ItwouldappearthenthatatRomeinthequietearlydaysoftheChristianChurch，theritesandceremonialsofMithraandCybele，probablymuchintermingledandblended，wereexceedinglypopular。BothreligionshadbeenrecognizedbytheRomanState，andtheChristians，persecutedanddespisedastheywere，foundithardtomakeanyheadwayagainstthem——themoresoperhapsbecausetheChristiandoctrinesappearedinmanyrespectstobemerelyfaintreplicasandcopiesoftheoldercreeds。Robertsonmaintains[1]thatahe-lambwassacrificedintheMithraicmysteries，andhequotesPorphyryassaying[2]
that“aplaceneartheequinoctialcirclewasassignedtoMithraasanappropriateseat；andonthisaccounthebearstheswordoftheRam[Aries]whichisasignofMars[Ares]。”SimilarlyamongtheearlyChristians，itissaid，aramorlambwassacrificedinthePaschalmystery。
[1]PaganChrists，p。336。
[2]DeAntro，xxiv。
ManypeoplethinkthattheassociationoftheLamb-godwiththeCrossarosefromthefactthattheconstellationAriesatthattimeWASontheheavenlycross(thecrosswaysoftheEclipticandEquator-seediagram，ch。
iii)，andintheveryplacethroughwhichtheSungodhadtopassjustbeforehisfinaltriumph。AnditiscurioustofindthatJustinMartyrinhisDialoguewithTrypho[1]
(aJew)alludestoanoldJewishpracticeofroastingaLambonspitsarrangedintheformofaCross。“Thelamb，“
hesays，meaningapparentlythePaschallamb，“isroastedanddressedupintheformofacross。Foronespitistransfixedrightthroughthelowerpartsuptothehead，andoneacrosstheback，towhichareattachedthelegs[forelegs]ofthelamb。”
[1]Ch。xl。
To-dayinMoroccoatthefestivalofEid-el-Kebir，correspondingtotheChristianEaster，theMohammedanssacrificeayoungramandhurryitstillbleedingtotheprecinctsoftheMosque，whileatthesametimeeveryhouseholdslaysalamb，asintheBiblicalinstitution，foritsfamilyfeast。
Butitwillperhapsbesaid，“Youaregoingtoofastandprovingtoomuch。IntheanxietytoshowthattheLamb-godandthesacrificeoftheLambwerehonoredbythedevoteesofMithraandCybeleintheRomeoftheChristianera，youareforgettingthatthesacrificeoftheBullandthebaptisminbull\'sbloodwerethesalientfeaturesofthePersianandPhrygianceremonials，somecenturiesearlier。Howcanyoureconciletheexistencesidebysideofdivinitiesbelongingtosuchdifferentperiods，orascribethembothtoanastronomicalorigin?“Theanswerissimpleenough。AsIhaveexplainedbefore，thePrecessionoftheEquinoxescausedtheSun，atitsmomentoftriumphoverthepowersofdarkness，tostandatoneperiodintheconstellationoftheBull，andataperiodsometwothousandyearslaterintheconstellationoftheRam。
Itwasperfectlynaturalthereforethatachangeinthesacredsymbolsshould，inthecourseoftime，takeplace；
yetperfectlynaturalalsothatthesesymbols，havingoncebeenconsecratedandadopted，shouldcontinuetobehonoredandclungtolongafterthetimeoftheirastronomicalappropriatenesshadpassed，andsotobefoundsidebysideinlatercenturies。ThedevoteeofMithraorAttisontheVaticanHillatRomeintheyear200A。D。probablyhadaslittlenotionorcomprehensionoftherealoriginofthesacredBullorRamwhichheadored，astheChristianinSt。Peter\'sto-dayhasoftheoriginoftheLamb-godwhosevicegerentonearthisthePope。
ItisindeedeasytoimaginethatthechangefromtheworshipoftheBulltotheworshipoftheLambwhichundoubtedlytookplaceamongvariouspeoplesastimewenton，wasonlyaritualchangeinitiatedbythepriestsinordertoputonrecordandharmonizewiththeastronomicalalteration。AnyhowitiscuriousthatwhileMithraintheearlytimeswasspeciallyassociatedwiththebull，hisassociationwiththelambbelongedmoretotheRomanperiod。SomewhatthesamehappenedinthecaseofAttis。
IntheBiblewereadoftheindignationofMosesatthesettingupbytheIsraelitesofaGoldenCalf，AFTERthesacrificeoftheram-lambhadbeeninstituted——asifindeedtherebelliouspeoplewerereturningtotheearliercultofApiswhichtheyoughttohaveleftbehindtheminEgypt。InEgyptitself，too，wefindtheworshipofApis，astimewenton，yieldingplacetothatoftheRam-
headedgodAmun，orJupiterAmmon。[1]SothatbothfromtheBibleandfromEgyptianhistorywemayconcludethattheworshipoftheLamborRamsucceededtotheworshipoftheBull。
[1]Tacitus(Hist。v。4)speaksofram-sacrificebytheJewsinhonorofJupiterAmmon。SeealsoHerodotus(ii。42)onthesameinEgypt。
Finallyithasbeenpointedout，andtheremaybesomerealconnectioninthecoincidence，thatinthequiteearlyyearsofChristianitytheFISHcameinasanacceptedsymbolofJesusChrist。ConsideringthatafterthedominationofTaurusandAries，theFish(Pisces)comesnextinsuccessionastheZodiacalsignfortheVernalEquinox，andisnowtheconstellationinwhichtheSunstandsatthatperiod，itseemsnotimpossiblethattheastronomicalchangehasbeenthecauseoftheadoptionofthisnewsymbol。
