Withthishascometolightthethirdstageinthemovementofthisconsciousness，asituationwhichfollowsfromthesecondandonewhichintruthhas，byitswillandbyitsperformance，proveditselfindependent。Inthefirstsituationwehadonlya“notion“ofactualconsciousness，theinwardemotion，whichisnotyetrealinactionandenjoyment。Thesecondisthisactualization，asanexternalexpressactionandenjoyment。Withthereturnoutofthisstage，however，itisthatwhichhasgottoknowitselfasarealandeffectiveconsciousness，orthatwhosetruthconsistsinbeinginandforitself。Buthereintheenemyisdiscoveredinitsspecialandmostpeculiarform。Inthebattleofemotionthisindividualconsciousnesshasthesenseofbeingmerelyatune，anabstractmoment。
Inworkandenjoyment。whicharetherealizationofthisunsubstantialexistence，itcanreadilyforgetitself，andtheconsciousnessofitsownproperlifefoundinthisrealizationisoverbornebygratefulrecognition，Butthisoverthrowofitsproperdistinctivenessisintruthareturnofconsciousnessintoitself，andmoreoverintoitselfasthegeneralreality。
Thisthirdattitude，whereinthisgenuinerealityisoneterm，consistsinsorelatingthisrealitytoabsoluteuniversalBeing，astoshowittobemerenothingness。(8)Thecourseofthisrelationwehavestilltoconsider。
Tobeginwith，asregardsthecontrastedrelationofconsciousness，inwhichitsrealityistakentobeimmediatelynaught，itsactualperformancethusbecomesadoingofnothingatall；itsenjoymentbecomesafeelingofitsownunhappiness。Inconsequence，activityandenjoymentlosealluniversalcontentandsignificance；forinthatcasetheywouldhaveasubstantialityoftheirown:
andbothwithdrawintothestateofparticularity，towhichconsciousnessisdirectedinordertocancelthem。Consciousnessdiscoversitselfasthisconcreteparticularinthefunctionsofanimallife。Theselatter，insteadofbeingperformedunconsciouslyandnaturallyassomethingwhich，perse，isofnosignificance，andcanacquirenoimportanceandessentialvalueforspirit，-theselatter，sinceitisinthemthattheenemyisseeninhisproperandpeculiarshape，areratheranobjectofstrenuousconcernandseriousoccupation，andbecomepreciselythemostimportantconsideration。(9)Since，howeverthisenemycreatesitselfinitsverydefeat，consciousness，bygivingtheenemyafixednessofbeingandofmeaning，insteadofgettingridofhim，reallynevergetsawayfromhimandfindsitselfconstantlydefiled。Andsince，atthesametime，thisobjectofitsexertions，insteadofbeingsomethingessential，istheverymeanest，insteadofbeingauniversal，isthemerestparticular—wehaveherebeforeusmerelyapersonalityconfinedwithinitsnarrowselfanditspettyactivity，apersonalitybroodingoveritself，asunfortunateasitispitiablydestitute。
Butallthesamebothofthese，boththefeelingofitsmisfortuneandthepovertyofitsownaction，arepointsofconnectiontowhichtoattachtheconsciousnessofitsunitywiththeunchangeable。
Fortheattemptedimmediatedestructionofitsactualexistenceisaffectedthroughthethoughtoftheunchangeableandtakesplaceinthisrelationtotheunchangeable。Themediaterelationconstitutestheessenceofthenegativeprocess，inwhichthisconsciousnessdirectsitselfagainstitsparticularityofbeing，which，however，quarelation，isatthesametimeinitselfpositive，andwillbringthisitsunitytolightasanobjectivefactforthisconsciousnessitself。
Thismediaterelationisconsequentlyaconnectedinferentialprocess(Schluss)，inwhichparticularity，establishingitselfatfirstinoppositiontotheinherentessence，isboundtogetherandunitedwiththisothertermonlythroughathirdterm。Throughthismiddletermtheoneextreme，unchangeableconsciousness，hasabeingfortheunessentialconsciousness，inwhich，atthesametime，isalsoinvolvedthatthelatterlikewisehasabeingfortheformer，solelythroughthatmiddleterm；andthismiddletermisthusonewhichpresentsbothextremestooneanother，andactsastheministerofeachinturnindealingwiththeother。Thismediumisitselfaconsciousbeing，foritisanactionmediatingconsciousnessassuch；thecontentofthisactionisthedestructionandannihilation，whichconsciousnesshasinviewindealingwithitsparticularity。
Inthemiddleterm，then，thisconsciousnessgetsfreedfromactionandenjoyment，inthesenseofitsownactionandenjoyment。Itputsawayfromitself，quaself-existentextreme，thesubstanceofitswill，andthrowsontothemediatingterm，ortheministeringagency，(10)itsownproperfreedomofdecision，andherewiththeguiltofitsownact。Thismediator，beingindirectcommunicationwiththeunchangeableBeing，rendersservicebyadvisingwhatisjustandright。
Theact，sincethisfollowsuponobediencetoadeliveranceenunciatedbyanother，ceases，asregardstheperformanceorthewillingoftheact，tobetheagent\'sownproperdeed。Thereisstillleft，however，tothesubordinateconsciousness，itsobjectiveaspect，namely，thefruitofitslabour，andenjoyment。These，therefore，itcastsawayaswell，andjustasitdisclaimeditsownwill，soitcontemnssuchrealityasitreceivedinworkandinenjoyment。Itrenouncesthese，partlyasbeingtheaccomplishedtruthofitsself-consciousindependence，whenitseekstodosomethingquiteforeigntoitself，thinkingandspeakingwhat，forit，hasnosenseormeaning；(11)partly，too，asbeingexternalproperty—whenitdemitssomewhatofthepossessionacquiredthroughitstoil。Italsogivesuptheenjoymentithad—whenwithitsfastingsanditsmortificationsitoncemoreabsolutelydeniesitselfthatenjoyment。
Throughthesemoments—thenegativeabandonmentfirstofitsownrightandpowerofdecision，thenofitspropertyandenjoyment，andfinallythepositivemomentofcarryingonwhatitdoesnotunderstand-itdeprivesitself，completelyandintruth，oftheconsciousnessofinnerandouterfreedom，orrealityinthesenseofitsownexistenceforitself。IthasthecertaintyofhavingintruthstrippeditselfofitsEgo，andofhavingturneditsimmediateself-consciousnessintoa“thing“，intoanobjectiveexternalexistence。
Itcouldensureitsself-renunciationandself-abandonmentsolelybythisrealandvitalsacrifice[ofitsself]。Foronlytherebyisthedeceptiongotridof，whichliesininneracknowledgmentofgratitudethroughheart，sentiment，andtongue—anacknowledgmentwhichindeeddisclaimsallpowerofindependentself-existence，andascribesthispowertoagiftfromabove，butinthisverydisclaimerretainsforitselfitsownproperandpeculiarlife，outwardlyinthepossessionitdoesnotresign，inwardlyintheconsciousnessofthedecisionwhichitselfhasresolveduponandintheconsciousnessofitsownself-constitutedcontent，whichithasnotexchangedforacontentcomingfromwithoutandfillingitwithmeaninglessideasandphrases。
Butinthesacrificeactuallyaccomplished。whileconsciousnesshascancelledtheactionasitsownact，ithasalsoimplicitlydemittedandputoffitsunhappycondition。Yetthatthisdemission(12)
hasimplicitlytakenplace，iseffectedbytheothertermofthelogicalprocess(Schluss)hereinvolved，thetermwhichistheinherentandultimatereality，Thatsacrificeofthesubordinateterm，however，wasatthesametimenotaonesidedaction；itinvolvestheactionoftheother。Forgivingupone\'sownwillisonlyinoneaspectnegative；inprinciple，orinitself，itisatthesametimepositive，positingandaffirmingthewillasanother，。and，specifically，affirmingthewillasnotaparticularbutuniversal。Thisconsciousnesstakesthispositivesignificanceofthenegativelyaffirmedparticularwilltobethewilloftheotherextreme，thewill，which，becauseitissimplyan“other“forconsciousness，assumestheformofadvice，orcounsel，notthroughitself，butthroughthethirdterm，themediator。Henceitswillcertainlybecomes，forconsciousness，universalwill，inherentandessentialwill，butisnotitselfinitsownviewthisinherentreality。Thegivingupofitsownwillasparticularisnottakenbyittobeinprinciplethepositiveelementofuniversalwill。
Similarlyitssurrenderofpossessionandenjoymenthasmerelythesamenegativesignificance，andtheuniversalwhichittherebycomestofindis，initsview，notitsowndoingproper。Thisunityofobjectivityandindependentself-existencewhichliesinthenotionofaction，andwhichthereforecomesforconsciousnesstobetheessentialrealityandobject—asthisisnottakenbyconsciousnesstobetheprincipleofitsaction，neitherdoesitbecomeanobjectforconsciousnessdirectlyandthroughitself。Rather，itmakesthemediatingministerexpressthisstillhaltingcertainty，thatitsunhappystateisonlyimplicitlythereverse，i。e。isonlyimplicitlyactionbringingself-satisfactioninitsactorblessedenjoyment；thatitspitiableactiontooisonlyimplicitlythereverse，namely，absoluteaction；thatinprincipleactionisonlyreallyactionwhenitistheactionofsomeparticularindividual。Butforitsself，actionanditsownconcreteactionremainsomethingmiserableandinsignificant，itsenjoymentpain，andthesublationofthese，positivelyconsidered，remainsamere“beyond“。Butinthisobject，whereitfindsitsownactionandexistence，quathisparticularconsciousness，tobeinherentlyexistenceandactionassuch，therehasarisentheideaofReason，ofthecertaintythatconsciousnessis，initsparticularity，inherentlyandessentiallyabsolute，orisallreality。
1。Theterm“unglücklichesBewusstsein“isdesignedasasummaryexpressionforthefollowingmovement，therebeingnorecognizedgeneraltermforthispurpose，asinthecaseof“Stoicism“。
Thetermhardlyseemsfortunate:withthefollowinganalysisshouldbereadHegel\'sPhilosophyofHistory，part4，sec。2，c。1and2。(Eng。Tr。Pp。380-415)andHistoryofPhilosophy，part2，Introduction。
2。GodasJudge。
3。Christ。
4。Thereligiouscommunion。
5。I。e。thephilosophicalobserver。
6。ThehistoricChristasworshipped，e。g。inthemediaevalchurch。
7。Cp。TheCrusades。
8。TheconceptionofthenothingnessoftheindividualinthesightofGod。
9。Asceticism。
10。ThePriesthood。
11。Cp。TheuseintheChurchservicesofLatininsteadofthevernacular:religiousprocessions，etc。
