Notoriously，thiscontingentis，onthewhole，aseriousdrawbacktothecauseoflearning，butitaddsappreciably，andaddsahighlyvaluedcontribution，tothenumberenrolled;anditgivesalsoacertain，highlyappreciated，loudtone（\"collegespirit\"）
tothestudentbody;andsoitisfelttobenefitthecorporationoflearningbydrawingpublicattention。Corporatemeansexpendedinprovisionfortheseacademicaccessories——\"sideshows，\"ascertainill—disposedcriticshavesometimescalledthem——arecommonlyfelttobewellspent。PersonswhoarenotintimatelyfamiliarwithAmericancollegelifehavelittleappreciationofthegravesolicitudegiventothesematters。
Duringsomeconsiderablenumberofyearspast，whiletheundergraduateenrolmentattheuniversitieshasbeenincreasingrapidly，theattitudeoftheauthoritieshasprogressivelybeenundergoinganotablechangetouchingthesemattersofextra—scholasticamenity。Itisingreatmeasureacontinuationofchangesthathavevisiblybeengoingforwardintheolderuniversitiesofthecountryforalongerperiod，anditisorganicallyboundupwiththegeneralshiftingofgroundthatmarkstheincursionofbusinessprinciples。
Whiletheauthoritieshaveturnedtheirattentionprimarilytotheundergraduatedivisionanditsnumericalincrease，theyhaveatthesametime，andlargelywiththesameendinview，endeavouredtogiveitmoreofthecharacterofa\"gentleman’scollege\"，thatistosay，anestablishmentforthecultivationofthegracesofgentilityandasuitableplaceofresidenceforyoungmenofspendthrifthabits。Theimprovementsoughtintheseendeavoursisnotsomuchtheincreaseandaccelerationofscholarlypursuits，asafurtheringof\"social\"proficiency。A
\"gentleman’scollege\"isanestablishmentinwhichscholarshipisadvisedlymadesubordinatetogenteeldissipation，toagroundinginthosemethodsofconspicuousconsumptionthatshouldengagethethoughtandenergiesofawell—to—domanoftheworld。Suchanideal，moreorlessovertly，appearstobegaininggroundamongthelargeruniversities;and，needlesstosay，itisthereforealsogaining，byforceofprecedentandimitation，amongtheyoungerschoolsengagedinmoreofastruggletoachieveasecurefootingofrespectability。
Itsbearingonthehigherlearningis，ofcourse，sufficientlyplain;anditsintimateconnectionwithbusinessprinciplesatlargeshouldbeequallyplain。Theschemeofreputabilityinthepecuniaryculturecomprisesnotonlytheimperativedutyofacquiringsomethingmorethananequitableshareofthecommunity’swealth，butalsothedutifulprivilegeofspendingthisacquiredwealth，andtheleisurethatgoeswithit，inareputablyconspicuousway，accordingtotheritualofdecoruminforceforthetimebeing。Sothatproficiencyinthedecorouslyconspicuouswasteoftimeandmeansisnolessessentialintheendthanproficiencyinthegainfulconductofbusiness。Thewaysandmeansofreputablyconsumingtimeandsubstance，therefore，isbyprescriptivenecessitytobeincludedinthetrainingofferedatanywell—appointedundergraduateestablishmentthataimsinanycomprehensivesensetodoitswholedutybythewell—to—doyoungmenunderitstutelage。（9*）Itis，furtherandbycompulsionofthesameideals，incumbentonsuchanestablishmenttoaffordtheseyoungmenaprecinctdedicatetoculturedleisure，andconventionallyshelteredfromtheimportunitiesofthemunicipalpolice，whereanadequatebutguardedindulgencemaybehadforthoseextravagancesofadolescencethatcountforsomuchinshapingthecanonsofgenteelintercourse。
