Onitsfaceitshouldnotseemprobablethatmotivesofpersonalgain，intheformofpecuniaryorothermaterialinterest，wouldhaveaseriouspartinthematter。Inallprobabilitythereisinnocaseasensiblepecuniarygaintotheuniversityassuchfromitsexpendituresonpublicity，andthereisstilllessquestionofgaininanyotherthanthepecuniaryrespect。Thereisalsocommonlynoverysubstantialpecuniarygaintobederivedfromthisbusinesseitherbytheacademicheadorbythemembersoftheboard，——anexceptionalinstancetothecontrarywillnotvitiatethisgeneralproposition。Itallbringsnoappreciablepecuniaryreturntothem，particularlysofarasitisconcernedwiththepursuitofprestige;andapartfromexceptional，andthereforenegligible，casesitadmitsofnoappreciableconversionoffundstoprivateuse。Atthesametimeitseemsalmostanaffronttoentertainthenotionthattheseimpassivelypurposefulmenofaffairsaregreatlymovedbypersonalmotivesofvanity，vaingloriouslyseekingrenownforefficientlycarryingonatrafficinpublicitythathasnootherendthanrenownforefficientlycarryingiton。Andyetitwillbefoundextremelydifficulttotakeaccountofthefactsandatthesametimeavoidsuchanodiouslypersonalinterpretationofthem。
Such，indeed，wouldhavetobetheinferencedrawnbyanyonewhomightingenuouslytaketheavailablefactsattheirfacevalue，——notcountingasfactsthedutifulprotestationsoftheauthoritiestothecontrary。Butitshouldbekeptinmindthatatransparentingenuousnessisnotcharacteristicofbusinessphenomena，withintheuniversityorwithout。Adegreeofdeviation，or\"diplomacy，\"maybeforcedontheacademicmanagementbythecircumstancesoftheiroffice，particularlybytheone—eyedbusinesssenseoftheirgoverningboards。Indeed，admissionstosuchaneffectarenotaltogetherwanting。
Ratedastheyare，inthepopularapprehension，asgentlemenandscholars，andthemselvespresumablyacceptingthisratingassubstantiallycorrect，nofeatureoftheschemeofmanagementimposedontheacademicexecutivebybusinessprinciplesshould（presumably）besorepugnanttotheirsensibilitiesandtheirscholarlyjudgmentasthiscovertbutunremittingpursuitofaninnocuousnotoriety，coupledasitnecessarilyiswithasystematicmisdirectionoftheacademicforcestounscholarlyends;butprudentialreasonswilldecidethatthismustbetheirchiefendeavouriftheyaretoholdtheirownasacompetitiveuniversity。Shouldtheacademicheadallowhissenseofscholarlyfitnessandexpediencytohamperthisbusinessofreputablenotoriety，itis，perhapswithreason，fearedthatsuchremissnesswouldpresentlyleadtohisretirementfromoffice;atleastsomethingofthatkindseemsafairinferencefromtherunofthefacts。Hisplacewouldthenbesuppliedbyanincumbentdulyqualifiedonthisscoreofone—eyedbusinesssagacity，andonewhowouldknowhowtokeephisscholarlyimpulsesinhand。Itisatleastconceivablethattheapprehensionofsomesuchcontingencymayunderliecurrentuniversitymanagementatsomepoints，anditmaythereforeinsomeinstanceshavegiventheadministrationofacademicaffairsanairoflight—headedfutility，whenitshouldratherbecreditedwithasagaciouslydisingenuousyieldingtocircumstance。
Therunofthefactsasoutlinedabove，andthelineofinferencejustindicatedasfollowingfromthem，reflectnogreatcreditonthemanlyqualitiesoftheincumbentsofexecutiveoffice;butthealternative，asalsonotedabove，isscarcelypreferableeveninthatrespect，whileitwouldbeevenlessflatteringtotheirintellectualpowers。Yetthereappearstobenoavoidingthedilemmasopresented。Ofdisinterestedgroundsforthecommonrunofacademicpolicythereseemtobeonlythesetwolinestochoosebetween:——eitherashort—sightedandheadlongconformitytothevulgarprejudicethatdoesnotlookbeyond\"practical\"trainingandcompetitiveexpansion，coupledwithaboyishcravingforpopulardisplay;orastrategiccompromisewiththeeldersofthePhilistines，afutiledoingofevilinthehopethatsomegoodmaycomeofit。