12。Absolution。
C—
FREECONCRETEMIND(1)
(AA)
()Reason(1)
Reason\'sCertaintyandReason\'sTruthWITHthethoughtwhichconsciousnesshaslaidholdof，thattheindividualconsciousnessisinherentlyabsolutereality，consciousnessturnsbackintoitself。Inthecaseoftheunhappyconsciousness，theinherentandessentialrealityisa“beyond“remotefromitself。Buttheprocessofitsownactivityhasinitscasebroughtoutthetruththatindividuality，whencompletelydeveloped，individualitywhichisaconcreteactualmodeofconsciousness，ismadethenegativeofitself，i。e。theobjectiveextreme；—inotherwords，hasforcedittomakeexplicititsself-existence，andturnedthisintoanobjectivefact。Inthisprocessithasitselfbecomeaware，too，ofitsunitywiththeuniversal，aunitywhich，seeingthattheindividualwhensublatedistheuniversal，isnolongerlookedonbyusasfallingoutsideit，andwhich，sinceconsciousnessmaintainsitselfinthisitsnegativecondition，isinherentlyinitassuchitsveryessence。Itstruthiswhatappearsintheprocessofsynthesis—wheretheextremeswereseentobeabsolutelyheldapart—asthemiddleterm，proclaimingtotheunchangeableconsciousnessthattheisolatedindividualhasrenounceditself，andtotheindividualconsciousnessthattheunchangeableconsciousnessisnolongerforitanextreme，butisonewithitandreconciledtoit。Thismediatingtermistheunitydirectlyawareofboth，andrelatingthemtooneanother；andtheconsciousnessoftheirunity，whichitproclaimstoconsciousnessandtherebytoitself，isthecertaintyandassuranceofbeingalltruth。
Fromthefactthatself-consciousnessisReason，itshithertonegativeattitudetowardsothernessturnsroundintoapositiveattitude。Sofarithasbeenconcernedmerelywithitsindependenceandfreedom；ithassoughttosaveandkeepitselfforitselfattheexpenseoftheworldoritsownactuality，bothofwhichappearedtoittoinvolvethedenialofitsownessentialnature。Butquareason，assuredofitself，itisatpeacesofarastheyareconcerned，andisabletoendurethem；foritiscertainitsselfisreality，certainthatallconcreteactualityisnothingelsebutit。Itsthoughtisitselfeoipsoconcretereality；itsattitudetowardsthelatteristhusthatofIdealism。Toit，lookingatitselfinthisway，itseemsasifnow，forthefirsttime，theworldhadcomeintobeing。Formerly，itdidnotunderstandtheworld，itdesiredtheworldandworkeduponit；thenwithdrewitselffromitandretiredintoitself，abolishedtheworldsofarasitselfwasconcerned，andabolisheditselfquaconsciousness—boththeconsciousnessofthatworldasessentiallyreal，aswellastheconsciousnessofitsnothingnessandunreality。Here，forthefirsttime，afterthegraveofitstruthislost，aftertheannihilationofitsconcreteactualityisitselfdoneawaywith，andtheindividualityofconsciousnessisseentobeinitselfabsolutereality，itdiscoverstheworldasitsownnewandrealworld，whichinitspermanencepossessesaninterestforit，justaspreviouslytheinterestlayonlyinitstransitoriness。Thesubsistenceoftheworldistakentomeantheactualpresenceofitsowntruth；itiscertainoffindingonlyitselfthere。
Reasonistheconsciouscertaintyofbeingallreality。ThisishowIdealismexpressestheprincipleofReason。(3)Justasconsciousnessassumingtheformofreasonimmediatelyandinherentlycontainsthatcertaintywithinit，inthesamewayidealismalsodirectlyproclaimsandexpressesthatcertainty。IamIinthesensethattheIwhichisobjectformeissoleandonlyobject，isallrealityandallthatispresent。TheIwhichisobjecttomehereisnotwhatwehaveinself-consciousnessingeneral，noragainwhatwehaveinfreeindependentself-consciousness；intheformeritismerelyemptyobjectingeneral，inthelatter，itismerelyallobjectthatwithdrawsitselffromotherobjectsthatstillholdtheirownalongsideit。Inthepresentinstance，theobject-egoisobjectwhichisconsciouslyknowntoexcludetheexistenceofanyotherwhatsoever。Selfconsciousness，however，isnotmerelyfromitsownpointofview(fürsich)，butalsoinitsveryself(ansich)allreality，primarilybythefactthatitbecomesthisreality，orratherdemonstratesitselftobesuch。Itdemonstratesitselftobethisbythewayinwhichfirstinthecourseofthedialecticmovementof“meaning“(Meinen)，(4)perceiving，andunderstanding，othernessdisappearsasimplicitlyreal(ansich)；andtheninthemovementthroughtheindependenceofconsciousnessinLordshipandServitude。throughtheideaoffreedom，scepticaldetachment，andthestruggleforabsoluteliberationonthepartoftheself-dividedconsciousness，otherness，insofarasitisonlysubjectivelyforself-consciousness，vanishesforthelatteritself。Thereappearedtwoaspects，oneaftertheother；theonewheretheessentialrealityorthetrulyrealhadforconsciousnessthecharacterof(objective)existence，theotherwhereithadthecharacterofonlybeing(subjectively)forconsciousness。Butbothwerereducedtoonesingletruth，thatwhatisortherealperse(ansich)
onlyissofarasitisanobjectforconsciousness，andthatwhatisforconsciousnessisalsoobjectivelyreal。Theconsciousness，whichisthistruth，hasforgottentheprocessbywhichthisresulthasbeenreached；thepathwaytheretoliesbehindit。Thisconsciousnesscomesonthescenedirectlyintheformofreason；inotherwords，thisreason，appearingthusimmediately，comesbeforeusmerelyasthecertaintyofthattruth。Itmerelygivestheassuranceofbeingallreality；itdoesnot，however，itselfcomprehendthisfact；forthatforgottenpathwaybywhichitarrivesatthispositionistheprocessofcomprehendingwhatisinvolvedinthismereassertionwhichitmakes。Andjustonthataccountanyonewhohasnottakenthisroutefindstheassertionunintelligible，whenhehearsitexpressedinthisabstractformalthoughasamatterofconcreteexperiencehemakesindeedthesameassertionhimself。
ThekindofIdealismwhichdoesnottracethepathtothatresult，butstartsoffwiththebareassertionofthistruth，isconsequentlyamereassurance，whichdoesnotunderstanditsownnature，andcannotmakeitselfintelligibletoanyoneelse。Itannouncesanintuitivecertainty，towhichtherestandincontrastotherequallyintuitivecertaintiesthathavebeenlostjustalongthatverypathway。Hencetheassurancesoftheseothercertaintiesareequallyentitledtoaplacealongsidetheassuranceofthatcertainty。Reasonappealstotheself-consciousnessofeachindividualconsciousness:IamI，myobjectandmyessentialrealityisego；andnoonewilldenyreasonthistruth。Butsinceitrestsonthisappeal，itsanctionsthetruthoftheothercertainty，viz。
thereisformeanother；anotherthan“I“istomeobjectandtruereality:orinthatIamobjectandrealitytomyself，Iamonlysobymywithdrawingmyselffromtheotheraltogetherandappearingalongsideitasanactuality。
Onlywhenreasoncomesforwardasareflexionfromthisoppositecertaintydoesitsassertionregardingitselfappearintheformnotmerelyofacertaintyandanassurancebutofatruth—andatruthnotalongsideothers，buttheonlytruth。Itsappearingdirectlyandimmediatelyistheabstractformofitsactualpresence，theessentialnatureandinherentrealityofwhichisanabsolutenotion，i。e。theprocessofitsowndevelopment。
Consciousnesswilldetermineitsrelationtoothernessoritsobjectinvariouswaysaccordingasitisatoneorotherstageinthedevelopmentoftheworld-spiritintoself-consciousness。Howtheworld-spiritimmediatelyfindsanddeterminesitselfanditsobjectatanygiventime，orhowitappearstoitself，dependsonwhatithasalreadycometobe，oronwhatitalreadyimplicitlyandinherentlyis。
Reasonisthecertaintyofbeingallreality。Thisitsinherentnature，thisreality，isstill，however，throughandthroughauniversal，thepureabstractionofreality。Itisthefirstpositivecharacterwhichself-consciousnessperseisawareofbeing，andegois，therefore，merelythepure，inneressenceofexistence，inotherwords，istheCategorybareandsimple。Thecategory，whichheretoforehadthesignificanceofbeingtheinmostessenceofexistence—ofexistenceindifferenttowhetheritisexistenceatall，orexistenceoveragainstconsciousness—isnowtheessentialnatureorsimpleunityofexistencemerelyinthesenseofarealitythatthinks。Toputitotherwise，thecategorymeansthis，thatexistenceandself-consciousnessarethesamebeing，thesamenotasamatterofcomparison，butreallyandtrulyinandforthemselves。Itisonlyaonesided，unsoundidealismwhichletsthisunityagainappearononesideasconsciousness，witharealityperseoveragainstitontheother。
Butnowthiscategory，orsimpleunityofself-consciousnessandbeing，hasdifferencewithinit；foritsverynatureconsistsjustinthis—inbeingimmediatelyoneandidenticalwithitselfinothernessorinabsolutedifference。Differencethereforeis，butcompletelytransparent，adifferencethatisatthesametimenone。Itappearsintheformofapluralityofcategories。Sinceidealismpronouncesthesimpleunityofself-consciousnesstobeallreality，andmakesitstraightwaytheessentiallyrealwithoutfirsthavingcomprehendeditsabsolutelynegativenature—onlyanabsolutelynegativerealitycontainswithinitsverybeingnegation，determinateness，ordifference—stillmoreincomprehensibleisthissecondposition，viz。thatinthecategorytherearedifferences，kindsorspeciesofcategories。Thisassuranceingeneral，asalsotheassuranceastoanydeterminatenumberofkindsofcategories，isanewassurance，which，however，itselfimpliesthatweneednolongeracceptitasanassurance。Forsincedifferencestartsinthepureego，inpureunderstandingitself，itistherebyaffirmedthathereimmediacy，makingassurances，findingsomethinggiven，mustbeabandonedandreflectivecomprehensionbegin。Buttopickupthevariouscategoriesagaininanysortofwayasakindofhappyfind，hitupon，e。g。inthedifferentjudgments，andthentobecontentsotoacceptthem，mustreallyberegardedasanoutrageonscientificthinking。(5)Whereisunderstandingtobeabletodemonstratenecessity，ifitisincapableofsodoinginitsowncase，itselfbeingpurenecessity?