Anyhow，andallowingforpossibleerrorsorexaggerations，itbecomesclearthatthetravelsoftheSunthroughthebeltofconstellationswhichformstheZodiacmusthavehad，fromearliesttimes，aprofoundinfluenceonthegenerationofreligiousmythsandlegends。Tosaythatitwastheonlyinfluencewouldcertainlybeamistake。
Othercausesundoubtedlycontributed。Butitwasamainandimportantinfluence。TheoriginsoftheZodiacareobscure；wedonotknowwithanycertaintythereasonswhythevariousnamesweregiventoitscomponentsections，norcanwemeasuretheexactantiquityofthesenames；but——pre-supposingthenamesofthesignsasoncegiven——itisnotdifficulttoimaginethegrowthoflegendsconnectedwiththeSun\'scourseamongthem。
OfalltheancientdivinitiesperhapsHerculesistheonewhoseroleasaSungodismostgenerallyadmitted。Thehelperofgodsandmen，amightyTraveller，andinvokedeverywhereastheSaviour，hislaborsforthegoodoftheworldbecameultimatelydefinedandsystematizedastwelveandcorrespondinginnumbertothesignsoftheZodiac。Itistruethatthissystematizationonlytookplaceatalateperiod，probablyinAlexandria；alsothattheidentificationofsomeoftheLaborswiththeactualsignsaswehavethematpresentisnotalwaysclear。ButconsideringthewideprevalenceoftheHerculesmythovertheancientworldandtheveryvariousastronomicalsystemsitmusthavebeenconnectedwithinitsorigin，thislackofexactcorrespondenceishardlytobewonderedat。
TheLaborsofHerculeswhichchieflyinterestusare:
(1)ThecaptureoftheBull，(2)theslaughteroftheLion，(3)thedestructionoftheHydra，(4)oftheBoar，(5)thecleansingofthestablesofAugeas，(6)thedescentintoHadesandthetamingofCerberus。ThefirstoftheseisinlinewiththeMithraicconquestoftheBull；theLionisofcourseoneofthemostprominentconstellationsoftheZodiac，anditsconquestisobviouslytheworkofaSaviourofmankind；whilethelastfourlaborsconnectthemselvesverynaturallywiththeSolarconflictinwinteragainstthepowersofdarkness。TheBoar(4)wehaveseenalreadyastheimageofTyphon，theprinceofdarkness；
theHydra(3)wassaidtobetheoffspringofTyphon；
thedescentintoHades(6)——generallyassociatedwithHercules\'strugglewithandvictoryoverDeath——linksontothedescentoftheSunintotheunderworld，anditslonganddoubtfulstrifewiththeforcesofwinter；andthecleansingofthestablesofAugeas(5)hasthesamesignification。ItappearsinfactthatthestablesofAugeaswasanothernameforthesignofCapricornthroughwhichtheSunpassesattheWintersolstice[1]——thestableofcoursebeinganundergroundchamber——andthemythwasthatthere，inthislowesttractandbackwateroftheEclipticallthemalariousandevilinfluencesoftheskywerecollected，andtheSungodcametowashthemaway(DecemberwastheheightoftherainyseasoninJudaea)andcleansetheyeartowardsitsrebirth。
[1]SeediagramofZodiac。
ItshouldnotbeforgottentoothatevenasachildinthecradleHerculesslewtwoserpentssentforhisdestruction——
theserpentandthescorpionasautumnalconstellationsfiguringalwaysasenemiesoftheSungod——towhichmaybecomparedthepowergiventohisdisciplesbyJesus[1]
“totreadonserpentsandscorpions。”HerculesalsoasaSungodcomparescuriouslywithSamson(mentionedabove，ii)，butweneednotdwellonalltheelaborateanalogiesthathavebeentraced[2]betweenthesetwoheroes。
[1]Lukex。19。
[2]SeeDoane\'sBibleMyths，ch。viii，(NewYork，1882。)
TheJesus-story，itwillnowbeseen，hasagreatnumberofcorrespondenceswiththestoriesofformerSungodsandwiththeactualcareeroftheSunthroughtheheavens——somanyindeedthattheycannotwellbeattributedtomerecoincidenceoreventotheblasphemouswilesoftheDevil！Letusenumeratesomeofthese。Thereare(1)
thebirthfromaVirginmother；(2)thebirthinastable(caveorundergroundchamber)；and(3)onthe25thDecember(justafterthewintersolstice)。Thereis(4)theStarintheEast(Sirius)and(5)thearrivaloftheMagi(the“ThreeKings“)；thereis(6)thethreatenedMassacreoftheInnocents，andtheconsequentflightintoadistantcountry(toldalsoofKrishnaandotherSungods)。TherearetheChurchfestivalsof(7)Candlemas(2ndFebruary)，withprocessionsofcandlestosymbolizethegrowinglight；of(8)Lent，orthearrivalofSpring；of(9)EasterDay(normallyonthe25thMarch)tocelebratethecrossingoftheEquatorbytheSun；and(10)simultaneouslytheoutburstoflightsattheHolySepulchreatJerusalem。Thereis(11)theCrucifixionanddeathoftheLamb-God，onGoodFriday，threedaysbeforeEaster；thereare(12)thenailingtoatree，(13)theemptygrave，(14)thegladResurrection(asinthecasesofOsiris，Attisandothers)；