Thereis，ofcourse，nointentionheretofindfaultwiththisgentlemanlyidealofundergraduateindoctrination，orwiththesolicitudeshowninthisbehalfbythecaptainsoferudition，inendeavouringtoaffordtime，placeandcircumstanceforitsdueinculcationamongcollegemen。Itisbynomeanshereassumedthatlearningissubstantiallymoretobedesiredthanproficiencyingenteeldissipation。Itisonlythatthehigherlearningandthelifeoffashionandaffairsaretwowidelydistinctanddivergentlines，bothlyingwithinthecurrentschemeofcivilization;andthatitistheuniversity’sparticularofficeinthisschemetoconserveandextendthedomainofknowledge。Thereneedbenoquestionthatitisaworkofgreatsocialmeritandconsequencetotrainadeptsintheritualofdecorum，anditisdoubtlessacreditableworkforanyschooladaptedtothatpurposetoequipmenforadecorativeplaceinpolitesociety，andimbuethemwithadiscriminatingtasteinthereputablewasteoftimeandmeans。Andallthatmayperhapsfall，notonlylegitimately，butmeritoriously，withintheprovinceoftheundergraduateschool;atleastitisnothereintendedtoarguethecontrary。Atthesametimeasecurereputationforefficiencyandadequatefacilitiesalongthislineofaspirationsonthepartofanysuchschoolwillserveagoodbusinesspurposeindulyattractingstudents——orresidents——
fromthebetterclassesofsociety，andfromthoseclassesthataspiretobe\"better。\"
Butthisisessentiallynotuniversitywork。Inthenatureofthecaseitdevolvesonthecollege，theundergraduateschool;
anditcannotbecarriedthroughwithduesinglenessofpurposeinanestablishmentboundbytraditiontomakemuchofthathigherlearningthatissubstantiallyalientothespiritofthisthing。If，then，asindicationsrun，thelargeundergraduateschoolsareinduecoursetodevelopsomewhatunreservedlyintogentlemen’scolleges，thatisanadditionalreasonwhy，intheinterestofbothparties，thedivorceoftheuniversityfromthecollegiatedivisionshouldbemadeabsolute。Neitherdoestheworldlyspiritthatpervadesthegentlemen’scollegefurthertheuniversity’sinterestinscholarship，nordotheuniversity’sscholarlyinterestsfurtherthecollegeworkingentility。
WelltothefrontamongtheseundergraduateappurtenancesofgentlemanshiparethefactionalclubsknownasGreek—letterfraternities。Thesetouchtheprovinceoflearningintheuniversitiesonlyincidentallyandsuperficially，astheydonotinpracticeenterthegraduatedivisionexceptbywayofathinaftermathoffactionalanimus，whichmayoccasionallyinfectsuchofthestaffasaregiftedwithaparticularlypueriletemperament。Theyare，ineffect，competitiveorganizationsfortheelaborationofthepuerileirregularitiesofadolescence，andassuchtheyfindlittlescopeamongthegraduatestudentsoramongtheadultpersonnelatlarge。Butaspartoftheapparatusoftheundergraduatedivisiontheyrequireastrictsurveillancetokeepthemwithinthe（somewhatwide）limitsoftolerance;andsotheirpresenceaffectsthenecessarydisciplineoftheschoolatlarge，entailingamoreelaborateandrigoroussurveillanceandmoremeddlingwithpersonalhabitsthanwouldotherwiseberequired，andentailingalsosomeslightcorporateexpense。
Muchthesameistruefortheothersocialclubs，notofanadvisedlyfactionalcharacter，thatarelatterlybeinginstalledbyauthorityunderuniversitypatronageandguaranteedbytheuniversityfunds;as，also，andinamorepronounceddegree，forcollegeathletics，exceptthattheitemofexpenseinconnectionwiththesethingsismuchmoreseriousandtheresultingdiversionofinterestfromallmattersoflearningisproportionallygreater。Amongthesemeansofdissipatingenergyandattention，collegeathleticsisperhapsstillthemosteffective;anditisalsotheonemostearnestlypushedbythebusinesslikeauthorities，atthesametimethatitisthemostwidelyoutoftouchwithalllearning，whetheritbethepursuitofknowledgeortheperfunctorytaskworkofthecollegiatedivision。Sonotorious，indeed，isthediscrepancybetweencollegeathleticsandscholarlyworkthatfewcollegeauthoritieslatterlyventuretoavowascordialasupportofthistraininginsportsmanshipastheyactuallygive。Yetsoefficientameansofattractingacertainclassofyoungmenisthisacademicenterpriseinsportsthat，inpracticaleffect，fewschoolsfailtogiveitallthesupportthatthelimitsofdecorumwilladmit。
