Thefirst—mentionedstationwaspresidedoverGodard，thelatterbyM。Yon，assistedbyM。Dartois。
Itwasnotdoubtedthattheresourcesofthecitywouldbeabletosupplythelargedemandthatwouldbemadeforsuitablematerial;butsilkasafabricwasatoncebarredonthescoreofexpensealone。Asinglejourneywasallthatneededtobecalculatedonforeachcraft，andthuscalicowouldservethepurpose，andwouldadmitofspeedymakingup。Slightdifferencesinmanufacturewereadoptedatthetwofactories。
AttheNorthernstationplainwhitecalicowasused，sewnwithasewingmachine，whereasattheOrleansstationthematerialwascolouredandentrustedonlytohandstitching。Theallimportantdetailofvarnishwassuppliedbyamixtureoflinseedoilandtheactiveprincipleofordinarydriers，andthis，laidonwitharubber，renderedthematerialgas—tightandquicklydryenoughforuse。Hundredsofhands，menandwomen，wereemployedatthetwofactories，atwhichsomesixtyballoonswereproducedbeforetheendofthesiege。Muchofthemoreimportantworkwasentrustedtosailors，whoshowedspecialaptness，notonlyinfittingoutandriggingtheballoons，butalsointheirmanagementwhenentrustedtothewinds。
Itmusthavebeenanimpressivesightforfriendorfoetowitnessthedepartureofeachaerialvesselonitsventuresomemission。Theboldplungeintospaceabovetheroofsoftheimprisonedcity;therapidclimbintotheskyand，later，thepearldrophighinairfloatingawaytoitsuncertainandhazardoushaven，runningthegauntletoftheenemy’sfirebydayorbravingwhatatfirstappearedtobeequaldanger，attendingthedarknessofnight。Itwillbeseen，however，that，ofthetwoevils，thatofthedarknesswasconsideredtheless，eventhough，withstrangeandunreasonableexcessofcaution，theaeronautswouldnotsuffertheuseoftheperfectlysafeandalmostindispensableDavylamp。
Beforeanyfreeascentswereventuredon，twooldballoonswereputtosomepracticaltrialasstationaryobservatories。OneofthesewasmooredatMontmartre，theotheratMont—souris。
Fromthesecentresdaily，whentheweatherpermitted，captiveascentsweremade——fourbydayandtwobynight——towatchandlocatethemovementsoftheenemy。Thesystem，asfarasitwent，waswellplanned。Itwassafe，and，tofavourexpedition，messageswerewritteninthecaroftheballoonandsliddownthecabletotheattendantsbelow。Thenetresult，however，fromastrategicpointofview，doesnotappeartohavebeenofgreatvalue。
Ereyettheballoonswereready，certainboldandeventfulescapeswereventuredon。M。Duruof，alreadyintroducedinthesepages，trustinghimselftotheoldcraft，\"LeNeptune，\"
inunskyworthycondition，madeafastplungeintospace，and，catchingtheupperwinds，wasborneawayforaslongaperiodascouldbemaintainedatthecostofaprodigalexpenditureofballast。Theballoonissaidtohavedescribedavisibleparabola，likethetrajectoryofaprojectile，andfellatEvreuxinsafetyandbeyondtherangeoftheenemy’sfire，thoughnotfarfromtheirlines。Thiswasonthe23rdofSeptember。Twodaysafterwardsthefirstpracticaltrialwasmadewithhomingpigeons，withtheideaofusingtheminconnectionwithballoonsfortheestablishmentofanofficiallysanctionedpost。MM。MauginandGrandchampconductedthisvoyageinthe\"VilledeFlorence，\"anddescendednearVernouillet，notfarbeyondLeForetdeSt。Germain，andlessthantwentymilesfromParis。Theserviceabilityofthepigeon，however，wasclearlyestablished，andanotecontributedbyMr。Glaisher，relatingtothebreedingandchoiceofthesebirds，maybeconsideredofinterest。Mr。R。