thereare(15)thetwelvedisciples(theZodiacalsigns)；
and(16)thebetrayalbyoneofthetwelve。Thenlaterthereis(17)MidsummerDay，the24thJune，dedicatedtotheNativityofJohntheBaptist，andcorrespondingtoChristmasDay；therearethefestivalsof(18)theAssumptionoftheVirgin(15thAugust)andof(19)theNativityoftheVirgin(8thSeptember)，correspondingtothemovementofthegodthroughVirgo；thereistheconflictofChristandhisdiscipleswiththeautumnalasterisms，(20)theSerpentandtheScorpion；andfinallythereisthecuriousfactthattheChurch(21)dedicatestheverydayofthewintersolstice(whenanyonemayverynaturallydoubttherebirthoftheSun)toSt。Thomas，whodoubtedthetruthoftheResurrection！
Thesearesomeof，andbynomeansall，thecoincidencesinquestion。Buttheyaresufficient，Ithink，toprove——
evenallowingforpossiblemarginsoferror——thetruthofourgeneralcontention。TogointotheparallelismofthecareersofKrishna，theIndianSungod，andJesuswouldtaketoolong；becauseindeedthecorrespondenceissoextraordinarilycloseandelaborate。[1]Ipropose，however，atthecloseofthischapter，todwellnowforamomentontheChristianfestivaloftheEucharist，partlyonaccountofitsconnectionwiththederivationfromtheastronomicalritesandNature-celebrationsalreadyalludedto，andpartlyonaccountofthelightwhichthefestivalgenerally，whetherChristianorPagan，throwsontheoriginsofReligiousMagic——asubjectIshallhavetodealwithinthenextchapter。
[1]SeeRobertson\'sChristianityandMythology，PartII，pp。
129-302；alsoDoane\'sBibleMyths，ch。xxviii，p。278。
Ihavealready(Ch。II)mentionedtheEucharisticriteheldincommemorationofMithra，andtheindignantascriptionofthisbyJustinMartyrtothewilesoftheDevil。
JustinMartyrclearlyhadnodoubtabouttheresemblanceoftheMithraictotheChristianceremony。ASacramentalmeal，asmentionedafewpagesback，seemstohavebeenheldbytheworshipersofAttis[1]incommemorationoftheirgod；andthe\'mysteries\'ofthePagancultsgenerallyappeartohaveincludedrites——
sometimeshalf-savage，sometimesmoreaesthetic——inwhichadismemberedanimalwaseaten，orbreadandwine(thespiritsoftheCornandtheVine)wereconsumed，asrepresentingthebodyofthegodwhomhisdevoteesdesiredtohonor。ButthebestexampleofthispracticeisaffordedbytheritesofDionysus，towhichIwilldevoteafewlines。Dionysus，likeotherSunorNaturedeities，wasbornofaVirgin(SemeleorDemeter)untaintedbyanyearthlyhusband；andbornonthe25th。December。HewasnurturedinaCave，andevenatthatearlyagewasidentifiedwiththeRamorLamb，intowhoseformhewasforthetimebeingchanged。AttimesalsohewasworshipedintheformofaBull。[2]Hetravelledfarandwide；andbroughtthegreatgiftofwinetomankind。[3]
HewascalledLiberator，andSaviour。Hisgrave“wasshownatDelphiintheinmostshrineofthetempleofApollo。
Secretofferingswerebroughtthither，whilethewomenwhowerecelebratingthefeastwokeupthenew-borngod……Festivalsofthiskindincelebrationoftheextinctionandresurrectionofthedeitywereheld(bywomenandgirlsonly)amidthemountainsatnight，everythirdyear，aboutthetimeoftheshortestday。Therites，intendedtoexpresstheexcessofgriefandjoyatthedeathandreappearanceofthegod，werewildeventosavagery，andthewomenwhoperformedthemwerehenceknownbytheexpressivenamesofBacchae，Maenads，andThyiades。Theywanderedthroughwoodsandmountains，theirflyinglockscrownedwithivyorsnakes，brandishingwandsandtorches，tothehollowsoundsofthedrum，ortheshrillnotesoftheflute，withwilddancesandinsanecriesandjubilation。
[1]SeeFrazer\'sGoldenBough，PartIV，p。229。
[2]TheGoldenBough，PartII，BookII，p。164。
[3]“IamtheTRUEVine，“saystheJesusofthefourthgospel，perhapswithanimplicitandhostilereferencetothecultofDionysus——inwhichRobertsonsuggests(ChristianityandMythology，p。357)therewasaritualmiracleofturningwaterintowine。
Oxen，goats，evenfawnsandroesfromtheforestwerekilled，torntopieces，andeatenraw。ThisinimitationofthetreatmentofDionysusbytheTitans“[1]——whoitwassupposedhadtornthegodinpieceswhenachild。
[1]Seeart。Dionysus。DictionaryofClassicalAntiquities，NettleshipandSandys3rdedn。，London，1898)。
Dupuis，oneoftheearliestwriters(atthebeginningoflastcentury)onthissubject，says，describingthemysticritesofDionysus[1]:“ThesacreddoorsoftheTempleinwhichtheinitiationtookplacewereopenedonlyonceayear，andnostrangermighteverenter。Nightlenttotheseaugustmysteriesaveilwhichwasforbiddentobedrawnaside——forwhoeveritmightbe。[2]ItwasthesoleoccasionfortherepresentationofthepassionofBacchus[Dionysus]