Thereisprobablynopointatwhichspeciouspracticesandhabitualprevaricationarecarriedsofarashere。Littleneedbesaidofthethreadbaresubterfugesbywhich（ostensiblysurreptitious）pecuniaryinducementsareextendedtostudentsandprospectivestudentswhopromisewellascollegeathletes;（10*）
oroftheequallythreadbareexpedientsbywhichthesemembersofthegildofsportsmenareenabledtomeettheformalrequirementsofscholarshipimposedbyshamefacedintercollegiatebargaining。（11*）
Butapartfromsuchpettyexpedients，howeverabundantandcommonplace，thereisthemoresignificantpracticeofretainingtrainersandhelpersattheuniversity’sexpenseandwithacademiccountenance。Thereisthecorpsofworkmenandassistantstotakecareofthegrounds，buildingsandapparatus，andthereisthecorpsoftrainersandcoaches，masseursandsurgeons，masqueradingunderthecaptionof\"physicalculture，\"
whosechiefdutyistoputtheteamsinformforthevariouscontests。Onemayfindafootballorbaseballcoachretainedofficiallyasamemberofthefacultyandcarriedontheacademicpay—roll，inauniversitythatpracticesapenuriouseconomyintheequipmentandcurrentsupplyofmaterialsandservicesnecessarytotheworkofitsscientificlaboratories，andwhoselibraryisinashamefulstateofneglectforwantofadequateprovisionforcurrentpurchasesandattendance。Thequalificationsofsucha\"professor\"arethoseofacoach，whileinpointofscholarlycapacityandattainmentsitwouldbeastretchofcharitytosaythatheisofquiteaneutralcomposition。Still，underthepressureofintercollegiatecompetitionfortheservicesofsuchexpertlanistae，hemayhavetobevestedwiththehighestacademicrankandconcededthehighestscholastichonours，withcommensuratesalary。Expediencymaysodecide，partlytocloaktheshamefulnessofthetransaction，partlytomeettheexactingdemandsofacoachwhoseprofessionalserviceshaveahighcommercialratinginthesportingcommunity，andwhoispresumedtobeindispensabletotheuniversity’sduesuccessinintercollegiateathletics。
Themanifestaim，andindeedtheavowedpurpose，ofthesemanyexpedientsofmanagementandconcessionstofashionandfrailtyisthecontinuednumericalgrowthoftheundergraduateschool，——theincreaseoftheenrolmentandtheobtainingoffundsbyuseofwhichtoachieveafurtherincrease。Tobringthisassiduousendeavourintoitsproperlight，itistobeaddedthatmostoftheseundergraduatedepartmentsarealreadytoolargeforthebestworkoftheirkind。Sincetheseundergraduateschoolshavegrownlargeenoughtoaffordasecurecontrastasagainstthesmallercollegesthatareengagedinthesamegeneralfield，itiscomingtobeplaintouniversitymenwhohavetodowiththeadvancedinstructionthat，fortheadvancedworkinscienceandscholarship，thetraininggivenbyacollegeofmoderatesizecommonlyaffordsabetterpreparationthanishadintheverylargeundergraduateschoolsofthegreatuniversities。Thisholdstrue，inageneralway，inspiteofthefactthatthesmallerschoolsarehandicappedbyaninadequateequipment，areworkingagainsttheside—draftofareligiousbias，withacorpsofunder—paidandover—workedteachersingreatpartselectedondenominationalgrounds，andareunder—ratedbyallconcerned。Theproposition，however，takeninageneralwayandallowingforexceptions，istoomanifestlytruetoadmitofmuchquestion;particularlyinrespectofpreparationforthesciencesproper，ascontrastedwiththeprofessions。