W。Aldridge，ofCharlton，asquotedbyMr。Glaisher，statedthathisexperiencewenttoshowthatthesebirdscanbeproducedwithdifferentpowersoforientationtomeettherequirementsofparticularcases。\"Thebirdrequiredtomakejourneysunderfiftymileswouldmateriallydifferinitspedigreefromonecapableofflying100or600miles。
Attention，inparticular，mustbegiventothecolouroftheeye;ifwantedforbroaddaylightthebirdknownasthe’PearlEye，’fromitscolour，shouldbeselected;butifforfoggyweatherorfortwilightflyingtheblack—orblue—eyedbirdshouldreceivethepreference。\"
Onlyasmallminority，amountingtoaboutsixtyoutof360
birdstakenup，returnedtoParis，butthesearecalculatedtohaveconveyedamongthemsome100，000messages。Toreducethesepigeonmessagestothesmallestpossiblecompassamethodofreductionbyphotographywasemployedwithmuchsuccess。A
longlettermight，inthisway，befaithfullyrecordedonasurfaceofthinnestphotographicpaper，notexceedingthedimensionsofapostagestamp，and，whenreceived，nomorewasnecessarythantosubjectittomagnification，andthentotranscribeitandsendafaircopytotheaddressee。
ThethirdvoyagefromParis，onSeptember29thwasundertakenbyLouisGodardintwosmallballoons，unitedtogether，carryingbothdespatchesandpigeons，andasafelandingwaseffectedatMantesThissuccessfulfeatwasrivalledthenextdaybyM。Tissandier，whoascendedaloneinaballoonofonlysome26，000cubicfeetcapacityandreachedearthatDreux，inNormandy。
Thesevoyagesexhaustedthestoreofready—madeballoons，butbyaweeklaterthefirstofthosebeingspeciallymanufacturedwasready，andconveyedinsafetyfromthecitynolessapersonagethanM。Gambetta。
ThecourageousresolveofthegreatmancausedmuchsensationinParis，themoresobecause，owingtocontrarywinds，thedeparturehadtobepostponedfromdaytoday。Andwhen，atlength，onOctober7th，Gambettaandhissecretary，withtheaeronautTrichet，actuallygotaway，incompanywithanotherballoon，theywerevigorouslyfiredatwithshotandshellbeforetheyhadclearedSt。Denis。FartheroutovertheGermanpoststheywereagainunderfire，andescapedbydischargingballast，not，however，beforeGambettahadbeengrazedbyabullet。YetoncemoretheywereassailedbyGermanvolleysbefore，about3p。m。，theyfoundahavennearMontdidier。
Theusualdimensionsofthenewballoonsgaveacapacityof70，000cubicfeet，andeachofthese，wheninflatedwithcoalgas，wascalculatedtoconveyafreightofpassengers，ballast，anddespatchesamountingtosome2，000pounds。Theirdespatchbecamefrequent，sometimestwointhesametwenty—fourhours。
InlessthanasingleweekinOctoberasmanyasfourballoonshadfalleninBelgium，andasmanymoreelsewhere。Uptillnowsomesixteenventureshadendedwell，butpresentlytherecametrouble。OnOctober22ndMM。IglesiaandJouvencelfellatMeaux，occupiedbythePrussians;theirdespatches，however，weresavedinadungcart。Thetwenty—thirdvoyageendedmoreunhappily。Onthisoccasionasailoractedasaeronaut，accompaniedbyanengineer，EtienneAntonin，andcarryingnearly1，000poundsofletters。ItchancedthattheydescendednearOrleansontheverydaywhenthattownwasre—occupiedbytheenemy，andbothvoyagersweremadeprisoners。Theengineer，however，subsequentlyescaped。Threedayslateranothersailor，alsoaccompaniedbyanengineer，fellatthetownofFerrieres，thenoccupiedbythePrussians，whenbothweremadeprisoners。Inthiscase，also，theengineersucceededinmakinghisescape;whilethedespatcheswererescuedbyaforesterandforwardedinsafety。