Thislatterlineofapologyisadmissibleonlyinthosecaseswheretheuniversitycorporationisinanexceptionallyprecariouspositioninrespectofitsendowment，whereitisingreatneedandhasmuchtohopeforinthewayofpecuniarygainthroughstoopingtoconventionalprejudices，thatareofnoscholasticvalue，butthatareconceivedtobinditspotentialbenefactorsinaweboffatallyfragilebigotry;or，again，wheretheexecutiveisinsensibledangerofbeingsupersededbyanadministrationimbuedwith（conceivably）yetlowerandfeeblerscholarlyideals。
Now，ithappensthattherearenotableinstancesofuniversitieswheresuchapolicyofobsequiouslyreputablenotorietyandaimlessutilitarianmanagementispursuedundersuchcircumstancesofsettledendowmentandsecuretenureastoprecludeallhazardofsupersessiononthepartoftheexecutiveandallchanceofmaterialgainfromanyaccessionofpopularrenownorstagnantrespectability。ThereisasmallclassofAmericanuniversitycorporationsthataresoplaced，bythepeculiarcircumstancesoftheirendowment，astobeabovetheapprehensionofneed，solongastheyarecontenttoliveanywherenearlywithinthedomainoflearning;atthesametimethattheyhavenothingtolosethroughalienatingtheaffectionsofthevulgar，andnothingtogainbydeferringtothesentimentalinfirmitiesofelderlywell—to—dopersons。Thisclassisnotanumerousone;notlargeenoughtosetthepacefortherest;butevidentlyalsonotnumerousenoughtogoontheirownrecognizances，andadoptalineofpolicysuitedtotheirowncircumstancesandnotboundtothefashionsetbytherest。Someofthewellknownestablishmentsofthisclasshavealreadybeenalludedtoinanotherconnection。
Statisticaldisplay，spectacularstageproperties，vaingloriousmake—believeandobsequiousconcessionstoworldlywisdom，shouldseemtohavenoplaceinthecounselsoftheseschools;whichshouldthereforehopefullybecountedontopursuethequestofknowledgewiththatsinglemindwhichtheyprofess。
Yetsuchiseminently，nottosaypre—eminently，notthecase。
Theirpolicyinthesematterscommonlydiffersinnosensibledegreefromthatpursuedbytheneedierestablishmentsthatareengagedinadesperateraceofobsequiousness，forfundstobeprocuredbyfavourofwell—to—dodonors，orthroughthesupportofworldly—wiseclergymenandpoliticians。Indeed，someofthemostpatheticclamourforpopularrenown，aswellasinstancesofthemostprofligatestoopingtovulgarprejudice，aretobecreditedtoestablishmentsofthis，potentiallyindependent，class。Themanagement，apparently，aretoowellimbuedwiththecommonplacepreconceptionsofworldlywisdomafloatamongthelaity，toadmitoftheirtakinganyactionontheirowndeliberateinitiativeoreffectuallytakingthoughtofthatpursuitoflearningthathasbeenentrustedtotheircare。So，perhapsthroughsomepuzzleheadedsenseofdecorum，theyhavecometoengageinthisbootlessconventionalraceforfundswhichtheyhavenoslightestthoughtofobtaining，andforanincreasedenrolmentwhichtheyadvisedlydonotdesire。