Nowbecause，inthisway，thepureessentialbeingofthings，aswellastheiraspectofdifference，belongstoreason，wecan，strictlyspeaking，nolongertalkofthingsatall，i。e。ofsomethingwhichwouldonlybepresenttoconsciousnessbynegativelyopposingit。Forthemanycategoriesarespeciesofthepurecategory，whichmeansthatthepurecategoryisstilltheirgenusoressentialnature，andnotopposedtothem。Buttheyareindeedthatambiguousbeingwhichcontainsothernesstoo，asopposedtothepurecategoryinitsplurality。They，inpointoffact，contradictthepurecategorybythisplurality，andthepurecategorymustsublatetheminitself，aprocessbywhichitconstitutesitselfthenegativeunityofthedifferentelements。Quanegativeunity，however，itputsawayfromitselfandexcludesboththediverseelementsassuch，andthatpreviousimmediateunityassuch；itisthenindividualsingleness—anewcategory，whichisanexclusiveformofconsciousness，i。e。standsinrelationtosomethingelse，another。Thisindividualityisitstransitionfromitsnotiontoanexternalreality，thepure“schema“，whichisatonceaconsciousness，andinconsequenceofitsbeingasingleindividualandanexcludingunit，pointstothepresenceofanexternalother。Butthe“other“ofthiscategoryismerelythe“other“categoriesfirstmentioned，viz。pureessentialrealityandpuredifference；andinthiscategory，i。e。justinaffirmingtheother，orinthisotheritself，consciousnessislikewiseitselftoo。Eachofthesevariousmomentspointsandreferstoanother；atthesametime，however，theydonotinvolveanyabsoluteotherness。Thepurecategoryreferstothespecies，whichpassoverintothenegativecategory，thecategoryofexclusion，individuality；thislatter，however，pointsbacktothem，itisitselfpureconsciousness，whichisawareineachofthemofbeingalwaysthisclearunitywithitself—aunity，however，thatinthesamewayisreferredtoanother，whichinbeingdisappears，andindisappearingisonceagainbroughtintobeing。
Weseepureconsciousnesshereaffirmedinatwofoldform。Inonecaseitistherestlessactivitywhichpasseshitherandthitherthroughallitsmoments，seeinginthemthatothernesswhichissublatedintheprocessofgraspingit；intheothercaseitistheimperturbableunitycertainofitsowntruth。Thatrestlessactivityconstitutesthe“other“forthisunity，whilethisunityisthe“otherforthatactivity；andwithinthesereciprocallydeterminingoppositesconsciousnessandobjectalternate。Consciousnessthusatonetimefindsitselfseekingabouthitherandthither，anditsobjectiswhatabsolutelyexistsperse，andistheessentiallyreal；atanothertimeconsciousnessisawareofbeingthecategorybareandsimple，andtheobjectisthemovementofthedifferentelements。
Consciousness，however，quaessentialreality，isthewholeofthisprocessofpassingoutofitselfquasimplecategoryintoindividualityandtheobject，andofviewingthisprocessintheobject，cancellingitasdistinct，appropriatingitasitsown，anddeclaringitselfasthiscertaintyofbeingallreality，ofbeingbothitselfanditsobject。
Itsfirstdeclarationismerelythisabstract，emptyphrasethateverythingisitsown。Forthecertaintyofbeingallrealityistobeginwiththepurecategory。Reasonknowingitselfinthissenseinitsobjectiswhatfindsexpressioninabstractemptyidealism；(6)itmerelytakesreasonasreasonappearsatfirst，andbyitspointingoutthatinallbeingthereisthisbareconsciousnessofa“mine“，andbyexpressingthingsassensationsorideas，itfanciesithasshownthatabstractmine“
ofconsciousnesstobecompletereality。Itisbound，therefore，tobeatthesametimeabsoluteEmpiricism，because，forthefillingofthisempty“mine“，i。e。fortheelementofdistinctionandallthefurtherdevelopmentandembodimentofit，itsreasonneedsanimpact(Anstoss)operatingfromwithout，inwhichliesthefonsetorigoofthemultiplicityofsensationsorideas。Thiskindofidealismisthusjustsuchaself-contradictoryequivocationasscepticism，only，whilethelatterexpressesitselfnegatively，theformerdoessoinapositiveway。Butitfailsjustascompletelyasscepticismtolinkupitscontradictorystatementsaboutpureconsciousnessbeingallreality，whileallthetimethealienimpact，orsense-impressionsandideas，areequallyreality。Itoscillateshitherandthitherfromonetotheotherandtumblesintothefalse，orthesensuous，infinite。(7)Sincereasonisallrealityinthesenseoftheabstract“mine“，andthe“other“isanexternalityindifferenttoit，thereishereaffirmedjustthatsortofknowledgeofan“other“onthepartofreason，whichwemetwithbeforeintheformof“intending“ormeaning“(Meinen)，(8)“perceiving“，and“understanding“，whichgraspswhatis“meant“andwhatis“perceived“。Suchakindofknowledgeisatthesametimeassertedbytheveryprincipleofthisidealismitselfnottobetrueknowledge；
foronlytheunityofapperceptionistherealtruthofknowledge。Purereasonasconceivedbythisidealism，ifitistogetatthis“other“whichisessentialtoit，i。e。reallyisperse，butwhichitdoesnotpossessinitself—isthusthrownbackonthatknowledgewhichisnotaknowledgeoftherealtruth。Itthuscondemnsitselfknowinglyandvoluntarilytobeinganuntruekindofknowledge，andcannotgetawayfrom“meaning“and“perceiving“，whichforithavenotruthatall。Itfallsintoadirectcontradiction；itassertsthattherealhasatwofoldnature，consistsofelementsinsheeropposition，istheunityofapperceptionanda“thing“aswell；whetherathingiscalledanalienimpact，oranempiricalentity，orsensibility，orthe“thinginitself“，itremainsinprinciplepreciselythesame，viz。somethingexternalandforeigntothatunity。
Thisidealismfallsintosuchacontradictionbecauseitassertstheabstractnotionofreasontobethetruth。Consequentlyrealitycomesdirectlybeforeitjustasmuchinaformwhichisnotstrictlytherealityofreasonatall，whereasreasonallthewhileisintendedtobeallreality。Reasonremains，inthiscase，arestlesssearch，whichinitsveryprocessofseekingdeclaresthatitisutterlyimpossibletohavethesatisfactionoffinding。Butactualconcretereasonisnotsoinconsequentasthis。Beingatfirstmerelythecertaintythatitisallreality，itisinthisnotionwellawarethatquacertaintyquaegoitisnotyetintruthallreality；andthusreasonisdrivenontoraiseitsformalcertaintyintoactualtruth，andgiveconcretefillingtotheempty“mine“。
1。Cp。Hegel\'sHist。OfPhilos。，pt。2，§3，Introd。AndC:pt。3，Introd。Philos。OfHist。，pt。4，§
3，c。3adfin。
2。Cp。Naturphilos。，W。W。，vii。1。§246；Logik，W。W。，v。
3。Cp。Fichte，Grundlaged。Gesam。Wissenschaftslehre。
4。V。sup。P。154ff。
5。ThisreferstoKant\'s“discovery“ofhis“tableofcategories“。
6。Fichte，Berkeley。
7。Cp。Wiss。D。Logik，Pt。I，p。253ff。
8。V。sup。P。154ff。
A
ObservationasaProcessofReasonTHISconsciousness，whichtakesbeingtomeanwhatisitsown，nowseems，indeed，toadoptonceagaintheattitudeof“meaning“(1)and“perceiving“；butnotinthesensethatitiscertainofwhatisamere“other“，butinthesensethatitiscertainofthis“other“beingitself。Formerly，consciousnessmerelyhappenedtoperceivevariouselementsinthe“thing“，andhadacertainexperienceinsodoing。Buthereititselfsettlestheobservationstobemadeandtheexperiencetobehad。“Meaning“and“perceiving“，whichformerlyweresupersededsofaraswewereconcerned(füruns)，arenowsupersededbyconsciousnessinitsownbehalf(füres)。Reasonsetsouttoknowthetruth，tofindintheformofanotionwhat，for“meaning“and“perceiving“，isa“thing“；i。e。itseeksinthinghoodtohavemerelytheconsciousnessofitsownself。Reasonhas，therefore，nowauniversalinterestintheworld，becauseitiscertainofitspresenceintheworld，oriscertainthattheactualpresentisrational。Itseeksits“other“，whileknowingthatittherepossessesnothingelsebutitself:itseeksmerelyitsowninfinitude。
While，atfirst，merelysurmisingthatitisintheworldofreality，orknowingthisonlyinageneralwaytobeitsown，itgoesforwardonthisunderstandingandappropriateseverywhereandatallpointsitsownassuredpossession。Itplantsthesymbolofitssovereigntyontheheightsandinthedepthsofreality。Butthissuperficial“mine“isnotitsfinalandsupremeinterest。Thejoyofuniversalappropriationfindsstillinitspropertythealienotherwhichabstractreasondoesnotcontainwithinitself。Reasonhasthepresentimentofbeingadeeperrealitythanpureegois，andmustdemandthatdifference，themanifolddiversityofbeing，shoulditselfbecomeitsveryown，thattheegoshouldlookatandseeitselfasconcretereality，andfinditselfpresentinobjectivelyembodiedformandintheshapeofa“thing“。Butifreasonprobesandgropesthroughtheinmostrecessesofthelifeofthings，andopenstheireveryveinsothatreasonitselfmaygushoutofthem，thenitwillnotachievethisdesiredresult；itmust，foritspurpose，havefirstbroughtaboutinitselfitsowncompletioninordertobeableafterthattoexperiencewhatitscompletionmeans。
