[109]InhisinterestingappendixtoHenderson\'sFolkLoreoftheNorthernCountiesofEngland，Mr。Baring-Gouldhasmadeaningeniousandpraiseworthyattempttoreducetheentireexistingmassofhouseholdlegendstoaboutfiftystory-roots；
andhislist，thoughbothredundantanddefective，isnevertheless，asanempiricalclassification，veryinstructive。
TheextremelimitsofdivergencebetweenstoriesdescendedfromacommonrootareprobablyreachedinthemythsoflightanddarknesswithwhichthepresentdiscussionismainlyconcernedThesubjectwillbebestelucidatedbytakingasingleoneofthesemythsandfollowingitsvariousfortunesthroughdifferentregionsoftheAryanworld。ThemythofHerculesandCacushasbeentreatedbyM。Brealinanessaywhichisoneofthemostvaluablecontributionsevermadetothestudyofcomparativemythology；andwhilefollowinghisfootstepsourtaskwillbeaneasyone。
ThebattlebetweenHerculesandCacus，althoughoneoftheoldestofthetraditionscommontothewholeIndo-Europeanrace，appearsinItalyasapurelylocallegend，andisnarratedassuchbyVirgil，intheeighthbookoftheAEneid；
byLivy，atthebeginningofhishistory；andbyPropertiusandOvid。Hercules，journeyingthroughItalyafterhisvictoryoverGeryon，stopstorestbythebankoftheTiber。Whileheistakinghisrepose，thethree-headedmonsterCacus，asonofVulcanandaformidablebrigand，comesandstealshiscattle，anddragsthemtail-foremosttoasecretcavernintherocks。
ButthelowingofthecowsarousesHercules，andherunstowardthecavernwheretherobber，alreadyfrightened，hastakenrefuge。Armedwithahugeflintyrock，hebreaksopentheentranceofthecavern，andconfrontsthedemonwithin，whovomitsforthflamesathimandroarslikethethunderinthestorm-cloud。Afterashortcombat，hishideousbodyfallsatthefeetoftheinvinciblehero，whoerectsonthespotanaltartoJupiterInventor，incommemorationoftherecoveryofhiscattle。AncientRometeemedwithreminiscencesofthisevent，whichLivyregardedasfirstinthelongseriesoftheexploitsofhiscountrymen。TheplacewhereHerculespasturedhisoxenwasknownlongafterastheForumBoarium；nearitthePortaTrigeminapreservedtherecollectionofthemonster\'striplehead；andinthetimeofDiodorusSiculussight-seerswereshownthecavernofCacusontheslopeoftheAventine。EverytenthdaytheearliergenerationsofRomanscelebratedthevictorywithsolemnsacrificesattheAraMaxima；andondaysoftriumphthefortunategeneraldepositedthereatitheofhisbooty，tobedistributedamongthecitizens。
Inthisfamousmyth，however，thegodHerculesdidnotoriginallyfigure。TheLatinHerculeswasanessentiallypeacefulanddomesticdeity，watchingoverhouseholdsandenclosures，andnearlyakintoTerminusandthePenates。Hedoesnotappeartohavebeenasolardivinityatall。ButthepurelyaccidentalresemblanceofhisnametothatoftheGreekdeityHerakles，[110]andthemanifestidentityoftheCacus-mythwiththestoryofthevictoryofHeraklesoverGeryon，ledtothesubstitutionofHerculesfortheoriginalheroofthelegend，whowasnoneotherthanJupiter，calledbyhisSabinenameSancus。NowJohannesLydusinformsusthat，inSabine，Sancussignified“thesky，“ameaningwhichwehavealreadyseentobelongtothenameJupiter。ThesamesubstitutionoftheGreekherofortheRomandivinityledtothealterationofthenameofthedemonovercomebyhisthunderbolts。ThecorruptedtitleCacuswassupposedtobeidenticalwiththeGreekwordkakos，meaning“evil“andthecorruptionwassuggestedbytheepithetofHerakles，Alexikakos，or“theaverterofill。“Originally，however，thenamewasCaecius，“hewhoblindsordarkens，“anditcorrespondsliterallytothenameoftheGreekdemonKaikias，whomanoldproverb，preservedbyAulusGellius，describesasastealeroftheclouds。[111]
[110]ThereisnothingincommonbetweenthenamesHerculesandHerakles。Thelatterisacompound，formedlikeThemistokles；theformerisasimplederivativefromtherootofhercere，“toenclose。“IfHerakleshadanyequivalentinLatin，itwouldnecessarilybeginwithS，andnotwithH，asseptacorrespondstoepta，sequortoepomai，etc。Itshouldbenoted，however，thatMommsen，inthefourtheditionofhisHistory，abandonsthisview，andobserves:“AuchdergriechischeHeraklesistfruhalsHerclus，Hercoles，HerculesinItalieneinheimischunddortineigenthumlicherWeiseaufgefasstworden，wieesscheintzunachstalsGottdesgewagtenGewinnsundderausserordentlichenVermogensvermehrung。“RomischeGeschichte，I。181。OnewouldgladlylearnMommsen\'sreasonsforrecurringtothisapparentlylessdefensibleopinion。
[111]FortherelationsbetweenSancusandHerakles，seePreller，RomischeMythologie，p。635；Vollmer，Mythologie，p。
970。
Thusthesignificanceofthemythbecomesapparent。Thethree-headedCacusisseentobeanearkinsmanofGeryon\'sthree-headeddogOrthros，andofthethree-headedKerberos，thehell-houndwhoguardsthedarkregionsbelowthehorizon。
HeistheoriginalwerewolforRakshasa，thefiendofthestormwhostealsthebrightcattleofHelios，andhidesthemintheblackcavernousrock，fromwhichtheyareafterwardsrescuedbytheschamirorlightning-stoneofthesolarhero。
ThephysicalcharacterofthemythisapparenteveninthedescriptionofVirgil，whichreadswonderfullylikeaVedichymnincelebrationoftheexploitsofIndra。ButwhenweturntotheVedaitself，wefindthecorrectnessoftheinterpretationdemonstratedagainandagain，withinexhaustibleprodigalityofevidence。Hereweencounteragainthethree-headedOrthrosundertheidenticaltitleofVritra，“hewhoshroudsorenvelops，“calledalsoCushna，“hewhoparches，“Pani，“therobber，“andAhi，“thestrangler。“InmanyhymnsoftheRig-Vedathestoryistoldoverandover，likeamusicalthemearrangedwithvariations。Indra，thegodoflight，isaherdsmanwhotendsaherdofbrightgoldenorviolet-colouredcattle。Vritra，asnake-likemonsterwiththreeheads，stealsthemandhidestheminacavern，butIndraslayshimasJupiterslewCaecius，andthecowsarerecovered。
Thelanguageofthemythissosignificant，thattheHinducommentatorsoftileVedahavethemselvesgivenexplanationsofitsimilartothoseproposedbymodernphilologists。Tothemthelegendneverbecamedevoidofsense，asthemythofGeryonappearedtoGreekscholarslikeApollodoros。[112]
[112]Burnouf，Bhagavata-Purana，III。p。lxxxvi；Breal，op。
cit。p。98。
Thesecelestialcattle，withtheirresplendentcoatsofpurpleandgold，arethecloudslitupbythesolarrays；butthedemonwhostealsthemisnotalwaysthefiendofthestorm，actinginthatcapacity。TheyarestoleneverynightbyVritratheconcealer，andCaeciusthedarkener，andIndraisobligedtospendhoursinlookingforthem，sendingSarama，theinconstanttwilight，tonegotiatefortheirrecovery。Betweenthestorm-mythandthemythofnightandmorningtheresemblanceissometimessocloseastoconfusetheinterpretationofthetwo。ManylegendswhichMaxMullerexplainsasmythsofthevictoryofdayovernightareexplainedbyDr。Kuhnasstorm-myths；andthedisagreementbetweentwosuchpowerfulchampionswouldbeastandingreproachtowhatisratherprematurelycalledtheSCIENCEofcomparativemythology，wereitnoteasytoshowthatthedifferenceismerelyapparentandnon-essential。Itistheoldstoryoftheshieldwithtwosides；andacomparisonoftheideasfundamentaltothesemythswillshowthatthereisnovalidgroundfordisagreementintheinterpretationofthem。
Themythsofschamirandthedivining-rod，analyzedinapreviouspaper，explaintherendingofthethunder-cloudandtheprocuringofwaterwithoutespecialreferencetoanystrugglebetweenopposingdivinities。ButinthemythofHerculesandCacus，thefundamentalideaisthevictoryofthesolargodovertherobberwhostealsthelight。NowwhethertherobbercarriesoffthelightintheeveningwhenIndrahasgonetosleep，orboldlyrearshisblackformagainsttheskyduringthedaytime，causingdarknesstospreadovertheearth，wouldmakelittledifferencetotheframersofthemyth。Toachickenasolareclipseisthesamethingasnightfall，andhegoestoroostaccordingly。Why，then，shouldtheprimitivethinkerhavemadeadistinctionbetweenthedarkeningoftheskycausedbyblackcloudsandthatcausedbytherotationoftheearth？Hehadnomoreconceptionofthescientificexplanationofthesephenomenathanthechickenhasofthescientificexplanationofaneclipse。Forhimitwasenoughtoknowthatthesolarradiancewasstolen，intheonecaseasintheother，andtosuspectthatthesamedemonwastoblameforbothrobberies。
TheVedaitselfsustainsthisview。ItiscertainthatthevictoryofIndraoverVritraisessentiallythesameashisvictoryoverthePanis。Vritra，thestorm-fiend，ishimselfcalledoneofthePanis；yetthelatterareuniformlyrepresentedasnight-demons。TheystealIndra\'sgoldencattleanddrivethembycircuitouspathstoadarkhiding-placeneartheeasternhorizon。Indrasendsthedawn-nymph，Sarama，tosearchforthem，butasshecomeswithinsightofthedarkstable，thePanistrytocoaxhertostaywiththem:“Letusmaketheeoursister，donotgoawayagain；wewillgivetheepartofthecows，Odarling。“[113]Accordingtothetextofthishymn，shescornstheirsolicitations，butelsewherethefickledawn-nymphissaidtocoquetwiththepowersofdarkness。Shedoesnotcarefortheircows，butwilltakeadrinkofmilk，iftheywillbesogoodastogetitforher。