AtaboutthisdateW。deFonvielle，actingasaeronaut，andtakingpassengers，madeasuccessfulescape，ofwhichhehasgivenagraphicaccount。Hehadbeenbaulkedbymorethanoneseriouscontretemps。Ithadbeendeterminedthatthedepartureshouldbebynight，andNovember19thbeingfixedupon，theballoonwasinprocessofinflationunderagentlewindthatthreatenedatraveltowardsPrussiansoil，when，asthemomentofdepartureapproached，alargeholewasaccidentallymadeinthefabricbytheendofthemetalpipe，anditwasthentoolatetoeffectrepairs。Thenextandfollowingdaystheweatherwasfoul，andthedeparturewasnoteffectedtillthe25th，whenhesailedawayoverthefamiliarbutdesolatedcountry。
Heandhiscompanionswerefiredat，butonlywhentheywerewellbeyondrange，andinlessthantwohoursthepartyreachedLouvain，beyondBrussels，some180Englishmilesinadirectlinefromtheirstartingpoint。Thiswasthedayafterthe\"Villed’Orleans\"balloonhadmadetherecordvoyageanddistanceofallthesiege，fallinginNorway，600milesnorthofChristiania，afteraflightoffifteenhours。
AttheendofNovember，whenoverthirtyescapevoyageshadbeenmade，twofataldisastersoccurred。AsailorofthenameofPrinceascendedaloneonamoonlessnight，andatdawn，awayonthenorthcoastofScotland，somefishermensightedaballoonintheskydroppingtothewestwardintheocean。TheonlysubsequenttraceofthisballoonwasabagofdespatchespickedupintheChannel。Curiouslyenough，twodayslateralmostthesamestorywasrepeated。Twoaeronauts，thistimeinchargeofdespatchesandpigeons，werecarriedouttoseaandnevertraced。
Undeterredbythesedisasters，anotableescapewasnowattempted。AnimportanttotaleclipseofthesunwastooccurinatrackcrossingsouthernSpainandAlgeriaonDecember22nd。Anenthusiasticastronomer，Janssen，wascommissionedbytheAcademyofSciencestoattendandmakeobservationsofthiseclipse。ButM。JanssenwasinParis，aswerealsohisinstruments，andtheeclipsetracklaynearlyathousandmilesaway。Theoneandonlypossiblemodeoffulfillinghiscommissionwastotrytheoff—chanceaffordedbyballoon，andthischanceheresortedtoonlytwentydaysbeforetheeclipsewasdue。
Takingwithhimtheessentialpartsofareflectingtelescope，andanactiveyoungsailorasassistant，heleftParisat6
a。m。androseatonceto3，600feet，dippingagainsomewhatatsunrise（owing，ashesupposed，tolossofheatthroughradiation），butsubsequentlyascendingagainrapidlyundertheincreasedaltitudeofthesuntillhisballoonattaineditshighestlevelof7，200feet。Fromthiselevation，shortlyafter11a。m。，hesightedthesea，whenhecommencedadescentwhichbroughthimtoearthatthemouthoftheLoire。Ithadbeenfasttravelling——some300milesinlittlemorethanthreehours——andthegroundwindwasstrong。Nevertheless，neitherpassengersnorinstrumentswereinjured，andM。JanssenwasfullyestablishedbythedayofeclipseonhisobservinggroundatOran，ontheAlgeriancoast。Itisdistressingtoaddthatthephenomenonwashiddenbycloud。InthemonththatfollowedthissplendidventurenofewerthanfifteenballoonsescapedfromParis，ofwhichfourfellintothehandsoftheenemy，althoughforgreatersecurityallascentswerenowbeingmadebynight。
OnJanuary13th，1871，anewdeviceforthereturnpostwastried，and，inadditiontopigeons，sheepdogsweretakenup，withtheideaoftheirbeingreturnedtothecitywithmessagesconcealedwithintheircollars。Thereisapparentlynorecordofanymessagehavingbeenreturnedtothetownbythisingeniousmethod。OnJanuary24thaballoon，pilotedbyasailor，andcontainingalargefreightofletters，fellwithinthePrussianlines，butthepatriotismofthecountrywasstrongenoughtosecurethedespatchesbeingsavedandentrustedtothesafeconveyanceofthePostOffice。Thenfollowedthetotallossofaballoonatsea;butthiswasdestinedtobethelast，saveone，thatwastoattemptthedangerousmission。Thenextday，January28th，thelastofficialballoonleftthetown，mannedbyasinglesailor，carryingbutasmallweightofdespatches，butorderingtheshipstoproceedtoDieppefortherevictuallingofParis。
