第13章

ToMrs。GroverCleveland，inWashington： HARTFORD，Nov。6，1887。 MYDEARMADAM，——IdonotknowhowitisintheWhiteHouse，butinthishouseofourswhenevertheminorhalfoftheadministrationtriestorunitselfwithoutthehelpofthemajorhalfitgetsaground。LastnightwhenIwasofferedtheopportunitytoassistyouinthethrowingopentheWarnerbrotherssuperbbenefactioninBridgeporttothosefortunatewomen，Inaturallyappreciatedthehonordoneme，andpromptlyseizedmychance。Ihadanengagement，butthecircumstanceswasheditoutofmymind。IfIhadonlylaidthematterbeforethemajorhalfoftheadministrationonthespot，therewouldhavebeennoblunder；butIneverthoughtofthat。SowhenIdidlayitbeforeher，later，Irealizedoncemorethatitwillnotdofortheliteraryfractionofacombinationtotrytomanageaffairswhichproperlybelongintheofficeofthebusinessbulkofit。IsupposethePresidentoftenactsjustlikethat：goesandmakesanimpossiblepromise，andyouneverfinditoutuntilitisnexttoimpossibletobreakitupandsetthingsstraightagain。Well，thatisjustourway，exactly-onehalfoftheadministrationalwaysbusygettingthefamilyintotrouble，andtheotherhalfbusygettingitoutagain。Andsowedoseemtobeallprettymuchalike，afterall。Thefactis，IhadforgottenthatweweretohaveadinnerpartyonthatBridgeportdate——Ithoughtitwasthenextday：whichisagooddealofanimprovementforme，becauseIammoreusedtobeingbehindadayortwothanahead。Butthatisjustthedifferencebetweenoneendofthiskindofanadministrationandtheotherendofit，asyouhavenoticed，yourself——theotherenddoesnotforgetthesethings。Justsowithafuneral；ifitistheman”sfuneral，heismostalwaysthere，ofcourse- butthatisnocredittohim，hewouldn”tbethereifyoudependedonhinttorememberaboutit；whereas，ifontheotherhand——butIseemtohavegotofffrommylineofargumentsomehow；nevermindaboutthefuneral。OfcourseIamnotmeaningtosayanythingagainstfunerals—— thatis，asoccasions——mereoccasions——forasdiversionsIdon”tthinktheyamounttomuchButasIwassaying——ifyouarenotbusyIwilllookbackandseewhatitwasIwassaying。 Idon”tseemtofindtheplace；butanywayshewasassorryaseveranybodycouldbethatIcouldnotgotoBridgeport，buttherewasnohelpforit。AndI，IhavebeennotonlysorrybutverysincerelyashamedofhavingmadeanengagementtogowithoutfirstmakingsurethatIcouldkeepit，andIdonotknowhowtoapologizeenoughformyheedlessbreachofgoodmanners。 Withthesincerestrespect，S。L。CLEMENS。 SamuelClemenswasoneoftheveryfewauthorstocopyrightabookinEnglandbeforetheenactmentoftheinternationalcopyrightlaw。 Asearlyas1872hecopyrighted”RoughingIt”inEngland，andpiraticalpublishersthererespectedhisrights。Finally，in1887，theinlandrevenueofficeassessedhimwithincometax，whichheverywillinglypaid，instructinghisLondonpublishers，Chatto& Windus，topayonthefullamounthehadreceivedfromthem。Butwhenthereceiptforhistaxescameitwasnearlyayardsquarewithduepostageofconsiderableamount。Thenhewrote： ToMr。Chatto，ofChatto&Windus，inLondon： HARTFORD，Dec。5，”87。 MYDEARCHATTO，——Lookhere，Idon”tmindpayingthetax，butdon”tyoulettheInlandRevenueOfficesendmeanymorereceiptsforit，forthepostageissomethingperfectlydemoralizing。Iftheyfeelobligedtoprintareceiptonahorse-blanket，whydon”ttheyhireashipandsenditoverattheirownexpense？ Wasn”titgoodthattheycaughtmeoutwithanoldbookinsteadofanewone？Thetaxonanewbookwouldbankruptabody。ItwasmypurposetogotoEnglandnextMayandstaytherestoftheyear，butI”vefoundthattaxofficeoutjustintime。MynewbookwouldissueinMarch，andtheywouldtaxthesaleinbothcountries。Come，wemustgetupacompromisesomehow。Yougoandworkinonthegoodsideofthoserevenuepeopleandgetthemtotaketheprofitsandgivemethetax。ThenIwillcomeoverandwewilldividetheswagandhaveagoodtime。 IwishyoutothankMr。Christmasforme；butwewon”tresist。Thecountrythatallowsmecopyrighthasarighttotaxme。 SincerelyYoursS。L。CLEMENS。 AnotherEnglishtaxassessmentcamethatyear，basedonthereportthatitwasunderstoodthathewasgoingtobecomeanEnglishresident，andhadleasedBuckenhamHall，Norwich，forayear。 Clemenswrotehispublishers：“IwillexplainthatallthataboutBuckenhamHallwasanEnglishnewspaper”smistake。IwasnotinEngland，andifIhadbeenIwouldn”thavebeenatBuckenhamHall，anyway，butatBuckinghamPalace，orIwouldhaveendeavoredtofindoutthereasonwhy。Clemensmadeliteratureoutofthistaxexperience。HewroteanopenlettertoHerMajestyQueenVictoria。 Suchaletterhasnoplaceinthiscollection。Itwaspublishedinthe“Drawer“ofHarper”sMagazine，December，1887，andisnowincludedintheuniformeditionofhisworksunderthetitleof，“A PetitiontotheQueenofEngland。” Fromthefollowingletter，writtenattheendoftheyear，wegatherthatthetype-settercostswerebeginningtomakeadifferenceintheClemenseconomies。 ToMrs。Moffett，inFredonia： HARTFORD，Dec。18，”87。 DEARPAMELA，——willyoutakethis$15andbuysomecandyorsomeothertrifleforyourselfandSamandhiswifetorememberthatwerememberyou，by？ Ifweweren”talittlecrowdedthisyearbythetypesetter，I”dsendachecklargeenoughtobuyafamilyBibleorsomeotherusefulthinglikethat。Howeverwegoonandon，butthetype-settergoesonforever——at$3，000amonth；whichismuchmoresatisfactorythanwasthecasethefirstseventeenmonths，whenthebillonlyaveraged$2，000，andpromisedtotakeathousandyears。We”llbethrough，now，in3or4months，I reckon，andthenthestrainwillletupandwecanbreathefreelyoncemore，whethersuccessensuesorfailure。 Evenwithatype-setteronhandweoughtnottobeintheleastscrimped- butitwouldtakealonglettertoexplainwhyandwhoistoblame。 AllthefamilysendlovetoallofyouandbestChristmaswishesforyourprosperity。 Affectionately，SAM。 XXVIII LETTERS，1888。AYALEDEGREE。WORKON“THEYANKEE。”ONINTERVIEWING，ETC。 MarkTwainreceivedhisfirstcollegedegreewhenhewasmadeMasterofArtsbyYale，inJune，1888。EditoroftheCourant，CharlesH。 Clarke，wasselectedtonotifyhimofhisnewtitle。ClarkewasanoldfriendtowhomClemenscouldwritefamiliarly。 ToCharlesH。Clarke，inHartford： ELMIRA，July2，”88。 MYDEARCHARLES，——Thanksforyourthanks，andforyourinitiationintentions。Ishallbereadyforyou。Ifeelmightyproudofthatdegree；infact，Icouldsqueezethetruthalittlecloserandsayvainofit。Andwhyshouldn”tIbe？——IamtheonlyliteraryanimalofmyparticularsubspecieswhohaseverbeengivenadegreebyanyCollegeinanyageoftheworld，asfarasIknow。 SincerelyYoursS。L。ClemensM。A。 Reply：CharlesH。ClarketoS。LClemens： MYDEARFRIEND，Youare“theonlyliteraryanimalofyourparticularsubspecies“inexistenceandyou”venocauseforhumilityinthefact。 Yalehasdoneherselfatleastasmuchcreditasshehasdoneyou，and“Don”tyouforgetit。” C。H。C。 Withtheexceptionofhisbriefreturntotheriverin1882。MarkTwainhadbeentwenty-sevenyearsawayfrompilotsandpiloting。 Nevertheless，healwayskeptatenderplaceinhisheartfortheoldtimesandforoldrivercomrades。Major“Jack“DowninghadbeenaMississippipilotofearlydays，buthadlongsinceretiredfromtherivertoacomfortablelifeashore，inanOhiotown。Clemenshadnotheardfromhimforyearswhenalettercamewhichinvitedthefollowinganswer。 ToMajor“Jack“Downing，inMiddleportOhio： ELMIRA，N。Y。[nomonth]1888。 DEARMAJOR，——Andhasitcometothisthatthedeadriseupandspeak？ ForIsupposedthatyouweredead，ithasbeensolongsinceIheardyourname。 Andhowyoungyou”vegrown！IwasamereboywhenIknewyouontheriver，whereyouhadbeenpilotingfor35years，andnowyouareonlyayearandahalfolderthanIam！ImeantogotoHotSpringsmyselfandget30or40yearsknockedoffmyage。It”smanifestlytheplacethatPoncedeLeonwasstrikingfor，butthepoorfellowlostthetrail。 PossiblyImayseeyou，forIshallbeinSt。LouisadayortwoinNovember。Iproposetogodowntheriverand“notethechanges“oncemorebeforeImakethelongcrossing，andperhapsyoucancomethere。 Willyou？Iwanttoseealltheboysthatareleftalive。 AndsoGrantMarsh，too，isflourishingyet？Amightygoodfellow，andsmarttoo。WhenweweretakingthatwoodflatdowntotheChambers，whichwasaground，IsoonsawthatIwasaperfectlubberatpilotingsuchathing。