ThenshegoesbackandtellsIndrathatshecannotfindthecows。Hekicksherwithhisfoot，andsherunsbacktothePanis，followedbythegod，whosmitesthemallwithhisunerringarrowsandrecoversthestolenlight。FromsuchasimplebeginningasthishasbeendeducedtheGreekmythofthefaithlessnessofHelen。[114]
[113]MaxMuller，ScienceofLanguage，II484。
[114]AsMaxMullerobserves，“apartfromallmythologicalconsiderations，SaramainSanskritisthesamewordasHelenainGreek。“Op。cit。p。490。Thenamescorrespondphoneticallyletterforletter，as，SuryacorrespondstoHelios，SarameyastoHermeias，andAharyutoAchilleus。MullerhasplausiblysuggestedthatParissimilarlyanswerstothePanis。
Thesenight-demons，thePanis，thoughnotapparentlyregardedwithanystrongfeelingofmoralcondemnation，areneverthelesshatedanddreadedastheauthorsofcalamity。
Theynotonlystealthedaylight，buttheyparchtheearthandwitherthefruits，andtheyslayvegetationduringthewintermonths。AsCaecius，the“darkener，“becameultimatelychangedintoCacus，the“evilone，“sothenameofVritra，the“concealer，“themostfamousofthePanis，wasgraduallygeneralizeduntilitcametomean“enemy，“liketheEnglishwordfiend，andbegantobeappliedindiscriminatelytoanykindofevilspirit。InoneplaceheiscalledAdeva，the“enemyofthegods，“anepithetexactlyequivalenttothePersiandev。
IntheZendavestathemythofHerculesandCacushasgivenrisetoavastsystemoftheology。ThefiendishPanisareconcentratedinAhrimanorAnro-mainyas，whosenamesignifiesthe“spiritofdarkness，“andwhocarriesonaperpetualwarfareagainstOrmuzdorAhuramazda，whoisdescribedbyhisordinarysurname，Spentomainyas，asthe“spiritoflight。“Theancientpolytheismheregivesplacetoarefineddualism，notverydifferentfromwhatinmanyChristiansectshaspassedcurrentasmonotheism。Ahrimanisthearchfiend，whostruggleswithOrmuzd，notforthepossessionofaherdofperishablecattle，butforthedominionoftheuniverse。Ormuzdcreatestheworldpureandbeautiful，butAhrimancomesafterhimandcreateseverythingthatisevilinit。Henotonlykeepstheearthcoveredwithdarknessduringhalfoftheday，andwithholdstherainanddestroysthecrops，butheistheauthorofallevilthoughtsandtheinstigatorofallwickedactions。LikehisprogenitorVritraandhisoffspringSatan，heisrepresentedundertheformofaserpent；andthedestructionwhichultimatelyawaitsthesedemonsisalsoinreserveforhim。Eventuallythereistobeadayofreckoning，whenAhrimanwillbeboundinchainsandrenderedpowerless，orwhen，accordingtoanotheraccount，hewillbeconvertedtorighteousness，asBurnshopedandOrigenbelievedwouldbethecasewithSatan。
ThisdualismoftheancientPersianshasexertedapowerfulinfluenceuponthedevelopmentofChristiantheology。TheveryideaofanarchfiendSatan，whichChristianityreceivedfromJudaism，seemseithertohavebeensuggestedbythePersianAhriman，oratleasttohavederiveditsprincipalcharacteristicsfromthatsource。ThereisnoevidencethattheJews，previoustotheBabylonishcaptivity，possessedtheconceptionofaDevilastheauthorofallevil。IntheearlierbooksoftheOldTestamentJehovahisrepresentedasdispensingwithhisownhandthegoodandtheevil，liketheZeusoftheIliad。[115]ThestoryoftheserpentinEden——anAryanstoryineveryparticular，whichhascreptintothePentateuch——isnotoncealludedtointheOldTestament；andthenotionofSatanastheauthorofevilappearsonlyinthelaterbooks，composedaftertheJewshadcomeintoclosecontactwithPersianideas。[116]IntheBookofJob，asRevilleobserves，Satanis“stillamemberofthecelestialcourt，beingoneofthesonsoftheElohim，buthavingashisspecialofficethecontinualaccusationofmen，andhavingbecomesosuspiciousbyhispracticeaspublicaccuser，thathebelievesinthevirtueofnoone，andalwayspresupposesinterestedmotivesforthepurestmanifestationsofhumanpiety。“Inthiswaythecharacterofthisangelbecameinjured，andhebecamemoreandmoreanobjectofdreadanddisliketomen，untilthelaterJewsascribedtohimalltheattributesofAhriman，andinthissingularlyalteredshapehepassedintoChristiantheology。BetweentheSatanoftheBookofJobandthemediaevalDevilthemetamorphosisisasgreatasthatwhichdegradedthesternErinys，whobringsevildeedstolight，intothedemon-likeFurywhotormentswrong-doersinTartarus；and，makingallowancefordifferenceofcircumstances，theprocessofdegradationhasbeenverynearlythesameinthetwocases。
[115]“Icreateevil，“Isaiahxiv。7；“Shalltherebeevilinthecity，andtheLordhathnotdoneit？“Amosiii。6；cf。
Iliad，xxiv。527，andcontrast2Samuelxxiv。1with1
Chroniclesxxi。1。
[116]NoristhereanygroundforbelievingthattheserpentintheEdenmythisintendedforSatan。Theidentificationisentirelytheworkofmoderndogmatictheology，andisdue，naturallyenough，tothehabit，socommonalikeamongtheologiansandlaymen，ofreasoningabouttheBibleasifitwereasinglebook，andnotacollectionofwritingsofdifferentagesandofverydifferentdegreesofhistoricauthenticity。Inafuturework，entitled“AryanaVaedjo，“I
hopetoexamine，atconsiderablelength，thisinterestingmythofthegardenofEden。
ThemediaevalconceptionoftheDevilisagrotesquecompoundofelementsderivedfromallthesystemsofpaganmythologywhichChristianitysuperseded。Heisprimarilyarebelliousangel，expelledfromheavenalongwithhisfollowers，likethegiantswhoattemptedtoscaleOlympos，andliketheimpiousEfreetsofArabianlegendwhorevoltedagainstthebeneficentruleofSolomon。Astheserpentprinceoftheouterdarkness，heretainstheoldcharacteristicsofVritra，Ahi，Typhon，andEchidna。AstheblackdogwhichappearsbehindthestoveinDr。Faust\'sstudy，heistheclassichell-houndKerberos，theVedicCarvara。FromthesylvandeityPanhegetshisgoat-likebody，hishornsandclovenhoofs。Likethewind-godOrpheus，towhosemusicthetreesbenttheirheadstolisten，heisanunrivalledplayeronthebagpipes。Likethoseotherwind-godsthepsychopompHermesandthewildhuntsmanOdin，heistheprinceofthepowersoftheair:hisflightthroughthemidnightsky，attendedbyhistroopofwitchesmountedontheirbrooms，whichsometimesbreaktheboughsandsweeptheleavesfromthetrees，isthesameasthefuriouschaseoftheErlkingOdinortheBurckarVittikab。HeisDionysos，whocausesredwinetoflowfromthedrywood，alikeonthedeckoftheTyrrhenianpirate-shipandinAuerbach\'scellaratLeipzig。HeisWayland，thesmith，askilfulworkerinmetalsandawonderfularchitect，liketheclassicfire-godHephaistosorVulcan；and，likeHephaistos，heislamefromtheeffectsofhisfallfromheaven。Fromthelightning-godThorheobtainshisredbeard，hispitchfork，andhispoweroverthunderbolts；and，likethatancientdeity，heisinthehabitofbeatinghiswifebehindthedoorwhentherainfallsduringsunshine。Finally，hetakesahintfromPoseidonandfromtheswan-maidens，andappearsasawater-imporNixy(whenceprobablyhisnameofOldNick)，andastheDavy(deva)
whose“locker“issituatedatthebottomofthesea。[117]
[117]ForfurtherparticularsseeCox，MythologyoftheAryanNations，Vol。II。pp358，366；towhichIamindebtedforseveralofthedetailsheregiven。CompareWelcker，GriechischeGotterlehre，I。661，seq。
AccordingtotheScotchdivinesoftheseventeenthcentury，theDevilisalearnedscholarandprofoundthinker。Havingprofitedbysixthousandyearsofintensestudyandmeditation，hehasallscience，philosophy，andtheologyathistongue\'send；and，ashisskillhasincreasedwithage，heisfarmorethanamatchformortalsincunning。[118]Such，however，isnottheviewtakenbymediaevalmythology，whichusuallyrepresentshisstupidityasequallinghismalignity。
ThevictoryofHerculesoverCacusisrepeatedinahundredmediaevallegendsinwhichtheDevilisoverreachedandmadealaughing-stock。ThegermofthisnotionmaybefoundintheblindingofPolyphemosbyOdysseus，whichisitselfavictoryofthesun-herooverthenight-demon，andwhichcuriouslyreappearsinaMiddle-AgestorynarratedbyMr。Cox。“TheDevilasksamanwhoismouldingbuttonswhathemaybedoing；
andwhenthemananswersthatheismouldingeyes，askshimfurtherwhetherhecangivehimapairofneweyes。Heistoldtocomeagainanotherday；andwhenhemakeshisappearanceaccordingly，themantellshimthattheoperationcannotbeperformedrightlyunlessheisfirsttightlyboundwithhisbackfastenedtoabench。Whileheisthuspinionedheaskstheman\'sname。ThereplyisIssi(`himself\')。Whentheleadismelted，theDevilopenshiseyeswidetoreceivethedeadlystream。Assoonasheisblinded，hestartsupinagony，bearingawaythebenchtowhichhehadbeenbound；andwhensomeworkpeopleinthefieldsaskhimwhohadthustreatedhim，hisansweris，\'Issiteggi\'(`Selfdidit\')。Withalaughtheybidhimlieonthebedwhichhehasmade:\'selbstgethan，selbsthabe。\'TheDevildiedofhisneweyes，andwasneverseenagain。“