Inthelightoftheseinstances，oneisconstrainedtobelievethattheacademicexecutivewhohassobeenthrownupasputativedirectorofthepursuitoflearningmustgoinforthisannexationofvocationalschools，foramateurish\"summersessions，\"fortheappointmentofschoolmastersinsteadofscholarsontheacademicstaff，forthesafe—keepingandpropagationofgenteelconventionalitiesatthecostofscholarship，fordevoutandpoliteceremonial，——oneisconstrainedtobelievethatsuchauniversityexecutivegoesinforthispolicyoftawdryroutinebecausehelacksordinaryintelligenceorbecausehelacksordinarycourage。Hisdiscretionisoverborneeitherbyhisownstoreofunreflectingprejudice，orbyfearoflosing。personalprestigeamongtheignorant，eventhoughhehasnosubstantialground，personalorofficial，forsoyieldingtocurrentprejudice。Suchappearstobethestateofthecaseintheseinstances，wheretheexigenciesofuniversitypoliticsaffordnooccasionforstrategiccompromisewiththeworldly—wise;whichpointedlysuggeststhatthelikethreadbaremotivesofunreflectingimitationandboyishmake—believemayalsohaveundulymuchtodowithacademicpolicy，eveninthatcommonrunofcasesthatmightotherwisehavebestbeenexplainedasaneffectofshrewdstrategy，designedtomaketermswiththemischievousstupidityofanunderbredlaity。
Butanydiscussionofmotivesnecessarilyhasaninvidiousair，andsocannotbutbedistasteful。Yet，sincethisexecutivepolicycanbeexplainedorunderstoodonlyastheoutcomeofthosemotivesthatappealdecisivelytothediscretionaryofficials，itisnecessarytopursuetheinquiryadegreefartheratthispoint，evenatthecostofsuchslightodiumasmaynotbeavoided，andattheriskofacertainappearanceofdispraise。
Itisperhapsneedlesstosaythatthisquestionofmotivationisnotgoneintohereexceptasitmayservetoexhibittherunofthefacts。Therunofthefactsisnotintelligibleexceptinthelightoftheirmeaningaspossiblemotivestothepursuitofthatpolicyofwhichtheyaretheoutcome。
Ontheaboveconsiderations，itfollowsthattheexecutiveheadsofthesecompetitiveuniversitiesareapickedbodyofmen，endowedwithaparticularbent，suchaswilldisposethemtobeguidedbytherunofmotivesindicated。Thiswillimplythattheyare，eitherbytrainingorbynativegift，menofasomewhatpeculiarframeofmind，——peculiarlyopentotheappealofparadeandephemeralcelebrity，andpeculiarlyfacileinthechoiceofmeansbywhichtoachievethesegaudydistinctions;
peculiarlysolicitousofappearances，andpeculiarlyheedlessofthesubstanceoftheirperformance。Itisnotthatthischaracterizationwouldimplyexceptionallygreatgifts，orotherwisenotabletraitsofcharacter;theyarelittleelsethananaccentuationofthemorecommonplacefrailtiesofcommonplacemen。Asasidelightonthisspiritualcomplexionofthetypicalacademicexecutive，itmaybeworthnotingthatmuchthesamecharacterizationwillapplywithoutabatementtotheclassofprofessionalpoliticians，particularlytothatlargeandlong—livedclassofminorpoliticianswhomakealivingbykeepingwellinthepubliceyeandavoidingblame。（4*）
Thereis，indeedmorethanasuperficialoraccidentalresemblancebetweenthetypicalacademicexecutiveandtheprofessionalpoliticianofthefamiliarandmorevacantsort，bothasregardsthequalificationsrequisiteforenteringonthiscareerandasregardstheconditionsoftenure。Amongthegenialmake—believethatgoestodignifytheexecutiveofficeisadutifulprotest，indeed，asomewhatclamorousprotest，ofconspicuousself—effacementonthepartoftheincumbent，totheeffectthattheresponsibilitiesofofficehavecomeuponhimunsought，ifnotunawares;whichisrelatedtothefactsinmuchthesamemanneranddegreeasthelikeholdstrueforthemanoeuvresofthosewisepoliticiansthat\"heedthecallofduty\"
andsofindthemselves\"inthehandsoftheirfriends。\"Inpointoffact，hereasinpoliticaloffice—seeking，themostactivefactorthatgoestodecidetheselectionoftheeventualincumbentsofofficeisatenaciousandaggressiveself—selection。Withdue，butbynomeanslarge，allowanceforexceptions，theincumbentsarechosenfromamongaself—selectedbodyofcandidates，eachofwhomhas，inthecommonrunofcases，beenresolutelyinpursuitofsuchanofficeforsomeappreciabletime，andhasspentmuchtimeandendeavouronfittinghimselfforitsduties。Commonlyitisonlyaftertheaspiranthasachievedasettledreputationforeligibilityandapredilectionfortheofficethathewillfinallysecureanappointment。Thenumberofaspirants，andofeligibles，considerablyexceedsthenumberofsuchexecutiveoffices，verymuchasistruefortheparallelcaseofaspirantsforpoliticaloffice。