dead，descendedintohell，andrearisen——inimitationoftherepresentationofthesufferingsofOsiriswhich，accordingtoHerodotus，werecommemoratedatSaisinEgypt。Itwasinthatplacethatthepartitiontookplaceofthebodyofthegod，[3]whichwastheneaten——
theceremony，infact，ofwhichourEucharistisonlyareflection；whereasinthemysteriesofBacchusactualrawfleshwasdistributed，whicheachofthosepresenthadtoconsumeincommemorationofthedeathofBacchusdismemberedbytheTitans，andwhosepassion，inChiosandTenedos，wasrenewedeachyearbythesacrificeofamanwhorepresentedthegod。[4]PossiblyitisthislastfactwhichmadepeoplebelievethattheChristians(whosehocestcorpusmeumandsharingofanEucharisticmealwerenomorethanashadowofamoreancientrite)didreallysacrificeachildanddevouritslimbs。”
[1]SeeCharlesF。Dupuis，“TraitedesMysteres，“ch。i。
[2]Pausan，Corinth，ch。37。
[3]Clem，Prot。Eur。Bacch。
[4]SeePorphyry，DeAbstinentia，lii，Section56。
ThatEucharisticriteswereveryveryancientisplainfromtheTotem-sacramentsofsavages；andtothissubjectweshallnowturn。
IV。TOTEM-SACRAMENTSANDEUCHARISTS
MuchhasbeenwrittenontheoriginoftheTotem-system——thesystem，thatis，ofnamingatribeoraportionofatribe(sayaCLAN)aftersomeANIMAL——orsometimes——alsoaftersomeplantortreeorNature-element，likefireorrainorthunder；butatbestthesubjectisadifficultoneforusmodernstounderstand。AcarefulstudyhasbeenmadeofitbySalamonReinachinhisCultes，MythesetReligions，[1]whereheformulateshisconclusionsintwelvestatementsordefinitions；butevenso——thoughhissuggestionsarehelpful——hethrowsverylittlelightontherealoriginofthesystem。[2]
[1]SeeEnglishtranslationofcertainchapters(publishedbyDavidNuttin1912)entitledCults，MythsandReligions，pp。
1-25。TheFrenchoriginalisinthreelargevolumes。
[2]ThesamemaybesaidoftheformulatedstatementofthesubjectinMorrisJastrow\'sHandbooksoftheHistoryofReligion，vol。iv。
Therearethreemaindifficulties。ThefirstistounderstandwhyprimitiveManshouldnamehisTribeafterananimalorobjectofnatureatall；thesecond，tounderstandonwhatprincipleheselectedtheparticularname(alion，acrocodile，aladybird，acertaintree)；thethird，whyheshouldmakeofthesaidtotemadivinity，andpayhonorandworshiptoit。Itmaybeworthwhiletopauseforamomentoverthese。
(1)ThefactthattheTribewasoneoftheearlythingsforwhichManfounditnecessarytohaveanameisinteresting，becauseitshowshowearlythesolidarityandpsychologicalactualityofthetribewasrecognized；andastotheselectionofanamefromsomeanimalorconcreteobjectofNature，thatwasinevitable，forthesimplereasonthattherewasnothingelseforthesavagetochoosefrom。Plainlytocallhistribe“TheWayfarers“or“ThePioneers“orthe“Pacifists“orthe“Invincibles，“orbyanyofthethousandandonenameswhichmodernassociationsadopt，wouldhavebeenimpossible，sincesuchabstracttermshadlittleornoexistenceinhismind。Andagaintonameitafterananimalwasthemostobviousthingtodo，simplybecausetheanimalswerebyfarthemostimportantfeaturesoraccompanimentsofhisownlife。AsIamdealinginthisbooklargelywithcertainpsychologicalconditionsofhumanevolution，ithastobepointedoutthattoprimitivemantheanimalwasthenearestandmostcloselyrelatedofallobjects。Beingofthesameorderofconsciousnessashimself，theanimalappealedtohimverycloselyashismateandequal。Hemadewithregardtoitlittleornodistinctionfromhimself。Weseethisveryclearlyinthecaseofchildren，whoofcourserepresentthesavagemind，andwhoregardanimalssimplyastheirmatesandequals，andcomequicklyintorapportwiththem，notdifferentiatingthemselvesfromthem。
(2)AstotheparticularanimalorotherobjectselectedinordertogiveanametotheTribe，thiswouldnodoubtbelargelyaccidental。Anyunusualincidentmightsuperstitiouslyprecipitateaname。WecanhardlyimaginetheTribescratchingitscongregatedheadinthedeliberateefforttothinkoutasuitableemblemforitself。Thatisnotthewayinwhichnicknamesareinventedinaschooloranywhereelseto-day。Atthesametimetheheraldicappealofacertainobjectofnature，animateorinanimate，wouldbedeeplyandwidelyfelt。Thestrengthofthelion，thefleetnessofthedeer，thefood-valueofabear，theflightofabird，theawfuljawsofacrocodile，mighteasilymesmerizeawholetribe。Reinachpointsout，withgreatjustice，thatmanytribesplacedthemselvesundertheprotectionofanimalswhichweresupposed(rightlyorwrongly)toactasguidesandaugurs，foretellingthefuture。