[118]“ManyamusingpassagesfromScotchtheologiansarecitedinBuckle\'sHistoryofCivilization，Vol。II。p。368。Thesamebeliefisimpliedinthequaintmonkishtaleof“CelestinusandtheMiller\'sHorse。“SeeTalesfromtheGestaRomanorum，p。134。
InhisattemptstoobtainhumansoulstheDevilisfrequentlyfoiledbythesuperiorcunningofmortals。Once，heagreedtobuildahouseforapeasantinexchangeforthepeasant\'ssoul；butifthehousewerenotfinishedbeforecockcrow，thecontractwastobenullandvoid。JustastheDevilwasputtingonthelasttilethemanimitatedacockcrowandwakedupalltheroostersintheneighbourhood，sothatthefiendhadhislabourforhispains。AmerchantofLouvainoncesoldhimselftotheDevil，whoheapeduponhimallmannerofrichesforsevenyears，andthencametogethim。Themerchant“tooktheDevilinafriendlymannerbythehandand，asitwasjustevening，said，\'Wife，bringalightquicklyforthegentleman。\'\'Thatisnotatallnecessary，\'saidtheDevil；
\'Iammerelycometofetchyou。\'\'Yes，yes，thatIknowverywell，\'saidthemerchant，\'onlyjustgrantmethetimetillthislittlecandle-endisburntout，asIhaveafewletterstosignandtoputonmycoat。\'\'Verywell，\'saidtheDevil，\'butonlytillthecandleisburntout。\'\'Good，\'saidthemerchant，andgoingintothenextroom，orderedthemaid-servanttoplacealargecaskfullofwaterclosetoaverydeeppitthatwasduginthegarden。Themen-servantsalsocarried，eachofthem，acasktothespot；andwhenallwasdone，theywereorderedeachtotakeashovel，andstandroundthepit。ThemerchantthenreturnedtotheDevil，whoseeingthatnotmorethanaboutaninchofcandleremained，said，laughing，\'Nowgetyourselfready，itwillsoonbeburntout。\'\'ThatIsee，andamcontent；butIshallholdyoutoyourword，andstaytillitISburnt。\'\'Ofcourse，\'answeredtheDevil；\'Isticktomyword。\'\'Itisdarkinthenextroom，\'continuedthemerchant，\'butImustfindthegreatbookwithclasps，soletmejusttakethelightforonemoment。\'
\'Certainly，\'saidtheDevil，\'butI\'llgowithyou。\'Hedidso，andthemerchant\'strepidationwasnowontheincrease。
Wheninthenextroomhesaidonasudden，\'Ah，nowIknow，thekeyisinthegardendoor。\'Andwiththesewordsheranoutwiththelightintothegarden，andbeforetheDevilcouldovertakehim，threwitintothepit，andthemenandthemaidspouredwateruponit，andthenfilleduptheholewithearth。
NowcametheDevilintothegardenandasked，\'Well，didyougetthekey？andhowisitwiththecandle？whereisit？\'\'Thecandle？\'saidthemerchant。\'Yes，thecandle。\'\'Ha，ha，ha！itisnotyetburntout，\'answeredthemerchant，laughing，\'andwillnotbeburntoutforthenextfiftyyears；itliesthereahundredfathomsdeepintheearth。\'WhentheDevilheardthishescreamedawfully，andwentoffwithamostintolerablestench。“[119]
[119]Thorpe，NorthernMythology，Vol。11。p。258。
Onedayafowler，whowasaterriblebunglerandcouldn\'thitabirdatadozenpaces，soldhissoultotheDevilinordertobecomeaFreischutz。Thefiendwastocomeforhiminsevenyears，butmustbealwaysabletonametheanimalatwhichhewasshooting，otherwisethecompactwastobenullified。Afterthatdaythefowlernevermissedhisaim，andneverdidafowlercommandsuchwages。Whenthesevenyearswereoutthefowlertoldallthesethingstohiswife，andthetwainhituponanexpedientforcheatingtheDevil。Thewomanstrippedherself，daubedherwholebodywithmolasses，androlledherselfupinafeather-bed，cutopenforthispurpose。ThenshehoppedandskippedaboutthefieldwhereherhusbandstoodparleyingwithOldNick。“there\'sashotforyou，fireaway，“
saidtheDevil。“OfcourseI\'llfire，butdoyoufirsttellmewhatkindofabirditis；elseouragreementiscancelled，OldBoy。“Therewasnohelpforit；theDevilhadtoownhimselfnonplussed，andoffhefled，withawhiffofbrimstonewhichnearlysuffocatedtheFreischutzandhisgoodwoman。[120]
[120]Thorpe，NorthernMythology，Vol。II。p。259。IntheNorsestoryof“NotaPintochoosebetweenthem，“theoldwomanisindoubtastoherownidentity，onwakingupafterthebutcherhasdippedherinatar-barrelandrolledheronaheapoffeathers；andwhenTraybarksather，herperplexityisasgreatastheDevil\'swhenfooledbytheFrenschutz。SeeDasent，NorseTales，p。199。
InthelegendofGambrinus，thefiendisstillmoreingloriouslydefeated。Gambrinuswasafiddler，who，beingjiltedbyhissweetheart，wentoutintothewoodstohanghimself。Ashewassittingonthebough，withthecordabouthisneck，preparatorytotakingthefatalplunge，suddenlyatallmaninagreencoatappearedbeforehim，andofferedhisservices。Hemightbecomeaswealthyasheliked，andmakehissweetheartburstwithvexationatherownfolly，butinthirtyyearshemustgiveuphissoultoBeelzebub。Thebargainwasstruck，forGambrinusthoughtthirtyyearsalongtimetoenjoyone\'sselfin，andperhapstheDevilmightgethiminanyevent；aswellbehungforasheepasforalamb。AidedbySatan，heinventedchiming-bellsandlager-beer，forbothofwhichachievementshisnameisheldingratefulremembrancebytheTeuton。NosoonerhadtheHolyRomanEmperorquaffedagallonortwoofthenewbeveragethanhemadeGambrinusDukeofBrabantandCountofFlanders，andthenitwasthefiddler\'sturntolaughatthediscomfitureofhisoldsweetheart。Gambrinuskeptclearofwomen，saysthelegend，andsolivedinpeace。Forthirtyyearshesatbeneathhisbelfrywiththechimes，meditativelydrinkingbeerwithhisnoblesandburghersaroundhim。ThenBeelzebubsentJocko，oneofhisimps，withorderstobringbackGambrinusbeforemidnight。ButJockowas，likeSwiveller\'sMarchioness，ignorantofthetasteofbeer，neverhavingdrunkofiteveninasip，andtheFlemishschoppenweretoomuchforhim。Hefellintoadrunkensleep，anddidnotwakeupuntilnoonnextday，atwhichhewassomortifiedthathehadnotthefacetogobacktohellatall。SoGambrinuslivedontranquillyforacenturyortwo，anddranksomuchbeerthatheturnedintoabeer-barrel。[121]
[121]SeeDeulin，Contesd\'unBuveurdeBiere，pp。3-29。
ThecharacterofgullibilityattributedtotheDevilintheselegendsisprobablyderivedfromtheTrolls，or“night-folk，“
ofNorthernmythology。InmostrespectstheTrollsresembletheTeutonicelvesandfairies，andtheJinnorEfreetsoftheArabianNights；buttheirpedigreeislesshonourable。Thefairies，or“WhiteLadies，“werenotoriginallyspiritsofdarkness，butwerenearlyakintotheswan-maidens，dawn-nymphs，anddryads，andthoughtheirwrathwastobedreaded，theywerenotmalignantbynature。Christianity，havingnoplaceforsuchbeings，degradedthemintosomethinglikeimps；themostcharitabletheorybeingthattheywereangelswhohadremainedneutralduringSatan\'srebellion，inpunishmentforwhichMichaelexpelledthemfromheaven，buthaslefttheirultimatefateunannounceduntilthedayofjudgment。TheJinnappeartohavebeensimilarlydegradedontheriseofMohammedanism。ButtheTrollswerealwaysimpsofdarkness。TheyaredescendedfromtheJotuns，orFrost-GiantsofNorthernpaganism，andtheycorrespondtothePanis，ornight-demonsoftheVeda。InmanyNorsetalestheyaresaidtoburstwhentheyseetherisensun。[122]Theyeathumanflesh，areignorantofthesimplestarts，andliveinthedeepestrecessesoftheforestorincavernsonthehillside，wherethesunlightneverpenetrates。SomeofthesecharacteristicsmayverylikelyhavebeensuggestedbyreminiscencesoftheprimevalLapps，fromwhomtheAryaninvaderswrestedthedominionofEurope。[123]InsomelegendstheTrollsarerepresentedasanancientraceofbeingsnowsupersededbythehumanrace。“\'Whatsortofanearth-wormisthis？\'saidoneGianttoanother，whentheymetamanastheywalked。\'Thesearetheearth-wormsthatwillonedayeatusup，brother，\'
answeredtheother；andsoonbothGiantsleftthatpartofGermany。““\'Seewhatprettyplaythings，mother！\'criestheGiant\'sdaughter，assheuntiesherapron，andshowsheraplough，andhorses，andapeasant。\'Backwiththemthisinstant，\'criesthemotherinwrath，\'andputthemdownascarefullyasyoucan，fortheseplaythingscandoourracegreatharm，andwhenthesecomewemustbudge。\'“VerynaturallytheprimitiveTeuton，possessingalreadytheconceptionofnight-demons，wouldapplyittothesemenofthewoodswhomeventothisdayhisuneducateddescendantsbelievetobesorcerers，abletoturnmenintowolves。Butwhatevercontributionshistoricalfactmayhaveaddedtohischaracter，theTrollisoriginallyacreationofmythology，likePolyphemos，whomheresemblesinhisuncouthperson，hiscannibalappetite，andhislackofwit。Hisreadygullibilityisshowninthestoryof“BootswhoateaMatchwiththeTroll。“Boots，thebrotherofCinderella，andthecounterpartalikeofJacktheGiant-killer，andofOdysseus，istheyoungestofthreebrotherswhogointoaforesttocutwood。
TheTrollappearsandthreatenstokillanyonewhodarestomeddlewithhistimber。Theelderbrothersflee，butBootsputsonaboldface。Hepulledacheeseoutofhisscripandsqueezedittillthewheybegantospurtout。“Holdyourtongue，youdirtyTroll，“saidhe，“orI\'llsqueezeyouasI