Consciousness“observes“，i。e。reasonwantstofindandtohaveitselfintheformofexistentobject，tobe，inconcretesensuously-presentform。Theconsciousnessthusobservingfancies(meint)，and，indeed，saysthatitwantstodiscovernotitself，but，onthecontrary，theinnerbeingofthingsquathings。Thatthisconsciousness“means“thisandsaysso，liesinthefactthatitisreason，butreasonassuchisforitnotasyetobject。
Ifitweretoknowreasontobeequallyandatoncetheessenceofthingsandofitself，andknewthatreasoncanonlybeactuallypresentinconsciousnessintheformandshapepeculiarlyappropriatetoreason，thenitwoulddescendintothedepthsofitsownbeing，andseekreasonthereratherthaninthings。Ifithadfoundreasonthere，itwouldagainturnfromthatandbedirecteduponconcretereality，inordertoseethereinitsownsensuousexpression，butwould，atthesametime，takethatsensuousformtobeessentiallyanotion。
Reason，asitimmediatelyappearsintheformofconsciouscertaintyofbeingallreality，takesitsrealityinthesenseofimmediacyofbeing，andalsotakestheunityofegowiththisobjectiveexistenceinthesenseofanimmediateunity，aunityinwhichit(reason)hasnotyetseparatedandthenagainunitedthemomentofbeingandego，or，inotherwords，aunitywhichreasonhasnotyetcometounderstand。It，therefore，whenappearingasconsciousobservation，turnstothingswiththeideathatitisreallytakingthemassensuousthingsopposedtotheego。Butitsactualprocedurecontradictsthisidea，foritknowsthings，ittransformstheirsensuouscharacterintoconceptions，i。e。justintoakindofbeingwhichatthesametimeisego；ittransformsthoughtintoanexistentthought，orbeingintoathought-constitutedbeing，and，infact，assertsthatthingshavetruthmerelyasconceptions。Inthisprocess，itisonlywhatthethingsarethatconsciousnessinobservationbecomesawareof；we，however[whoaretracingthenatureofthisexperience]，becomeawareofwhatconsciousobservationitselfis。Theoutcomeofitsprocess，however，willbethatthisconsciousnessbecomesawareofbeingforitselfwhatitisinitself[i。e。becomesawareofbeingtoitselfwhat，inthemeantime，itistous]。
Wehavetoconsidertheoperationofthisobservationalphaseofreasoninallthevariousmomentsofitsactivity。IttakesupthisattitudetowardsNature，Mind，andfinallytowardstherelationofbothintheformofsense-existence；andinalltheseitseekstofinditselfasadefinitelyexistingconcreteactuality。
1。v。p。154ff。
a(1)
ObservationofNatureWHENtheunreflectiveconsciousnessspeaksofobservationandexperienceasbeingthefountainoftruth，thephrasemaypossiblysoundasifthewholebusinesswereamatteroftasting，smelling，feeling，hearing，andseeing。Itforgets，initszealfortasting，smelling，etc。，tosaythat，inpointoffact，ithasreallyandrationallydeterminedforitselfalreadytheobjectthussensuouslyapprehended，andthisdeterminationoftheobjectisatleastasimportantforitasthatapprehension。Itwillalsoasreadilyadmitthatitswholeconcernisnotsimplyamatterofperceiving，andwillnotallow，e。g，。theperceptionthatthispenknifeliesbesidethissnuff-boxtopassforan“observation“。Whatisperceivedshould，atleast，havethesignificanceofauniversal，andnotofasensuousparticular“this“。
Theuniversal，hereregarded，is，onlyinthefirstinstance，whatremainsidenticalwithitself；itsmovementismerelytheuniformrecurrenceofthesameoperation。Theconsciousness，whichthusfarfindsintheobjectmerelyuniversalityortheabstract“mine“，musttakeuponitselfthemovementpeculiartotheobject；and，sinceitisnotyetatthestageofunderstandingthatobject，itmust，atleast，betherecollectionofit，arecollectionwhichexpressesinauniversalwaywhat，inactualfact，ismerelypresentinaparticularform。Thissuperficialwayofeducingfromparticularity，andtheequallysuperficialformofuniversalityintowhichthesenseelementismerelytakenup，withoutthesenseelementhavinginitselfbecomeauniversal——thisdescriptionofthingsisnotasyetaprocesseffectedintheobjectitself。Theprocessreallytakesplacesolelyinthefunctionofdescribing。Theobjectasitisdescribedhasconsequentlylostinterest，whenoneobjectisbeingdescribedanothermustbetakeninhandandeversought，soasnottoputastoptotheprocessofdescription。Ifitisnolongereasytofindnewandwholethings，thenthereisnothingforitbuttoturnbackuponthosealreadyfound，inordertodividethemstillfurther，breakthemupintocomponentpartsandlookoutforanynewaspectsofthinghoodthatstillremaininthem。Therecanneverbeanendtothematerialatthedisposalofthisrestlesslyactiveinstinct。Tofindanewgenusofdistinctivesignificance，oreventodiscoveranewplanet，whichalthoughanindividualentityyetpossessesthenatureofauniversal，canonlyfalltothelotofthosewhoareluckyenough。Buttheboundarylineofwhat，likeelephant，oak，gold，ismarkedlydistinctive，thelineofdemarcationofwhatisgenusandspeciespassesthroughmanystagesintotheendlessparticularizationofthechaosofplantsandanimals，kindsofrocks，orofmetals，formsofearth，etc。，etc。，thatonlyforceandcraftcanbringtolight。Inthisrealmwhereuniversalitymeansindeterminateness，whereparticularitynowapproximatestosingleness，andagainatthispointandthatevendescendstoitentirely，thereisofferedaninexhaustiblesupplyofmaterialforobservationanddescriptiontodealwith。Here，whereaboundlessfieldisopenedup，attheboundarylineoftheuniversalitcanhavefoundnotanimmeasurablewealth，butinstead，merelythelimitationsofnatureandofitsownoperation。Itcannolongerknowwhetherwhatseemstohavebeingperseisnotachanceaccident。Whatbearstheimpressofaconfusedorimmaturefeeblestructure，barelyevolvingfromthestageofelementaryindeterminateness，cannotclaimeventobedescribed。
Whilethisseekinganddescribingseemtobeconcernedmerelywiththings，weseethatinpointoffactitdoesnotcontinueintheformofsense-perception。Rather，whatenablesthingstobeknownismoreimportantfordescriptionthantherangeofsensepropertiesstillleftover，qualitieswhich，ofcourse，thethingitselfcannotdowithout，butwhichconsciousnessdispenseswith。Throughthisdistinctionintowhatisessentialandwhatisunessential，thenotionrisesoutofthedispersionofsensibility，andknowledgetherebymakesitclearthatithastodoatleastquiteasessentiallywithitsownselfaswiththings。Thistwofoldessentialityproducesacertainhesitationastowhetherwhatisessentialandnecessaryforknowledgeisalsosointhecaseofthethings。Ontheonehand，thequalifying“marks“havemerelytoservethepurposeofknowledgeindistinguishingthingsinterse；ontheotherhand，however，itisnottheunessentialqualityofthingsthathastobeknown，butthatfeatureinvirtueofwhichtheythemselvesbreakawayfromthegeneralcontinuityofbeingasawhole，separatethemselvesfromothersandstandbythemselves。Thedistinguishing“marks“mustnotonlyhaveanessentialrelationtoknowledgebutalsobetheessentialcharacteristicsofthethings，andthesystemofmarksdevisedmustconformtothesystemofnatureitself，andmerelyexpressthissystem。Thisfollowsnecessarilyfromtheveryprincipleandmeaningofreason；andtheinstinctofreason——foritoperatesinthisprocessofobservationmerelyasaninstinct——hasalsoinitssystemsattainedthisunity，aunitywhereitsobjectsaresoconstitutedthattheycarrytheirownessentialrealitywiththem，involveanexistenceontheirownaccount，andarenotsimplyanincidentofagivenparticulartime，oraparticularplace。Thedistinguishingmarksofanimals，forexample，aretakenfromtheirclawsandteeth；for，inpointoffact，notonlydoesknowledgedistinguishthusoneanimalfromanother，buteachanimalitselfseparatesitselfoffthereby；itpreservesitselfindependentlybymeansoftheseweapons，andkeepsitselfdetachedfromtheuniversalnature。Aplant，ontheotherhand，nevergetsthelengthofexistingforitself；ittouchesmerelytheboundarylineofindividuality。Thislineiswhereplantsshowthesemblanceofdiremptionandseparationbythepossessionofdifferentsex-characters；thisfurnishes，therefore，theprinciplefordistinguishingplantsinterse。What，however，standsonastilllowerlevelcannotofitselfanylongerdistinguishitselffromanother；itgetslostwhenthecontrastcomesintoplay。
Quiescentbeingandbeinginarelationcomeintoconflictwithoneanother；a“thing“inthelattercaseissomethingdifferentfroma“thing“intheformerstate；whereasthe“individuum“consistsinpreservingitselfinrelationtoanother。What，however，isincapableofthisandbecomesinchemicalfashionsomethingotherthanitisempirically，confusesknowledgeandgivesrisetothesamedoubtastowhetherknowledgeistoholdtotheonesideortheother，sincethethinghasitselfnoself-consistency，andthesetwosidesfallapartwithinit。
