第12章

类别:其他 作者:Samuel Scolnicov字数:3396更新时间:18/12/17 17:06:17
Yes,allthings。 Thenwecannotsupposethatthereisanythingdifferentfromtheminwhichboththeoneandtheothersmightexist? Thereisnothing。 Thentheoneandtheothersareneverinthesame? True。 Thentheyareseparatedfromeachother? Yes。 Andwesurelycannotsaythatwhatistrulyonehasparts? Impossible。 Thentheonewillnotbeintheothersasawhole,noraspart,ifitbeseparatedfromtheothers,andhasnoparts? Impossible。 Thenthereisnowayinwhichtheotherscanpartakeoftheone,iftheydonotpartakeeitherinwholeorinpart? Itwouldseemnot。 Thenthereisnowayinwhichtheothersareone,orhaveinthemselvesanyunity? Thereisnot。 Noraretheothersmany;foriftheyweremany,eachpartofthemwouldbeapartofthewhole;butnowtheothers,notpartakinginanywayoftheone,areneitheronenormany,norwhole,norpart。 True。 Thentheothersneitherarenorcontaintwoorthree,ifentirelydeprivedoftheone? True。 Thentheothersareneitherlikenorunliketheone,norislikenessandunlikenessinthem;foriftheywerelikeandunlike,orhadinthemlikenessandunlikeness,theywouldhavetwonaturesinthemoppositetooneanother。 Thatisclear。 Butforthatwhichpartakesofnothingtopartakeoftwothingswasheldbyustobeimpossible? Impossible。 Thentheothersareneitherlikenorunlikenorboth,foriftheywerelikeorunliketheywouldpartakeofoneofthosetwonatures,whichwouldbeonething,andiftheywereboththeywouldpartakeofoppositeswhichwouldbetwothings,andthishasbeenshowntobeimpossible。 True。 Thereforetheyareneitherthesame,norother,norinmotion,noratrest,norinastateofbecoming,norofbeingdestroyed,norgreater,norless,norequal,norhavetheyexperiencedanythingelseofthesort;for,iftheyarecapableofexperiencinganysuchaffection,theywillparticipateinoneandtwoandthree,andoddandeven,andinthese,ashasbeenproved,theydonotparticipate,seeingthattheyarealtogetherandineverywaydevoidoftheone。 Verytrue。 Thereforeifoneis,theoneisallthings,andalsonothing,bothinrelationtoitselfandtootherthings。 Certainly。 Well,andoughtwenottoconsidernextwhatwillbetheconsequenceiftheoneisnot? Yes;weought。 Whatisthemeaningofthehypothesis—Iftheoneisnot;isthereanydifferencebetweenthisandthehypothesis—Ifthenotoneisnot? Thereisadifference,certainly。 Isthereadifferenceonly,orratherarenotthetwoexpressions—iftheoneisnot,andifthenotoneisnot,entirelyopposed? Theyareentirelyopposed。 Andsupposeapersontosay:—Ifgreatnessisnot,ifsmallnessisnot,oranythingofthatsort,doeshenotmean,wheneverheusessuchanexpression,that\"whatisnot\"isotherthanotherthings? Tobesure。 Andsowhenhesays\"Ifoneisnot\"heclearlymeans,thatwhat\"isnot\"isotherthanallothers;weknowwhathemeans—dowenot? Yes,wedo。 Whenhesays\"one,\"hesayssomethingwhichisknown;andsecondlysomethingwhichisotherthanallotherthings;itmakesnodifferencewhetherhepredicateofonebeingornotbeing,forthatwhichissaid\"nottobe\"isknowntobesomethingallthesame,andisdistinguishedfromotherthings。 Certainly。 ThenIwillbeginagain,andask:Ifoneisnot,whataretheconsequences?Inthefirstplace,aswouldappear,thereisaknowledgeofit,ortheverymeaningofthewords,\"ifoneisnot,\" wouldnotbeknown。 True。 Secondly,theothersdifferfromit,oritcouldnotbedescribedasdifferentfromtheothers? Certainly。 Difference,then,belongstoitaswellasknowledge;forinspeakingoftheoneasdifferentfromtheothers,wedonotspeakofadifferenceintheothers,butintheone。 Clearlyso。 Moreover,theonethatisnotissomethingandpartakesofrelationto\"that,\"and\"this,\"and\"these,\"andthelike,andisanattributeof\"this\";fortheone,ortheothersthantheone,couldnothavebeenspokenof,norcouldanyattributeorrelativeoftheonethatisnothavebeenorbeenspokenof,norcouldithavebeensaidtobeanything,ifitdidnotpartakeof\"some,\"oroftheotherrelationsjustnowmentioned。 