squeezethisstone。“SotheTrollgrewtimidandbeggedtobespared，[124]andBootslethimoffonconditionthathewouldhewalldaywithhim。Theyworkedtillnightfall，andtheTroll\'sgiantstrengthaccomplishedwonders。ThenBootswenthomewiththeTroll，havingarrangedthatheshouldgetthewaterwhilehishostmadethefire。Whentheyreachedthehutthereweretwoenormousironpails，soheavythatnonebutaTrollcouldliftthem，butBootswasnottobefrightened。
“Bah！“saidhe。“DoyousupposeIamgoingtogetwaterinthosepaltryhand-basins？HoldontillIgoandgetthespringitself！““Odear！“saidtheTroll，“I\'drathernot；doyoumakethefire，andI\'llgetthewater。“Thenwhenthesoupwasmade，Bootschallengedhisnewfriendtoaneating-match；
andtyinghisscripinfrontofhim，proceededtopoursoupintoitbytheladleful。Byandbythegiantthrewdownhisspoonindespair，andownedhimselfconquered。“No，no！don\'tgiveitupyet，“saidBoots，“justcutaholeinyourstomachlikethis，andyoucaneatforever。“Andsuitingtheactiontothewords，herippedopenhisscrip。SothesillyTrollcuthimselfopenanddied，andBootscarriedoffallhisgoldandsilver。
[122]Dasent，PopularTalesfromtheNorse，No。III。andNo。
XLII。
[123]SeeDasent\'sIntroduction，p。cxxxix；Campbell，TalesoftheWestHighlands，Vol。IV。p。344；andWilliams，IndianEpicPoetry，p。10。
[124]“ALeopardwasreturninghomefromhuntingononeoccasion，whenhelightedonthekraalofaRam。NowtheLeopardhadneverseenaRambefore，andaccordingly，approachingsubmissively，hesaid，\'Goodday，friend！whatmayyournamebe？\'Theother，inhisgruffvoice，andstrikinghisbreastwithhisforefoot，said，\'IamaRam；whoareyou？\'
\'ALeopard，\'answeredtheother，moredeadthanalive；andthen，takingleaveoftheRam，heranhomeasfastashecould。“Bleek，HottentotFables，p。24。
OncetherewasaTrollwhosenamewasWind-and-Weather，andSaintOlafhiredhimtobuildachurch。Ifthechurchwerecompletedwithinacertainspecifiedtime，theTrollwastogetpossessionofSaintOlaf。Thesaintthenplannedsuchastupendousedificethathethoughtthegiantwouldbeforeverbuildingit；buttheworkwentonbriskly，andattheappointeddaynothingremainedbuttofinishthepointofthespire。InhisconsternationOlafrushedaboutuntilhepassedbytheTroll\'sden，whenheheardthegiantesstellingherchildrenthattheirfather，Wind-and-Weather，wasfinishinghischurch，andwouldbehometo-morrowwithSaintOlaf。Sothesaintranbacktothechurchandbawledout，“Holdon，Wind-and-Weather，yourspireiscrooked！“Thenthegianttumbleddownfromtheroofandbrokeintoathousandpieces。
AsinthecasesoftheMaraandthewerewolf，theenchantmentwasatanendassoonastheenchanterwascalledbyname。
TheseTrolls，liketheArabianEfreets，hadanuglyhabitofcarryingoffbeautifulprincesses。Thisisstrictlyinkeepingwiththeircharacterasnight-demons，orPanis。InthestoriesofPunchkinandtheHeartlessGiant，thenight-demoncarriesoffthedawn-maidenafterhavingturnedintostonehersolarbrethren。ButBoots，orIndra，insearchofhiskinsfolk，byandbyarrivesattheTroll\'scastle，andthenthedawn-nymph，truetoherficklecharacter，cajolestheGiantandenablesBootstodestroyhim。InthefamousmythwhichservesasthebasisfortheVolsungaSagaandtheNibelungenlied，thedragonFafnirstealstheValkyrieBrynhildandkeepshershutupinacastleontheGlisteningHeath，untilsomechampionshallbefoundpowerfulenoughtorescueher。ThecastleisashardtoenterasthatoftheSleepingBeauty；butSigurd，theNorthernAchilleus，ridingonhisdeathlesshorse，andwieldinghisresistlessswordGram，forceshiswayin，slaysFafnir，andrecoverstheValkyrie。
IntheprecedingpapertheValkyrieswereshowntobelongtotheclassofcloud-maidens；andbetweenthetaleofSigurdandthatofHerculesandCacusthereisnodifference，savethatthebrightsunlitcloudswhicharerepresentedintheoneascowsareintheotherrepresentedasmaidens。InthemythoftheArgonautstheyreappearastheGoldenFleece，carriedtothefareastbyPhrixosandHelle，whoarethemselvesNiblungs，or“ChildrenoftheMist“(Nephele)，andthereguardedbyadragon。Inallthesemythsatreasureisstolenbyafiendofdarkness，andrecoveredbyaherooflight，whoslaysthedemon。And——rememberingwhatScribesaidaboutthefewnessofdramatictypes——Ibelievewearewarrantedinassertingthatallthestoriesoflovelywomenheldinbondagebymonsters，andrescuedbyheroeswhoperformwonderfultasks，suchasDonQuixoteburnedtoachieve，arederivedultimatelyfromsolarmyths，likethemythofSigurdandBrynhild。Idonotmeantosaythatthestory-tellerswhobeguiledtheirtimeinstringingtogethertheincidentswhichmakeuptheselegendswereconsciousoftheirsolarcharacter。
Theydidnotgotowork，withmaliceprepense，toweaveallegoriesandapologues。TheGreekswhofirsttoldthestoryofPerseusandAndromeda，theArabianswhodevisedthetaleofCodadadandhisbrethren，theFlemingswholistenedovertheirbeer-mugstotheadventuresofCulotte-Verte，werenotthinkingofsun-godsordawn-maidens，ornight-demons；andnotheoryofmythologycanbesoundwhichimpliessuchanextravagance。Mostofthesestorieshavelivedonthelipsofthecommonpeople；andilliteratepersonsarenotinthehabitofallegorizinginthestyleofmediaevalmonksorrabbinicalcommentators。Butwhathasbeenamplydemonstratedis，thatthesunandtheclouds，thelightandthedarkness，wereoncesupposedtobeactuatedbywillsanalogoustothehumanwill；
thattheywerepersonifiedandworshippedorpropitiatedbysacrifice；andthattheirdoingsweredescribedinlanguagewhichappliedsowelltothedeedsofhumanorquasi-humanbeingsthatincourseoftimeitsprimitivepurportfadedfromrecollection。NocompetentscholarnowdoubtsthatthemythsoftheVedaandtheEddaoriginatedinthisway，forphilologyitselfshowsthatthenamesemployedinthemarethenamesofthegreatphenomenaofnature。Andwhenonceafewstrikingstorieshadthusarisen，——whenonceithadbeentoldhowIndrasmotethePanis，andhowSigurdrescuedBrynhild，andhowOdysseusblindedtheKyklops，——thencertainmythicordramatictypeshadbeencalledintoexistence；andtothesetypes，preservedinthepopularimagination，futurestorieswouldinevitablyconform。Weneed，therefore，havenohesitationinadmittingacommonoriginforthevanquishedPanisandtheoutwittedTrollorDevil；wemaysecurelycomparethelegendsofSt。GeorgeandJacktheGiant-killerwiththemythofIndraslayingVritra；wemayseeintheinvincibleSigurdtheprototypeofmanyadoughtyknight-errantofromance；andwemaylearnanewthelesson，taughtwithfreshemphasisbymodernscholarship，thatinthedeepestsensethereisnothingnewunderthesun。
Iamthemoreexplicitonthispoint，becauseitseemstomethattheunguardedlanguageofmanystudentsofmythologyisliabletogiverisetomisapprehensions，andtodiscreditboththemethodwhichtheyemployandtheresultswhichtheyhaveobtained。Ifweweretogivefullweighttothestatementswhicharesometimesmade，weshouldperforcebelievethatprimitivemenhadnothingtodobuttoponderaboutthesunandtheclouds，andtoworrythemselvesoverthedisappearanceofdaylight。Butthereisnothinginthescientificinterpretationofmythswhichobligesustogoanysuchlength。IdonotsupposethatanyancientAryan，possessedofgooddigestivepowersandendowedwithsoundcommon-sense，everlayawakehalfthenightwonderingwhetherthesunwouldcomebackagain。[125]Thechildandthesavagebelieveofnecessitythatthefuturewillresemblethepast，anditisonlyphilosophywhichraisesdoubtsonthesubject。[126]Thepredominanceofsolarlegendsinmostsystemsofmythologyisnotduetothelackof“thatTitanicassurancewithwhichwesay，thesunMUSTrise“；[127]noragaintothefactthatthephenomenaofdayandnightarethemoststrikingphenomenainnature。Eclipsesandearthquakesandfloodsarephenomenaofthemostterribleandastoundingkind，andtheyhaveallgeneratedmyths；yettheircontributionstofolk-lorearescantycomparedwiththosefurnishedbythestrifebetweentheday-godandhisenemies。Thesun-mythshavebeensoprolificbecausethedramatictypestowhichtheyhavegivenriseareofsurpassinghumaninterest。Thedragonwhoswallowsthesunisnodoubtafearfulpersonage；buttheherowhotoilsforothers，whoslayshydra-headedmonsters，anddriesthetearsoffair-haireddamsels，andachievessuccessinspiteofincredibleobstacles，isabeingwithwhomwecanallsympathize，andofwhomweneverwearyofhearing。
[125]Iagree，mostheartily，withMr。Mahaffy\'sremarks，ProlegomenatoAncientHistory，p。69。
[126]SirGeorgeGreyoncetoldsomeAustraliannativesaboutthecountrieswithinthearcticcirclewhereduringpartoftheyearthesunneversets。“Theirastonishmentnowknewnobounds。\'Ah！thatmustbeanothersun，notthesameastheoneweseehere，\'saidanoldman；andinspiteofallmyargumentstothecontrary，theothersadoptedthisopinion。“
Grey\'sJournals，I。293，citedinTylor，EarlyHistoryofMankind，p。301。
[127]MaxMuller，Chips，II。96。
Withmanyoftheselegendswhichpresentthemythoflightanddarknessinitsmostattractiveform，thereaderisalreadyacquainted，anditisneedlesstoretailstorieswhichhavebeentoldoverandoveragaininbookswhicheveryoneispresumedtohaveread。IwillcontentmyselfwithaweirdIrishlegend，narratedbyMr。PatrickKennedy，[128]inwhichwehereandtherecatchglimpsesoftheprimitivemythicalsymbols，asfragmentsofgoldareseengleamingthroughthecrystalofquartz。