IsawthatIcouldneverhittheChamberswithit，soI resignedinMarsh”sfavor，andheaccomplishedthetasktomyadmiration。 WeshouldallhavegonetothemischiefifIhadremainedinauthority。 Ialwayshadgoodjudgement，morejudgementthantalent，infact。 No；thenomdeplumedidnotoriginateinthatway。Capt。Sellersusedthesignature，“MarkTwain，“himself，whenheusedtowriteuptheantiquitiesinthewayofriverreminiscencesfortheNewOrleansPicayune。HehatedmeforburlesquingtheminanarticleintheTrueDelta；sofouryearslaterwhenhedied，Irobbedthecorpse——thatisI confiscatedthenomdeplume。Ihavepublishedthisvitalfact3，000 timesnow。Butnomatter，itisgoodpractice；itisabouttheonlyfactthatIcantellthesamewayeverytime。Veryglad，indeed，tohearfromyouMajor，andshallbegladderstilltoseeyouinNovember。 Trulyyours，S。L。CLEMENS。 Hedidnotmakethejourneydowntheriverplannedforthatyear。 HehadalwayshopedtomakeanothersteamboattripwithBixby，butonethingandanotherinterferedandhedidnotgoagain。 AuthorswerealwayssendingtheirbookstoMarkTwaintoread，andnobusymanwasevermorekindlydisposedtowardsuchofferings，moregenerouslyconsiderateofthesenders。LouisPendletonwasayoungunknownwriterin1888，butClemenstooktimetoreadhisstorycarefully，andtowritetohimaboutitaletterthatcostprecioustime，thought，andeffort。Itmusthaverejoicedtheyoungman”shearttoreceivealetterlikethat，fromonewhomallyoungauthorsheldsupreme。 ToLouisPendleton，inGeorgia： ELMIRA，N。Y。，Aug。4，”88。 MYDEARSIR，——Ifoundyourletteranhouragoamongsomeotherswhichhadlainforgottenacoupleofweeks，andIatoncestoletimeenoughtoreadAriadne。Stoleistherightword，forthesummer“Vacation“istheonlychanceIgetforwork；so，nominutesubtractedfromworkisborrowed，itisstolen。ButthistimeIdonotrepent。Asarule，peopledon”tsendmebookswhichIcanthankthemfor，andsoIsaynothing——whichlooksuncourteous。ButIthankyou。Ariadneisabeautifulandsatisfyingstory；andtrue，too——whichisthebestpartofastory；orindeedofanyotherthing。Evenliarshavetoadmitthat，iftheyareintelligentliars；Imeanintheirprivate[thewordconscientiouswrittenbuterased]intervals。(Istruckthatwordoutbecauseaman”sprivatethoughtcanneverbealie；whathethinks，istohimthetruth，always； whathespeaks——butthesebeplatitudes。) Ifyouwantmetopicksomeflaws——verywell——butIdoitunwillingly。 Inoticeonething——whichonemaynoticealsoinmybooks，andinallbookswhetherwrittenbymanorGod：triflingcarelessnessofstatementorExpression。IfIthinkthatyoumeantthatshetookthelizardfromthewaterwhichshehaddrawnfromthewell，itisevidence——itisalmostproof——thatyourwordswerenotasclearastheyshouldhavebeen。True，itisonlyatriflingthing；butsoismistonamirror。IwouldhavehungthepailonAriadne”sarm。Youdidnotdeceivemewhenyousaidthatshecarrieditunderherarm，forIknewshedidn”t；stillitwasnotyourrighttomarmyenjoymentofthegracefulpicture。Ifthepailhadbeenaportfolio，Iwouldn”tbemakingtheseremarks。Theengraverofafinepicturerevises，andrevises，andrevises-andthenrevises，andrevises，andrevises；andthenrepeats。Andalwaysthecharmofthatpicturegrows，underhishand。Itwasgoodenoughbefore——tolditsstory，andwasbeautiful。True：andalovelygirlislovely，withfreckles；butsheisn”tatherlevelbestwiththem。 Thisisnothypercriticism；youhavehadtrainingenoughtoknowthat。 Somuchconcerningexactnessofstatement。Inthatothernot-smallmatter——selectionoftheexactsingleword——youarehardtocatch。 Still，IshouldholdthatMrs。Walkerconsideredthattherewasnooccasionforconcealment；that“motive“impliedadeepermentalsearchthansheexpendedonthematter；thatitdoesn”treflecttheattitudeofhermindwithprecision。Isthishypercriticism？Ishan”tdisputeit。 Ionlysay，thatifMrs。Walkerdidn”tgosofarastohaveamotive，I hadtosuggestthatwhenawordissoneartherightonethatabodycan”tquitetellwhetheritisorisn”t，it”sgoodpoliticstostrikeitoutandgofortheThesaurus。That”sall。Motivemaystand；butyouhaveallowedasnaketoscream，andIwillnotconcedethatthatwasthebestword。 Idonotapologizeforsayingthesethings，fortheyarenotsaidinthespeck-huntingspirit，butinthespiritofwant-to-help-if-I-can。Theywouldbeusefultomeifsaidtomeonceamonth，theymaybeusefultoyou，saidonce。 Isavetheotherstoriesformyrealvacation——whichisninemonthslong，tomysorrow。Ithankyouagain。 TrulyYoursS。L。CLEMENS。 Inthenextletterwegetasidelightonthetype-settingmachine，theFrankensteinmonsterthatwasdrainingtheirsubstanceandholdingoutfalsehopesofreliefandgoldenreturn。Theprogramhereoutlinedwasonethatwouldcontinueforseveralyearsyet，withtheendalwaysinsight，butneverquiteattained。 ToOrionClemens，inKeokuk，Ia。： Oct。3，”88。 PrivateSaturday29th，byacloselycalculatedestimate，therewere85days”worktodoonthemachine。 Wecanuse4men，butnotconstantly。Iftheycouldworkconstantlyitwouldcompletethemachinein21days，ofcourse。Theywillallbeonhandandunderwages，andeachwillgetinalltheworkthereisopportunityfor，butbyhowmuchtheycanreducethe85daystowardthe21days，nobodycantell。 To-dayIpayPratt&Whitney$10，000。Thissquaresbackindebtednessandeverythingtodate。TheybeganaboutMayorAprilorMarch1886——alongtheresomewhere，andhavealwayskeptfromadozentotwodozenmaster- handsonthemachine。 Thatoutgoisdone；4menforamonthortwowillcloseupthatleakandcaulkit。Workonthepatentsisalsokindofdrawingtowardaconclusion。 Lovetoyouboth。Allwellhere。 AndgiveourlovetoMaifshecangettheidea。 SAM。 MarkTwainthatyearwasworkingprettysteadilyon”TheYankeeatKingArthur”sCourt”，abookwhichhehadbeguntwoyearsbefore。 HehadpublishednothingsincetheHuckFinnstory，andhiscompanywasbadlyinneedofanewbookbyanauthorofdistinction。Alsoitwashighlydesirabletoearnmoneyforhimself；whereforehesettoworktofinishtheYankeestory。HehadworkedprettysteadilythatsummerinhisElmirastudy，butonhisreturntoHartfordfoundagooddealofconfusioninthehouse，sowentovertoTwichell”s，wherecarpenterworkwasinprogress。Heseemstohaveworkedtheresuccessfully，thoughwhatimprovementofconditionshefoundinthatnumerous，livelyhousehold，overthoseathomeitwouldbedifficulttosay。 ToTheodoreW。Crane，atQuarryFarm，Elmira，N。Y。 Friday，Oct。，5，”88。 DEARTHEO，——IamhereinTwichell”shouseatwork，withthenoiseofthechildrenandanarmyofcarpenterstohelp。Ofcoursetheydon”thelp，butneitherdotheyhinder。It”slikeaboiler-factoryforracket，andinnailingawoodenceilingontotheroomundermethehammeringticklesmyfeetamazinglysometimes，andjarsmytableagooddeal；butIneveramconsciousoftheracketatall，andImovemyfeetintopositionofreliefwithoutknowingwhenIdoit。IbeganhereMondaymorning，andhavedoneeightypagessince。IwassotiredlastnightthatIthoughtI wouldlieabedandrest，to-day；butIcouldn”tresist。Imeantotrytoknockofftomorrow，butit”sdoubtfulifIdo。Iwanttofinishthedaythemachinefinishes，andaweekagotheclosestcalculationsforthatindicatedOct。22——butexperienceteachesmethattheircalculationswillmissfire，asusual。 Theotherdaythechildrenwereprojectingapurchase，LivyandItofurnishthemoney-adollarandahalf。Jeandiscouragedtheidea。Shesaid：“Wehaven”tgotanymoney。Children，ifyouwouldthink，youwouldrememberthemachineisn”tdone。 It”sbilliardsto-night。Iwishyouwerehere。 WithlovetoyoubothS。L。C。 P。S。Igotitallwrong。Itwasn”tthechildren，itwasMarie。Shewantedaboxofblacking，forthechildren”sshoes。Jeanreprovedher- andsaid： “Why，Marie，youmustn”taskforthingsnow。Themachineisn”tdone。 S。L。C。 Theletterthatfollowsistoanotherofhisoldpilotfriends，onewhowasalsoaschoolmate，WillBowen，ofHannibal。Thereistodaynomeansofknowingtheoccasionuponwhichthisletterwaswritten，butitdoesnotmatter；itistheletteritselfthatisofchiefvalue。 ToWillBowen，inHannibal，Mo。： HARTFORD，Nov4，”88。 