Thecausesofthisrelativeinefficiencythatseemstoattachunavoidablytotheexcessivelylargeundergraduateestablishmentscannotbegoneintohere;inparttheyareobvious，inpartquiteobscure。Butinanycasethemattercannotbegoneintohere，exceptsofarasithasanimmediatebearingontheadvancedworkoftheuniversity，throughtheinclusionofthesecollegiateschoolsintheuniversitycorporationandunderthesamegovernment。Ashasalreadybeenremarked，byforceofthecompetitiveneedofalargestatisticalshowingandawidesweepofpopularprestigeandnotoriety，andbyreasonofotherincentivesofanaturemoreintimatetothepersonoftheexecutive，itisineffectamatterofcoursethattheundergraduateschoolanditsgrowthbecomesthechiefobjectofsolicitudeandmanagementwithabusinesslikeexecutive;andthatsoitsshapingofthefoundationsoftheestablishmentasawholeactsirresistiblytofashiontherestoftheuniversityadministrationandinstructionintheimageoftheundergraduatepolicy。Underthesamecompulsionitfollowsalsothatwhateverelementsintheadvancedworkoftheuniversitywillnotlendthemselvestotheschemeofaccountancy，statistics，standardizationandcoercivecontrolenforcedinandthroughtheundergraduatedivision，willtendtobelostbydisuseandneglect，asbeingselectivelyunfittosurviveunderthatsystem。
Theadvancedworkfallsunderthesamestressofcompetitioninmagnitudeandvisiblesuccess;andthesameschemeofenforcedstatisticalcreditswillgraduallyinsinuateitselfintotheworkfortheadvanceddegrees;sothattheseaswellasthelowerdegreeswillcometobeconferredonthepiece—workplan。
ThroughouttheAmericanuniversitiesthereisapparentsuchamovementinthedirectionofacloserandmoremechanicalspecificationofthetermsonwhichthehigherdegreesaretobeconferred，——aspecificationintermsofstipulatedcoursesofclass—roomworkandaggregatequantityofstandardcreditsandlengthofresidence。Sothathisneedofconformitytothestandardcreditrequirementswillthereforeconstrainthecandidateforanadvanceddegreetomakethesubstantialpursuitofknowledgesubordinatetothepresentpursuitofcredits，tobeattendedto，ifatall，inthescantinterstitialintervalsallowedbyastrictlydrawnaccountancy。Theeffectofitallontheiranimus，andontheeffectiveprosecutionofthehigherlearningsbytheinstructors，shouldbesufficientlyplain;butincaseofdoubtanycuriouspersonmayeasilyassurehimselfofitbylookingoverthecurrentstateofthingsastheyruninanyoneoftheuniversitiesthatgrantdegrees。
Nothingbutcontinuedworkdayfamiliaritywiththissystemofacademicgradingandcredit，asittakeseffectintheconductandcontrolofinstruction，andasitsfurtherelaborationcontinuestoemploythetalentsanddeliberationofcollegemen，canenableanyobservertoappreciatetheextraordinarylengthstowhichthismatteriscarriedinpractice，andthepervasivewayinwhichitresistlesslybendsmoreandmoreofcurrentinstructiontoitsmechanicaltestsandprogressivelysterilizesallpersonalinitiativeandambitionthatcomeswithinitssweep。
Andnothingbutthesamecontinuedcontactwiththerelevantfactscouldpersuadeanyoutsiderthatallthisskilfullydeviseddeathofthespiritisbroughtaboutbywell—advisedeffortsofimprovementonthepartofmenwhoareintimatelyconversantwiththefacts，andwhoaremovedbyadisinterestedsolicitudeforthebestacademicgoodofthestudentsundertheircharge。Yetsuch，unmistakably，arethefactsofthecase。