[128]FictionsoftheIrishCelts，pp。255-270。
LongbeforetheDanesevercametoIreland，therediedatMuskerryaSculloge，orcountryfarmer，whobydintofhardworkandcloseeconomyhadamassedenormouswealth。Hisonlysondidnotresemblehim。WhentheyoungScullogelookedaboutthehouse，thedayafterhisfather\'sdeath，andsawthebigchestsfullofgoldandsilver，andthecupboardsshiningwithpilesofsovereigns，andtheoldstockingsstuffedwithlargeandsmallcoin，hesaidtohimself，“Bedad，howshallIeverbeabletospendthelikeso\'that！“Andsohedrank，andgambled，andwastedhistimeinhuntingandhorse-racing，untilafterawhilehefoundthechestsemptyandthecupboardspoverty-stricken，andthestockingsleanandpenniless。Thenhemortgagedhisfarm-houseandgambledawayallthemoneyhegotforit，andthenhebethoughthimthatafewhundredpoundsmightberaisedonhismill。Butwhenhewenttolookatit，hefound“thedambroken，andscarcelyathimblefulofwaterinthemill-race，andthewheelrotten，andthethatchofthehouseallgone，andtheuppermillstonelyingflatonthelowerone，andacoatofdustandmouldovereverything。“Sohemadeuphismindtoborrowahorseandtakeonemorehuntto-morrowandthenreformhishabits。
Ashewasreturninglateintheeveningfromthisfarewellhunt，passingthroughalonelyglenhecameuponanoldmanplayingbackgammon，bettingonhislefthandagainsthisright，andcryingandcursingbecausetherightWOULDwin。
“Comeandbetwithme，“saidhetoSculloge。“Faith，Ihavebutasixpenceintheworld，“wasthereply；“but，ifyoulike，I\'llwagerthatontheright。““Done，“saidtheoldman，whowasaDruid；“ifyouwinI\'llgiveyouahundredguineas。“Sothegamewasplayed，andtheoldman，whoserighthandwasalwaysthewinner，paidovertheguineasandtoldScullogetogototheDevilwiththem。
Insteadoffollowingthisbitofadvice，however，theyoungfarmerwenthomeandbegantopayhisdebts，andnextweekhewenttotheglenandwonanothergame，andmadetheDruidrebuildhismill。SoScullogebecameprosperousagain，andbyandbyhetriedhisluckathirdtime，andwonagameplayedforabeautifulwife。TheDruidsenthertohishousethenextmorningbeforehewasoutofbed，andhisservantscameknockingatthedoorandcrying，“Wakeup！wakeup！MasterSculloge，there\'sayoungladyheretoseeyou。““Bedad，it\'sthevanithee[129]herself，“saidSculloge；andgettingupinahurry，hespentthreequartersofanhourindressinghimself。
Atlasthewentdownstairs，andthereonthesofawastheprettiestladyeverseeninIreland！Naturally，Sculloge\'sheartbeatfastandhisvoicetrembled，ashebeggedthelady\'spardonforthisDruidicstyleofwooing，andbesoughthernottofeelobligedtostaywithhimunlessshereallylikedhim。Buttheyounglady，whowasaking\'sdaughterfromafarcountry，waswondrouslycharmedwiththehandsomefarmer，andsowelldidtheygetalongthatthepriestwassentforwithoutfurtherdelay，andtheyweremarriedbeforesundown。Sabinawasthevanithee\'sname；andshewarnedherhusbandtohavenomoredealingswithLassaBuaicht，theoldmanoftheglen。Soforawhileallwenthappily，andtheDruidicbridewasasgoodasshewasbeautifulButbyandbyScullogebegantothinkhewasnotearningmoneyfastenough。
Hecouldnotbeartoseehiswife\'swhitehandssoiledwithwork，andthoughtitwouldbeafinethingifhecouldonlyaffordtokeepafewmoreservants，anddriveaboutwithSabinainanelegantcarriage，andseeherclothedinsilkandadornedwithjewels。
[129]AcorruptionofGaelicbhanateaigh，“ladyofthehouse。“
“Iwillplayonemoregameandsetthestakeshigh，“saidScullogetohimselfoneevening，ashesatponderingoverthesethings；andso，withoutconsultingSabina，hestoleawaytotheglen，andplayedagamefortenthousandguineas。ButtheevilDruidwasnowreadytopounceonhisprey，andhedidnotplayasofold。Scullogebrokeintoacoldsweatwithagonyandterrorashesawthelefthandwin！ThenthefaceofLassaBuaichtgrewdarkandstern，andhelaidonScullogethecursewhichislaiduponthesolarheroinmisfortune，thatheshouldneversleeptwiceunderthesameroof，orascendthecouchofthedawn-nymph，hiswife，untilheshouldhaveprocuredandbroughttohimtheswordoflight。WhenScullogereachedhome，moredeadthanalive，hesawthathiswifeknewall。Bitterlytheywepttogether，butshetoldhimthatwithcourageallmightbesetright。ShegavehimaDruidichorse，whichborehimswiftlyoverlandandsea，liketheenchantedsteedoftheArabianNights，untilhereachedthecastleofhiswife\'sfatherwho，asScullogenowlearned，wasagoodDruid，thebrotheroftheevilLassaBuaicht。ThisgoodDruidtoldhimthattheswordoflightwaskeptbyathirdbrother，thepowerfulmagician，FiachO\'Duda，whodweltinanenchantedcastle，whichmanybraveheroeshadtriedtoenter，butthedarksorcererhadslainthemall。Threehighwallssurroundedthecastle，andmanyhadscaledthefirstofthese，butnonehadeverreturnedalive。ButScullogewasnottobedaunted，and，takingfromhisfather-in-lawablacksteed，hesetoutforthefortressofFiachO\'Duda。Overthefirsthighwallnimblyleapedthemagichorse，andScullogecalledaloudontheDruidtocomeoutandsurrenderhissword。Thencameoutatall，darkman，withcoal-blackeyesandhairandmelancholyvisage，andmadeafurioussweepatScullogewiththeflamingblade。ButtheDruidicbeastsprangbackoverthewallinthetwinklingofaneyeandrescuedhisrider，leaving，however，histailbehindinthecourt-yard。ThenScullogereturnedintriumphtohisfather-in-law\'spalace，andthenightwasspentinfeastingandrevelry。
NextdayScullogerodeoutonawhitehorse，andwhenhegottoFiach\'scastle，hesawthefirstwalllyinginrubbish。Heleapedthesecond，andthesamesceneoccurredasthedaybefore，savethatthehorseescapedunharmed。
ThethirddayScullogewentoutonfoot，withaharplikethatofOrpheusinhishand，andashesweptitsstringsthegrassbenttolistenandthetreesbowedtheirheads。Thecastlewallsalllayinruins，andScullogemadehiswayunhinderedtotheupperroom，whereFiachlayinDruidicslumber，lulledbytheharp。Heseizedtheswordoflight，whichwashungbythechimneysheathedinadarkscabbard，andmakingthebestofhiswaybacktothegoodking\'spalace，mountedhiswife\'ssteed，andscouredoverlandandseauntilhefoundhimselfinthegloomyglenwhereLassaBuaichtwasstillcryingandcursingandbettingonhislefthandagainsthisright。
“Here，treacherousfiend，takeyourswordoflight！“shoutedScullogeintonesofthunder；andashedrewitfromitssheaththewholevalleywaslightedupaswiththemorningsun，andnextmomenttheheadofthewretchedDruidwaslyingathisfeet，andhissweetwife，whohadcometomeethim，waslaughingandcryinginhisarms。November，1870。
V。MYTHSOFTHEBARBARICWORLD。
THEtheoryofmythologysetforthinthefourprecedingpapers，andillustratedbytheexaminationofnumerousmythsrelatingtothelightning，thestorm-wind，theclouds，andthesunlight，wasoriginallyframedwithreferencesolelytothemythicandlegendaryloreoftheAryanworld。ThephoneticidentityofthenamesofmanyWesterngodsandheroeswiththenamesofthoseVedicdivinitieswhichareobviouslythepersonificationsofnaturalphenomena，suggestedthetheorywhichphilosophicalconsiderationshadalreadyforeshadowedintheworksofHumeandComte，andwhichtheexhaustiveanalysisofGreek，Hindu，Keltic，andTeutoniclegendshasamplyconfirmed。Letusnow，beforeproceedingtotheconsiderationofbarbaricfolk-lore，brieflyrecapitulatetheresultsobtainedbymodernscholarshipworkingstrictlywithinthelimitsoftheAryandomain。
Inthefirstplace，ithasbeenprovedonceforallthatthelanguagesspokenbytheHindus，Persians，Greeks，Romans，Kelts，Slaves，andTeutonsarealldescendedfromasingleancestrallanguage，theOldAryan，inthesamesensethatFrench，Italian，andSpanisharedescendedfromtheLatin。Andfromthisundisputedfactitisaninevitableinferencethatthesevariousracescontain，alongwithotherelements，arace-elementincommon，duetotheirAryanpedigree。ThattheIndo-EuropeanracesarewhollyAryanisveryimprobable，forineverycasethecountriesoverrunbythemwereoccupiedbyinferiorraces，whosebloodmusthavemingledinvaryingdegreeswiththatoftheirconquerors；butthateveryIndo-EuropeanpeopleisingreatpartdescendedfromacommonAryanstockisnotopentoquestion。