DEARWILL，——Ireceivedyourletteryesterdayevening，justasIwasstartingoutoftowntoattendawedding，andsomymindwasprivatelybusy，alltheevening，inthemidstofthemaelstromofchatandchaffandlaughter，withthesortofreflectionswhichcreatethemselves，examinethemselves，andcontinuethemselves，unaffectedbysurroundings——unaffected，thatisunderstood，bythesurroundings，butnotuninfluencedbythem。Herewasthenearpresenceofthetwosupremeeventsoflife：marriage，whichisthebeginningoflife，anddeathwhichistheendofit。IfoundmyselfseekingchancestoshirkintocornerswhereImightthink，undisturbed；andthemostIgotoutofmythought，wasthis：bothmarriageanddeathoughttobewelcome：theonepromiseshappiness，doubtlesstheotherassuresit。Alongprocessionofpeoplefiledthroughmymind——peoplewhomyouandIknewsomanyyearsago——somanycenturiesago，itseemslike-andtheseancientdeadmarchedtothesoftmarriagemusicofabandconcealedinsomeremoteroomofthehouse； andthecontentedmusicandthedreamingshadesseemedinrightaccordwitheachother，andfitting。Nobodyelseknewthataprocessionofthedeadwaspassingthoughthisnoisyswarmoftheliving，butthereitwas，andtometherewasnothinguncannyaboutit；Rio，theywerewelcomefacestome。Iwouldhavelikedtobringupeverycreatureweknewinthosedays——eventhedumbanimals——itwouldbebathinginthefabledFountainofYouth。 Weallfeelyourdeeptroublewithyou；andwewouldhope，ifwemight，butyourwordsdenyusthatprivilege。Todieone”sselfisathingthatmustbeeasy，andoflightconsequence，buttoloseapartofone”sself——well，weknowhowdeepthatpanggoes，wewhohavesufferedthatdisaster，receivedthatwoundwhichcannotheal。 SincerelyyourfriendS。L。CLEMENS。 Hisnextisofquiteadifferentnature。EvidentlythetypesettingconditionshadalarmedOrion，andhewasundertakingsomeeconomieswithaviewofretrenchment。Orionwasalwaysreducingeconomytoscience。Once，atanearlierdate，herecordedthathehadfiguredhispersonallivingexpensesdowntosixtycentsaweek，butinasmuchashewasthen，byhisownconfession，unabletoearnthesixtycents，thisparticulareconomywaswasted。Orionwasatrial，certainly，andtheexplosionthatfollowswasnotwithoutexcuse。 Furthermore，itwasnotasbadasitsounds。MarkTwain”sragesalwayshadanelementofhumorinthem，afactwhichnoonemorethanOrionhimselfwouldappreciate。Hepreservedthisletter，quietlynotingontheenvelope，“LetterfromSam，aboutma”snurse。” LettertoOrionClemens，inKeokuk，Iowa： NOV。29，”88。 JesusChrist！——Itisperiloustowritesuchaman。Youcangocrazyonlessmaterialthananybodythateverlived。Whatinhellhasproducedallthesemaniacalimaginings？Youtoldmeyouhadhiredanattendantforma。Nowhireoneinstantly，andstopthisnonsenseofwearingMollieandyourselfouttryingtodothatnursingyourselves。Hiretheattendant，andtellmehercostsothatIcaninstructWebster&Co。toadditeverymonthtowhattheyalreadysend。Don”tfoolawayanymoretimeaboutthis。Anddon”twritemeanymoredamnedrotabout“storms，“ andinabilitytopaytrivialsumsofmoneyand——and——hellanddamnation！ YouseeI”vereadonlythefirstpageofyourletter；Iwouldn”treadtherestforamilliondollars。 YrSAM。 P。S。Don”timaginethatIhavelostmytemper，becauseIswear。I swearallday，butIdonotlosemytemper。Anddon”timaginethatIamonmywaytothepoorhouse，forIamnot；orthatIamuneasy，forIamnot；orthatIamuncomfortableorunhappy——forIneveram。Idon”tknowwhatitistobeunhappyoruneasy；andIamnotgoingtotrytolearnhow，atthislateday。 SAM。 FewmenwereeverinterviewedoftenerthanMarkTwain，yetheneverwelcomedinterviewersandwasseldomsatisfiedwiththem。“WhatI sayinaninterviewlosesitcharacterinprint，“heoftenremarked，“allitslifeandpersonality。Thereporterrealizesthishimself，andtriestoimproveuponme，buthedoesn”thelpmattersany。” EdwardW。Bok，beforehebecameeditoroftheLadiesHomeJournal，wasconductingaweeklysyndicatecolumnunderthetitleof“Bok”sLiteraryLeaves。”Itusuallyconsistedofnewsandgossipofwriters，comment，etc。，literaryoddsandends，andoccasionalinterviewswithdistinguishedauthors。HewentuptoHartfordonedaytointerviewMarkTwain。TheresultseemedsatisfactorytoBok，butwishingtobecertainthatitwouldbesatisfactorytoClemens，hesenthimacopyforapproval。Theinterviewwasnotreturned； intheplaceofitcamealetter-notaltogetherdisappointing，asthereadermaybelieve。 ToEdwardW。Bok，inNewYork： MYDEARMR。BOK，——No，no。Itislikemostinterviews，puretwaddleandvalueless。 Forseveralquiteplainandsimplereasons，an“interview“must，asarule，beanabsurdity，andchieflyforthisreason——Itisanattempttouseaboatonlandorawagononwater，tospeakfiguratively。Spokenspeechisonething，writtenspeechisquiteanother。Printisthepropervehicleforthelatter，butitisn”tfortheformer。Themoment“talk“isputintoprintyourecognizethatitisnotwhatitwaswhenyouheardit；youperceivethatanimmensesomethinghasdisappearedfromit。Thatisitssoul。Youhavenothingbutadeadcarcassleftonyourhands。Color，playoffeature，thevaryingmodulationsofthevoice，thelaugh，thesmile，theinforminginflections，everythingthatgavethatbodywarmth，grace，friendlinessandcharmandcommendedittoyouraffections——or，atleast，toyourtolerance——isgoneandnothingisleftbutapallid，stiffandrepulsivecadaver。 Suchis“talk“almostinvariably，asyouseeitlyinginstateinan“interview“。Theinterviewerseldomtriestotellonehowathingwassaid；hemerelyputsinthenakedremarkandstopsthere。Whenonewritesforprinthismethodsareverydifferent。Hefollowsformswhichhavebutlittleresemblancetoconversation，buttheymakethereaderunderstandwhatthewriteristryingtoconvey。Andwhenthewriterismakingastoryandfindsitnecessarytoreportsomeofthetalkofhischaractersobservehowcautiouslyandanxiouslyhegoesatthatriskyanddifficultthing。“Ifhehaddaredtosaythatthinginmypresence，“ saidAlfred，“takingamockheroicattitude，andcastinganarchglanceuponthecompany，bloodwouldhaveflowed。” “Ifhehaddaredtosaythatthinginmypresence，“saidHawkwood，withthatinhiseyewhichcausedmorethanoneheartinthatguiltyassemblagetoquake，“bloodwouldhaveflowed。” “Ifhehaddaredtosaythatthinginmypresence，“saidthepaltryblusterer，withvaloronhistongueandpalloronhislips，“bloodwouldhaveflowed。” Sopainfullyawareisthenovelistthatnakedtalkinprintconveysnomeaningthatheloads，andoftenoverloads，almosteveryutteranceofhischaracterswithexplanationsandinterpretations。Itisaloudconfessionthatprintisapoorvehiclefor“talk“；itisarecognitionthatuninterpretedtalkinprintwouldresultinconfusiontothereader，notinstruction。 Now，inyourinterview，youhavecertainlybeenmostaccurate；youhavesetdownthesentencesIutteredasIsaidthem。Butyouhavenotawordofexplanation；whatmymannerwasatseveralpointsisnotindicated。 Therefore，noreadercanpossiblyknowwhereIwasinearnestandwhereI wasjoking；orwhetherIwasjokingaltogetherorinearnestaltogether。 Suchareportofaconversationhasnovalue。Itcanconveymanymeaningstothereader，butnevertherightone。Toaddinterpretationswhichwouldconveytherightmeaningisasomethingwhichwouldrequire——what？Anartsohighandfineanddifficultthatnopossessorofitwouldeverbeallowedtowasteitoninterviews。 No；sparethereader，andspareme；leavethewholeinterviewout；itisrubbish。Iwouldn”ttalkinmysleepifIcouldn”ttalkbetterthanthat。 Ifyouwishtoprintanythingprintthisletter；itmayhavesomevalue，foritmayexplaintoareaderhereandtherewhyitisthatininterviews，asarule，menseemtotalklikeanybodybutthemselves。 Verysincerelyyours，MARKTWAIN。 XXIX LETTERS，1889。THEMACHINE。DEATHOFMR。CRANE。 CONCLUSIONOFTHEYANKEE InJanuary，1889，Clemensbelieved，afterhislongsevenyearsofwaiting，fruitionhadcomeinthematterofthetypemachine。Paige，theinventor，seemedatlasttohavegivenititsfinishingtouches。Themechanicalmarvelthathadcostsomuchtime，mentalstress，andafortuneinmoney，stoodcomplete，responsivetothehumanwillandtouch——thelatest，andoneofthegreatest，wondersoftheworld。ToGeorgeStandring，aLondonprinterandpublisher，Clemenswrote：“Themachineisfinished！“andadded，“Thisisbyfarthemostmarvelousinventionevercontrivedbyman。Anditisnotathingofragsandpatches；itismadeofmassivesteel，andwilllastacentury。 