chadwick\'sexcellentReportupontheSanitaryConditionofourLabouringClasses，withimmenseadvantage。 IHAVEnowarrivedatthecloseofthisbook。Ihavelittlereasontobelieve，fromcertainwarningsIhavehadsinceIreturnedtoEngland，thatitwillbetenderlyorfavourablyreceivedbytheAmericanpeople；andasIhavewrittentheTruthinrelationtothemassofthosewhoformtheirjudgmentsandexpresstheiropinions，itwillbeseenthatIhavenodesiretocourt，byanyadventitiousmeans，thepopularapplause。 Itisenoughforme，toknow，thatwhatIhavesetdowninthesepages，cannotcostmeasinglefriendontheothersideoftheAtlantic，whois，inanything，deservingofthename。Fortherest，Iputmytrust，implicitly，inthespiritinwhichtheyhavebeenconceivedandpenned；andIcanbidemytime。 Ihavemadenoreferencetomyreception，norhaveIsufferedittoinfluencemeinwhatIhavewritten；for，ineithercase，Ishouldhaveofferedbutasorryacknowledgment，comparedwiththatIbearwithinmybreast，towardsthosepartialreadersofmyformerbooks，acrosstheWater，whometmewithanopenhand，andnotwithonethatcloseduponanironmuzzle。