Inthesecondplace，alongwithacommonfundofmoralandreligiousideasandoflegalandceremonialobservances，wefindthesekindredpeoplespossessedofacommonfundofmyths，superstitions，proverbs，popularpoetry，andhouseholdlegends。TheHindumotheramusesherchildwithfairy-taleswhichoftencorrespond，eveninminorincidents，withstoriesinScottishorScandinaviannurseries；andshetellstheminwordswhicharephoneticallyakintowordsinSwedishandGaelic。Nodoubtmanyofthesestoriesmighthavebeendevisedinadozendifferentplacesindependentlyofeachother；andnodoubtmanyofthemhavebeentransmittedlaterallyfromonepeopletoanother；butacarefulexaminationshowsthatsuchcannothavebeenthecasewiththegreatmajorityoflegendsandbeliefs。Theagreementbetweentwosuchstories，forinstance，asthoseofFaithfulJohnandRamaandLuxmanissocloseastomakeitincrediblethattheyshouldhavebeenindependentlyfabricated，whilethepointsofdifferencearesoimportantastomakeitextremelyimprobablethattheonewasevercopiedfromtheother。Besideswhich，theessentialidentityofsuchmythsasthoseofSigurdandTheseus，orofHelenaandSarama，carriesusbackhistoricallytoatimewhenthescatteredIndo-Europeantribeshadnotyetbeguntoholdcommercialandintellectualintercoursewitheachother，andconsequentlycouldnothaveinterchangedtheirepicmaterialsortheirhouseholdstories。Wearethereforedriventotheconclusion——which，startlingasitmayseem，isafterallthemostnaturalandplausibleonethatcanbestated——thattheAryannations，whichhaveinheritedfromacommonancestralstocktheirlanguagesandtheircustoms，haveinheritedalsofromthesamecommonoriginaltheirfiresidelegends。TheyhavepreservedCinderellaandPunchkinjustastheyhavepreservedthewordsforfatherandmother，tenandtwenty；andtheformercase，thoughmoreimposingtotheimagination，isscientificallynolessintelligiblethanthelatter。
Thirdly，ithasbeenshownthatthesevenerabletalesmaybegroupedinafewprettywelldefinedclasses；andthatthearchetypalmythofeachclass——theprimitivestoryinconformitytowhichcountlesssubsequenttaleshavebeengenerated——wasoriginallyameredescriptionofphysicalphenomena，couchedinthepoeticdictionofanagewheneverythingwaspersonified，becauseallnaturalphenomenaweresupposedtobeduetothedirectworkingsofavolitionlikethatofwhichmenwereconsciouswithinthemselves。Thusweareledtothestrikingconclusionthatmythologyhashadacommonroot，bothwithscienceandwithreligiousphilosophy。
ThemythofIndraconqueringVritrawasoneofthetheoremsofprimitiveAryanscience；itwasaprovisionalexplanationofthethunder-storm，satisfactoryenoughuntilextendedobservationandreflectionsuppliedabetterone。Italsocontainedthegermsofatheology；forthelife-givingsolarlightfurnishedanimportantpartoftheprimevalconceptionofdeity。Andfinally，itbecamethefruitfulparentofcountlessmyths，whetherembodiedinthestatelyepicsofHomerandthebardsoftheNibelungenlied，orinthehumblerlegendsofSt。GeorgeandWilliamTellandtheubiquitousBoots。
SuchisthetheorywhichwassuggestedhalfacenturyagobytheresearchesofJacobGrimm，andwhich，sofarasconcernsthemythologyoftheAryanrace，isnowvictoriousalongthewholeline。Itremainsforustotesttheuniversalityofthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichitisfounded，byabriefanalysisofsundrylegendsandsuperstitionsofthebarbaricworld。SincethefetichistichabitofexplainingtheoutwardphenomenaofnatureaftertheanalogyoftheinwardphenomenaofconsciousintelligenceisnotahabitpeculiartoourAryanancestors，butis，aspsychologyshows，theinevitableresultoftheconditionsunderwhichuncivilizedthinkingproceeds，wemayexpecttofindthebarbaricmindpersonifyingthepowersofnatureandmakingmythsabouttheiroperationsthewholeworldover。AndweneednotbesurprisedifwefindintheresultingmythologicstructuresastrongresemblancetothefamiliarcreationsoftheAryanintelligence。Inpointoffact，weshalloftenbecalledupontonotesuchresemblance；
anditaccordinglybehoovesusattheoutsettoinquirehowfarasimilaritybetweenmythicaltalesshallbetakenasevidenceofacommontraditionalorigin，andhowfaritmaybeinterpretedasduemerelytothesimilarworkingsoftheuntrainedintelligenceinallagesandcountries。
Analogiesdrawnfromthecomparisonoflanguageswillherebeofservicetous，ifuseddiscreetly；otherwisetheyarelikelytobewilderfarmorethantoenlightenus。AtheoremwhichMaxMullerhaslaiddownforourguidanceinthiskindofinvestigationfurnishesuswithanexcellentexampleofthetrickswhichasuperficialanalogymayplayevenwiththetrainedscholar，whentemporarilyoffhisguard。Actuatedbyapraiseworthydesiretoraisethestudyofmythstosomethinglikethehighlevelofscientificaccuracyalreadyattainedbythestudyofwords，MaxMullerendeavourstointroduceoneofthemostusefulcanonsofphilologyintoadepartmentofinquirywhereitsintroductioncouldonlyworkthemosthopelessconfusion。Oneoftheearliestlessonstobelearnedbythescientificstudentoflinguisticsistheuselessnessofcomparingtogetherdirectlythewordscontainedinderivativelanguages。Forexample，youmightsettheEnglishtwelvesidebysidewiththeLatinduodecim，andthenstareatthetwowordstoalleternitywithoutanyhopeofreachingaconclusion，goodorbad，abouteitherofthem:leastofallwouldyoususpectthattheyaredescendedfromthesameradical。Butifyoutakeeachwordbyitselfandtraceitbacktoitsprimitiveshape，explainingeverychangeofeveryletterasyougo，youwillatlastreachtheoldAryandvadakan，whichistheparentofboththesestrangelymetamorphosedwords。[130]Norwillitdo，ontheotherhand，totrusttoverbalsimilaritywithoutahistoricalinquiryintotheoriginofsuchsimilarity。Eveninthesamelanguagetwowordsofquitedifferentoriginmaygettheircornersrubbedofftilltheylookaslikeoneanotherastwopebbles。
TheFrenchwordssouris，a“mouse，“andsouris，a“smile，“arespelledexactlyalike；buttheonecomesfromLatinsorexandtheotherfromLatinsubridere。
[130]Fortheanalysisoftwelve，seemyessayon“TheGenesisofLanguage，“NorthAmericanReview，October1869，p。320。
NowMaxMullertellsusthatthisprinciple，whichisindispensableinthestudyofwords，isequallyindispensableinthestudyofmyths。[131]Thatis，youmustnotrashlypronouncetheNorsestoryoftheHeartlessGiantidenticalwiththeHindustoryofPunchkin，althoughthetwocorrespondineveryessentialincident。Inbothlegendsamagicianturnsseveralmembersofthesamefamilyintostone；theyoungestmemberofthefamilycomestotherescue，andonthewaysavesthelivesofsundrygratefulbeasts；arrivedatthemagician\'scastle，hefindsacaptiveprincessreadytoaccepthisloveandtoplaythepartofDelilahtotheenchanter。Inbothstoriestheenchanter\'slifedependsontheintegrityofsomethingwhichiselaboratelyhiddeninafar-distantisland，butwhichthefortunateyouth，instructedbytheartfulprincessandassistedbyhismenagerieofgratefulbeasts，succeedsinobtaining。Inbothstoriestheyouthuseshisadvantagetofreeallhisfriendsfromtheirenchantment，andthenproceedstodestroythevillainwhowroughtallthiswickedness。Yet，inspiteofthisagreement，MaxMuller，ifI
understandhimaright，wouldnothaveusinfertheidentityofthetwostoriesuntilwehavetakeneachoneseparatelyandascertaineditsprimitivemythicalsignificance。Otherwise，foraughtwecantell，theresemblancemaybepurelyaccidental，likethatoftheFrenchwordsfor“mouse“and“smile。“
[131]ChipsfromaGermanWorkshop，Vol。II。p。246。
Alittlereflection，however，willrelieveusfromthisperplexity，andassureusthattheallegedanalogybetweenthecomparisonofwordsandthecomparisonofstoriesisutterlysuperficial。Thetransformationsofwords——whichareoftenastoundingenough——dependuponafewwell-establishedphysiologicalprinciplesofutterance；andsincephilologyhaslearnedtorelyupontheseprinciples，ithasbecomenearlyassureinitsmethodsandresultsasoneoftheso-called“exactsciences。“Follyenoughisdoubtlesscommittedwithinitsprecinctsbywriterswhoventuretherewithoutthelaboriouspreparationwhichthisscience，morethanalmostanyother，demands。Buttheproceedingsofthetrainedphilologistarenomorearbitrarythanthoseofthetrainedastronomer。Andthoughtheformermayseemtobestrainingatagnatandswallowingacamelwhenhecoollytellsyouthatviolinandfiddlearethesameword，whileEnglishcareandLatincurahavenothingtodowitheachother，heisneverthelessnomoreindulginginguess-workthantheastronomerwhoconfesseshisignoranceastothehabitabilityofVenuswhileassertinghisknowledgeoftheexistenceofhydrogenintheatmosphereofSirius。Tociteoneexampleoutofahundred，everyphilologistknowsthatsmaybecomer，andthatthebroada-soundmaydwindleintotheclosero-sound；butwhenyouadducesomeplausibleetymologybasedontheassumptionthatrhaschangedintos，orointoa，apartfromthedemonstrableinfluenceofsomeadjacentletter，thephilologistwillshakehishead。