Fiveadditionalballoonsatthattimeinreadinesswereneverrequiredfortheriskyserviceforwhichtheyweredesigned。
Therecanbelittledoubtthathadthesiegecontinuedamoreelaborateuseofballoonswouldhavebeendeveloped。SchemeswerebeingmootedtoattemptthevastlymoredifficulttaskofconveyingballoonsintoParisfromoutside。WhenhostilitiesterminatedtherewereactuallysixballoonsinreadinessforthisventureatLisle，andwaitingonlyforanortherlywind。
M。deFonvielle，possessedofbothcourageandexperience，waspreparedtoputinpracticeamethodofguidingbyasmallpropellingforceaballoonthatwasbeingcarriedbysufficientlyfavouringwindswithinafewdegreesofitsdesiredgoal——andinthecaseofParisthegoalwasanareaofsometwentymilesindiameter。Withintheinvestedareaseveralattemptswereactuallymadetocontrolballoonsbymethodsofsteering。ThenamesofVertandDupuydeLomemustherebespeciallymentioned。Theformerhadelaboratedaninventionwhichreceivedmuchassistance，andwassubsequentlyexhibitedattheCrystalPalace。ThelatterreceivedagrantofL1，600toperfectacomplexmachine，havingwithinitsgasenvelopeanairchamber，suggestedbytheswimmingbladderofafish，havingalsoasailhelmandapropellingscrew，tobeoperatedbymanuallabour。
Therelationofthisinventiontoothersofsimilarpurposewillbefurtherdiscussedlateron。Butanactualtrialofadirigiblecraft，thedesignofAdmiralLabrousse，wasmadefromtheOrleansrailwaystationonJanuary9th。Thismachineconsistedofaballoonofaboutthestandardcapacityofthesiegeballoons，namelysome70，000cubicfeet，fittedwithtwoscrewsofabout12feetdiameter，butcapableofbeingreadilyworkedatmoderatespeed。Itwasnotasuccess。M。Richard，withthreesailors，madeatentativeascent，andusedtheirbestendeavourstocontroltheirvessel，butpracticallywithoutavail，andthemachinepresentlycomingtoearthclumsily，aportionofthegearcaughtinthegroundandthetravellerswerethrownoverandroughlydraggedforalongdistance。
Fairlylookedat，theaerialpostofthesiegeofParismustberegardedasanambitiousand，onthewhole，successfulenterprise。Sometwomillionandahalfofletters，amountinginweighttosometentons，wereconveyedthroughthefourmonths，inadditiontowhichatleastanequalweightofotherfreightwastakenup，exclusiveofactualpassengers，ofwhomnofewerthantwohundredweretransportedfromthebeleagueredcity。Oftheseonlyonereturned，sevenoreightweredrowned，twicethisnumberweretakenprisoners，andasmanyagainmoreorlessinjuredindescents。Fromapurelyfinancialpointofviewtheundertakingwasnofailure，asthecost，greatasitnecessarilybecame，was，itissaid，fairlycoveredbythepostage，whichitwaspossibleandbynomeansunreasonabletolevy。Therecognisedtariffseemstohavebeen20centimesfor4grammes，orattherateofnotgreatlymorethanashillingperEnglishounce。Surelyhardlyonaparwithfameinpricesinatimeofsiege。