Inhisfeverofenthusiasmonthatdaywhenhehadactuallyseenitinoperation，hewroteanumberofexuberantletters。Theyweremoreorlessduplicates，butastheonetohisbrotherisoffullerdetailandmoreintimatethantheothers，ithasbeenselectedforpreservationhere。 ToOrionClemens，inKeokuk： HARTFORD，Jan。5，”89。 DEARORION，——At12。20thisafternoonalineofmovabletypeswasspacedandjustifiedbymachinery，forthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheworld！AndIwastheretosee。Itwasdoneautomatically——instantly—— perfectly。Thisisindeedthefirstlineofmovabletypesthateverwasperfectlyspacedandperfectlyjustifiedonthisearth。 Thiswasthelastfunctionthatremainedtobetested——andsobylongoddsthemostamazingandextraordinaryinventioneverbornofthebrainofmanstandscompletedandperfect。Livyisdownstairscelebrating。 Butit”sacunningdevil，isthatmachine！——andknowsmorethananymanthateverlived。Youshallsee。Wemadethetestinthisway。Wesetupalotofrandomlettersinastick——three-fourthsofaline；thenfilledoutthelinewithquadsrepresenting14spaces，eachspacetobe35/1000ofaninchthick。Thenwethrewasidethequadsandputthelettersintothemachineandformedtheminto15two-letterwords，leavingthewordsseparatedbytwo-inchvacancies。Thenwestartedupthemachineslowly，byhand，andfastenedoureyesonthespace-selectingpins。Thefirstpin-blockprojecteditsthirdpinasthefirstwordcametravelingalongtherace-way；secondblockdidthesame；butthethirdblockprojecteditssecondpin！ “Oh，hell！stopthemachine——somethingwrong——it”sgoingtoseta30/1000space！“ Generalconsternation。“Aforeignsubstancehasgotintothespacingplates。”Thisfromtheheadmathematician。 “Yes，thatisthetrouble，“assentedtheforeman。 Paigeexamined。“No——lookin，andyoucanseethatthere”snothingofthekind。”Furtherexamination。“NowIknowwhatitis——whatitmustbe：oneofthoseplatesprojectsandbinds。It”stoobad——thefirsttestisafailure。”Apause。“Well，boys，nousetocry。Gettowork—— takethemachinedown——No——Holdon！don”ttouchathing！Gorightahead！Wearefools，themachineisn”t。Themachineknowswhatit”sabout。Thereisaspeckofdirtononeofthosetypes，andthemachineisputtinginathinnerspacetoallowforit！“ Thatwasjustit。Themachinewentrightahead，spacedtheline，justifiedittoahair，andshoveditintothegalleycompleteandperfect！Wetookitoutandexamineditwithaglass。Youcouldnottellbyyoureyethatthethirdspacewasthinnerthantheothers，buttheglassandthecalipersshowedthedifference。Paigehadalwayssaidthatthemachinewouldmeasureinvisibleparticlesofdirtandallowforthem，butevenhehadforgottenthatvastfactforthemoment。 Allthewitnessesmadewrittenrecordoftheimmensehistoricalbirth—— thefirstjustificationofalineofmovabletypebymachinery——andalsosetdownthehourandtheminute。Nobodyhaddrankanything，andyeteverybodyseemeddrunk。Well-dizzy，stupefied，stunned。 Alltheotherwonderfulinventionsofthehumanbrainsinkprettynearlyintocommonplacecontrastedwiththisawfulmechanicalmiracle。 Telephones，telegraphs，locomotives，cottongins，sewingmachines，Babbagecalculators，jacquardlooms，perfectingpresses，Arkwrigbt”sframes——allmeretoys，simplicities！ThePaigeCompositormarchesaloneandfarintheleadofhumaninventions。 Intwoorthreeweeksweshallworkthestiffnessoutofherjointsandhaveherperformingassmoothlyandsoftlyashumanmuscles，andthenweshallspeakoutthebigsecretandlettheworldcomeandgaze。 Returnmethisletterwhenyouhavereadit。 SAM。 JudgeoftheelationwhichsuchaletterwouldproduceinKeokuk！ YetitwasnogreaterthanthatwhichexistedinHartford——foratime。 Thenfurtherdelays。Beforethemachinegot“thestiffnessoutofherjoints“that“cunningdevil“manifestedatendencytobreakthetypes，andPaige，whowasneverhappierthanwhenhewaspullingthingstopiecesandmakingimprovements，hadthetype-setterapartagainandthedayofcompletetriumphwaspostponed。 TherewassadnessattheElmirafarmthatspring。TheodoreCrane，whohadlongbeeninpoorhealth，seemedtogrowdailyworse。InFebruaryhehadpaidavisittoHartfordandsawthemachineinoperation，butbytheendofMayhisconditionwasveryserious。 Rememberinghiskeensenseofhumor，Clemensreportedtohimcheeringandamusingincidents。 ToMrs。TheodoreCrane。inElmira，N。Y。： HARTFORD，May28，”89。 Susiedear，IwantyoutotellthistoTheodore。Youknowhowabsent- mindedTwichellis，andhowdesolatehisfaceiswhenheisinthatframe。Atsuchtimes，hepassesthewordwithafriendonthestreetandisnotawareofthemeetingatall。Twiceinaweek，ourClarahadthislatterexperiencewithhimwithinthepastmonth。Butthesecondinstancewastoomuchforher，andshewokehimup，inhistracks，withareproach。Shesaid： “UncleJoe，whydoyoualwayslookasifyouwerejustgoingdownintothegrave，whenyoumeetapersononthestreet？“——andthenwentontorevealtohimthefunerealspectaclewhichhepresentedonsuchoccasions。Well，shehasmetTwichellthreetimessincethen，andwouldswimtheConnecticuttoavoidmeetinghimthefourth。Assoonashesightsher，nomatterhowpublictheplacenorhowfaroffsheis，hemakesaboundintotheair，heavesarmsandlegsintoallsortsoffranticgesturesofdelight，andsocomesprancing，skippingandpirouettingforherlikeadrunkenIndianenteringheaven。 WithafullinvoiceoflovefromusalltoyouandTheodore。 S。L。C。 Thereferenceinthenexttothe“closingsentence“inaletterwrittenbyHowellstoClemensaboutthistime，referstoaheart- brokenutteranceoftheformerconcerninghisdaughterWinnie，whohaddiedsometimebefore。Shehadbeenagentletalentedgirl，butneverofrobusthealth。Herdeathhadfollowedalongperiodofgradualdecline。 ToW。D。Howells，inBoston： HARTFORD，Judy13，”89。 DEARHOWELLS，——IcameonfromElmiraadayortwoago，whereIleftahouseofmourning。Mr。Cranedied，aftertenmonthsofpainandtwowholedaysofdying，atthefarmonthehill，the3rdinst：Amanwhohadalwayshopedforaswiftdeath。Mrs。CraneandMrs。Clemensandthechildrenwereinagloomwhichbroughtbacktomethedaysofnineteenyearsago，whenMr。Langdondied。Itisheart-breakingtoseeMrs。 Crane。Manyatime，inthepasttendays，thesightofherhasremindedme，withapang，ofthedesolationwhichuttereditselfintheclosingsentenceofyourlastlettertome。Idoseethatthereisanargumentagainstsuicide：thegriefoftheworshipersleftbehind；theawfulfamineintheirhearts，thesearetoocostlytermsfortherelease。 Ishallbeheretendaysyet，andallalone：nobodyinthehousebuttheservants。Can”tMrs。Howellsspareyoutome？Can”tyoucomeandstaywithme？Thehouseiscoolandpleasant；yourworkwillnotbeinterrupted；wewillkeeptoourselvesandlettherestoftheworlddothesame；youcanhaveyourchoiceofthreebedrooms，andyouwillfindtheChildren”sschoolroom(whichwasbuiltformystudy，)theperfectionofaretiredandsilentdenforwork。Thereisn”taflyoramosquitoontheestate。Come——sayyouwill。 WithkindestregardstoMrs。Howells，andPillaandJohn，YoursEverMARK。 Howellswasmorehopeful。Hewrote：“Ireadsomethinginastrangebook，ThePhysicalTheoryofAnotherLife，thatconsolesalittle；namely，weseeandfeelthepowerofDeityinsuchfullnessthatweoughttoinfertheinfinitejusticeandGoodnesswhichwedonotseeorfeel。”Andafewdayslater，hewrote：“Iwouldratherseeandtalkwithyouthananyothermanintheworldoutsidemyownblood。” AConnecticutYankeeatKingArthur”sCourtwasbroughttoanendthatyearandgiventotheartistandprinter。DanBeardwasselectedforthedrawings，andwasgivenafreehand，asthenextlettershows。 ToFredJ。Hall，ManagerCharlesL。Webster&Co。： [CharlesL。Webster，owingtopoorhealth，hadbythistimeretiredfromthefirm。] ELMIRA，July20，”89。 DEARMR。HALL，——Uponreflection——thus：tellBeardtoobeyhisowninspiration，andwhenheseesapictureinhismindputthatpictureonpaper，beithumorousorbeitserious。Iwanthisgeniustobewhollyunhampered，Ishan”thavefearsastotheresult。TheywillbebetterpicturesthanifImixedinandtriedtogivehimpointsonhisowntrade。 Sendthisnoteandhe”llunderstand。 YrS。L。C。 ClemenshadmadeagoodchoiceinselectingBeardfortheillustrations。Hewaswellqualifiedforthework，andbeingofasocialisticturnofmindputhiswholesoulintoit。