Astothequalifications，inpointofcharacterandattainments，thatsogotomakeeligibilityfortheexecutiveoffice，itisnecessarytorecallwhathasbeensaidinanearlierchapter（5*）onthecharacteristicsofthoseboardsofcontrolwithwhomreststhechoiceinthesemattersofappointment。Theseboardsaremadeupofwell—to—dobusinessmen，withapenchantforpopularnotability。andthequalificationsnecessarytobeputinevidencebyaspirantsforexecutiveofficearesuchaswillconvincesuchaboardoftheirserviceability。
Amongtheindispensablegeneralqualifications，therefore，willbea\"businesslike\"facilityinthemanagementofaffairs，anengagingaddressandfluentcommandoflanguagebeforeapopularaudience，andwhatiscalled\"optimism，\"——asereneandvolubleloyaltytothecurrentconventionalitiesandaconspicuouslyprofoundconvictionthatallthingsareworkingoutforgood，exceptforsuchuntowarddetailsasdonotvisiblyconducetothevestedadvantageofthewell—to—dobusinessmenundertheestablishedlawandorder。Tosecureanappointmenttoexecutiveofficeitisnotonlynecessarytobepossessedofthesequalifications，andcontrivetoputtheminevidence;theaspirantmustordinarilyalso，touseacolloquialism，bewillingandableto\"workhispassage\"byadroitnegotiationanddetailengagementsonpointsofpolicy，appointmentsandadministration。
Thegreaterproportionofsuchaspirantsforexecutiveofficeworktheirapprenticeshipandmanagetheircampaignofoffice—seekingwhileengagedinsomeuniversityemployment。Tothisendthemostlikelylineofuniversityemploymentissuchaswillcomprisealargeshareofadministrativeduties，as，e。g。，thedeanshipsthatarelatterlyreceivingmuchattentioninthisbehalf;whileoftheworkofinstructionthepreferenceshouldbegiventosuchundergraduateclass—workaswillbringtheaspirantinwidecontactwiththelessscholarlyelementofthestudentbody，andwiththose\"studentactivities\"thatcomefavourablyunderpublicobservation;andmoreparticularlyshouldonegoinforthequasi—scholarlypursuitsof\"universityextension\";whichwillbringthecandidateintofavourablenoticeamongthequasi—literateleisureclass;atthesametimethisemploymentconducesgreatlytoassuranceandaflowofpopularspeech。
Itisbynomeanshereintendedtoconveytheassumptionthatappointmentstoexecutiveofficearecurrentlymadeexclusivelyfromamongaspiringcandidatesansweringthedescriptionoutlinedabove，orthattheadministrativedeanshipsthatcurrentlyaboundintheuniversitiesareuniformlylookedonbytheirincumbentsasinsomesortahopefulnovitiatetothepresidentialdignity。
Theexceptionsunderbothofthesegeneralpropositionswouldbetoonumeroustobesetasideasnegligible，althoughscarcelynumerousenoughorconsequentialenoughentirelytovitiatethesepropositionsasacompetentformulationofthetypicallineofapproachtothecovetedoffice。Thelargerandmoresubstantialexceptionwould，ofcourse，betakentothegeneralizationastouchingtheuseofthedeanshipsinpreparationforthepresidency。
