SECURITYOFTRUTH。
Ithenthought，andamstillofthesameopinion，thaterror，andnottruthofanykind，isdangerous;thatillconclusionscanonlyflowfromfalsepropositions;andthat，toknowwhetheranypropositionbetrueorfalse，itisapreposterousmethodtoexamineitbyitsapparentconsequences。
IMITATIONANINSTINCTIVELAW。
Forassympathymakesustakeaconcerninwhatevermenfeel，sothisaffectionpromptsustocopywhatevertheydo;andconsequentlywehaveapleasureinimitating，andinwhateverbelongstoimitationmerelyasitissuch，withoutanyinterventionofthereasoningfaculty，butsolelyfromournaturalconstitution，whichProvidencehasframedinsuchamannerastofindeitherpleasureordelight，accordingtothenatureoftheobject，inwhateverregardsthepurposesofourbeing。Itisbyimitationfarmorethanbyprecept，thatwelearneverything;andwhatwelearnthus，weacquirenotonlymoreeffectually，butmorepleasantly。Thisformsourmanners，ouropinions，ourlives。Itisoneofthestrongestlinksofsociety;itisaspeciesofmutualcompliance，whichallmenyieldtoeachother，withoutconstrainttothemselves，andwhichisextremelyflatteringtoall。
STANDARDOFREASONANDTASTE。
Itisprobablethatthestandardbothofreasonandtasteisthesameinallhumancreatures。Foriftherewerenotsomeprinciplesofjudgmentaswellasofsentimentcommontoallmankind，noholdcouldpossiblybetakeneitherontheirreasonortheirpassions，sufficienttomaintaintheordinarycorrespondenceoflife。
USEOFTHEORY。
Atheoryfoundedonexperiment，andnotassumed，isalwaysgoodforsomuchasitexplains。Ourinabilitytopushitindefinitelyisnoargumentatallagainstit。ThisinabilitymaybeowingtoourignoranceofsomenecessaryMEDIUMS;toawantofproperapplication;tomanyothercausesbesidesadefectintheprinciplesweemploy。
POLITICALOUTCASTS。
Inthemeantime，thatpower，whichallthesechangesaimedatsecuring，remainsstillastotteringandasuncertainasever。Theyaredeliveredupintothehandsofthosewhofeelneitherrespectfortheirpersons，norgratitudefortheirfavours;whoareputabouttheminappearancetoserve，inrealitytogovernthem;and，whenthesignalisgiven，toabandonanddestroythem，inordertosetupsomenewdupeofambition，whoinhisturnistobeabandonedanddestroyed。Thus，livinginastateofcontinualuneasinessandferment，softenedonlybythemiserableconsolationofgivingnowandthenprefermentstothoseforwhomtheyhavenovalue;theyareunhappyintheirsituation，yetfinditimpossibletoresign。Until，atlength，souredintemper，anddisappointedbytheveryattainmentoftheirends，insomeangry，insomehaughty，orsomenegligentmoment，theyincurthedispleasureofthoseuponwhomtheyhaverenderedtheirverybeingdependent。Thenperierunttemporalongiservitii;theyarecastoffwithscorn;theyareturnedout，emptiedofallnaturalcharacter，ofallintrinsicworth，ofallessentialdignity，anddeprivedofeveryconsolationoffriendship。
Havingrenderedallretreattooldprinciplesridiculous，andtooldregardsimpracticable，notbeingabletocounterfeitpleasure，ortodischargediscontent，nothingbeingsincereorright，orbalancedintheirminds，itismorethanachance，that，inthedeliriumofthelaststageoftheirdistemperedpower，theymakeaninsanepoliticaltestament，bywhichtheythrowalltheirremainingweightandconsequenceintothescaleoftheirdeclaredenemies，andtheavowedauthorsoftheirdestruction。
INJUSTICETOOUROWNAGE。
Iftheseevildispositionsshouldspreadmuchfarthertheymustendinourdestruction;fornothingcansaveapeopledestituteofpublicandprivatefaith。However，theauthor，forthepresentstateofthings，hasextendedthechargebymuchtoowidely;asmenarebuttooapttotakethemeasureofallmankindfromtheirownparticularacquaintance。