IthasalreadybeenstatedthatthedefendersofParisdidnotderivesubstantialassistancefromtheservicesofsuchareconnoitringballoonasisgenerallyusedinwarfareateveryavailableopportunity。Itispossiblethatthepeculiarcircumstancesoftheinvestmentofthetownrenderedsuchreconnaissanceofcomparativelysmallvalue。But，atanyrate，itseemsclearthatdueopportunitywasnotgiventothisstrategicmethod。M。Giffard，whoatthecommencementofthesiegewasinParis，andwhoseexperiencewithacaptiveballoonwassecondtonone，madeearlyoverturestotheGovernment，offeringtobuildforL40，000asuitableballoon，capableofraisingfortypersonstoaheightmof3，000feet。Fortyaerialscouts，itmaybesaid，arehardlyneededforpurposesofoutlookatonetime;butitappearsthatthiswasnottheconsiderationwhichstoodinthewayofM。Giffard’sofferbeingaccepted。AccordingtoM。deFonvielle，theGovernmentrefusedtheexperiencedaeronaut’sproposalonthegroundthatherequiredaplaceintheChampsElysees，\"whichitwouldbenecessarytoclearofafewshrubs\"！
CHAPTERXIX。THETRAGEDYOFTHEZENITH。\"——THENAVIGABLEBALLOON
Themechanicalairshiphad，bythistime，asmaybeinferred，begunseriouslytooccupytheattentionofboththeoreticalandpracticalaeronauts。OneoftheearliestmachinesdeservingofspecialmentionwasdesignedbyM。Giffard，andconsistedofanelongatedballoon，104feetinlengthand39feetingreatestdiameter，furnishedwithatriangularrudder，andasteamengineoperatingascrew。Thefireoftheengine，whichburnedcoke，wasskilfullyprotected，andthefuelandwaterrequiredweretakenintocalculationassomuchballasttobegraduallyexpended。Inthisvessel，inflatedonlywithcoalgas，andsomewhatunmanageableanddifficulttobalance，theenthusiasticinventorascendedalonefromtheHippodromeandexecutedsundrydesiredmovements，notunsuccessfully。Butthetrialwasnotoflongduration，andthedescentprovedbothrapidandperilous。Hadthetrialbeenmadeinsuchaperfectcalmasthatwhichprevailedwhencertainsubsequentinventionsweretested，itwasconsideredthatM。Giffard’svesselwouldhavebeenasnavigableasaboatinthewater。Thisunrivalledmechanician，afterhavingmadegreatadvancesinthedirectionofhighspeedenginesofsufficientlightness，proceededtodesignavastlyimproveddirigibleballoon，whenhisendeavourswerefrustratedbyblindness。
Ashasbeenalreadystated，M。DupuydeLome，attheendofthesiegeofParis，wasengagedinbuildinganavigableballoon，which，owingtotheunsettledstateofaffairsinFrance，didnotreceiveitstrialtilltwoyearslater。Thisballoon，whichwasinflatedwithpurehydrogen，wasofgreatercapacitythanthatofM。Giffard，beingcigarshapedandmeasuring118feetby48feet。Itwasalsoprovidedwithaningeniousarrangementconsistingofaninternalairbag，capableofbeingeitherinflatedordischarged，forthepurposeofkeepingtheprincipalenvelopealwaysdistended，andthusofferingtheleastpossibleresistancetothewind。Thepropellingpowerwasthemanuallabourofeightmenworkingthescrew，andthesteeragewasprovidedforbyatriangularrudder。Thetrial，whichwascarriedoutwithoutmishap，tookplaceinFebruary，1872，intheFortofVincennes，underthepersonaldirectionoftheinventor，whenitwasfoundthatthevesselreadilyobeyedthehelm，andwascapableofaspeedexceedingsixmilesanhour。
Itwasnottillnineyearsafterthisthatthenextimportanttrialwithairshipswasmade。ThebrothersTissandierwillthenbefoundtakingthelead，andanappallingincidentintheaeronauticalcareerofoneofthesehasnowtoberecorded。
Inthespringof1875，andwiththeco—operationofFrenchscientificsocieties，itwasdeterminedtomaketwoexperimentalvoyagesinaballooncalledthe\"Zenith，\"oneofthesetobeoflongduration，theotherofgreatheight。Thefirstofthesehadbeensuccessfullyaccomplishedinaflightoftwenty—fourhours’durationfromParistoBordeaux。ItwasnowAprilthe15th，andtheloftyflightwasembarkeduponbyM。GastonTissandier，accompaniedbyMM。Croce—SpinelliandSivel。Undercompetentadvice，provisionforrespirationonemergencywasprovidedinthreesmallballoons，filledwithamixtureofairandoxygen，andfittedwithindiarubberhosepipes，whichwouldallowthemixture，wheninhaled，topassfirstthroughawashbottlecontainingaromaticfluid。Theexperimentsdeterminedonincludedananalysisoftheproportionofcarbonicacidgasatdifferentheightsbymeansofspecialapparatus;spectroscopicobservations，andthereadingsregisteredbycertainbarometersandthermometers。A