Whiletheinitialmoveinthissterilizationoftheacademicintellectisnecessarilytakenbythestatistically—mindedsuperiorofficersofthecorporationoflearning，thedetailofschedulesandadministrativeroutineinvolvedislargelyleftinthediscretionofthefaculty。Indeed，itisworkofthischaracterthatoccupiesnearlythewholeoftheattentionofthefacultyasadeliberativebody，aswellasofitsmanyandvariouscommittees。Inthesemattersofadministrativeroutineandpunctiliothefaculty，collectivelyandseverally，canexerciseadegreeofinitiativeanddiscretion。Andthesedutiesaretakenasseriouslyaswellmaybe，andthemattersthatsocomewithinthefaculty’sdiscretionarehandledinthemostunambiguousspiritofresponsibledeliberation。Eachaddedmoveofelaborationistakenonlyafterthedeliberativebodyhasassureditselfthatitembodiesaneededenhancementoftheefficiencyofthesystemofcontrol。Buteachimprovementandamplificationalsounavoidablybringstheneedoffurtherspecificationandapparatus，desiredtotakecareoffurtherrefinementsofdoubtanddetailthatariseoutofthelastpreviousextensionsofthemechanism。Theremedysoughtinallsuchconjuncturesistobringinfurtherspecificationsanddefinitions，withtheeffectofcontinuallymakingtwospecificationsgrowwhereonegrewbefore，eachofwhichinitsturnwillnecessarilyhavetobehedgedaboutonbothsidesbylikespecifications，withlikeeffect;（12*）withtheconsequencethatthegradingandcreditsystemissubjecttoaceaselessproliferationofevermoremeticulousdetail。Theunderlyingdifficultyappearstobenotthatthecollectivewisdomofthefacultyisbentonitsownstultification，asanunsympatheticoutsidermighthastilyconclude，butthatthereisinallthedeliberationsofsuchabodyatotaldisregardofcommonsense。
Itis，presumably，notthattheconstituentmembersarequitedevoidofthatquality，butratherthatnopointintheirelaborationofapparatuscanfeasiblybereached，beyondwhichaworkingmajoritycanbebroughtconscientiouslytoagreethatdependencemaysafelybeplacedoncommonsenseratherthanonfurtherandmoremeticulousandrigorousspecification。
ItisatthispointthattheAmericansystemoffellowshipsfallsintotheschemeofuniversitypolicy;andhereagaintheeffectofbusinessprinciplesandundergraduatemachineryistobeseenatwork。Atitsinceptionthepurposeofthesefellowshipswastoencouragethebesttalentamongthestudentstopursuedisinterestedadvancedstudyfartherandwithgreatersinglenessofpurposeanditisquiteplainthatatthatstageofitsgrowththesystemwasconceivedtohavenobearingonintercollegiatecompetitionorthestatisticsofregistration。
Thiswassomethingoverthirtyyearsago。Afellowshipwasanhonourabledistinction;atthesametimeitwasdesignedtoaffordsuchastipendaswouldenabletheincumbenttodevotehisundividedenergiestoscholasticworkofakindthatwouldyieldnopecuniaryreturn。Ostensibly，suchisstillthesolepurposeofthefellowships;thetraditionaldecenciesrequire（volubleandreiterated）professionstothateffect。Butinpointofpracticaleffect，andprogressively，concomitantwiththeincursionofbusinessprinciplesintouniversitypolicy，theexigenciesofcompetitiveacademicenterprisehaveturnedthefellowshipstoaccountintheirownemploy。Sothat，ineffect，todaytherivaluniversitiesusethefellowshipstobidagainstoneanotherforfellowstocomeintoresidence，toswellthestatisticsofgraduateregistrationandincreasethenumberofcandidatesforadvanceddegrees。Andtheeligiblestudentshavelearnedsotoregardthematter，andarequitecallouslyexploitingthesysteminthatsense。
Notthatthefellowshipshavealtogetherlostthatcharacterofascholarlystipendiarywithwhichtheystartedout;buttheyhave，underbusinesslikemanagement，acquiredausenotoriginallyintended;andthenew，competitiveuseofthemisunequivocallytheirmainusetoday。Itwouldbehazardoustoguessjusthowfarthedirectoratesoftherivaluniversitiesconsciouslyturnthefellowshipstoaccountinthisenterprisingway，orhowfar，ontheotherhand，theyareabletoletself—deceptioncoverthepolicyofcompetitivebargaininginwhichtheyareengaged;butitwouldbedifficulttobelievethattheirrighthandisaltogetherignorantofwhattheirlefthandisdoing。Itwoulddoubtlessalsobefoundthatboththepracticeandtheanimusbackofitdifferappreciablyfromoneschooltoanother。Butthereisnoelementofhazardinthegeneralizationthat，byandlarge，suchcompetitiveuseofthefellowshipsistodaytheirchiefuse;andthatsuchisthefactisquiteopenlyavowedamongtheacademicstaffofsomeuniversitiesatleast。