Whenthedrawingswerecompleted，Clemenswrote：“Holdmeunderpermanentobligations。Whatluckitwastofindyou！Therearehundredsofartiststhatcouldillustrateanyotherbookofmine，buttherewasonlyonewhocouldillustratethisone。Yes，itwasafortunatehourthatIwentnettingforlightningbugsandcaughtameteor。 Liveforever！“ Clemens，ofcourse，wasanxiousforHowellstoreadTheYankee，andMrs。Clemensparticularlyso。Hereyesweregivinghertroublethatsummer，sothatshecouldnotreadtheMS。forherself，andshehadgravedoubtsastosomeofitschapters。Itmaybesaidherethatthebookto-daymighthavebeenbetterifMrs。Clemenshadbeenabletoreadit。Howellswasapeerlesscritic，buttherevolutionarysubject-matterofthebooksodelightedhimthathewasperhapssomewhatblindedtoitsliterarydefects。However，thisispremature。Howellsdidnotatonceseethestory。HehadpromisedtocometoHartford，butwrotethattrivialmattershadmadehisvisitimpossible。Fromthenextletterwegetthesituationatthistime。The“Mr。Church“mentionedwasFrederickS。Church，thewell- knownartist。 ToW。D。Howells，inBoston： ELMIRA，July24，”89。 DEARHOWELLS，——I，too，wasassorryasIcouldbe；yes，anddesperatelydisappointed。Ievendidaheroicthing：shippedmybookofftoNewYorklestIshouldforgethospitalityandembitteryourvisitwithit。NotthatIthinkyouwouldn”tliketoreadit，forIthinkyouwould；butnotonaholidaythat”snotthetime。Iseehowyouweresituated——anotherfamiliarityofProvidenceandwhollywantonintrusion——andofcoursewecouldnothelpourselves。Well，justthinkofit：awhileago，whileProvidence”sattentionwasabsorbedindisorderingsometime-tablessoastobreakupatripofminetoMr。Church”sontheHudson，thatJohnstowndamgotloose。IswearIwasafraidtopray，forfearIshouldlaugh。 Well，I”mnotgoingtodespair；we”llmanageameetyet。 IexpecttogotoHartfordagaininAugustandmayberemaintillIhavetocomebackhereandfetchthefamily。And，alongthereinAugust，sometime，youletonthatyouaregoingtoMexico，andIwillletonthatI amgoingtoSpitzbergen，andthenundercoverofthiscleverstratagemwewillglidefromthetrainsatWorcesterandhaveatime。IhavenoticedthatProvidenceisindifferentaboutMexicoandSpitzbergen。 YsEverMARK。 PossiblyMarkTwainwasnotparticularlyanxiousthatHowellsshouldseehisMS。，fearingthathemightlayaruthlesshandonsomeofhismoreviolentfulminationsandwildfancies。Howeverthismaybe，furtherpostponementwassoonatanend。Mrs。Clemens”seyestroubledherandwouldnotpermithertoread，sosherequestedthattheYankeebepasseduponbysobermindedcritics，suchasHowellsandEdmundClarenceStedman。Howellswrotethatevenifhehadn”twantedtoreadthebookforitsownsake，orfortheauthor”ssake，hewouldstillwanttodoitforMrs。Clemens”s。Whereupontheproofswerestartedinhisdirection。 ToW。D。Howells，inBoston： ELMIRA，Aug。24，”89。 DEARHOWELLS，——IfyoushouldbemovedtospeakofmybookintheStudy，Ishallbegladandproud——andthesooneritgetsin，thebetterforthebook；thoughIdon”tsupposeyoucangetitinearlierthantheNovembernumber——why，no，youcan”tgetitintillamonthlaterthanthat。Well，anywayIdon”tthinkI”llsendoutanyotherpresscopy——exceptperhapstoStedman。I”mnotwritingforthosepartieswhomiscallthemselvescritics，andIdon”tcaretohavethempawthebookatall。It”smyswan-song，myretirementfromliteraturepermanently，andIwishtopasstothecemeteryunclodded。 Ijudgethattheproofshavebeguntoreachyouaboutthistime，asIhadsome(thoughnotrevises，)thismorning。I”msureI”mgoingtobecharmedwithBeard”spictures。Observehisnicetake-offofMiddle-Ageart-dinner-tablescene。 YssincerelyMARK。 Howells”sapprovaloftheYankeecamealmostintheformofexultantshouts，oneafterreadingeachbatchofproof。Firsthewrote： “It”scharming，original，wonderful！goodinfancyandsoundtothecoreinmorals。”Andagain，“It”samightygreatbook，anditmakesmyheartburnwithwrath。ItseemsGoddidnotforgettoputasoulintoyou。Heshutsmostliterarymenoffwithabrain，merely。” Then，afewdayslater：“Thebookisglorious——simplynoble；whatmassesofvirgintruthnevertouchedinprintbefore！“and，finally，“LastnightIreadyourlastchapter。AsStedmansaysofthewholebook，it”stitanic。” ToW。D。Howells，inBoston： HARTFORD，Sept。22，”89。 DEARHOWELLS，——Itisimmenselygoodofyoutogrindthroughthatstuffforme；butitgivespeacetoMrs。Clemens”ssoul；andIamasgratefultoyouasabodycanbe。IamgladyouapproveofwhatIsayabouttheFrenchRevolution。Fewpeoplewill。ItisoddthateventothisdayAmericansstillobservethatimmortalbenefactionthroughEnglishandothermonarchicaleyes，andhavenoshredofanopinionaboutitthattheydidn”tgetatsecond-hand。 Nexttothe4thofJulyanditsresults，itwasthenoblestandtheholiestthingandthemostpreciousthateverhappenedinthisearth。 Anditsgraciousworkisnotdoneyet——notanywhereintheremoteneighborhoodofit。 Don”ttroubletosendmealltheproofs；sendmethepageswithyourcorrectionsonthem，andwaste-baskettherest。WeissuethebookDec。10；consequentlyanoticethatappearsDec。20willbejustingoodtime。 IamwaitingtoseeyourStudysetafashionincriticism。Whenthathappens——aspleaseGoditmust——considerthatifyoulivedthreecenturiesyoucouldn”tdoamorevaluableworkforthiscountry，orahumaner。 Asaruleacritic”sdissentmerelyenrages，andsodoesnogood；butbythenewartwhichyouuse，yourdissentmustbeaswelcomeasyourapproval，andasvaluable。Idonotknowwhatthesecretofitis，unlessitisyourattitude——mancourteouslyreasoningwithmanandbrother，inplaceofthewornandwearisomecriticalattitudeofallthislongtime——superiorbeinglecturingaboy。 Well，mybookiswritten——letitgo。Butifitwereonlytowriteoveragaintherewouldn”tbesomanythingsleftout。Theyburninme；andtheykeepmultiplyingandmultiplying；butnowtheycan”teverbesaid。 Andbesides，theywouldrequirealibrary——andapenwarmedupinhell。 YsEverMARK。 Thetype-settingmachinebegantoloomlargeinthebackground。 Clemensbelieveditperfectedbythistime。Paigehadgotittogetheragainanditwasrunningsteadily——orapproximatelyso——settingtypeatamarvelousspeedandwithperfectaccuracy。Intimeanexpertoperatorwouldbeabletosetashighaseightthousandemsperhour，orabouttentimesasmuchasagoodcompositorcouldsetanddistributebyhand。Thosewhosawitwereconvinced——mostofthem——thatthetype-settingproblemwassolvedbythisgreatmechanicalmiracle。Iftherewereanywhodoubted，itwasbecauseofitsmarvelouslyminuteaccuracywhichtheothersonlyadmired。Suchaccuracy，itwassometimeswhispered，requiredabsolutelyperfectadjustment，andwhatwouldhappenwhenthegreatinventor”thepoetinsteel，“asClemensoncecalledhim——wasnolongerathandtosuperviseandtocorrecttheslightestvariation。 ButnosuchbreathofdoubtcametoMarkTwain；hebelievedthemachineasreliableasaconstellation。 Butnowtherewasneedofcapitaltomanufactureandmarketthewonder。Clemens，castingaboutinhismind，rememberedSenatorJones，ofNevada，amanofgreatwealth，andhisoldfriend，JoeGoodman，ofNevada，inwhomJoneshadunlimitedconfidence。HewrotetoGoodman，andinthisletterwegetaprettyfullexpositionofthewholematterasitstoodinthefallof1889。WenoteinthiscommunicationthatClemenssaysthathehasbeenatthemachinethreeyearsandsevenmonths，butthiswasonlytheperiodduringwhichhehadspenttheregularmonthlysumofthreethousanddollars。Hisinterestintheinventionhadbegunasfarbackas1880。 ToJosephT。Goodman，inNevada： Private。HARTFORD，Oct。7，”89。 DEARJOE，-IhadaletterfromAleckBadlamdaybeforeyesterday，andinansweringhimImentionedamatterwhichIaskedhimtoconsiderasecretexcepttoyouandJohnMcComb，——[ThisisCol。McComb，oftheAlta- California，whohadsentMarkTwainontheQuakerCityexcursion]——asI amnotreadyyettogetintothenewspapers。 Ihavecomenearwritingyouaboutthismatterseveraltimes，butitwasn”tripe，andIwaited。Itisripe，now。Itisatype-settingmachinewhichIundertooktobuildfortheinventor(foraconsideration)。 Ihavebeenatitthreeyearsandsevenmonthswithoutlosingaday，atacostof$3，000amonth，andinsoprivateawaythatHartfordhasknownnothingaboutit。Indeedonlyadozenmenhaveknownofthematter。 