“Diodorus，“hesays，“distinctlystatesthatthehawk，inEgypt，wasveneratedbecauseitforetoldthefuture。”
[Birdsgenerallyactasweather-prophets。]“InAustraliaandSamoathekangaroo，thecrowandtheowlpremonishtheirfellowclansmenofeventstocome。AtonetimetheSamoanwarriorswentsofarastorearowlsfortheirpropheticqualitiesinwar。”[Thejackal，or\'pathfinder\'——
whosetrackssometimesleadtotheremainsofafood-
animalslainbyalion，andmanybirdsandinsects，haveavalueofthiskind。]“Theuseofanimaltotemsforpurposesofauguryis，inalllikelihood，ofgreatantiquity。
Menmustsoonhaverealizedthatthesensesofanimalswereacuterthantheirown；norisitsurprisingthattheyshouldhaveexpectedtheirtotems——thatistosay，theirnaturalallies——toforewarnthembothofunsuspecteddangersandofthoseprovisionsofnature，WELLSespecially，whichanimalsseemtoscentbyinstinct。”[1]Andagain，beyondallthis，Ihavelittledoubtthattherearesubconsciousaffinitieswhichunitecertaintribestocertainanimalsorplants，affinitieswhoseoriginwecannotnowtrace，thoughtheyareveryreal——thesameaffinitiesthatwerecognizeasexistingbetweenindividualPERSONSandcertainobjectsofnature。W。H。Hudson——himselfinmanyrespectshavingthisdeepandprimitiverelationtonature——
speaksinaveryinterestingandautobiographicalvolume[2]oftheextraordinaryfascinationexerciseduponhimasaboy，notonlybyasnake，butbycertaintrees，andespeciallybyaparticularflowering-plant“notmorethanafootinheight，withdownysoftpalegreenleaves，andclustersofreddishblossoms，somethinglikevalerian。”……“Oneofmysacredflowers，“hecallsit，andinsistsonthe“inexplicableattraction“whichithadforhim。Invariouswaysofthiskindonecanperceivehowparticulartotemscametobeselectedbyparticularpeoples。
[1]SeeReinach，Eng。trans。，op。cit。，pp。20，21。
[2]FarawayandLongago(1918)chs。xviandxvii。
(3)Astothetendencytodivinizethesetotems，thisarisesnodoubtpartlyoutofquestion(2)。Theanimalorotherobjectadmiredonaccountofitsstrengthorswiftness，oradoptedasguardianofthetribebecauseofitskeensightorpropheticquality，orinfinitelyprizedonaccountofitsfood-value，orfeltforanyotherreasontohaveapeculiarrelationandaffinitytothetribe，isbythatfactSETAPART。Itbecomestaboo。Itmustnotbekilled——exceptundernecessityandbysanctionofthewholetribe——norinjured；andalldealingswithitmustbefencedroundwithregulations。Itisoutofthistabooorsystemoftaboosthat，accordingtoReinach，religionarose。“Ipropose(hesays)todefinereligionas:A
SUMOFSCRUPLES(TABOOS)WHICHIMPEDETHEFREEEXERCISEOF
OURFACULTIES。”[1]Obviouslythisdefinitionisgravelydeficient，simplybecauseitispurelynegative，andleavesoutofaccountthepositiveaspectofthesubject。InMan，thepositivecontentofreligionistheinstinctivesense——whetherconsciousorsubconscious——ofaninnerunityandcontinuitywiththeworldaround。Thisisthestuffoutofwhichreligionismade。Thescruplesortabooswhich“impedethefreedom“ofthisrelationarethenegativeforceswhichgiveoutlineandformtotherelation。
ThesearethethingswhichgeneratetheRITESANDCEREMONIALS
ofreligion；andasfarasReinachmeansbyreligionMERELY
ritesandceremoniesheiscorrect；butclearlyheonlycovershalfthesubject。Thetendencytodivinizethetotemisatleastasmuchdependentonthepositivesenseofunitywithit，asonthenegativescrupleswhichlimittherelationineachparticularcase。ButIshallreturntothissubjectpresently，andmorethanonce，withtheviewofclarifyingit。JustnowitwillbebesttoillustratethenatureofTotemsgenerally，andinsomedetail。
[1]SeeOrpheusbyS。Reinach，p。3。
AswouldbegatheredfromwhatIhavejustsaid，thereisfoundamongallthemoreprimitivepeoples，andinallpartsoftheworld，animmensevarietyoftotem-names。
TheDinkas，forinstance，arearatherintelligentwell-grownpeopleinhabitingtheupperreachesoftheNileinthevicinityofthegreatswamps。AccordingtoDr。Seligmantheirclanshavefortotemsthelion，theelephant，thecrocodile，thehippopotamus，thefox，andthehyena，aswellascertainbirdswhichinfestanddamagethecorn，someplantsandtrees，andsuchthingsasrain，fire，etc。“Eachclanspeaksofitstotemasitsancestor，andrefrains[asarule]frominjuringoreatingit。”[1]ThemembersoftheCrocodileclancallthemselves“brothersofthecrocodile。”ThetribesofBechuana-landhaveaverysimilarlistoftotem-names——thebuffalo，thefish，theporcupine，thewildvine，etc。TheytoohaveaCrocodileclan，buttheycallthecrocodiletheirFATHER！ThetribesofAustraliamuchthesameagain，withthedifferencessuitabletotheircountry；andtheRedIndiansofNorthAmericathesame。Garcilasso，dellaVega，theSpanishhistorian，sonofanIncaprincessbyoneoftheSpanishconquerorsofPeruandauthorofthewell-knownbookCommentariasReales，saysinthatbook(i，57)，speakingofthepre-Incaperiod，“AnIndian(ofPeru)wasnotconsideredhonorableunlesshewasdescendedfromafountain，riverorlake，orevenfromthesea，orfromawildanimal，asabear，lion，tiger，eagle，orthebirdtheycallcuntur(condor)，orsomeotherbirdofprey。”[2]AccordingtoLewisMorgan，theNorthAmericanIndiansofvarioustribeshadfortotemsthewolf，bear，beaver，turtle，deer，snipe，heron，hawk，crane，loon，turkey，muskrat；pike，catfish，carp；buffalo，elk，reindeer，eagle，hare，rabbit，snake；