Asasequelandsymptomofthisuseofthefellowshipstipendsinbargainingforanenlargedenrolmentofadvancedstudents，ithasbecomeamootquestioninacademicpolicywhetheralargernumberoffellowshipswithsmallerstipendswillgiveamoreadvantageousnetstatisticalresultthanasmallernumberofmoreadequatestipends。Anadministrationthatlookschieflytotheshort—termreturns——asiscommonlythepracticeinlatterdaybusinessenterprise——willsensiblyinclinetomakethestipendssmallandnumerous;whiletheconversewillbetruewhereregardishadprimarilytotheenrolmentofcarefullyselectedmenwhomayreflectcreditontheinstitutioninthelongrun。Up—to—datebusinesspolicywillapparentlycommendtheformerratherthanthelattercourse;forbusinesspractice，initslaterphases，iseminentlyguidedbyconsiderationofshort—termgains。Itisalsotruethattheaveragestipendattachedtothefellowshipsofferedtodayisveryappreciablylowerthanwasthepracticesometwoorthreedecadesago;atthesametimethatthecostofliving——whichthesestipendswereoriginallydesignedtocover——hasincreasedbysomethinglikeonehundredpercent。Asfinalevidenceofthedecayofscholarlypurposeinthematteroffellowships，andasaclimaxofstultification，itistobeaddedthatstipendsoriginallyestablishedasanencouragementtodisinterestedscholarshiparelatterlybeingusedtoinduceenrolmentintheprofessionalschoolsattachedtotheuniversities。（13*）
Onefurtherpointofcontactandcontaminationisnecessarytobebroughtintothisaccountoftheundergraduateadministrationanditsbearingonadvancedwork。Thescholasticaccessoriesspokenofabove——clubs，fraternities，devotionalorganizations，classorganizations，spectaclesandsocialfunctions，athletics，and\"studentactivities\"generally——donotinanyappreciabledegreebeardirectlyontheadvancedwork，inasmuchastheyfindnoreadylodgementamongtheuniversitystudentsproper。Buttheycount，indirectlyandeffectually，towardloweringthescholarlyidealsandkeepingdownthenumberofadvancedstudents，chieflybydivertingtheinterestandenergiesoftheundergraduatemenfromscholarlypursuitsandthrowingthemintovariouslinesofbusinessandsportsmanship。
Thesubsidizedclubswork，inthesepremises，tomuchthesameeffectasthefraternities;bothare，ineffect，designedtocultivateexpensivehabitsoflife。Thesameistrueinahigherdegreeofathleticsports。Thefullroundofsportsmanlikeevents，aswellastheroundscheduleofsocialamenitiesforwhichthepolitesideofundergraduatelife（partlysubsidized）
isdesignedtogiveatasteandtraining，arebeyondthecompassofmendevotedtoscholarship。Ineffectthesethingscomeinasalternativestothepursuitofknowledge。Thesethingscallforalargeexpenditureoftimeandmeans，neitherofwhichcanbeadequatelymetbythescientistorscholar。Sothatmenwhohavebeentrainedtotheroundofthingsthatsogotomakeuptheconventionalschemeofundergraduateinterestscannotwelllooktoacareerinthehigherlearningasapossibleoutcomeoftheirresidenceincollege。Ontheotherhand，youngmenhabitually，andnodoubtrightly，expectabusinesscareertoyieldanincomesomewhatabovetheaverageofincomesinthecommunity，andmoreparticularlyinexcessofthecommonplaceincomesofacademicmen;suchanincome，indeed，asmayaffordthemeanstocovertheconventionalroutineofsuchpoliteexpenditures。Sothat，intheabsenceofanindependentincome，somesortofabusinesscareerthatpromiseswellinthepecuniaryrespectbecomesthenecessaryrecourseofthementowhomtheseamenitiesofexpenditurehavebecomehabitualthroughtheirundergraduatetraining。