True。 Being,then,cannotbeascribedtotheone,sinceitisnot;buttheonethatisnotmayorrathermustparticipateinmanythings,ifitandnothingelseisnot;if,however,neithertheonenortheonethatisnotissupposednottobe,andwearespeakingofsomethingofadifferentnature,wecanpredicatenothingofit。Butsupposingthattheonethatisnotandnothingelseisnot,thenitmustparticipateinthepredicate\"that,\"andinmanyothers。 Certainly。 Anditwillhaveunlikenessinrelationtotheothers,fortheothersbeingdifferentfromtheonewillbeofadifferentkind。 Certainly。 Andarenotthingsofadifferentkindalsootherinkind? Ofcourse。 Andarenotthingsotherinkindunlike? Theyareunlike。 Andiftheyareunliketheone,thatwhichtheyareunlikewillclearlybeunlikethem? Clearlyso。 Thentheonewillhaveunlikenessinrespectofwhichtheothersareunlikeit? Thatwouldseemtobetrue。 Andifunlikenesstootherthingsisattributedtoit,itmusthavelikenesstoitself。 Howso? Iftheonehaveunlikenesstoone,somethingelsemustbemeant;norwillthehypothesisrelatetoone;butitwillrelatetosomethingotherthanone? Quiteso。 Butthatcannotbe。 No。 Thentheonemusthavelikenesstoitself? Itmust。 Again,itisnotequaltotheothers;forifitwereequal,thenitwouldatoncebeandbeliketheminvirtueoftheequality;butifonehasnobeing,thenitcanneitherbenorbelike? Itcannot。 Butsinceitisnotequaltotheothers,neithercantheothersbeequaltoit? Certainlynot。 Andthingsthatarenotequalareunequal? True。 Andtheyareunequaltoanunequal? Ofcourse。 Thentheonepartakesofinequality,andinrespectofthistheothersareunequaltoit? Verytrue。 Andinequalityimpliesgreatnessandsmallness? Yes。 Thentheone,ifofsuchanature,hasgreatnessandsmallness? Thatappearstobetrue。 Andgreatnessandsmallnessalwaysstandapart? True。 Thenthereisalwayssomethingbetweenthem? Thereis。 Andcanyouthinkofanythingelsewhichisbetweenthemotherthanequality? No,itisequalitywhichliesbetweenthem。 Thenthatwhichhasgreatnessandsmallnessalsohasequality,whichliesbetweenthem? Thatisclear。 Thentheone,whichisnot,partakes,aswouldappear,ofgreatnessandsmallnessandequality? Clearly。 Further,itmustsurelyinasortpartakeofbeing? Howso? Itmustbeso,forifnot,thenweshouldnotspeakthetruthinsayingthattheoneisnot。Butifwespeakthetruth,clearlywemustsaywhatis。AmInotright? Yes。 Andsinceweaffirmthatwespeaktruly,wemustalsoaffirmthatwesaywhatis? Certainly。 Then,aswouldappear,theone,whenitisnot,is;forifitwerenottobewhenitisnot,butweretorelinquishsomethingofbeing,soastobecomenot—being,itwouldatoncebe。 Quitetrue。 Thentheonewhichisnot,ifitistomaintainitself,musthavethebeingofnot—beingasthebondofnot—being,justasbeingmusthaveasabondthenot—beingofnot—beinginordertoperfectitsownbeing;forthetruestassertionofthebeingofbeingandofthenot—beingofnotbeingiswhenbeingpartakesofthebeingofbeing,andnotofthebeingofnot—being—thatis,theperfectionofbeing; andwhennot—beingdoesnotpartakeofthenot—beingofnot—beingbutofthebeingofnot—being—thatistheperfectionofnot—being。 Mosttrue。 Sincethenwhatispartakesofnot—being,andwhatisnotofbeing,mustnottheonealsopartakeofbeinginordernottobe? Certainly。 Thentheone,ifitisnot,clearlyhasbeing? Clearly。 Andhasnot—beingalso,ifitisnot? Ofcourse。 Butcananythingwhichisinacertainstatenotbeinthatstatewithoutchanging? Impossible。 Theneverythingwhichisandisnotinacertainstate,implieschange? Certainly。 Andchangeismotion—wemaysaythat? Yes,motion。