Inthosesystemswheretheelementsinvolvegeneralself-sameness，thischaracterconnotesatoncetheself-samenessofknowledgeandofthingsthemselvesaswell。Butthisexpansionoftheseself-identicalcharacteristics，eachofwhichdescribesundisturbedtheentirecircuitofitscourseandgetsfullscopetodoasitlikes，necessarilyleadsasreadilytoitsveryopposite，leadstotheconfusionofthesecharacteristics。Forthequalifyingmark，thegeneralcharacteristicistheunityofoppositefactors，viz。ofwhatisdeterminate，andofwhatisperseuniversal。Itmust，therefore，breakasunderintothisopposition。If，now，ononesidethecharacteristicovermasterstheuniversalityinwhichitsessencelies，ontheotherside，again，thisuniversalityequallykeepsthatcharacteristicundercontrol，forcesthelatterontoitsboundaryline，andthereminglestogetheritsdistinctionsanditsessentialconstituents。Observationwhichkeptthemapartinorderlyfashion，andthoughtithadholdthereofsomethingstableandfixed，findstheprinciplesoverlappinganddominatingoneanother，seesconfusionsformedandtransitionsmadefromonetoanother；hereitfindsunitedwhatittookatfirsttobeabsolutelyseparated，andthereseparatedwhatitconsideredconnected。Hence，whenobservationthusholdsbytheunbrokenself-samenessofbeing，ithashere，justinthemostgeneraldeterminationsgiven-e。g。inthecaseoftheessentialmarksofananimaloraplant-toseeitselftormentedwithinstances，whichrobitofeverydetermination，silencetheuniversalityitreached，andreduceitagaintounreflectiveobservationanddescription。
Observation，whichconfinesitselfinthiswaytowhatissimple，orrestrictsthesensuouslydispersedelementsbytheuniversal，thusfindsitsprincipleconfusedbyitsobject，becausewhatisdeterminedmustbyitsverynaturegetlostinitsopposite。Reason，therefore，mustpassfromthatinertcharacteristicwhichhadthesemblanceofstability，andgoontoobserveitasitreallyisintruth，viz。asrelatingitselftoitsopposite。Whatarecalledessentialmarksarepassivecharacteristics，which，whenexpressedandapprehendedassimple，donotbringoutwhatconstitutestheirrealnature——whichistobevanishingmomentsofitsprocessofwithdrawingandbetakingitselfintoitself。Sincetheinstinctofreasonnowarrivesatthepointoflookingforthecharacteristicinthelightofitstruenature——thatofessentiallypassingoverintoitsoppositeandnotexistingapartbyitselfandforitsownsake——itseeksaftertheLawandthenotionoflaw。Itseeksforthem，moreover，asexistingreality；butthisfeatureofconcreterealitywillinpointoffactdisappearbeforereason，andtheaspectsofthelawwillbecomeforitmeremomentsorabstractions，sothatthelawcomestolightinthenatureofthenotion，whichhasdestroyedwithinitselftheindifferentsubsistenceofsensuousreality。
Totheconsciousnessobserving，thetruthofthelawisgivenin“experience“，inthewaythatsenseexistenceisobjectforconsciousness；thetruthisnotgiveninanditself。If，however，thelawdoesnothaveitstruthforinthenotion，itissomethingcontingent，notanecessity，infact，notalaw。Butitsbeingessentiallyintheformofanotiondoesnotmerelynotcontradictitsbeingpresentforobservationtodealwith，butreallygivesitonthataccountnecessaryexistence，andmakesitanobjectforobservation。Theuniversalinthesenseofarationaluniversalityisalsouniversalinthesenseimpliedintheabovenotion:itsbeingisforconsciousness，itpresentsitselfthereasthereal，theobjectivepresent；thenotionsetsitselfforthintheformofthinghoodandsensuousexistence。
Butitdoesnot，onthataccount，loseitsnatureandfallintotheconditionofimmovablesubsistingpassivity，ormereadventitious(gleichgültig)succession。Whatisuniversallyvalidisalsouniversallyeffective:whatoughttobe，asamatteroffact，istoo；andwhatmerelyshouldbe，andisnot，hasnorealtruth。Theinstinctofreasonisentirelywithinitsrightswhenitstandsfirmonthispoint，andrefusestobeledastraybyentiaintellectuswhichmerelyoughttobeand，quaought，shouldbeallowedtohavetrutheventhoughtheyaretobemetwithnowhereinexperience；anddeclinestobeturnedasidebythehypotheticalsuggestionsandalltheotherimpalpableunrealitiesdesignedintheinterestofaneverlasting“oughttobe“whichneveris。(1)Forreasonisjustthiscertaintyofhavingreality；andwhatconsciousnessisnotawareofasarealself(Selbstwesen)，i。e。
whatdoesnotappear，isnothingforconsciousnessatall。
Thetruenatureoflaw，viz。:thatitessentiallyisreality，nodoubtagainassumesforconsciousnesswhichremainsatthelevelofobservation，theformofanoppositeoveragainstthenotionandtheinherentlyuniversal；inotherwords，thisconsciousnessdoesnottakesuchanobjectasitslawtobearealityofreason；itthinksithasgottheresomethingexternalandforeign。Butitcontradictsitsownideabyactuallyandinfactnottakingitsuniversalitytomeanthatallindividualthingsofsensemusthavegivenevidenceofthelawtoenablethetruthofthelawtobeasserted。Theassertionthatstones，whenraisedfromthegroundandlotgo，fall，doesnotatallrequireustomaketheexperimentwithallstones。Itmeansmostlikelythatthisexperimentmusthavebeentriedatleastwithagoodmany，andfromthatwecanbyanalogydrawaninferenceabouttherestwiththegreatestprobabilityorwithperfectright。Yetanalogynotonlygivesnoperfectright，but，onaccountofitsnature，contradictsitselfsooftenthattheinferencetobedrawnfromanalogyitselfratheristhatanalogydoesnotpermitaninferencetobedrawn。Probability，whichiswhatanalogywouldcometo，loses，whenfacetofacewithtruth，everydistinctionoflessandgreater；betheprobabilityasgreatasitmayitisnothingasagainsttruth。Theinstinctofreason，however，takes，asamatteroffact，lawsofthatsortfortruth。Itiswhenreasondoesnotfindnecessityinthemthatitresortstomakingthisdistinction，andlowersthetruthofthemattertothelevelofprobability，inordertobringouttheimperfectwayinwhichtruthispresentedtotheconsciousnessthatasyethasnoinsightintothepurenotion；foruniversalityisbeforeittheremerelyintheformofsimpleimmediateuniversality。But，atthesametime，onaccountofthisuniversality，thelawhastruthforconsciousness。Thatastonefallsistrueforconsciousness，becauseitisawareofthestonebeingheavy，i。e。becauseinweight，takenbyitselfassuch，thestonehasthatessentialrelationtotheearthexpressedinthefactoffalling。Consciousnessthusfindsinexperiencetheobjectivebeingofthelaw，buthasitthereintheformofanotionaswell；andonlybecauseofbothfactorstogetheristhelawtrueforconsciousness。Thelaw，therefore，isacceptedasalawbecauseitpresentsitselfinthesphereofappearanceandis，atthesametime，initsverynatureanotion。
Theinstinctofreasoninthistypeofconsciousness，becausethelawisatthesametimeinherentlyanotion，proceedstogivethelawanditsmomentsapurelyconceptualform；andproceedstodothisofnecessity，butwithoutknowingthatthisiswhatitseekstodo。Itputsthelawtothetestofexperiment。Asthelawfirstappears，itisenvelopedinparticularsofsense，andthenotionconstitutingitsnatureisinvolvedwithempiricalelements。Theinstinctofreasonsetstoworktofindoutbyexperimentwhatfollowsinsuchandsuchcircumstances。Bysodoingthelawseemsonlytobeplungedstillfurtherintosense；butsenseexistencereallygetslostintheprocess。Theinnerpurportofthisinvestigationistofindpureconditionsofthelaw；andthismeansnothingelse(eveniftheconsciousnessstatingthefactweretothinkitmeantsomethingdifferent)thancompletelytobringoutthelawinconceptualshapeanddetachitsmomentsentirelyfromdeterminatespecificexistence。Forexample，negativeelectricity，whichisknownatfirst，say，intheformofresin-electricity，whilepositiveelectricitycomesbeforeusasglass-electricity——these，bymeansofexperiments，losealtogethersuchasignificance，andbecomepurelypositiveandnegativeelectricity，neitherofwhichisboundupanylongerwiththingsofaparticularkind；andwecannolongersaythattherearebodieswhichareelectricalpositively，otherselectricalnegatively。