Withlikeeffectthementaldisciplineexercisedbythesesportsandpoliteeventsgreatlyfavoursthegrowthoftactfulequivocationandaguardedhabitofmind，suchasmakesforworldlywisdomandsuccessinbusiness，butwhichisworsethanuselessinthescholarorscientist。Andfurtherandperhapsmoredecisively，anundergraduatewhodoeshiswholedutyinthewayofsports，fraternities，clubs，andreputabledissipationatlarge，commonlycomesthroughhisundergraduatecoursewithascantyandsuperficialpreparationforscholarlyorscientificpursuits，ifany。Sothatevenincaseheshouldstillchancetoharbourapenchantforthepursuitoflearninghewillbeunfitbylackoftraining。
NOTES:
1。Cf。GeorgeT。Ladd，\"TheNeedofAdministrativeChangesintheAmericanUniversity，\"reprintedinUniversityControl，byJ。
McKeenCattell;especiallypp。352—353。
2。Cf。GeorgeT。Ladd，asabove，pp。351—352。
3。Apartfromtheexecutive’sneedofsatisfyingtheprejudicesofthelaityinthismatter，thereisnogroundforthiscompetitionbetweentheuniversities，eitherinthepecuniarycircumstancesoftheseveralestablishmentsorintheworktheyaretotakecareof。Somuchisadmittedonallhands。Butthefactremainsthatnootheronemotivehasasmuchtodowithshapingacademicpolicyasthissamecompetitionfortraffic。Thecauseofitappearstobeverylittleifanythingelsethanthatthehabitsofthoughtinducedbyexperienceinbusinessareuncriticallycarriedoverintoacademicaffairs。
Criticsofthepresentr間imeareinclinedtoadmitthatthecollegesofthelandareingreatpartsoplacedastobethrownintocompetitionbyforceofcircumstances，bothastotheacquisitionoffundsandastotheenrolmentofstudents。Thepointmaybeconceded，thoughwithdoubtandreservation，asappliestothecolleges;fortheuniversitiesthereisnovisiblegroundofsuchrivalry，apartfromunreflectingprejudiceonthepartofthelaity，andanambitionforpopularacclaimonthepartoftheuniversitydirectorate。
4。Anincumbentofexecutiveoffice，recentlyappointed，inoneofthegreateruniversitieswasatpainsafewyearsagotospeakhismindonthishead，totheeffectthatthemembersoftheacademicstaffareemployeesinthepayoftheuniversityandundertheordersofitspresident，andassuchtheyareboundtoavoidallcriticismofhimandhisadministrationsolongastheycontinueonthepay—roll;andthatifanymemberofthestaffhasanyfaulttofindwiththeconductofaffairshemustfirstseverhisconnectionwiththeuniversity，beforespeakinghismind。
Theseexpressionswereoccasionedbytheunderhanddismissalofascholarofhighstandingandlongservice，whohadincurredthedispleasureofthepresidentthenincharge，byovertcriticismoftheadministration。AstoitsgeneralfeaturesthecasemightwellhavebeentheonereferredtobyProfessorLadd（UniversityControl，asabove，p。359），thoughthecircumstancesofthedismissalofferseveraldetailsofamorediscreditablecharacterthanProfessorLaddappearstohavebeenawareof。
5。Thestrategicreasonforthisisthedesiretoretainforgraduateregistrationanystudentwhomightotherwiseprefertolookforgraduateinstructionelsewhere。Theplanhasnotbeenfoundtoworkwell，anditisstillontrial。
6。Atleastonesuchbusinesslikechiefofbureauhasseriouslyendeavouredsotostandardizeandcontroltheworkofhisstaffastohaveallcoursesoflecturesprofessedinthedepartmentreducedtosymmetricalandpermanentshapeundertheformofcertifiedsyllabi，whichcouldthenbetakenoverbyanymemberofthestaff，atthediscretionofthechief，anddrivenhomeinthelectureroomwiththeaccreditedpedagogicalcircumstanceandapparatus。Theschemehasfounditswayintoacademicanecdote，onthelighterside，asbeingaprojecttosupplystandarderuditioninuniformpackages，\"guaranteedunderthepurefoodlaw，fullysterilized。andsealedwithoutsolderoracids\";towhichitisonlynecessaryto\"addhotairandserve。\"