reed-grass，sand，rock，andtobacco-plant。
[1]SeeTheGoldenBough，vol。iv，p。31。
[2]SeeAndrewLang，CustomandMyth，p。104，alsoMyth，RitualandReligion，vol。i，pp。71，76，etc。
Sowemightgoonratherindefinitely。Ineedhardlysaythatinmoremodernandcivilizedlife，relicsofthetotemsystemarestilltobefoundintheformsoftheheraldiccreaturesadoptedfortheircrestsbydifferentfamilies，andinthebears，lions，eagles，thesun，moonandstarsandsoforth，whichstilladorntheflagsandareflauntedastheinsigniaofthevariousnations。ThenamesmaynothavebeenORIGINALLYadoptedfromanydefinitebeliefinblood-relationshipwiththeanimalorotherobjectinquestion；butwhen，asRobertsonsays(PaganChrists，p。104)，a“savagelearnedthathewas\'aBear\'andthathisfatherandgrandfatherandforefathersweresobeforehim，itwasreallyimpossible，afteragesinwhichtotem-
namesthuspassedcurrent，thatheshouldfailtoassumethathisfolkwereDESCENDEDfromabear。”
Asarule，asmaybeimagined，thesavagetribesmanwillonnoaccountEAThistribaltotem-animal。Suchwouldnaturallybedeemedakindofsacrilege。Alsoitmustberemarkedthatsometotemsarehardlysuitableforeating。Yetitisimportanttoobservethatoccasionally，andguardingtheceremonywithgreatprecautions，ithasbeenanalmostuniversalcustomforthetribalelderstocallafeastatwhichananimal(eitherthetotemorsomeother)ISkilledandcommonlyeaten——andthisinorderthatthetribesmenmayabsorbsomevirtuebelongingtoit，andmayconfirmtheiridentitywiththetribeandwitheachother。Theeatingofthebearorotheranimal，thesprinklingwithitsblood，andthegeneralritualinwhichtheparticipantsshareditsflesh，ordressedanddisguisedthemselvesinitsskin，orotherwiseidentifiedthemselveswithit，wastothemasymboloftheircommunityoflifewitheachother，andameansoftheirrenewalandsalvationintheholyemblem。Andthiscustom，asthereaderwillperceive，becametheoriginoftheEucharistsandHolyCommunionsofthelaterreligions。
ProfessorRobertson-Smith\'scelebratedCamelaffordsaninstanceofthis。[1]ItappearsthatSt。Nilus(fifthcentury)
hasleftadetailedaccountoftheoccasionalsacrificeinhistimeofaspotlesswhitecamelamongtheArabsoftheSinairegion，whichcloselyresemblesatotemiccommunion-
feast。Theuncookedbloodandfleshoftheanimalhadtobeentirelyconsumedbythefaithfulbeforedaybreak。“Theslaughterofthevictim，thesacramentaldrinkingoftheblood，anddevouringinwildhasteofthepiecesofstillquiveringflesh，recallthedetailsoftheDionysiacandotherfestivals。”[2]Robertson-Smithhimselfsays:——“Theplainmeaningisthatthevictimwasdevouredbeforeitslifehadleftthestillwarmbloodandflesh……andthatthusinthemostliteralway，allthosewhosharedintheceremonyabsorbedpartofthevictim\'slifeintothemselves。Oneseeshowmuchmoreforciblythananyordinarymealsuchariteexpressestheestablishmentorconfirmationofabondofcommonlifebetweentheworshipers，andalso，sincethebloodissheduponthealtaritself，betweentheworshipersandtheirgod。Inthissacrifice，then，thesignificantfactorsaretwo:theconveyanceofthelivingbloodtothegodhead，andtheabsorptionofthelivingfleshandbloodintothefleshandbloodoftheworshippers。Eachoftheseiseffectedinthesimplestandmostdirectmanner，sothatthemeaningoftheritualisperfectlytransparent。”
[1]SeehisReligionoftheSemites，p。320。
[2]TheyalsorecalltheritesofthePassover——thoughinthislatterthebloodwasnolongerdrunk，northeflesheatenraw。
Itseemsstrange，ofcourse，thatmenshouldeattheirtotems；anditmustnotbyanymeansbesupposedthatthispracticeis(orwas)universal；butitundoubtedlyobtainsinsomecases。AsMissHarrisonsays(Themis，p。123)；“youdonotasaruleeatyourrelations，“andasaruletheeatingofatotemistabuandforbidden，but(MissHarrisoncontinues)“atcertaintimesandundercertainrestrictionsamannotonlymay，butMUST，eatofhistotem，thoughonlysparingly，asofathingsacrosanct。”