Nowinthestudyofstoriestherearenosuchsimplerulesallcutanddriedforustogoby。Thereisnouniformpsychologicalprinciplewhichdeterminesthatthethree-headedsnakeinonestoryshallbecomeathree-headedmaninthenext。ThereisnoGrimm\'sLawinmythologywhichdecidesthataHindumagicianshallalwayscorrespondtoaNorwegianTrolloraKelticDruid。Thelawsofassociationofideasarenotsosimpleinapplicationasthelawsofutterance。Inshort，thestudyofmyths，thoughitcanbemadesufficientlyscientificinitsmethodsandresults，doesnotconstituteasciencebyitself，likephilology。Itstandsonafootingsimilartothatoccupiedbyphysicalgeography，orwhattheGermanscall“earth-knowledge。“Noonedeniesthatallthechangesgoingonovertheearth\'ssurfaceconformtophysicallaws；butthennoonepretendsthatthereisanysingleproximateprinciplewhichgovernsallthephenomenaofrain-fall，ofsoil-crumbling，ofmagneticvariation，andofthedistributionofplantsandanimals。Allthesethingsareexplainedbyprinciplesobtainedfromthevarioussciencesofphysics，chemistry，geology，andphysiology。Andinjustthesamewaythedevelopmentanddistributionofstoriesisexplainedbythehelpofdiversresourcescontributedbyphilology，psychology，andhistory。ThereisthereforenorealanalogybetweenthecasescitedbyMaxMuller。Twounrelatedwordsmaybegroundintoexactlythesameshape，justasapebblefromtheNorthSeamaybeundistinguishablefromanotherpebbleonthebeachoftheAdriatic；buttwostorieslikethoseofPunchkinandtheHeartlessGiantarenomorelikelytoariseindependentlyofeachotherthantwocoralreefsonoppositesidesoftheglobearelikelytodevelopintoexactlysimilarislands。
Shallwethensayboldly，thatclosesimilaritybetweenlegendsisproofofkinship，andgoourwaywithoutfurthermisgivings？Unfortunatelywecannotdisposeofthematterinquitesosummaryafashion；foritremainstodecidewhatkindanddegreeofsimilarityshallbeconsideredsatisfactoryevidenceofkinship。Anditisjustherethatdoctorsmaydisagree。Hereisthepointatwhichour“science“betraysitsweaknessascomparedwiththesisterstudyofphilology。
Beforewecandecidewithconfidenceinanycase，agreatmassofevidencemustbebroughtintocourt。SolongasweremainedonAryanground，allwentsmoothlyenough，becausealltheexternalevidencewasinourfavour。Weknewattheoutset，thattheAryansinheritacommonlanguageandacommoncivilization，andthereforewefoundnodifficultyinacceptingtheconclusionthattheyhaveinherited，amongotherthings，acommonstockoflegends。Inthebarbaricworlditisquiteotherwise。Philologydoesnotpronounceinfavourofacommonoriginforallbarbaricculture，suchasitis。Thenotionofasingleprimitivelanguage，standinginthesamerelationtoallexistingdialectsastherelationofoldAryantoLatinandEnglish，orthatofoldSemitictoHebrewandArabic，wasanotionsuitedonlytotheinfancyoflinguisticscience。Asthecasenowstands，itiscertainthatallthelanguagesactuallyexistingcannotbereferredtoacommonancestor，anditisaltogetherprobablethatthereneverwasanysuchcommonancestor。Iamnotnowreferringtothequestionoftheunityofthehumanrace。Thatquestionliesentirelyoutsidethesphereofphilology。Thescienceoflanguagehasnothingtodowithskullsorcomplexions，andnocomparisonofwordscantelluswhethertheblackmenarebrethrenofthewhitemen，orwhetheryellowandredmenhaveacommonpedigree:thesequestionsbelongtocomparativephysiology。Butthescienceoflanguagecananddoestellusthatacertainamountofcivilizationisrequisitefortheproductionofalanguagesufficientlydurableandwide-spreadtogivebirthtonumerousmutuallyresemblingoffspringBarbariclanguagesareneitherwidespreadnordurable。Amongsavageseachlittlegroupoffamilieshasitsowndialect，andcoinsitsownexpressionsatpleasure；andinthecourseoftwoorthreegenerationsadialectgetssostrangelyalteredasvirtuallytoloseitsidentity。Evennumeralsandpersonalpronouns，whichtheAryanhaspreservedforfiftycenturies，getlosteveryfewyearsinPolynesia。SincethetimeofCaptainCooktheTahitianlanguagehasthrownawayfiveoutofitstensimplenumerals，andreplacedthembybrand-newones；
andontheAmazonyoumayacquireafluentcommandofsomeIndiandialect，andthen，comingbackaftertwentyyears，findyourselfworseoffthanRipVanWinkle，andyourlearningallantiquatedanduseless。Howabsurd，therefore，tosupposethatprimevalsavagesoriginatedalanguagewhichhashelditsownliketheoldAryanandbecometheprolificmotherofthethreeorfourthousanddialectsnowinexistence！Beforeadurablelanguagecanarise，theremustbeanaggregationofnumeroustribesintoapeople，sothattheremaybeneedofcommunicationonalargescale，andsothattraditionmaybestrengthened。Wherevermankindhaveassociatedinnations，permanentlanguageshavearisen，andtheirderivativedialectsbeartheconspicuousmarksofkinship；butwheremankindhaveremainedintheirprimitivesavageisolation，theirlanguageshaveremainedsporadicandtransitory，incapableoforganicdevelopment，andshowingnotracesofakinshipwhichneverexisted。
Thebearingoftheseconsiderationsupontheoriginanddiffusionofbarbaricmythsisobvious。Thedevelopmentofacommonstockoflegendsis，ofcourse，impossible，savewherethereisacommonlanguage；andthusphilologypronouncesagainstthekinshipofbarbaricmythswitheachotherandwithsimilarmythsoftheAryanandSemiticworlds。SimilarstoriestoldinGreeceandNorwayarelikelytohaveacommonpedigree，becausethepersonswhohavepreservedtheminrecollectionspeakacommonlanguageandhaveinheritedthesamecivilization。ButsimilarstoriestoldinLabradorandSouthAfricaarenotlikelytobegenealogicallyrelated，becauseitisaltogetherprobablethattheEsquimauxandtheZuluhadacquiredtheirpresentracecharacteristicsbeforeeitherofthempossessedalanguageoraculturesufficientfortheproductionofmyths。Accordingtothenatureandextentofthesimilarity，itmustbedecidedwhethersuchstorieshavebeencarriedaboutfromonepartoftheworldtoanother，orhavebeenindependentlyoriginatedinmanydifferentplaces。
Herethemethodsofphilologysuggestarulewhichwilloftenbefounduseful。Incomparing，thevocabulariesofdifferentlanguages，thosewordswhichdirectlyimitatenaturalsounds——
suchaswhiz，crash，crackle——arenotadmittedasevidenceofkinshipbetweenthelanguagesinwhichtheyoccur。
Resemblancesbetweensuchwordsareobviouslynoproofofacommonancestry；andtheyareoftenmetwithinlanguageswhichhavedemonstrablyhadnoconnectionwitheachother。Soinmythology，wherewefindtwostoriesofwhichtheprimitivecharacterisperfectlytransparent，weneedhavenodifficultyinsupposingthemtohaveoriginatedindependently。ThemythofJackandhisBeanstalkisfoundallovertheworld；buttheideaofacountryabovethesky，towhichpersonsmightgainaccessbyclimbing，isonewhichcouldhardlyfailtooccurtoeverybarbarian。AmongtheAmericantribes，aswellasamongtheAryans，therainbowandtheMilky-WayhavecontributedtheideaofaBridgeoftheDead，overwhichsoulsmustpassonthewaytotheotherworld。InSouthAfrica，aswellasinGermany，thehabitsofthefoxandofhisbrotherthejackalhavegivenrisetofablesinwhichbruteforceisovercomebycunning。Inmanypartsoftheworldwefindcuriouslysimilarstoriesdevisedtoaccountforthestumpytailsofthebearandhyaena，thehairlesstailoftherat，andtheblindnessofthemole。Andinallcountriesmaybefoundthebeliefsthatmenmaybechangedintobeasts，orplants，orstones；thatthesunisinsomewaytetheredorconstrainedtofollowacertaincourse；thatthestorm-cloudisaravenousdragon；andthattherearetalismanswhichwillrevealhiddentreasures。Alltheseconceptionsaresoobvioustotheuncivilizedintelligence，thatstoriesfoundeduponthemneednotbesupposedtohaveacommonorigin，unlessthereturnsouttobeastrikingsimilarityamongtheirminordetails。Ontheotherhand，thenumerousmythsofanall-destroyingdelugehavedoubtlessarisenpartlyfromreminiscencesofactuallyoccurringlocalinundations，andpartlyfromthefactthattheScripturalaccountofadelugehasbeencarriedallovertheworldbyCatholicandProtestantmissionaries。[132]
[132]Forvariouslegendsofadeluge，seeBaring-Gould，LegendsofthePatriarchsandProphets，pp。85-106。
Bywayofillustratingtheseprinciples，letusnowciteafewoftheAmericanmythssocarefullycollectedbyDr。Brintoninhisadmirabletreatise。WeshallnotfindinthemythologyoftheNewWorldthewealthofwitandimaginationwhichhassolongdelightedusinthestoriesofHerakles，Perseus，Hermes，Sigurd，andIndra。ThemythicloreoftheAmericanIndiansiscomparativelyscantyandprosaic，asbefitstheproductofalowergradeofcultureandamoremeagreintellect。Notonlyarethepersonageslesscharacteristicallypourtrayed，butthereisacontinualtendencytoextravagance，thesureindexofaninferiorimagination。Nevertheless，aftermakingdueallowancesfordifferencesintheartisticmethodoftreatment，thereisbetweenthemythologiesoftheOldandtheNewWorldsafundamentalresemblance。Wecomeuponsolarmythsandmythsofthestormcuriouslyblendedwithculture-myths，asinthecasesofHermes，Prometheus，andKadmos。TheAmericanparallelstothesearetobefoundinthestoriesofMichabo，Viracocha，Ioskeha，andQuetzalcoatl。“Aselsewheretheworldover，soinAmerica，manytribeshadtotellof……
anaugustcharacter，whotaughtthemwhattheyknew，——thetillageofthesoil，thepropertiesofplants，theartofpicture-writing，thesecretsofmagic；whofoundedtheirinstitutionsandestablishedtheirreligions；whogovernedthemlongwithgloryabroadandpeaceathome；andfinallydidnotdie，but，likeFredericBarbarossa，Charlemagne，KingArthur，andallgreatheroes，vanishedmysteriously，andstilllivessomewhere，readyattherightmomenttoreturntohisbelovedpeopleandleadthemtovictoryandhappiness。“[133]