7。So，e。g。，itisknowntohave，onoccasion，becameadifficultquestionofinter—bureaucraticcomity，whethercommercialgeographybelongsofrighttothedepartmentofgeologyortothatofeconomics;whethergivencoursesinHebrewareequitablytobeassignedtothedepartmentofSemiticsortothatofReligions;whetherChurchHistoryisinfairnesstobeclassedwithprofaneHistoryorwithDivinity，etc。，——questionswhich，exceptinpointofdepartmentalrivalry，havenonebutameretricioussignificance。
8。Nugatory，thatis，fortheostensiblepurposeofreducinginter—academicrivalryandduplication。However，thereareothermattersofjointinteresttothegildofuniversityexecutives，as，e。g。，theinter—academic，orinter—executive，blacklist，andsimilarreconditemattersofpresidentialcourtesyandprestige，necessarytobeattendedtothoughnotnecessarytobespreadabroad。
9。TheEnglishpatternofboys’schoolsandgentlemanlyuniversityresidencehasdoubtlessaffordednotableguidancetothe\"Educators\"whohavelabouredforthegreatergentilityofAmericancollegelife;atthesametimethatthegraveauthenticityoftheseEnglishcustomshasatmanyadifficultpassagesewedopportunelytotaketheedgeoffthegentlemen—educators’senseofshame。
10。Illustrativeinstanceshavelittlevalueasanecdotesandnotmuchmoreascircumstantialevidence;theirabundanceandoutrancearesuchastohavedepreciatedtheirvalueinbothrespects。Yettoanywhomaynotknowofthistrafficbyfamiliarcontactoneortwocommonplaceinstancesmayperhapsnotseemtoomuch。So，afewyearsago，inoneofthegreaterofthenewuniversities，avaluedmemberofoneoftheathleticteamswasretainedatanallowanceof$40amonthasbookkeepertothejanitorofoneoftheboys’dormitoriesonthecampus。Atthesameuniversityandaboutthesametimetwootherathleteswerecarriedonuniversitypayasassistantstotheeditoroftheweeklybulletinannouncingtheprogrammeofacademiceventsfortheweek;thoughinthiscase，tothereliefoftheeditorinquestion，onlyoneofthetwoassistantsreportedathisoffice，andthatonlyonce，duringtheyearoftheirincumbency。These，asalreadyremarked，arecommonplaceoccurrences。Themorespectacularinstancesofshrewdmanagementinthesepremisescannotwellbedealtwithotherwisethanbyacannysilence;thatbeingalsothecourseapprovedbycurrentpractice。
11。Asingleinstancemaytolerantlybeadmittedhere。Amongtheformalrequirementsthatwouldadmitstudentstoafreepursuitofsportsmanship，atthesameuniversityasabovementioned，withoutimputationofprofessionalism，wasspecifiedtheabilitytoreadatsightsuchapassageinagivenforeignlanguageaswouldsatisfytheinstructorinchargethatthecandidatewascompetentinthelanguageinquestion。Theinstructorresponsibleinthiscase，amanofhighacademicrankandgiftedwithasympatheticgood—willtowardthe\"boys，\"submittedinfulfilmentofthetestacopyoftheLord’sPrayerinthisforeigntongue，andpassedthe（several）candidatesonfindingthemablepassablytorepeatthesameinEnglish。Itwouldscarcelybefairtodistinguishthisepisodebygivingnamesandplaces，sinceequallyingeniousexpedientshavebeeninuseelsewhere。
12。\"Andthentherecameanotherlocustandcarriedoffanothergrainofwheat，andthentherecameanotherlocust，\"etc。，etc。
13。MorethanoneinstancemightbecitedwhereastudentwhoseprivatelyavowedandknownaimwasthestudyandpracticeofLawhasdeliberatelybeeninducedbytheofferofafellowshipstipendtoregister，forthetimebeing，asanacademicgraduatestudentandascandidatefortheacademicdoctor’sdegree。Intheinstancesthatcometomindthestudentsinquestionhavesincecompletedtheirlawstudiesandenteredpractice，withoutfurthertroublingabouttheacademicdegreeforwhichtheyoncewereostensiblecandidates。