Thecourseoftrainingandpublicityaffordedbythedeanshipsandextensionlecturesappearstobethemostpromising，althoughitisnottheonlylineofapproach。So，e。g。，ashasbeenremarkedinanearlierpassage，theexigenciesofacademicadministrationwillordinarilyleadtotheformationofanunofficiallyorganizedcorpsofcounsellorsandagentsorlieutenants，whoserveasaidstotheexecutivehead。Whiletheseaids，factors，andgentlemen—in—waitingarevestedwithnoofficialstatusproclaimingtheirrelationtotheexecutiveofficeortheirshareinitsadministration，itgoeswithoutsayingthattheirvicariousdiscretionandtheirspecialprerogativesofaccessandadvisementwiththeexecutiveheaddonotcommonlyremainhiddenfromtheircolleaguesontheacademicstaff，orfrominterestedpersonsoutsidetheuniversitycorporation;nor，indeed，doesitappearthattheycommonlydesiretoremainunknown。
Inthesameconnection，ashasalsobeenremarkedabove，andasissufficientlynotorious，amongthelargeandimperativedutiesofexecutiveofficeispublicdiscourse。Thisisrequired，bothasameasureofpublicityatlargeandasameansofdivulgingtheostensibleaims，advantagesandpeculiarmeritsofthegivenuniversityanditschief。Thevolumeofsuchpublicdiscourse，aswellastheincidentattendanceatmanypublicandceremonialfunctions，isveryconsiderable;somuchsothatinthecaseofanyuniversityofreasonablesizeandspiritthetrafficinthesepremisesislikelytoexceedthepowersofanyoneman，evenwhere，asisnotinfrequentlythecase，the\"executive\"headispresentlyledtomakethisbusinessofstatelyparadeandpromulgationhischiefemployment。Ineffect，muchofthistrafficwillnecessarilybedelegatedtosuchrepresentativesofthechiefasmaybetrusteddulytoobserveitsspiritandintention;andtheindicatedbearersofthesevicariousdignitiesandresponsibilitieswillnecessarilybethepersonalaidsandcounsellorsofthechief;whichthrowsthem，again，intopublicnoticeinamostpropitiousfashion。
Soalso，byforceofthesameexigenciesofparadeanddiscourse，thechiefexecutiveisfrequentlycalledawayfromhomeonamoreorlessextendeditinerary;andtheburdenofdignityattachedtothethiefofficeissuchastorequirethatitsostensibledutiesbedelegatedtosomecompetentlieutenantduringtheseextensiveabsencesofthechief;andhere，again，thistemporarydiscretionanddignitywillmostwiselyandfittinglybedelegatedtosomememberofthecorpsofpersonalaidswhostandsinpeculiarlycloserelationsofsympathyandusefulnesstothechief。Ithashappenedmorethanoncethatsuchanhabitual\"actinghead\"hascomeinforthesuccessiontotheexecutiveoffice。
Itcomes，therefore，tosomethinglikeageneralrule，thatthedisciplinewhichmakesthetypicalcaptainoferudition，asheisseenintheadministrationofexecutiveoffice，willhavesetinbeforehisinductionintooffice，notinfrequentlyatanappreciableintervalbeforethatevent，andinvolvingaconsequent，moreorlessprotracted，termofnovitiate，probationandpreliminaryseasoning;andtheaspirantssosubjectedtothisdisciplineofinitiationareatthesametimepickedmen，drawnintotherunningchieflybyforceofafacileconformityandaself—selectivepredispositionforthisofficialdignity。
Theresultingcaptainoferuditionthenfallsunderacertainexactingdisciplineexercisedbythesituationinwhichtheexigenciesofofficeplacehim。Theseexigenciesareofdiversorigin，andaresystematicallyatvarianceamongthemselves。Sothatthedominantnoteofhisofficiallifenecessarilybecomesthatofambiguity。Bytradition，——indeed，bythattraditiontowhichthepresidentialofficeowesitsexistence，andexceptbyforceofwhichtherewouldapparentlybenocalltoinstituteSuChanofficeatall，——bytraditionthepresidentoftheuniversityistheseniormemberofthefaculty，itsconfidentialspokesmaninofficialandcorporateconcerns，andthe\"moderator\"