Everyoneisfamiliarwiththenumerouslegendsofwhite-skinned，full-beardedheroes，likethemildQuetzalcoatl，whointimeslongprevioustoColumbuscamefromthefarEasttoimparttherudimentsofcivilizationandreligiontotheredmen。Bythosewhofirstheardthesestoriestheyweresupposed，withnaiveEuhemerism，torefertopre-ColumbianvisitsofEuropeanstothiscontinent，likethatoftheNorthmeninthetenthcentury。Butascientificstudyofthesubjecthasdissipatedsuchnotions。Theselegendsarefartoonumerous，theyaretoosimilartoeachother，theyaretoomanifestlysymbolical，toadmitofanysuchinterpretation。Bycomparingthemcarefullywitheachother，andwithcorrelativemythsoftheOldWorld，theirtruecharactersoonbecomesapparent。
[133]Brinton，MythsoftheNewWorld，p。160。
Oneofthemostwidelyfamousoftheseculture-heroeswasManabozhoorMichabo，theGreatHare。Withentireunanimity，saysDr。Brinton，thevariousbranchesoftheAlgonquinrace，“thePowhatansofVirginia，theLenniLenapeoftheDelaware，thewarlikehordesofNewEngland，theOttawasofthefarNorth，andtheWesterntribes，perhapswithoutexception，spokeofthischimericalbeast，\'asoneoftheoldmissionariescallsit，astheircommonancestor。Thetotem，orclan，whichborehisnamewaslookeduptowithpeculiarrespect。“NotonlywasMichabotherulerandguardianofthesenumeroustribes，——hewasthefounderoftheirreligiousrites，theinventorofpicture-writing，theruleroftheweather，thecreatorandpreserverofearthandheaven。“Fromagrainofsandbroughtfromthebottomoftheprimevaloceanhefashionedthehabitableland，andsetitfloatingonthewaterstillitgrewtosuchasizethatastrongyoungwolf，runningconstantly，diedofoldageerehereacheditslimits。“Hewasalso，likeNimrod，amightyhunter。“Oneofhisfootstepsmeasuredeightleagues，theGreatLakeswerethebeaver-damshebuilt，andwhenthecataractsimpededhisprogresshetorethemawaywithhishands。““Sometimeshewassaidtodwellintheskieswithhisbrother，theSnow，or，likemanygreatspirits，tohavebuilthiswigwaminthefarNorthonsomefloeoficeintheArcticOcean……ButintheoldestaccountsofthemissionarieshewasallegedtoresidetowardtheEast；andintheholyformulaeofthemedacraft，whenthewindsareinvokedtothemedicinelodge，theEastissummonedinhisname，thedooropensinthatdirection，andthere，attheedgeoftheearthwherethesunrises，ontheshoreoftheinfiniteoceanthatsurroundstheland，hehashishouse，andsendstheluminariesforthontheirdailyjourneys。“[134]FromsuchaccountsasthisweseethatMichabowasnomoreawiseinstructorandlegislatorthanMinosorKadmos。Liketheseheroes，heisapersonificationofthesolarlife-givingpower，whichdailycomesforthfromitshomeintheeast，makingtheearthtorejoice。Theetymologyofhisnameconfirmstheotherwiseclearindicationsofthelegenditself。Itiscompoundedofmichi，“great，“andwabos，whichmeansalike“hare“and“white。““DialecticformsinAlgonquinforwhitearewabi，wape，wampi，etc。；formorning，wapan，wapanch，opah；foreast，wapa，wanbun，etc。；forday，wompan，oppan；forlight，oppung。“SothatMichaboistheGreatWhiteOne，theGodoftheDawnandtheEast。Andtheetymologicalconfusion，byvirtueofwhichheacquiredhissoubriquetoftheGreatHare，affordsacuriousparalleltowhathasoftenhappenedinAryanandSemiticmythology，aswesawwhendiscussingthesubjectofwerewolves。
[134]Brinton，op。cit。p。163。
KeepinginmindthissolarcharacterofMichabo，letusnotehowfullofmeaningarethemythsconcerninghim。Inthefirstcycleoftheselegends，“heisgrandsonoftheMoon，hisfatheristheWestWind，andhismother，amaiden，diesingivinghimbirthatthemomentofconception。FortheMoonisthegoddessofnight；theDawnisherdaughter，whobringsforththeMorning，andperishesherselfintheact；andtheWest，thespiritofdarkness，astheEastisoflight，precedes，andasitwerebegetsthelatter，astheeveningdoesthemorning。Straightway，however，continuesthelegend，thesonsoughttheunnaturalfathertorevengethedeathofhismother，andthencommencedalonganddesperatestruggle。
Itbeganonthemountains。TheWestwasforcedtogiveground。
Manabozhodrovehimacrossriversandovermountainsandlakes，andatlasthecametothebrinkofthisworld。\'Hold，\'
criedhe，\'myson，youknowmypower，andthatitisimpossibletokillme。\'Whatisthisbutthediurnalcombatoflightanddarkness，carriedonfromwhattime\'thejocundmornstandstiptoeonthemistymountain-tops，\'acrossthewideworldtothesunset，thestrugglethatknowsnoend，forboththeopponentsareimmortal？“[135]
[135]Brinton，op。cit。p。167。
EventheVedanowhereaffordsamoretransparentnarrativethanthis。TheIroquoistraditionisverysimilar。Initappeartwinbrothers，[136]bornofavirginmother，daughteroftheMoon，whodiedingivingthemlife。Theirnames，IoskehaandTawiskara，signifyintheOneidadialecttheWhiteOneandtheDarkOne。UndertheinfluenceofChristianideasthecontestbetweenthebrothershasbeenmadetoassumeamoralcharacter，likethestrifebetweenOrmuzdandAhriman。
Butnosuchintentionappearsintheoriginalmyth，andDr。
BrintonhasshownthatnoneoftheAmericantribeshadanyconceptionofaDevil。Whenthequarrelcametoblows，thedarkbrotherwassignallydiscomfited；andthevictoriousIoskeha，returningtohisgrandmother，“establishedhislodgeinthefarEast，onthehordersoftheGreatOcean，whencethesuncomes。Intimehebecamethefatherofmankind，andspecialguardianoftheIroquois。“Hecausedtheearthtobringforth，hestockedthewoodswithgame，andtaughthischildrentheuseoffire。“Heitwaswhowatchedandwateredtheircrops；\'and，indeed，withouthisaid，\'saystheoldmissionary，quiteoutofpatiencewiththeirpuerilities，\'theythinktheycouldnotboilapot。\'“TherewasmoreinitthanpoorBreboufthought，asweareforciblyremindedbyrecentdiscoveriesinphysicalscience。Evencivilizedmenwouldfinditdifficulttoboilapotwithouttheaidofsolarenergy。Callhimwhatwewill，——Ioskeha，Michabo，orPhoibos，——thebeneficentSunisthemasterandsustainerofusall；andifweweretorelapseintoheathenism，likeErckmann-Chatrian\'sinnkeeper，wecouldnotdobetterthantoselecthimasourchiefobjectofworship。
[136]Corresponding，invariousdegrees，totheAsvins，theDioskouroi，andthebrothersTrueandUntrueofNorsemythology。
ThesameprinciplesbywhichthesesimplecasesareexplainedfurnishalsothekeytothemorecomplicatedmythologyofMexicoandPeru。Likethedeitiesjustdiscussed，Viracocha，thesupremegodoftheQuichuas，risesfromthebosomofLakeTiticacaandjourneyswestward，slayingwithhislightningsthecreatureswhoopposehim，untilhefinallydisappearsintheWesternOcean。LikeAphrodite，hebearsinhisnametheevidenceofhisorigin，Viracochasignifying“foamofthesea“；andhencethe“WhiteOne“(l\'aube)，thegodoflightrisingwhiteonthehorizon，likethefoamonthesurfaceofthewaves。TheAymarasspokeoftheiroriginalancestorsaswhite；andtothisday，asDr。Brintoninformsus，thePeruvianscallawhitemanViracocha。ThemythofQuetzalcoatlisofpreciselythesamecharacter。AllthesesolarheroespresentinmostoftheirqualitiesandachievementsastrikinglikenesstothoseoftheOldWorld。TheycombinetheattributesofApollo，Herakles，andHermes。LikeHerakles，theyjourneyfromeasttowest，smitingthepowersofdarkness，storm，andwinterwiththethunderboltsofZeusortheunerringarrowsofPhoibos，andsinkinginablazeofgloryonthewesternvergeoftheworld，wherethewavesmeetthefirmament。OrlikeHermes，inasecondcycleoflegends，theyrisewiththesoftbreezesofasummermorning，drivingbeforethemthebrightcelestialcattlewhoseuddersareheavywithrefreshingrain，fanningtheflameswhichdevourtheforests，blusteringatthedoorsofwigwams，andescapingwithweirdlaughterthroughventsandcrevices。ThewhiteskinsandflowingbeardsoftheseAmericanheroesmaybeaptlycomparedtothefairfacesandlonggoldenlocksoftheirHelleniccompeers。YellowhairwasinallprobabilityasrareinGreeceasafullbeardinPeruorMexico；butineachcasethedescriptionsuitsthesolarcharacterofthehero。Oneimportantclassofincidents，howeverisapparentlyquiteabsentfromtheAmericanlegends。WefrequentlyseetheDawndescribedasavirginmotherwhodiesingivingbirthtotheDay；butnowheredowerememberseeingherpicturedasalovelyorvaliantorcraftymaiden，ardentlywooed，butspeedilyforsakenbyhersolarlover。PerhapsinnorespectisthesuperiorrichnessandbeautyoftheAryanmythsmoremanifestthaninthis。Brynhild，Urvasi，Medeia，Ariadne，Oinone，andcountlessotherkindredheroines，withtheirbrilliantlegends，couldnotbesparedfromthemythologyofourancestorswithout，leavingitmeagreindeed。ThesewerethematerialswhichKalidasa，theAtticdramatists，andthebardsoftheNibelungenfoundready，awaitingtheirartistictreatment。ButthemythologyoftheNewWorld，withallitsprettyandagreeablenaivete，affordshardlyenough，eitherofvarietyinsituationorofcomplexityinmotive，foragrandepicoragenuinetragedy。