novelandvaluableexperiment，alsoarranged，wasthatoftestingtheinternaltemperatureoftheballoonascomparedwiththatoftheexternalair。
Ascendingat11。30a。m。underawarmsun，theballoonhadby1
p。m。reachedanaltitudeof16，000feet，whentheexternalairwasatfreezingpoint，thegashighintheballoonbeing72
degrees，andatthecentre66degrees。Erethisheighthadbeenfullyreached，however，thevoyagershadbeguntobreatheoxygen。At11。57，anhourpreviously，Spinellihadwritteninhisnotebook，\"Slightpainintheears——somewhatoppressed——itisthegas。\"At23，000feetSivelwroteinhisnotebook，\"Iaminhalingoxygen——theeffectisexcellent，\"afterwhichheproceededtourgetheballoonhigherbyadischargeofballast。
TherestoftheterriblenarrativehasnowtobetakenfromthenotesofM。Tissandier，andastheseconstituteoneofthemostthrillingnarrativesinaeronauticalrecordswetranscribethemnearlyinfull，asgivenbyMr。Glaisher:——
\"At23，000feetwewerestandingupinthecar。Sivel，whohadgivenupforamoment，isre—invigorated。Croce—Spinelliismotionlessinfrontofme……Ifeltstupefiedandfrozen。I
wishedtoputonmyfurgloves，but，withoutbeingconsciousofit，theactionoftakingthemfrommypocketnecessitatedaneffortthatIcouldnolongermake……Icopy，verbatim，thefollowinglineswhichwerewrittenbyme，althoughIhavenoverydistinctremembranceofdoingso。Theyaretracedinahardlylegiblemannerbyahandtremblingwithcold:’Myhandsarefrozen。Iamallright。Weareallallright。Foginthehorizon，withlittleroundedcirrus。Weareascending。Crocepants;heinhalesoxygen。Sivelcloseshiseyes。Crocealsocloseshiseyes……Sivelthrowsoutballast’——theselastwordsarehardlyreadable。Sivelseizedhisknifeandcutsuccessivelythreecords，andthethreebagsemptiedthemselvesandweascendedrapidly。Thelastremembranceofthisascentwhichremainscleartomerelatestoamomentearlier。
Croce—Spinelliwasseated，holdinginonehandawashbottleofoxygengas。Hisheadwasslightlyinclinedandheseemedoppressed。Ihadstillstrengthtotaptheaneroidbarometertofacilitatethemovementoftheneedle。Sivelhadjustraisedhishandtowardsthesky。Asformyself，Iremainedperfectlystill，withoutsuspectingthatIhad，perhaps，alreadylostthepowerofmoving。Abouttheheightof25，000
feettheconditionofstupefactionwhichensuesisextraordinary。Themindandbodyweakenbydegrees，andimperceptibly，withoutconsciousnessofit。Nosufferingisthenexperienced;onthecontrary，aninnerjoyisfeltlikeanirradiationfromthesurroundingfloodoflight。Onebecomesindifferent。Onethinksnomoreoftheperilouspositionorofdanger。Oneascends，andishappytoascend。Thevertigooftheupperregionsisnotanidleword;but，sofarasIcanjudgefrommypersonalimpression，vertigoappearsatthelastmoment;itimmediatelyprecedesannihilation，sudden，unexpected，andirresistible。
\"WhenSivelcutawaythebagsofballastattheheightofabout24，000feet，Iseemedtorememberthathewassittingatthebottomofthecar，andnearlyinthesamepositionasCroce—Spinelli。Formypart，Iwasintheangleofthecar，thankstowhichsupportIwasabletoholdup;butIsoonfelttooweakeventoturnmyheadtolookatmycompanions。SoonI