ofitstownmeetinglikedeliberativeassemblies。Aschairmanofitsmeetingsheis，bytradition，presumedtoexercisenopeculiarcontrol，beyondsuchguidanceasthesuperiorexperienceoftheseniormembermaybepresumedtoaffordhiscolleagues。Asspokesmanforthefacultyheis，bytradition，presumedtobeascholarofsucherudition，breadthandmaturityasmayfairlycommandsomethingoffilialrespectandaffectionfromhisassociatesinthecorporationoflearning;anditisbyvirtueofthesequalitiesofscholarlywisdom，whichgivehimhisplaceasseniormemberofacorporationofscholars，thatheis，bytradition，competenttoserveastheirspokesmanandtooccupythechairintheirdeliberativeassembly。
SuchisthetraditionoftheAmericanCollegePresident，——
and，insofar，oftheuniversitypresident，——asitcomesdownfromthatearlierphaseofacademichistoryfromwhichtheofficederivesitsostensiblecharacter，andtowhichitowesitsholdonlifeunderthecircumstancesofthelatergrowthoftheschools。AnditwillbenotedthatthisofficeisdistinctlyAmerican;ithasnocounterpartelsewhere，andthereappearstobenofeltneedofsuchanofficeinothercountries，wherenosimilartraditionofacollegepresidenthascreatedapresumptiveneedofasimilarofficialintheuniversities，——
thereasonbeingevidentlythattheseuniversitiesinotherlandshavenot，inthetypicalcase，grownoutofanunderlyingcollege。
Inthesentimentalapprehensionofthelaityoutofdoors，andinadegreeevenintheunreflectingesteemofmenwithintheacademicprecincts，thepresidentialofficestillcarriessomethingofthistraditionallypreconceivedscholarlycharacter;
anditisthisstillsurvivingtraditionalpreconception，whichconfusesinductionintotheofficewithscholarlyfitnessforitsdignities，thatstillmakestheofficeoftheacademicexecutiveavailableforthosepurposesofexpansivepublicityandbusinesslikemanagementthatithasbeenmadetoserve。Exceptforthisuncriticalesteemoftheofficeanditsincumbency，sosurvivingoutofaningloriouspast，nogreatprestigecouldattachtothattrafficinspectacularsolemnities，edifyingdiscourseandmisdirectedbusinesscontrol，thatmakesupthesubstantialdutiesoftheofficeasnowconducted。Itisthereforeoftheutmostmomenttokeepup，orrathertomagnify，thatappearanceofscholarlycompetenceandofintimatesolidaritywiththecorporationoflearningthatgivesthepresidentialofficethisprestigevalue。Butsinceitisonlyforpurposesexternal，nottosayextraneous，tothecorporationoflearningthatthisprestigevalueisseriouslyworthwhile，itisalsoonlytowardtheoutsidethatthemake—believeofpresidentialeruditionandscholarlyidealsneedseriouslybekeptup。Forthecommonrunoftheincumbentstodaytoposebeforetheirfacultiesasinanyeminentdegreeconversantwiththerunofcontemporaryscienceorscholarship，orasrisingtotheaverageevenoftheirownfacultiesinthisrespect，wouldbeasbootlessasitisuncalledfor。Butthefaculties，asiswellenoughunderstood，needofcourseentertainnorespectfortheirexecutiveheadasacitizenoftherepublicoflearning，solongastheyatalladequatelyappreciatehisdiscretionarypowerofuseandabuse，astouchesthemandtheirfortunesandalltheways，meansandopportunitiesofacademicwork。Bytradition，andinthegeniallegendarylorethatcolourstheproceedingsofthefaculty—meeting，heisstilltheseniormemberofanassemblageofscholarlygentlemen;butinpointofexecutivefactheistheiremployer，whodoesbusinesswithandbythemonacommercialfooting。Tothefaculty，thepresidentialofficeisabusinessproposition，anditsincumbentischieflyanobjectofcircumspection，towhomtheyowea\"hired—man’sloyalty。\"
Itistowardtheoutside，inthefaceofthelaityoutofdoors，thatthehighfence——\"theeight—foldfence\"——ofscholarlypretensionistobekeptup。Hencetheindicatedmeansofitsup—keeparesuchaswillpresumablyholdthe（transient）
respectandaffectionofthislaity，quasi—scholarlyhomileticaldiscourse，frequent，voluminous，edifyingandoptimistic;