IhavereportedprogressfromtimetotimetotheproprietorsoftheN。Y。Sun，Herald，Times，World，HarperBrothersandJohnF。Trow；alsototheproprietorsoftheBostonHeraldandtheBostonGlobe。ThreeyearsagoIaskedallthesepeopletosquelchtheirfranticdesiretoloaduptheirofficeswiththeMergenthaler(N。Y。Tribune)machine，andwaitformineandthenchoosebetweenthetwo。Theyhavewaited——withnoverygaudypatience——butstilltheyhavewaited；andIcouldprovetothemto-daythattheyhavenotlostanythingbyit。ButIreservetheproofforthepresent——exceptinthecaseoftheN。Y。Herald；Isentaninvitationtheretheotherday——acourtesydueapaperwhichordered$240，000worthofourmachineslongagowhenitwasstillinacrudecondition。TheHeraldhasordereditsforemantocomeupherenextThursday；butthatistheonlyinvitationwhichwillgooutforsometimeyet。 Themachinewasfinishedseveralweeksago，andhasbeenrunningeversinceinthemachineshop。Itisamagnificentcreatureofsteel，allofPratt&Whitney”ssuper-bestworkmanship，andasnicelyadjustedandasaccurateasawatch。Inconstructionitisaselaborateandcomplexasthatmachinewhichitranksnextto，byeveryright——Man——andinperformanceitisassimpleandsure。 Anybodycansettypeonitwhocanread——andcandoitafteronly15 minutes”instruction。Theoperatordoesnotneedtoleavehisseatatthekeyboard；forthereasonthatheisnotrequiredtodoanythingbutstrikethekeysandsettype——merelyonefunction；thespacing，justifying，emptyingintothegalley，anddistributingofdeadmatterisalldonebythemachinewithoutanybody”shelp——fourfunctions。 Theeasewithwhichacubcanlearnissurprising。DaybeforeyesterdayIsawournewestcubset，perfectlyspaceandperfectlyjustify2，150emsofsolidnonpareilinanhouranddistributethelikeamountinthesamehour——andsixhourspreviouslyhehadneverseenthemachineoritskeyboard。Itwasagoodhour”sworkfor3-yearveteransontheothertype-settingmachinestodo。Wehave3cubs。Thedeanofthetrioisaschoolyouthof18。Yesterdaymorninghehadbeenanapprenticeonthemachine16workingdays(8-hourdays)；andwespeededhimtoseewhathecoulddoinanhour。Inthehourheset5，900emssolidnonpareil，andthemachineperfectlyspacedandjustifiedit，andofcoursedistributedthelikeamountinthesamehour。Consideringthatagoodfaircompositorsets700anddistributes700intheonehour，thisboydidtheworkofabout8xacompositorsinthathour。Thisfactsendsallothertype-settingmachinesathousandmilestotherear，andthebestofthemwillneverbeheardofagainafterwepubliclyexhibitinNewYork。 Weshallputon3morecubs。Wehaveoneschoolboyandtwocompositors，now，——andwethinkofputtingonatypewriter，astenographer，andperhapsashoemaker，toshowthatnospecialgiftsortrainingarerequiredwiththismachine。Weshalltrainthesebeginnerstwoorthreemonths——oruntilsomeoneofthemgetsupto7，000anhour——thenwewillshowupinNewYorkandrunthemachine24hoursaday7daysintheweek，forseveralmonths——toprovethatthisisamachinewhichwillnevergetoutoforderorcausedelay，andcanstandanythingananvilcanstand。Youknowthereisnoothertypesettingmachinethatcanruntwohoursonastretchwithoutcausingtroubleanddelaywithitsincurablecaprices。 Weownthewholefield——everyinchofit——andnothingcandislodgeus。 Nowthen，aboveismypreachment，andherefollowsthereasonandpurposeofit。Iwantyoutorunoverhere，roostoverthemachineaweekandsatisfyyourself，andthengotoJohnP。Jonesortowhomyouplease，andsellmeahundredthousanddollars”worthofthispropertyandtaketenpercentincashorthe“property“foryourtrouble——thelatter，ifyouarewise，becausethepriceIaskisalongwayshortofthevalue。 WhatIcall“property“isthis。Asmallpartofmyownershipconsistsofaroyaltyof$500oneverymachinemarketedundertheAmericanpatents。 Myselling-termsare，apermanentroyaltyofonedollaroneveryAmerican-marketedmachineforathousanddollarscashtomeinhandpaid。 Weshan”tmarketanyfewerthan5，000machinesin15years——areturnoffifteenthousanddollarsforonethousand。Aroyaltyisbetterthanstock，inoneway——itmustbepaid，everysixmonths，rainorshine；itisadebt，andmustbepaidbeforedividendsaredeclared。Byandby，whenwebecomeastockcompanyIshallbuytheseroyaltiesbackforstockifIcangetthemforanythinglikereasonableterms。 Ihaveneverborrowedapennytouseonthemachine，andneversoldapenny”sworthofthepropertyuntilthemachinewasentirelyfinishedandprovenbytheseverestteststobewhatshestartedouttobe——perfect，permanent，andoccupyingtheposition，asregardsallkindredmachines，whichtheCityofParisoccupiesasregardsthecanvas-backsofthemercantilemarine。 Itismypurposetoselltwohundreddollarsofmyroyaltiesattheabovepriceduringthenexttwomonthsandkeeptheother$300。 Mrs。ClemensbegsMrs。Goodmantocomewithyou，andaskspardonfornotwritingthemessageherself——whichwouldbeapathetically-welcomespectacletome；forIhavebeenheramanuensisfor8months，now，sincehereyesfailedher。YoursasalwaysMARK。 WhilethisletterwithitsamazingcontentsisonitswaytoastonishJoeGoodman，wewillconsideroneofquiteadifferent，butequallycharacteristicsort。WemayassumethatMarkTwain”ssisterPamelahadbeenvisitinghiminHartfordandwasnowmakingavisitinKeokuk。 ToMrs。Moffett，inKeokuk： HARTFORD，Oct9，”89。 DEARPAMELA，——AnhourafteryouleftIwassuddenlystruckwitharealizingsenseoftheutterchuckle-headednessofthatnotionofmine： tosendyourtrunkafteryou。Land！itwasidiotic。Nonebutalunaticwould，separatehimselffromhisbaggage。 Well，Iamsoulfullygladthebaggagefetchersavedmefromconsummatingmyinsaneinspiration。Imethimonthestreetintheafternoonandpaidhimagain。Ishallpayhimseveraltimesmore，asopportunityoffers。 IdeclinedtheinvitationtobanquetwiththevisitingSouthAmericanCongress，inapolitenoteexplainingthatIhadtogotoNewYorktoday。 IconveyedthenoteprivatelytoPatrick；hegottheenvelopesoiled，andaskedLivytoputonacleanone。ThatiswhyIamgoingtothebanquet；alsowhyIhavedisinvitedtheboysIthoughtIwasgoingtopunchbilliardswith，upstairsto-night。 PatrickisoneoftheinjudiciousestpeopleIeverstruck。AndIamtheother。 YourBrotherSAM。 TheYankeewasnowreadyforpublication，andadvancesheetswerealreadyinthereviewers”hands。JustatthismomenttheBrazilianmonarchycrumbled，andClemenswasmovedtowriteSylvesterBaxter，oftheBostonHerald，aletterwhichisofspecialinterestinitsprophecyofthenewday，thedawnofwhichwasevennearerthanhesuspected。 DEARMR。BAXTER，Anotherthronehasgonedown，andIswiminoceansofsatisfaction。IwishImightlivefiftyyearslonger；IbelieveIshouldseethethronesofEuropesellingatauctionforoldiron。IbelieveI shouldreallyseetheendofwhatissurelythegrotesquestofalltheswindleseverinventedbyman-monarchy。Itisenoughtomakeagravenimagelaugh，toseeapparentlyrationalpeople，awaydownhereinthiswholesomeandmercilessslaughter-dayforshams，stillmouthingemptyreverenceforthosemoss-backedfraudsandscoundrelisms，hereditarykingshipandso-called“nobility。”Itisenoughtomakethemonarchsandnoblesthemselveslaugh——andinprivatetheydo；therecanbenoquestionaboutthat。Ithinkthereisonlyonefunnierthing，andthatisthespectacleofthesebastardAmericans——theseHamersleysandHuntingtonsandsuch——offeringcash，encumberedbythemselves，forrottencarcasesandstolentitles。WhenourgreatbrethrenthedisenslavedBraziliansframetheirDeclarationofIndependence，Ihopetheywillinsertthismissinglink：“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident：thatallmonarchsareusurpers，anddescendantsofusurpers；forthereasonthatnothronewaseversetupinthisworldbythewill，freelyexercised，oftheonlybodypossessingthelegitimaterighttosetitup——thenumericalmassofthenation。” Youalreadyhavetheadvancesheetsofmyforthcomingbookinyourhands。 Ifyouwillturntoaboutthefivehundredthpage，youwillfindastatepaperofmyConnecticutYankeeinwhichheannouncesthedissolutionofKingArthur”smonarchyandproclaimstheEnglishRepublic。CompareitwiththestatepaperwhichannouncesthedownfalloftheBrazilianmonarchyandproclaimstheRepublicoftheUnitedStatesofBrazil，andstandbytodefendtheYankeefromplagiarism。