Inthesamewaytherelationshipofacidandbaseandtheirreactionconstitutealawinwhichtheseoppositefactorsappearasbodies。Yetthesesunderedthingshavenoreality；thepowerwhichtearsthemapartcannotpreventthemfromenteringforthwithintoaprocess；fortheyaremerelythisrelation。Theycannotsubsistandbeindicatedbythemselvesapart，likeatoothoraclaw。Thatitistheirverynaturetopassoverdirectlyintoaneutralproductmakestheirexistencelieinbeingcancelledandsuperseded，ormakesitintoauniversal；andacidandbasepossesstruthmerelyquaUniversal。Just，then，asglassandresincanbeequallywellpositivelyasnegativelyelectrified，inthesamewayacidandbasearenotattachedaspropertiesorqualitiestothisorthatreality；
eachthingisonlyrelativelyacidulateandbasic；whatseemstobeanabsolutebaseoranabsoluteacidgetsintheso-calledSynsomates(2)theoppositesignificanceinrelationtoanother。
Theresultoftheexperimentsisinthiswaytocancelthemomentsorinnersignificationsaspropertiesofspecificthings，andfreethe，predicatesfromtheirsubjects。Thesepredicatesarefoundmerelyasuniversal，andintruththatiswhattheyare。Becauseofthisselfsubsistencetheythereforegetthenameofkindsof“matter“，whichisneitherabodynorapropertyofabody；
certainlynoonewouldcallacid，positiveandnegativeelectricity，heat，(3)etc。，bodies。
Matter，onthecontrary，isnotathingthatexists，itisbeinginthesenseofuniversalbeing，orbeinginthewaytheconceptisbeing。Reason，stillinstinctive，correctlydrawsthisdistinctionwithoutbeingconsciousthatit(reason)，bytheveryfactofitstestingthelawineverysense-particular，cancelsthemerelysensuousexistenceofthelaw；and，whenitconstruesthemomentsofthelawasformsofmatter，theiressentialnatureistakentobesomethinguniversal，andspecificallyexpressedasanon-sensuouselementofsense，anincorporealandyetobjectiveexistence。
Wehavenowtoseewhatturnitsresulttakes，andwhatnewshapethisactivityofobservationwill，inconsequence，assume。Astheoutcomeandtruthofthisexperimentationwefindpurelaw，whichisfreedfromsensuouselements；weseeitasaconcept，which，whilepresentinsense，operatesthereindependentlyandunrestrained，whileenvelopedinsense，isdetachedfromitandisaconceptbareandsimple。This，whichisintruthresultandessence，nowcomesbeforethisconsciousnessitself，butasanobject；moreover，sincetheobjectisnotexactlyaresultforitandisunrelatedtotheprecedingprocess，theobjectisaspecifickindofobject，andtherelationofconsciousnesstoittakestheformofanotherkindofobservation。
a(2)
ObservationofOrganicNatureSuchanobjectwhichsustainstheprocedureinthesimpleactivityofthenotionisanorganism。
Organicexistenceisthisabsolutelyfluidconditionwhereindeterminateness，whichwouldonlyputitinrelationtoanother，isdissolved。Inorganicthingsinvolvedeterminatenessintheirveryessence；andonthataccountathingrealizesthecompletenessofthemomentsofthenotiononlyalongwithanotherthing，andhencegetslostwhenitentersthedialecticmovement。Inthecaseofanorganicbeing，ontheotherhand，alldeterminatecharacteristics，bymeansof“whichitispalpabletoanother，areheldunderthecontrolofthesimpleorganicunity；noneofthemcomesforwardasessentialandcapableofdetachingitselffromtherestandrelatingitselftoanotherbeing。Whatisorganic，therefore，preservesitselfinitsveryrelation。
Theaspectsoflawonwhichtheinstinctofreasondirectsitsobservationhereare，asweseefromtheabove，inthefirstinstanceorganicnatureandinorganicnatureintheirrelationtooneanother。
Thelattermeansfororganicnaturejustthefreeplay-afreedomopposedtothesimplenotionoforganicnature——looselyconnectedcharacteristicsinwhichindividuatednatureisatoncedissolved，andoutofthecontinuityofwhichtheindividuatedunitofnatureatthesametimebreaksawayandexistsseparately。Air，water，earth，zonesandclimateareuniversalelementsofthissort，whichmakeuptheindeterminatesimplebeingofnaturalindividualities，andinwhichtheseareatthesametimereflectedintothemselves。Neithertheindividualitynorthenaturalelementisabsolutelyself-contained。Onthecontrary:intheindependentdetachment，whichobservationfindstheseassumingtowardsoneanother，theystandatthesametimeinessentialrelationtooneanother，butinsuchawaythattheirindependenceandmutualindifferenceformthepredominatingfeature，andonlyinpartbecomeabstractions。Here，then，lawappearsastherelationofanelementtotheformativeprocessoftheorganicbeing，whichatonemomenthastheelementoveragainstitself，atanotherexhibitsitwithinitsownself-determiningorganicstructure。Butlawslikethese:animalsbelongingtotheairareofthenatureofbirds，thosebelongingtowaterhavetheconstitutionoffish，animalsinnortherlylatitudeshavethickcoatsofhair，andsoon-suchlawsexhibitadegreeofpovertywhichdoesnotdojusticetothemanifoldvarietyoforganicnature。Besidesthefactthatthefreeactivityoforganicnaturecanreadilydivestitsformsofdeterminatecharacterslikethesesandeverywherepresentsofnecessityexceptionstosuchlawsorrules，aswemightcallthem；thecharacterizationofthoseveryanimalstowhichtheydoapplyissoverysuperficialthateventhenecessityofthe“laws“canbenothingelsebutsuperficialtoo，anddoesnotcarryusfurtherthanwhatisimpliedinspeakingofthe“greatinfluence“ofenvironmentontheorganism。Andthisdoesnottelluswhatproperlyisduetothatinfluenceandwhatisnot。Suchlikerelationsoforganicbeingstotheelementstheyliveincannotthereforebestrictlycalledlawsatall。For，ontheonehand，sucharelation，whenwelookatitscontent，doesnotexhaust，aswesaw，therangeoftheorganicbeingsconsidered，andontheother，thetermsoftherelationitselfstandindifferentlyapartfromoneanotherandexpressnonecessity。Intheconceptofanacidliesthenotionofabase，justasthenotionofpositiveelectricityimpliesthatofnegative；buteventhoughwedofindasafactathickcoatofhairassociatedwithnortherlylatitudes，thestructureofafishwithwater，orthatofbirdswithair，thereisnothinginthenotionofthenorthimplyingthenotionofathickcoveringofhair，thenotionofthestructureoffishdoesnotlieinthenotionofthesea，northatofbirdsinthatoftheair。Becauseofthisfreedetachmentofthetwonotionsfromoneanotherthereare，asafactalsolandanimalswiththeessentialcharactersofabird，offish，andsoon。Thenecessity，justbecauseitcannotbeconceivedtobeaninnernecessityoftheobject，ceasesalsotohaveafootholdinsense，andcanbenolongerobservedinactualreality，buthasquittedthesphereofreality。Findingthusnoplaceintherealobjectitself，itbecomeswhatiscalleda“teleologicalrelation“，arelationwhichisexternaltowhatisrelated，andconsequentlytheveryreverseofalawofitsconstitution。Itisanideaentirelydetachedfromthenecessityofnature，athoughtwhichleavesthisnecessityofnaturebehindandfloatsaboveitallbyitself。(4)
Iftherelation，abovealludedto，oforganicexistencetotheelementalconditionsofnaturedoesnotexpressitstruebeing，thenotionofPurpose，ontheotherhand，doescontainit。Theobservingattitudedoesnotindeedtakethetobethegenuineessenceoforganicexistence；thisnotionseemstoittofalloutsidetherealnatureoftheorganism，andisthenmerelythatexternalteleologicalrelationabovementioned。Yetlookingathowtheorganicbeingwaspreviouslycharacterized，theorganicisinpointoffactjustrealizedconcretepurpose。Forsinceitselfmaintainsitselfinrelationtoanother，itisjustthatkindofnaturalexistenceinwhichnaturereflectsitselfintothenotion，andthemomentsofnecessityseparatedout[byUnderstanding]-acauseandaneffect，anactiveandapassive-areherebroughttogetherandcombinedintoasingleunity。Inthiswaywehaveherenotonlysomethingappearingasaresultofnecessity，but，becauseithasreturnedtoitself，thelastortheresultisjustasmuchthefirstwhichstartstheprocess，andistoitselfthepurposewhichitrealizes。Whatisorganicdoesnotproducesomething，itmerelyconservesitself，orwhatisproducedisasmuchtherealreadyasproduced。
Wemustelucidatethisprinciplemorefully，bothasitisinitselfandasitisfortheinstinctofreason，inordertoseehowreasonfindsitselfthere，butdoesnotknowitselfinwhatitfinds。Theconceptofpurpose，then，whichrationalobservationhasreached，is，whilereasonhasapprehendeditinconsciousness，giventoreasonassomethingactuallyrealaswell；itisnotmerelyanexternalrelationoftheactual，butitsinnerbeing。Thisactual，whichisitselfapurpose，isrelatedpurposivelytoanother，i。e。itsrelationisacontingentonewithrespecttowhatbothareimmediately；primafacietheyarebothself-subsistentandindifferenttooneanother。Therealnatureoftheirrelation，however，issomethingdifferentfromwhattheythusappeartobe，anditseffecthasanothermeaningthansense-perceptiondirectlyfinds。Thenecessityinherentintheprocessisconcealed，andcomesoutattheend，butinsuchawaythatthisveryendshowsittohavebeenalsothefirst。Theend，however，showsthispriorityofitselfbythefactthatnothingcomesoutofthealterationtheactproduced，butwhatwastherealready。Or，again，ifwestartfromwhatisfirst，this，incomingtotheendortheresultofitsact，merelyreturnstoitself，and，justbysodoing，itdemonstratesitselftobethatwhichhasitselfasitsend，thatistosay，quafirstithasalreadyreturnedtoitself，orisself-contained，isinandforitself。What，then，itarrivesatbytheprocessofitsactionisitself；anditsarrivingmerelyatitselfmeansfeelingitself，isitsself-feeling。