ritualisticsolemnities，divertingandvacant;spectacularaffectationsof（counterfeit）scholasticusageinthewayofdrollvestments，bizarreandarchaic;paradeof（make—believe）
gentility;encouragementand（surreptitious）subventionofathleticcontests;promulgationof（presumablyingenuous）
statisticstouchingthevolumeandcharacteroftheworkdone。
Itisonlybykeepingupthesemanifestationstowardtheoutside，andmakingthemgoodintheesteemoftheunlearned，thatthepresidentialofficecanbemadetoservetheendsoftheboardofcontrolandtheambitionsoftheincumbent;andthislargeapparatusandtrafficofmake—believe，therefore，isthefirstandmostunremittingobjectofexecutivesolicitude。Itisthe\"placewhereontostand\"whilemovingtheacademicuniverse。
Theusestobemadeofthestanding—placesoachievedhavealreadybeensetoutinsomedetailinearlierchapters。Theycentreaboutthreemainconsiderations:Visiblemagnitude，bureaucraticorganization，andvocationaltraining。
Asalreadynotedinearlierpassages，theboardsofcontrolarebodiesofbusinessmeninwhoseapprehensionthemethodssuccessfullyemployedincompetitivebusinessaresuitableforallpurposesofadministration;fromwhichfollowsthattheacademicheadwhoistoserveastheirgeneralmanagerisvested，ineffect，withsuchdiscretionarypowersascurrentlydevolveonthediscretionaryofficialsofbusinesscorporations;fromwhichfollows，amongotherthings，thatthemembersofthefacultycometotakerankasemployeesoftheconcern，hiredbyandresponsibletotheacademichead。
Thefirstexecutivedutyoftheincumbentofoffice，therefore，istokeephisfacultyundercontrol，soastobeableunhamperedtocarryoutthepolicyofmagnitudeandsecularizationwithaviewtowhichthegoverningboardhasinvestedhimwithhispowers。Thisworkofputtingthefacultyinitsplacehasbythistimebeencarriedoutwithsufficienteffect，sothatits\"adviceandconsent\"mayinallcasesbetakenasamatterofcourse;andshouldaremnantofinitiativeandscholarlyaspirationshowitselfinanygivenconcretecaseinsuchawayastotraversethelinesofpolicypursuedbytheexecutive，hecanreadilycorrectthedifficultybyexerciseofavirtuallyplenarypowerofappointment，prefermentandremoval，backedasthispowerisbyanearlyindefeasibleblack—list。Sowellistheacademicblack—listunderstood，indeed，andsosensitiveandtrustworthyisthefearsomeloyaltyofthecommonrunamongacademicmen，thatveryfewamongthemwillventureopenlytosayagoodwordforanyoneoftheircolleagueswhomayhavefallenunderthedispleasureofsomeincumbentofexecutiveoffice。Thisworkofintimidationandsubornationmayfairlybesaidtohaveacquiredtheforceofaninstitution，andtoneednocurrentsurveillanceoreffort。（6*）
Thesubservienceofthefaculty，orofaworkingmajority，maysafelybecountedon。Buttheformsofadvisementandresponsibilityarestillnecessarytobeobserved;thepresidentisstill，bytradition，theseniormemberofthefaculty，anditsconfidentialspokesman。Fromwhichfollowsacertain，atleastproforma，disingenuousnessintheexecutive’scoercivecontrolofacademicpolicy，wherebytheostensiblediscretionandresponsibilitycomestorestonthefaculty，whilethecontrolremainswiththeexecutive。But，afterall，thisparticularrunofambiguityandevasionshasreachedsuchsettledformsandissowellunderstoodthatitnolongerimpliesanappreciablestrainontheexecutive’sveracityoronhisdiplomaticskill。Itbelongsunderthecategoryoflegalfiction，ratherthanthatofeffectualprevarication。