Thereismerelyaresemblanceofideas，nothingmore。TheYankee”sproclamationwasalreadyinprintaweekago。Thisismerelyoneofthoseoddcoincidenceswhicharealwaysturningup。Come，protecttheYankfromthatcheapestandeasiestofallcharges——plagiarism。Otherwise，yousee，hewillhavetoprotecthimselfbychargingapproximateandindefiniteplagiarismupontheofficialservantsofourmajestictwindownyonder，andthentheremightbewar，orsomesimilarannoyance。 HaveyounoticedtherumorthatthePortuguesethroneisunsteady，andthatthePortugueseslavesaregettingrestive？Also，thattheheadslave-driverofEurope，AlexanderIII，hassoreducedhisusualmonthlyorderforchainsthattheRussianfoundriesarerunningononlyhalftimenow？AlsothatotherrumorthatEnglishnobilityacquiredanaddedstenchtheotherday——andhadtoshipittoIndiaandthecontinentbecausetherewasn”tanymoreroomforitathome？Thingsareworking。 Byandbythereisgoingtobeanemigration，maybe。Ofcourseweshallmakenopreparation；weneverdo。Inafewyearsfromnowweshallhavenothingbutplayed-outkingsanddukesonthepolice，anddrivingthehorse-cars，andwhitewashingfences，andinfactovercrowdingalltheavenuesofunskilledlabor；andthenweshallwish，whenitistoolate，thatwehadtakencommonandreasonableprecautionsanddrownedthematCastleGarden。 TherefollowedatthistimeanumberofletterstoGoodman，butasthereismuchofasamenessinthem，weneednotprintthemall。 Clemens，infact，keptthemailswarmwithlettersbulgingwithschemesforcapitalization，andpromisingvastwealthtoallconcerned。Whenthelettersdidnotgofastenoughhesenttelegrams。InoneofthelettersGoodmanispromised“fivehundredthousanddollarsoutoftheprofitsbeforewegetanythingourselves。”OnethingwegatherfromtheselettersisthatPaigehastakenthemachineapartagain，neversatisfiedwithitsperfection，orperhapsgettingahintthatcertainofitsperfectionswerenotpermanent。AletterattheendofNovemberseemsworthpreservinghere。 ToJosephT。Goodman，inCalifornia： HARTFORD，Nov。29，”89。 DEARJOE，Thingsaregettingintobetterandmoreflexibleshapeeveryday。Papersarenowbeingdrawnwhichwillgreatlysimplifytheraisingofcapital；Ishallbeinsupremecommand；itwillnotbenecessaryforthecapitalisttoarriveattermswithanybodybutme。Idon”twanttodickerwithanybodybutJones。Iknowhim；thatistosay，Iwanttodickerwithyou，andthroughyouwithJones。Trytoseeifyoucan”tbeherebythe15thofJanuary。 Themachinewasasperfectasawatchwhenwetookheraparttheotherday；butwhenshegoestogetheragainthe15thofJanuaryweexpecthertobeperfecterthanawatch。 Joe，Iwantyoutosellsomeroyaltiestotheboysoutthere，ifyoucan，forIwanttobefinanciallystrongwhenwegotoNewYork。Youknowthemachine，andyouappreciateitsfutureenormouscareerbetterthananymanIknow。Atthelowestconceivableestimate(2，000machinesayear，) weshallsell34，000inthelifeofthepatent——17years。 Allthefamilysendlovetoyou——andtheymeanit，ortheywouldn”tsayit。 YourseverMARK。 TheYankeehadcomefromthepress，andHowellshadpraiseditinthe“Editor”sStudy“inHarper”sMagazine。Hehadgivenithishighestcommendation，anditseemsthathisopinionofitdidnotchangewithtime。“Ofallfancifulschemesoffictionitpleasesmemost，“heinoneplacedeclared，andagainreferredtoitas“agreatlyimaginedandsymmetricallydevelopedtale。” InmorethanonelettertoGoodman，ClemenshadurgedhimtocomeEastwithoutdelay。“Takethetrain，Joe，andcomealong，“hewroteearlyinDecember。AndwejudgefromthefollowingthatJoehaddecidedtocome。 ToW。D。Howells，inBoston： HARTFORD，Dec。23，”89。 DEARHOWELLS，——Themagazinecamelastnight，andtheStudynoticeisjustgreat。Thesatisfactionitaffordsuscouldnotbemoreprodigiousifthebookdeservedeverywordofit；andmaybeitdoes；Ihopeitdoes，thoughofcourseIcan”trealizeitandbelieveit。ButIamyourgratefulservant，anywayandalways。 IamgoingtoreadtotheCadetsatWestPointJan。11。IgofromheretoNewYorkthe9th，anduptothePointthe11th。Can”tyougowithme？ It”sgreatfun。I”mgoingtoreadthepassagesinthe“Yankee“inwhichtheYankee”sWestPointcadetsfigure——andshallcovertlyworkinalectureonaristocracytothoseboys。IamtobetheguestoftheSuperintendent，butifyouwillgoIwillshakehimandwewillgotothehotel。Heisasplendidfellow，andIknowhimwellenoughtotakethatliberty。 Andwon”tyougivemeadayortwo”svisittowardtheendofJanuary？ Fortworeasons：themachinewillbeatworkagainbythattime，andwewanttoheartherestofthedream-story；Mrs。Clemenskeepsspeakingaboutitandhankeringforit。AndwecanhaveJoeGoodmanonhandagainbythattime，andIwantyoutogettoknowhimthoroughly。It”swellworthit。IamgoingtorunupandstayovernightwithyouassoonasI cangetachance。 Weareinthefullrushoftheholidaysnow，andanawfulrushitis，too。Yououghttohavebeenheretheotherday，tomakethatdayperfectandcomplete。AllaloneImanagedtoinflictagoniesonMrs：Clemens，whereasIwasexpectingnothingbutpraises。Imadeapartycallthedayaftertheparty——andcalledtheladydownfrombreakfasttoreceiveit。 Ithenleftthereandcalledonanewbride，whoreceivedmeinherdressing-gown；andasthingswentprettywell，Istayedtoluncheon。 Theerrorherewas，thattheappointedreception-hourwas3intheafternoon，andnotatthebride”shousebutatheraunt”sinanotherpartofthetown。However，asImeantwell，noneofthesedisastersdistressedme。 YrseverMARK。 TheYankeedidnotfindaveryheartywelcomeinEngland。EnglishreadersdidnotfancyanyburlesqueoftheirArthuriantales，orAmericanstricturesontheirinstitutions。MarkTwain”spublishershadfearedthis，andaskedthatthestorybeespeciallyeditedfortheEnglishedition。Clemens，however，wouldnotlistentoanysuggestionsofthesort。 ToMessrs。Chatto&Windus，inLondon，Eng。： GENTLEMEN，——ConcerningTheYankee，Ihavealreadyrevisedthestorytwice；andithasbeenreadcriticallybyW。D。HowellsandEdmundClarenceStedman，andmywifehascausedmetostrikeoutseveralpassagesthathavebeenbroughttoherattention，andtosoftenothers。 Furthermore，IhavereadchaptersofthebookinpublicwhereEnglishmenwerepresentandhaveprofitedbytheirsuggestions。 Now，mindyou，IhavetakenallthispainsbecauseIwantedtosayaYankeemechanic”ssayagainstmonarchyanditsseveralnaturalprops，andyetmakeabookwhichyouwouldbewillingtoprintexactlyasitcomestoyou，withoutalteringaword。 Wearespokenof(byEnglishmen)asathin-skinnedpeople。Itisyouwhoarethin-skinned。AnEnglishmanmaywritewiththemostbrutalfranknessaboutanymanorinstitutionamongusandwerepublishhimwithoutdreamingofalteringalineoraword。ButEnglandcannotstandthatkindofabookwrittenaboutherself。ItisEnglandthatisthin- skinned。ItcausethmetosmilewhenIreadthemodificationsofmylanguagewhichhavebeenmadeinmyEnglisheditionstofitthemforthesensitiveEnglishpalate。 Now，asIsay，Ihavetakenlaboriouspainstosotrimthisbookofoffensethatyoumightnotlackthenervetoprintitjustasitstands。 IamgoingtogettheproofstoyoujustasearlyasIcan。Iwantyoutoreaditcarefully。Ifyoucanpublishitwithoutalteringasingleword，goahead。Otherwise，pleasehandittoJ。R。Osgoodintimeforhimtohaveitpublishedatmyexpense。 Thisisimportant，forthereasonthatthebookwasnotwrittenforAmerica；itwaswrittenforEngland。SomanyEnglishmenhavedonetheirsincerestbesttoteachussomethingforourbettermentthatitseemstomehightimethatsomeofusshouldsubstantiallyrecognizethegoodintentbytryingtopryuptheEnglishnationtoalittlehigherlevelofmanhoodinturn。 Verytrulyyours，S。L。CLEMENS。 TheEnglishnation，atleastaconsiderableportionofit，didnotwishtobe“prieduptoahigherlevelofmanhood“byaConnecticutYankee。 Thepapersprettygenerallydenouncedthebookascoarse；infact，avulgartravesty。SomeofthecriticsconcludedthatEngland，afterall，hadmadeamistakeinadmiringMarkTwain。Clemensstoodthisforatimeandthenseemstohavedecidedthatsomethingshouldbedone。OneoftheforemostofEnglishcriticswashisfriendandadmirer；hewouldstatethecasetohimfullyandinvitehisassistance。 ToAndrewLang，inLondon： [Firstpagemissing。] 