wishedtotakeholdofthetubeofoxygen，butitwasimpossibletoraisemyarm。Mymind，nevertheless，wasquiteclear。Iwishedtoexplain，’Weare8，000metreshigh’;butmytonguewas，asitwere，paralysed。AllatonceIclosedmyeyes，and，sinkingdowninert，becameinsensible。Thiswasabout1。30p。m。At2。8p。m。Iawokeforamoment，andfoundtheballoonrapidlydescending。Iwasabletocutawayabagofballasttocheckthespeedandwriteinmynotebookthefollowinglines，whichIcopy:
\"’Wearedescending。Temperature，3degrees。Ithrowoutballast。Barometer，12。4inches。Wearedescending。SivelandCrocestillinafaintingstateatthebottomofthecar。
Descendingveryrapidly。’
\"HardlyhadIwrittentheselineswhenakindoftremblingseizedme，andIfellbackweakenedagain。Therewasaviolentwindfrombelow，upwards，denotingaveryrapiddescent。AftersomeminutesIfeltmyselfshakenbythearm，andIrecognisedCroce，whohadrevived。’Throwoutballast，’hesaidtome，’wearedescending’;butIcouldhardlyopenmyeyes，anddidnotseewhetherSivelwasawake。IcalledtomindthatCroceunfastenedtheaspirator，whichhethenthrewoverboard，andthenhethrewoutballast，rugs，etc。
\"Allthisisanextremelyconfusedremembrance，quicklyextinguished，foragainIfellbackinertmorecompletelythanbefore，anditseemedtomethatIwasdying。Whathappened？
Itiscertainthattheballoon，relievedofagreatweightofballast，atonceascendedtothehigherregions。
\"At3。30p。m。Iopenedmyeyesagain。Ifeltdreadfullygiddyandoppressed，butgraduallycametomyself。Theballoonwasdescendingwithfrightfulspeedandmakinggreatoscillations。
Icreptalongonmyknees，andIpulledSivelandCrocebythearm。’Sivel！Croce！’Iexclaimed，’Wakeup！’Mytwocompanionswerehuddledupmotionlessinthecar，coveredbytheircloaks。Icollectedallmystrength，andendeavouredtoraisethemup。Sivel’sfacewasblack，hiseyesdull，andhismouthwasopenandfullofblood。Croce’seyeswerehalfclosedandhismouthwasbloody。
\"Torelatewhathappenedafterwardsisquiteimpossible。I
feltafrightfulwind;wewerestill9，700feethigh。Thereremainedinthecartwobagsofballast，whichIthrewout。I
wasdrawingneartheearth。Ilookedformyknifetocutthesmallropewhichheldtheanchor，butcouldnotfindit。Iwaslikeamadman，andcontinuedtocall’Sivel！Sivel！’BygoodfortuneIwasabletoputmyhanduponmyknifeanddetachtheanchorattherightmoment。Theshockoncomingtothegroundwasdreadful。Theballoonseemedasifitwerebeingflattened。
Ithoughtitwasgoingtoremainwhereithadfallen，butthewindwashigh，anditwasdraggedacrossfields，theanchornotcatching。Thebodiesofmyunfortunatefriendswereshakenaboutinthecar，andIthoughteverymomenttheywouldbejerkedout。Atlength，however，Iseizedthevalveline，andthegassoonescapedfromtheballoon，whichlodgedagainstatree。Itwasthenfouro’clock。Onsteppingout，Iwasseizedwithafeverishattack，andsankdownandthoughtforamomentthatIwasgoingtojoinmyfriendsinthenextworld;butI
cameto。Ifoundthebodiesofmyfriendscoldandstiff。I
hadthemputundershelterinanadjacentbarn。Thedescentofthe’Zenith’tookplaceintheplains155milesfromParisasthecrowflies。Thegreatestheightattainedinthisascentisestimatedat28，000feet。\"
Itwasin1884thatthebrothersTissandiercommencedexperimentswithascrew—propelledairshipresemblinginshapethoseconstructedbyGiffardandDupuydeLome，butsmaller，measuringonly91feetby30feet，andoperatedbyanelectricmotorplacedincircuitwithapowerfulbatteryofbichromatecells。TwotrialsweremadewiththisvesselinOctober，1883，andagaininthefollowingSeptember，whenitproveditselfcapableofholdingitscourseincalmairandofbeingreadilycontrolledbytherudder。