Theceremonialcarriedoutinacommunalwaybythetribenotonlyidentifiesthetribewiththetotem(animal)，butisheld，accordingtoearlymagicalideas，andwhentheanimalisdesiredforfood，tofavoritsmanipulation。
Thehumantribepartakesofthemanaorlife-forceoftheanimal，andisstrengthened；theanimaltribeissympatheticallyrenewedbytheceremonialandmultipliesexceedingly。
Theslaughterofthesacredanimaland(often)thesimultaneousoutpouringofhumanbloodsealsthecompactandconfirmsthemagic。Thisiswellillustratedbyaceremonyofthe\'Emu\'tribereferredtobyDr。
Frazer:——
“InordertomultiplyEmuswhichareanimportantarticleoffood，themenoftheEmutotemintheAruntatribeproceedasfollows:Theyclearasmallspotoflevelground，andopeningveinsintheirarmstheyletthebloodstreamoutuntilthesurfaceofthegroundforaspaceofaboutthreesquareyardsissoakedwithit。Whenthebloodhasdriedandcaked，itformsahardandfairlyimpermeablesurface，onwhichtheypaintthesacreddesignoftheemutotem，especiallythepartsofthebirdwhichtheylikebesttoeat，namely，thefatandtheeggs。Roundthispaintingthemensitandsing。Afterwardsperformerswearinglonghead-dressestorepresentthelongneckandsmallheadoftheemu，mimictheappearanceofthebirdasitstandsaimlesslypeeringaboutinalldirections。”[1]
[1]TheGoldenBoughi，85——withreferencetoSpencerandGillen\'sNativeTribesofCentralAustralia，pp。179，189。
Thusbloodsacrificecomesin；and——(whetherthishaseveractuallyhappenedinthecaseoftheCentralAustraliansIknownot)——wecaneasilyimagineamemberoftheEmutribe，anddisguisedasanactualemu，havingbeenceremoniallyslaughteredasafirstfruitsandpromiseoftheexpectedandprayed-foremu-crop；justasthesamecertainlyHAShappenedinthecaseofmenwearingbeast-masksofBullsorRamsorBearsbeingsacrificedinpropitiationofBull-gods，Ram-godsorBear-godsorsimplyinpursuanceofsomekindofmagictofavorthemultiplicationofthesefood-animals。
“Inthelightoftotemisticwaysofthinkingweseeplainlyenoughtherelationofmantofood-animals。Youneedoratleastdesirefleshfood，yetyoushrinkfromslaughtering\'yourbrothertheox\'；youdesirehismana，yetyourespecthistabu，forinyouandhimalikerunsthecommonlife-blood。Onyourownindividualresponsibilityyouwouldneverkillhim；butforthecommonweal，ongreatoccasions，andinafashionconductedwithscrupulouscare，itisexpedientthathedieforhispeople，andthattheyfeastuponhisflesh。”[1]
[1]Themis，p。140。
InherlittlebookAncientArtandRitual[1]JaneHarrisondescribesthededicationofaholyBull，asconductedinGreeceatElis，andatMagnesiaandothercities。“ThereattheannualfairyearbyyearthestewardsofthecityboughtaBull\'thefinestthatcouldbegot，\'andatthenewmoonofthemonthatthebeginningofseed-time[?April]theydedicateditforthecity\'swelfare……TheBullwasledinprocessionattheheadofwhichwentthechiefpriestandpriestessofthecity。Withthemwentaheraldandsacrificer，andtwobandsofyouthsandmaidens。SoholywastheBullthatnothingunluckymightcomenearhim。Theheraldpronouncedaloudaprayerfor\'thesafetyofthecityandtheland，andthecitizens，andthewomenandchildren，forpeaceandwealth，andforthebringingforthofgrainandallotherfruits，andofcattle。\'Allthislongingforfertility，forfoodandchildren，focusesroundtheholyBull，whoseholinessishisstrengthandfruitfulness。”TheBullissacrificed。
Thefleshisdividedinsolemnfeastamongthosewhotakepartintheprocession。“Theholyfleshisnotofferedtoagod，itiseaten——toeverymanhisportion——byeachandeverycitizen，thathemaygethisshareofthestrengthoftheBull，oftheluckoftheState。”ButatAthenstheBouphonia，asitwascalled，wasfollowedbyacuriousceremony。
“Thehidewasstuffedwithstrawandsewedup，andnextthestuffedanimalwassetonitsfeetandyokedtoaploughasthoughitwereploughing。TheDeathisfollowedbyaResurrection。Nowthisisallimportant。
Weareaccustomedtothinkofsacrificeasthedeath，thegivingup，therenouncingofsomething。ButSACRIFICE
doesnotmean\'death\'atall。ItmeansMAKINGHOLY，sanctifying；andholinesswastoprimitivemanjustspecialstrengthandlife。WhattheywantedfromtheBullwasjustthatspeciallifeandstrengthwhichalltheyearlongtheyhadputintohim，andnourishedandfostered。Thatlifewasinhisblood。Theycouldnoteatthatfleshnordrinkthatbloodunlesstheykilledhim。Sohemustdie。Butitwasnottogivehimuptothegodsthattheykilledhim，notto\'sacrifice\'himinoursense，buttohavehim，keephim，eathim，liveBYhimandthroughhim，byhisgrace。”
[1]HomeUniversityLibrary，p。87。