Thuswehavehere，nodoubt，thedistinctionbetweenwhatitisandwhatitseeks；butthisismerelythesemblanceofadistinction，andconsequentlyitisanotioninitsverynature。
Thisisexactly，however，thewayself-consciousnessisconstituted。Itdistinguishesitselfinlikemannerfromitself，withoutanydistinctionbeingtherebyestablished。Henceitisthatitfindsinobservationoforganicnaturenothingelsethanthiskindofreality；itfindsitselfintheformofathing，asalife，andyet，betweenwhatitisitselfandwhatithasfound，drawsadistinctionwhichis，however，nodistinction。Justastheinstinctofananimalistoseekandconsumefood，buttherebyelicitsnothingexceptitself；similarlytootheinstinctofreasoninitssearchmerelyfindsreasonitself。Ananimalendswithself-feeling。Theinstinctofreason，ontheotherhand，isatthesametime，self-consciousness。Butbecauseitismerelyinstinct，itisputononesideasagainstconsciousness，andinthelatterfindsitsopposite。Itssatisfactionis，therefore，brokenintwobythisopposite；itfindsitself，viz。thepurpose，andalsofindsthispurposeintheshapeofathing。Butthepurposeisseentolie，inthefirstinstance，apartfromthethingpresentingitselfasapurpose。Inthesecondplace，thispurposequapurposeisatthesametimeobjective；itistakentofall，there。
fore，notwithintheobservingconsciousness，butwithinanotherintelligence。
Lookedatmoreclosely，thischaracterliesalsojustasmuchinthenotionofthething——thatofbeinginitselfpurpose。Itpreservesitself；thismeansatoneandthesametimeitisitsnaturetoconcealthecontrollingnecessityandtopresentthatnecessityintheformofacontingentrelation。
Foritsfreedom，itsbeingonitsownaccount，meansjustthatitbehavestowardsitsnecessaryconditionassomethingindifferent。Itthuspresentsitselfasifitweresomethingwhosenotionfallsapartfromitsexistence。Inthiswayreasoniscompelledtolookonitsownpropernotionasfallingoutsideit，tolookatitasathing，asthattowardswhichitisindifferent，andwhichinconsequenceisreciprocallyindifferenttowardsit[reason]andtowardsitsownnotion。Quainstinctitcontinuestoremainwithinthisstateofbeing，thisconditionofindifference；andthethingexpressingthenotionremainsforitsomethingotherthanthisnotion，andthenotionotherthanthething。Thusforreasonthethingorganizedisonlyperseapurposeinthesensethatthenecessity，whichispresentedasconcealedwithintheactionofthething——fortheactiveagencytheretakesuptheattitudeofbeingindifferentandindependent——fallsoutsidetheorganismitself。
Since，however，theorganicquapurposepersecannotbehaveinanyotherwaythanasorganic，thefactofitsbeingperseapurposeisalsoapparentandsensiblypresent，andassuchitisobserved。Whatisorganicshowsitselfwhenobservedtobesomethingself-preserving，returningandreturnedintoitself。Butinthisstateofbeing，observationdoesnotrecognizetheconceptofpurpose，ordoesnotknowthatthenotionofpurposeisnotinanintelligenceanywhereelse，butjustexistshereandintheformofathing。Observationmakesadistinctionbetweentheconceptofpurposeandself-existenceandself-preservation，whichisnotadistinctionatall。Thatitisnodistinctionissomethingofwhichitisnotaware；whatitisawareofisanactivitywhichappearscontingentandindifferenttowardswhatisbroughtaboutbythatactivity，andtowardstheunitywhichisallthewhiletheprincipleconnectingboth；thatactivityandthispurposearetakentofallasunder。
Onthisviewthespecialfunctionoftheorganicistheinneroperatingactivitylyingbetweenitsfirstandlaststage，sofarasthisactivityimpliesthecharacterofsingleness。Sofar，however，astheactivityhasthecharacterofuniversality，andtheactiveagentisequatedwithwhatistheoutcomeofitsoperation，thispurposiveactivityassuchwouldnotbelongtoorganicbeings。Thatsingleactivity，whichismerelyameans，comes，owingtoitsindividualform，tobedeterminedbyanentirelyindividualorcontingentnecessity。Whatanorganicbeingdoesforthepreservationofitselfasanindividual，orofitselfquagenus，is，therefore，quitelawlessasregardsthisimmediatecontent:fornotionanduniversalfalloutsideit。Itsactivitywouldaccordinglybeemptyfunctioningwithoutanycontentinit；itwouldnotevenbethefunctioningofamachine，forthishasapurposeanditsactivityinconsequenceadefinitecontent。Ifitweredesertedinthiswaybytheuniversal，itwouldbeanactivityofamerebeingquabeing，i。e。wouldbeanactivitylikethatofanacidorabase，notforthwithreflectedintoitself-afunctionwhichcouldnotbecutofffromitsimmediateexistence，norgiveupthisexistence(whichgetslostintherelationtoitsopposite)，butcouldpreserveitself。Thekindofbeingwhosefunctioningishereunderconsiderationis，however，setdownasathingpreservingitselfinitsrelationtoitsopposite。Theactivityassuchisnothingbutthebareinsubstantialformofitsindependentexistenceonitsownaccount；andthepurposeoftheactivity，itssubstances——substance，whichisnotsimplyadeterminatebeing，buttheuniversal-doesnotfalloutsidetheactivity。Itisanactivityrevertingintoitselfbyitsownnature，andisnotturnedbackintoitselfbyanyalien，externalagency。
Thisunionofuniversalityandactivity，however，isnotamatterforthisattitudeofobservation，becausethatunityisessentiallytheinnermovementofwhatisorganic，andcanonlybeapprehendedconceptually。Observation，however，seeksthemomentsintheformofexistenceandduration；andbecausetheorganicwholeconsistsessentiallyinnotcontainingthemomentsinthatform，andinnotlettingthembefoundwithinitinthatway，thisobservingconsciousness，byitswayoflookingatthematter，transformstheoppositionintoonewhichconformsandisadaptedtoitsownpointofview。
Anorganismcomesbeforetheobservingconsciousnessinthismannerasarelationoftwofixedandexistingmoments——asarelationofelementsinanopposition，whosetwofactorsseeminonerespectreallygiveninobservation，whileinanotherrespect，asregardstheircontent，theyexpresstheoppositionoftheorganicconceptofpurposeandactualreality。Butbecausethenotionassuchisthereeffaced，thistakesplaceinanobscureandsuperficialway，wherethoughtsinkstothelevelofmereidealpresentation。Thusweseethenotiontakenmuchinthesenseofwhatisinner，realityinthesenseofwhatisouter；andtheirrelationgivesrisetothelawthat“theouteristheexpressionoftheinner“。
Letusconsidermorecloselythisinnerwithitsoppositeandtheirrelationtooneanother。Inthefirstplacewefindthatthetwofactorsofthelawnolongerhavesuchanimportaswefoundinthecaseofpreviouslaws，wheretheelementsappearedasindependentthings，eachbeingaparticularbody；nor，again，inthesecondplace，dowefindthattheuniversalistohaveitsexistencesomewhereelseoutsidewhatactuallyis。Onthecontrary，theorganicbeingis，inundividedonenessandasawhole，thefundamentalfact，itisthecontentofinnerandouter，andisthesameforboth。Theoppositionisonthataccountofapurelyformalcharacter；itsrealsideshavethesameultimateprincipleinherentlyconstitutingthemwhattheyare。Atthesametime，however，sinceinnerandouterarealsooppositerealitiesandeachisadistinctbeingforobservation，theyeachseemtoobservationtohaveapeculiarcontentoftheirown。Thispeculiarcontent，sinceitconsistsofthesamesubstance，orthesameorganicunity，can，however，inpointoffact，beonlyadifferentformofthatunity，ofthatsubstance；andthisisindicatedbyobservationwhenitsaysthattheouterismerelytheexpressionoftheinner。
Wehaveseeninthecaseoftheconceptofpurposethesamecharacteristicfeaturesoftherelation，viz。theindifferentindependenceofthediversefactors，andtheirunityinthatindependence，aunityinwhichtheydisappear。
Wehavenowtoseewhatshapeandembodimentinnerandouterassumeinactuallyexisting。Theinnerassuchmusthaveanouterbeingandanembodiment，justasmuchastheouterassuch；fortheinnerisanobject，orisaffirmedasbeing，andaspresentforobservationtodealwith。