Soalsoasregardsthebusinesslike，orbureaucratic，organizationandcontroloftheadministrativemachinery，anditsutilizationforvocationalendsandstatisticalshowing。Allthathasbeenworkedoutinitsgeneralfeatures，andcalls，inanyconcretecase，fornothingmuchbeyondanadaptationofgeneralpracticestothedetailrequirementsofthespecialcase。Itdevolves，properly，ontheclericalforce，andespeciallyonthosechiefsofclericalbureaucalled\"deans，\"togetherwiththemanycommittees—for—the—sifting—of—sawdustintowhichthefacultyofawell—administereduniversityisorganized。Thesecommitteesbeing，ineffectifnotinintention，designedchieflytokeepthefacultytalkingwhilethebureaucraticmachinegoesonitswayundertheguidanceoftheexecutiveandhispersonalcounsellorsandlieutenants。Thesematters，then，arealsowellunderstood，standardized，andaccepted，andnolongerrequireavigilantpersonalsurveillancefromthesideoftheexecutive。
Asiswellandseemlyforanyheadofagreatconcern，thesemattersofroutineandcurrentcircumlocutionarepresentlydelegatedtotheoversightoftrustedsubalterns，inamanneranalogoustothedelegationofthesomewhatparalleldutiesofthecaretakersofthematerialequipment。Bothofthesehierarchicalcorpsofsubordinatesareinasomewhatsimilarcase，inthattheirdutiesareofamechanicallystandardizednature，andinthatitisincumbentonbothaliketodealinadispassionate，nottosayimpersonal，wayeachwiththeparticularsegmentofapparatusandprocessentrustedtohiscare;asisrightandgoodforanyofficialentrustedwithgivendetailsofbureaucraticroutine。
Theexactingdutiesthatremainpersonallyincumbentontheacademicexecutive，andclaiminghisordinaryandcontinuedattention，therefore，arethoseofhisownofficialprestigeontheonehand，andtheselection，preferment，rejectionandproscriptionofmembersoftheacademicstaff。Thesetwolinesofexecutivedutyarecloselycorrelated;notonlyinthatthestaffisnecessarilytobeselectedwithaviewtotheirfurtheringtheprestigeoftheirchiefandhisuniversity，butalsointhattheexecutive’sexperienceinthecourseofthisenterpriseinpublicitygoesfartoshapehisidealsofscholarlyendeavourandtoestablishhisstandardsofexpediencyandefficiencyintheaffairsoflearning。
Byusage，guided，nodoubt，byashrewdsenseofexpediencyinthechoiceofmeans，ithas，inthetypicalcase，cometobethesettledpolicyoftheseincumbentsofexecutiveofficetoseekthecompetitivelyrequisitemeasureofpublicprestigechieflybywayofpublicoratory。Nowandagainhisacademicrank，backedbytheslow—dyingtraditionthathisofficeshouldbefilledbyamanofscholarlycapacity，willbringtheincumbentbeforesomescientificbodyorother;wherehecommonlyavoidsoffence。But，ashasbeenremarkedabove，itisthelaitythatistobeimpressedandkeptpropitiouslyinmindoftheexecutiveandhisestablishment，anditisthereforethelaitythatistobeconciliatedwithpresidentialaddresses;itisalsotothelaitythatthetypicalacademicexecutiveiscompetenttospeakwithoutstultification。Hencethemanyedifyingaddressesbeforepopularaudiences，atcommencements，inaugurations，dedications，clubmeetings，churchfestivals，andthelike。Sothatanexecutivewhoaspirestodohiswholedutyinthesepremiseswillbecomeinsomesortanitinerantdispensaryofsalutaryverbiage;anduniversitypresidentshavesocometobeconventionallyindispensablefortheeffusionofgracefulspeechatallgatheringsofthewell—to—doforconvivialdeliberationonthestateofmankindatlarge。（7*）
Throughoutthiselocutionaryenterprisethererunstherigorousprescriptionthatthespeakermustavoidoffence，thathisutterancesmustbeofasalutaryorder，sincethepurposeofitallissuchconciliationofgoodwillaswillprocureatleastthepassivegoodofficesofthosewhoarereachedbythepresidentialrunoflanguage。But，byandlarge，itisonlyplatitudesandracyanecdotesthatmaybecountedontoestrangenoneoftheaudiencesbeforewhichitisworthwhileforthecaptainsoferuditiontomaketheirpleaforsanityandrenown。