Wehavealreadyhadtodealwithinstancesoftheceremonialeatingofthesacredhe-LamborRam，immolatedintheSpringseasonoftheyear，andpartakenofinakindofcommunalfeast——notwithoutreference(atanyrateinlatertimes)toasupposedLamb-god。AmongtheAinosintheNorthofJapan，asalsoamongtheGilyaksinEasternSiberia，theBearisthegreatfood-animal，andisworshippedasthesupremegiverofhealthandstrength。
Therealsoasimilarritualofsacrificeoccurs。AperfectBeariscaughtandcaged。Heisfedupandevenpamperedtothedayofhisdeath。“Fish，brandyandotherdelicaciesareofferedtohim。Someofthepeopleprostratethemselvesbeforehim；hiscomingintoahousebringsablessing，andifhesniffsatthefoodthatbringsablessingtoo。”Thenheisledoutandslain。Agreatfeasttakesplace，thefleshisdivided，cupfulsofthebloodaredrunkbythemen；thetribeisunitedandstrengthened，andtheBear-godblessestheceremony——theidealBearthathasgivenitslifeforthepeople。[1]
[1]SeeArtandRitual，pp。92-98；TheGoldenBough，ii，375
seq。；Themis，pp。140，141；etc。
Thattheeatingofthefleshofananimaloramanconveystoyousomeofthequalities，thelife-force，themana，ofthatanimalorman，isanideawhichoneoftenmeetswithamongprimitivefolk。Hencethecommontendencytoeatenemywarriorsslaininbattleagainstyourtribe。Bydoingsoyouabsorbsomeoftheirvalorandstrength。EventheenemyscalpswhichanApacheIndianmighthangfromhisbeltweresomethingmagicaltoaddtotheApache\'spower。AsGilbertMurraysays，[1]
“youdevouredtheholyanimaltogetitsmana，itsswiftness，itsstrength，itsgreatendurance，justasthesavagenowwilleathisenemy\'sbrainorheartorhandstogetsomeparticularqualityresidingthere。”Even——asheexplainsontheearlierpage——mereCONTACTwasoftenconsideredsufficient——“wehaveholypillarswhoseholinessconsistsinthefactthattheyhavebeentouchedbythebloodofabull。”AndinthisconnectionwemaynotethatnearlyalltheChristianChurcheshaveagreatbeliefinthevirtueimpartedbythemere\'layingonofhands。\'
[1]FourStagesofGreekReligion，p。36。
Inquiteadifferentconnection——weread[1]thatamongtheSpartansawarrior-boywouldoftenbegfortheloveoftheelderwarriorwhomheadmired(i。e。thecontactwithhisbody)inordertoobtaininthatwayaportionofthelatter\'scourageandprowess。Thatthroughthemediationofthelipsone\'sspiritmaybeunitedtothespiritofanotherpersonisanideanotunfamiliartothemodernmind；whiletheexchangeofblood，clothes，locksofhair，etc。，byloversisacustomknownallovertheworld。[2]
[1]AelianVII，iii，12:
。SeealsoE。Betheon“DieDorischeKnabenliebe“intheRheinischesMuseum，vol。26，iii，461。
[2]SeeCrawley\'sMysticRose，pp。238，242。
Tosupposethatbyeatinganotheryouabsorbhisorhersoulissomewhatnaivecertainly。PerhapsitISmorenative，moreprimitive。YettheremaybeSOMEtrutheveninthatidea。Certainlythefoodthatoneeatshasapsychologicaleffect，andtheflesh-eatersamongthehumanracehaveadifferenttemperamentasarulefromthefruitandvegetableeaters，whileamongtheanimals(thoughothercausesmaycomeinhere)theCarnivoraaredecidedlymorecruelandlessgentlethantheHerbivora。
ToreturntotheritesofDionysus，GilbertMurray，speakingofOrphism——agreatwaveofreligiousreformwhichsweptoverGreeceandSouthItalyinthesixthcenturyB。C——says:[1]“AcuriousrelicofprimitivesuperstitionandcrueltyremainedfirmlyimbeddedinOrphism，adoctrineirrationalandunintelligible，andforthatveryreasonwrappedinthedeepestandmostsacredmystery:abeliefintheSACRIFICEOFDIONYSUSHIMSELF，ANDTHEPURIFICATIONOFMAN
BYHISBLOOD。ItseemspossiblethatthesavageThracians，inthefuryoftheirworshiponthemountains，whentheywerepossessedbythegodandbecame\'wildbeasts，\'actuallytorewiththeirteethandhandsanyhares，goats，fawnsorthelikethattheycameacross……TheOrphiccongregationsoflatertimes，intheirmostholygatherings，solemnlypartookofthebloodofabull，whichwasbyamysterythebloodofDionysus-
Zagreushimself，theBullofGod，slaininsacrificeforthepurificationofman。”[2]
[1]SeeNotestohistranslationoftheBacchofEuripides。
[2]ForadescriptionofthisorgyseeTheocritus，Idyllxxvi；
alsoforexplanationsofit，Lang\'sMyth，RitualandReligion，vol。ii，pp，241-260，onDionysus。TheEncyclopdiaBrit。，article“Orpheus，“says:——“Orpheus，inthemannerofhisdeath，wasconsideredtopersonatethegodDionysus，andwasthusrepresentativeofthegodtorntopieceseveryyear——aceremonyenactedbytheBacchaeintheearliesttimeswithahumanvictim，andafterwardswithabull，torepresentthebull-formedgod。A
distinctfeatureofthisritualwas(eatingthefleshofthevictimraw)，wherebythecommunicantsimaginedthattheyconsumedandassimilatedthegodrepresentedbythevictim，andthusbecamefilledwiththedivineecstasy。”ComparealsotheHindudoctrineofPraj