TheorganicsubstancequainneristheSoulsimply，thepurenotionofpurposeortheuniversalwhichindividingintoitsdiscreteelementsremainsallthesameauniversalfluentcontinuity，andhenceinitsbeingappearsasactivityorthemovementofvanishingreality；while，ontheotherhand，theouter，opposedtothatexistinginner，subsistsinthepassivebeingoftheorganic。Thelaw，astherelationofthatinnertothisouter，consequentlyexpressesitcontent，nowbysettingforthuniversalmoments，orsimpleessentialelements，andagainbysettingforththerealizedessentialnatureortheformandshapeactuallyassumed。Thosefirstsimpleorganicproperties，tocallthemso，areSensibility，Irritability，andReproduction。Theseproperties，atleastthetwofirst，seemindeedtorefernottoanyandeveryorganism，butmerelytotheanimalorganism。Moreover，thevegetableleveloforganiclifeexpressesinpointoffactonlythebareandsimplenotionofanorganism，whichdoesnotdevelopandevolveitsmoments。Henceinregardtothosemoments，sofarasobservationhastotakeaccountofthem，wemustconfineourselvesttheorganismwhichpresentsthemexistingindevelopedform。
Astothesemoments，then，theyaredirectlyderivedfromthenotionofself-purpose，ofabeingwhoseendisitsownself。ForSensibilityexpressesingeneralthesimplenotionoforganicreflexionintoitself，ortheuniversalcontinuityofthisnotion。Irritability，again，expressesorganicelasticity，thecapacitytoexercisethefunctionofreactingsimultaneouslywithself-reflexion，andexpresses，incontrasttothepreviousstateofbeingpassivelyandinertlywithinitself，theconditionofbeingexplicitlyactualized-arealization，wherethatabstractexistenceforitsownsakeisanexistenceforsomethingelse。Reproduction，however，istheoperationofthisentireself-reflectedorganism，itsactivityashavingitspurposeinitself，itsactivityquagenus，whereintheindividualrepelsitselffromitself，whereinprocreatingitrepeatseithertheorganicpartsorthewholeindividual。Reproduction，takeninthesenseofself-preservationingeneral，expressestheformalprincipleorconceptionoftheorganic，orthefactofSensibility；butitis，properlyspeaking，therealizednotionoforganicexistence，orthewhole，whicheitherquaindividualreturnsintoitselfthroughtheprocessofproducingindividualpartsofitself，orquagenusdoessothroughtheproductionofdistinctindividuals。
Theothersignificanceoftheseorganicelements，viz。asouter，istheirembodimentinagivenshape；heretheyassumetheformofactualbutatthesametimeuniversalparts，orappearasorganicsystems。Sensibilityisembodiedintheform，forinstance，ofanervoussystem，irritability，ofamuscularsystem，reproduction，ofanintestinalsystemforthepreservationoftheindividualandthespecies。
Lawspeculiartoorganiclife，accordingly，concernarelationoftheorganicmoments，takingaccountoftheirtwofoldsignificance——viz。ofbeinginonerespectapartofdefiniteorganicformationorembodiment，andinanotherrespectacontinuousuniversalelementofadeterminatekind，runningthroughallthosesystems。Thusingivingexpressiontoalawofthatsort，aspecifickindofsensibility，e。g。wouldfind，quamomentofthewholeorganism，itsexpressioninadeterminatelyformednervoussystem，oritwouldalsobeconnectedwithadeterminatereproductionoftheorganicpartsoftheindividualorwiththepropagationofthewhole，andsoon。
Bothaspectsofsuchalawcanbeobserved。Theexternalisinitsveryconceptionbeingforanother；sensibility，e。g。findsitsimmediatelyrealizedforminthesensitivesystem；and，quauniversalproperty，itisinitsouterexpressionsanobjectivefactaswell。Theaspectwhichiscalled“inner“hasitsownouter“aspect，whichisdistinctfromwhatisingeneralcalledtheouter。
Boththeaspectsofanorganiclawwouldthuscertainlybeopentoobservation，butnotthelawsoftheirrelation。Andobservationisinadequatetoperceivetheselaws，notbecause，quaobservation，itistooshort-sighted，i。e。notbecause，insteadofproceedingempirically，weoughttostartfromthe“Idea“——forsuchlaws，iftheyweresomethingrealmust，asamatteroffact，beactual，andmustthusbeobservable；itisratherbecausethethoughtoflawsofthissortprovestohavenotruthatall。
Therelationassumedtheroleofalawinthecasewheretheuniversalorganicpropertyhadformeditselfinanorganicsystemintoathingandtherefounditsownembodiedimageandcopy，sothatbothwerethesamereality，present，intheonecase，asuniversalmoment，intheother，asthing。Butbesides，theinneraspectisalsobyitselfarelationofseveralaspects；andhencetobeginwiththereispresentedtheideaofalawasarelationoftheuniversalorganicactivitiesorpropertiestooneanother。Whethersuchalawispossiblehastobedecidedfromthenatureofsuchaproperty。Suchaproperty，however，beinguniversalandofafluidnature，is，ontheonehand，notsomethingrestrictedlikeathing，keepingitselfwithinthedistinctionofadefinitemodeofexistence，whichistoconstituteitsshapeandform:sensibilitygoesbeyondthenervoussystemandpervadesalltheothersystemsoftheorganism。Ontheotherhand，suchapropertyisauniversalmoment，whichisessentiallyundivided，andinseparablefromreaction，orirritability，andreproduction。For，beingreflectionintoself，iteoipsoalreadyimpliesreaction。Merelytobereflectedintoitselfistobeapassive，orlifelessbeing，andnot，sensibility；justasaction——whichisthesameasreaction——whennotreflectedintoself，isnotirritability。Reflexioninactionorreaction，andactionorreactioninreflexion，isjustthatwhoseunityconstitutestheorganicbeing，aunitywhichissynonymouswithorganicreproduction。Itfollowsfromthisthatineverymodeoftheorganism\'sactualitytheremustbepresentthesamequantityofsensibility——whenweconsider，inthefirstinstance，therelationofsensibilityandirritabilitytooneanother——asofirritability，andthatanorganicphenomenoncanbeapprehendedanddeterminedor，ifwelike，explained，justasmuchintermsoftheoneasoftheother。Whatonemantakesforhighsensibility，anothermayjustasrightlyconsiderhighirritability。andanirritabilityofthesamedegree。Iftheyarecalledfactors，andthisisnottobeameaninglessphrase，itistherebyexpresslystatedthattheyaremomentsofthenotion；inotherwords，therealobject，theessentialnatureofwhichthisnotionconstitutes，containsthembothalikewithinit，andiftheobjectisinonewaycharacterizedasverysensitive，itmustbealsospokenofintheotherwayaslikewiseveryirritable。
Iftheyaredistinguished，astheymustbe，theyaresointheirtruenature(demBegriffe，nach)，andtheiroppositionisqualitative。Butwhen，besidesthistruedistinction，theyarealsosetdownasdifferent，quaexistentandforthought，astheymightbeifmadeaspectsofthelaw，thentheyappearquantitativelydistinct。Theirpeculiarqualitativeoppositionthuspassesintoquantity；andhenceariselawsofthissort，e。g。thatsensibilityandirritabilitystandininversequantitativerelations，sothatastheoneincreasestheotherdiminishes；orbetter，takingdirectlythequantityitselfasthecontent，thatthe，magnitudeofsomethingincreasesasitssmallnessdiminishes。
Shouldaspecificcontentbegiventothislaw，however，bysaying，forexample，thatthesizeofaholeincreasesthemorewedecreasewhatitisfilledwith，thenthisinverserelationmightbejustaswellchangedintoadirectrelationandexpressedintheformthatthequantityofaholeincreasesindirectratiototheamountofthingswetakeaway——atautologicalproposition，whetherexpressedasadirectoraninverserelation；soexpresseditcomesmerelytothisthataquantityincreasesasthisquantityincreases。Theholeandwhatfillsitandisremovedfromitarequalitativelyopposed，buttherealcontentthereanditsspecificquantityareinbothoneandthesame，andsimilarlytheincreaseofmagnitudeanddecreaseofsmallnessarethesame，andtheirmeaninglessoppositionrunsintoatautology。Inlikemannertheorganicmomentsareequallyinseparableintheirrealcontent，andintheirquantitywhichisthequantityofthatreality。Theonedecreasesonlywiththeother，andonlyincreaseswithit，foronehasliterallyasignificanceonlysofarastheotherispresent。Orrather，itisamatterofindifferencewhetheranorganicphenomenonisconsideredasirritabilityorassensibility；thisissoingeneral，andlikewisewhenitsmagnitudeisinquestion:justasitisindifferentwhetherwespeakoftheincreaseofaholeasanincreaseoftheholequaemptinessorasanincreaseofthefillingremovedfromit。Or，again，anumber，saythree，isequallygreat，whetherItakeitpositivelyornegatively；andifIincreasethethreetofour，thepositiveaswellasthenegativebecomesfour:justasthesouthpoleinthecaseofamagnetispreciselyasstrongasitsnorthpole，orapositiveelectricityoranacid，isexactlyasstrongasitsnegative，orthebaseonwhichitoperates。