1889 Theyvotebutdonotprint。Theheadtellsyouprettypromptlywhetherthefoodissatisfactoryornot；andeverybodyhears，andthinksthewholemanhasspoken。Itisadelusion。Onlyhistasteandhissmellhavebeenheardfrom——important，both，inaway，butthesedonotbuilduptheman；andpreservehislifeandfortifyit。 Thelittlechildispermittedtolabelitsdrawings“Thisisacowthisisahorse，“andsoon。Thisprotectsthechild。Itsavesitfromthesorrowandwrongofhearingitscowsanditshorsescriticizedaskangaroosandworkbenches。Amanwhoiswhite-washingafenceisdoingausefulthing，soalsoisthemanwhoisadorningarichman”shousewithcostlyfrescoes；andallofusaresaneenoughtojudgetheseperformancesbystandardspropertoeach。Now，then，tobefair，anauthoroughttobeallowedtoputuponhisbookanexplanatoryline： “ThisiswrittenfortheHead；“ThisiswrittenfortheBellyandtheMembers。”Andthecriticoughttoholdhimselfinhonorboundtoputawayfromhimhisancienthabitofjudgingallbooksbyonestandard，andthenceforthfollowafairercourse。 Thecriticassumes，everytime，thatifabookdoesn”tmeetthecultivated-classstandard，itisn”tvaluable。Letusapplyhislawallaround：forifitissoundinthecaseofnovels，narratives，pictures，andsuchthings，itiscertainlysoundandapplicabletoallthestepswhichleaduptocultureandmakeculturepossible。Itcondemnsthespellingbook，foraspellingbookisofnousetoapersonofculture； itcondemnsallschoolbooksandallschoolswhichliebetweenthechild”sprimerandGreek，andbetweentheinfantschoolandtheuniversity；itcondemnsalltheroundsofartwhichliebetweenthecheapterracottagroupsandtheVenusdeMedici，andbetweenthechromoandtheTransfiguration；itrequiresWhitcombRileytosingnomoretillhecansinglikeShakespeare，anditforbidsallamateurmusicandwillgrantitssanctiontonothingbelowthe“classic。” Isthisanextravagantstatement？No，itisamerestatementoffact。 Itisthefactitselfthatisextravagantandgrotesque。Andwhatistheresult？This——anditissufficientlycurious：thecritichasactuallyimposedupontheworldthesuperstitionthatapaintingbyRaphaelismorevaluabletothecivilizationsoftheearththanisachromo；andtheaugustoperathanthehurdy-gurdyandthevillagers”singingsociety；andHomerthanthelittleeverybody”s-poetwhoserhymesareinallmouthstodayandwillbeinnobody”smouthnextgeneration；andtheLatinclassicsthanKipling”sfar-reachingbugle-note；andJonathanEdwardsthantheSalvationArmy；andtheVenusdeMedicithantheplaster-castpeddler；thesuperstition，inaword，thatthevastandawfulcometthattrailsitscoldlustrethroughtheremoteabyssesofspaceonceacenturyandinterestsandinstructsacultivatedhandfulofastronomersisworthmoretotheworldthanthesunwhichwarmsandcheersallthenationseverydayandmakesthecropstogrow。 Ifacriticshouldstartareligionitwouldnothaveanyobjectbuttoconvertangels：andtheywouldn”tneedit。Thethintopcrustofhumanity——thecultivated——areworthpacifying，worthpleasing，worthcoddling，worthnourishingandpreservingwithdaintiesanddelicacies，itistrue；buttobecaterertothatlittlefactionisnoverydignifiedorvaluableoccupation，itseemstome；itismerelyfeedingtheover- fed，andtheremustbesmallsatisfactioninthat。Itisnotthatlittleminoritywhoarealreadysavedthatarebestworthtryingtouplift，Ishouldthink，butthemightymassoftheuncultivatedwhoareunderneath。ThatmasswillneverseetheOldMasters——thatsightisforthefew；butthechromomakercanliftthemallonestepupwardtowardappreciationofart；theycannothavetheopera，butthehurdy-gurdyandthesingingclassliftthemalittlewaytowardthatfarlight；theywillneverknowHomer，butthepassingrhymesteroftheirdayleavesthemhigherthanhefoundthem；theymayneverevenhearoftheLatinclassics，buttheywillstrikestepwithKipling”sdrum-beat，andtheywillmarch；forallJonathanEdwards”shelptheywoulddieintheirslums，buttheSalvationArmywillbeguilesomeofthemuptopureairandacleanerlife；theyknownosculpture，theVenusisnotevenanametothem，buttheyareagradehigherinthescaleofcivilizationbytheministrationsoftheplaster-castthantheywerebeforeittookitsplaceuponthenmantelandmadeitbeautifultotheirunexactingeyes。 IndeedIhavebeenmisjudged，fromtheveryfirst。Ihavenevertriedinevenonesingleinstance，tohelpcultivatethecultivatedclasses。 Iwasnotequippedforit，eitherbynativegiftsortraining。AndI neverhadanyambitioninthatdirection，butalwayshuntedforbiggergame——themasses。Ihaveseldomdeliberatelytriedtoinstructthem，buthavedonemybesttoentertainthem。Tosimplyamusethemwouldhavesatisfiedmydearestambitionatanytime；fortheycouldgetinstructionelsewhere，andIhadtwochancestohelptotheteacher”sone：foramusementisagoodpreparationforstudyandagoodhealeroffatigueafterit。Myaudienceisdumb，ithasnovoiceinprint，andsoIcannotknowwhetherIhavewonitsapprobationoronlygotitscensure。 Yes，yousee，IhavealwayscateredfortheBellyandtheMembers，buthavebeenservedliketheothers——criticizedfromtheculture-standard——tomysorrowandpain；because，honestly，Inevercaredwhatbecameoftheculturedclasses；theycouldgotothetheatreandtheopera——theyhadnouseformeandthemelodeon。 AndnowatlastIarriveatmyobjectandtendermypetition，makingsupplicationtothiseffect：thatthecriticsadoptarulerecognizingtheBellyandtheMembers，andformulateastandardwherebyworkdoneforthemshallbejudged。Helpme，Mr。Lang；novoicecanreachfurtherthanyoursinacaseofthiskind，orcarrygreaterweightofauthority。 Lang”sreplywasanarticleintheIllustratedLondonNewson“TheArtofMarkTwain。”LanghadnoadmirationtoexpressfortheYankee，whichheconfessedhehadnotcaredtoread，butheglorifiedHuckFinntothehighest。“Icanneverforget，norbeungratefulfortheexquisitepleasurewithwhichIreadHuckleberryFinnforthefirsttime，yearsago，“hewrote；“Ireaditagainlastnight，desertingKenilworthforHuck。IneverlaiditdowntillI hadfinishedit。” LangclosedhisarticlebyreferringtothestoryofHuckasthe“greatAmericannovelwhichhadescapedtheeyesofthosewhowatchedtoseethisnewplanetswimintotheirken。” LETTERS，1890，CHIEFLYTOJOS。T。GOODMAN。THEGREATMACHINEENTERPRISE Dr。JohnBrown”sson，whomMarkTwainandhiswifehadknownin1873 as“Jock，“sentcopiesofDr。JohnBrownandHisSisterIsabella，byE。T。McLaren。ItwasagiftappreciatedintheClemenshome。 ToMr。JohnBrown，inEdinburgh，Scotland： HARTFORD，Feby11，1890。 DEARMR。BROWN，——Bothcopiescame，andwearereadingandre-readingtheone，andlendingtheother，tooldtimeadorersof“RabandhisFriends。” Itisanexquisitebook；theperfectionofliteraryworkmanship。Itsaysineveryline，“Don”tlookatme，lookathim“——andonetriestobegoodandobey；butthecharmofthepainterissostrongthatonecan”tkeephisentireattentiononthedevelopingportrait，butmuststealside- glimpsesoftheartist，andtrytodivinethetrickofherfelicitousbrush。Inthisbookthedoctorlivesandmovesjustashewas。Hewasthemostextensiveslave-holderofhistime，andthekindest；andyethediedwithoutsettingoneofhisbondmenfree。Weallsendourvery，verykindestregards。 SincerelyyoursS。L。CLEMENS。 IfMarkTwainhadbeenlessinterestedinthetype-settingmachinehemightpossiblyhavefoundaprofitthatwinterintheoldSellersplay，whichhehadwrittenwithHowellssevenyearsbefore。TheplayhadeventuallybeenproducedattheLyceumTheatreinNewYork，withA。P。Burbankintheleadingrole，andClemensandHowellsasfinancialbackers。Butitwasalosinginvestment，nordiditpayanybetterwhenClemensfinallysentBurbankwithitontheroad。 Now，however，JamesA。Herne，awell-knownactorandplaywright，becameinterestedintheidea，afteradiscussionofthematterwithHowells，andthereseemedaprobabilitythatwithchangesmadeunderHerne”sadvisementtheplaymightbemadesensibleandsuccessful。 ButMarkTwain”sgreaterinterestwasnowallinthetype-machine，andcertainlyhehadnomoneytoputintoanyotherventure。HisnextlettertoGoodmanisilluminating——theurgencyofhisneedforfundsopposedtothatconscientiousnesswhichwasoneofthemostpositiveforcesofMarkTwain”sbodyspiritual。TheMr。ArnotofthisletterwasanElmiracapitalist。