Barrenasthisagemaybeinthegrowthofhonourandvirtue，thecountrydoesnotwant，atthismoment，asstrong，andthosenotafew，examplesaswereeverknown，ofanunshakenadherencetoprinciple，andattachmenttoconnexion，againsteveryallurementofinterest。Thoseexamplesarenotfurnishedbythegreatalone;norbythose，whoseactivityinpublicaffairsmayrenderitsuspectedthattheymakesuchacharacteroneoftheroundsintheirladderofambition;butbymenmorequiet，andmoreintheshade，onwhomanunmixedsenseofhonouralonecouldoperate。
FALSECOALITIONS。
Nosystemofthatkindcanbeformed，whichwillnotleaveroomfullysufficientforhealingcoalitions：butnocoalitionwhich，underthespeciousnameofindependency，carriesinitsbosomtheunreconciledprinciplesoftheoriginaldiscordofparties，everwas，orwillbe，anhealingcoalition。Norwillthemindofoursovereigneverknowrepose，hiskingdomsettlement，orhisbusinessorder，inefficiencyorgracewithhispeople，untilthingsareestablisheduponthebasisofsomesetofmen，whoaretrustedbythepublic，andwhocantrustoneanother。
POLITICALEMPIRICISM。
Menofsense，whennewprojectscomebeforethem，alwaysthinkadiscourseprovingthemererightormerepowerofactinginthemannerproposed，tobenomorethanaveryunpleasantwayofmispendingtime。
Theymustseetheobjecttobeofpropermagnitudetoengagethem;theymustseethemeansofcompassingittobenexttocertain：themischiefsnottocounterbalancetheprofit;theywillexaminehowaproposedimpositionorregulationagreeswiththeopinionofthosewhoarelikelytobeaffectedbyit;theywillnotdespisetheconsiderationevenoftheirhabitudesandprejudices。Theywishtoknowhowitaccordsordisagreeswiththetruespiritofpriorestablishments，whetherofgovernmentoroffinance;becausetheywellknow，thatinthecomplicatedeconomyofgreatkingdoms，andimmenserevenues，whichinalengthoftime，andbyavarietyofaccidents，havecoalescedintoasortofbody，anattempttowardsacompulsoryequalityinallcircumstances，andanexactpracticaldefinitionofthesupremerightsineverycase，isthemostdangerousandchimericalofallenterprises。
Theoldbuildingstandswellenough，thoughpartGothic，partGrecian，andpartChinese，untilanattemptismadetosquareitintouniformity。
Thenitmaycomedownuponourheadsaltogether，inmuchuniformityofruin;andgreatwillbethefallthereof。
AVISIONARY。
Enoughofthisvisionaryunion;inwhichmuchextravaganceappearswithoutanyfancy，andthejudgmentisshockedwithoutanythingtorefreshtheimagination。Itlooksasiftheauthorhaddroppeddownfromthemoon，withoutanyknowledgeofthegeneralnatureofthisglobe，ofthegeneralnatureofitsinhabitants，withouttheleastacquaintancewiththeaffairsofthiscountry。
PARTYDIVISIONS。
Partydivisions，whetheronthewholeoperatingforgoodorevil，arethingsinseparablefromfreegovernment。Thisisatruthwhich，I
believe，admitslittledispute，havingbeenestablishedbytheuniformexperienceofallages。Thepartagoodcitizenoughttotakeinthesedivisionshasbeenamatterofmuchdeepercontroversy。ButGodforbidthatanycontroversyrelatingtoouressentialmoralsshouldadmitofnodecision。Itappearstome，thatthisquestion，likemostoftheotherswhichregardourdutiesinlife，istobedeterminedbyourstationinit。Privatemenmaybewhollyneutral，andentirelyinnocent;buttheywhoarelegallyinvestedwithpublictrust，orstandonthehighgroundofrankanddignity，whichistrustimplied，canhardlyinanycaseremainindifferent，withoutthecertaintyofsinkingintoinsignificance;andtherebyineffectdesertingthatpostinwhich，withthefullestauthority，andforthewisestpurposes，thelawsandinstitutionsoftheircountryhavefixedthem。However，ifitbetheofficeofthosewhoarethuscircumstanced，totakeadecidedpart，itisnolesstheirdutythatitshouldbeasoberone。
DECORUMINPARTY。
Itoughttobecircumscribedbythesamelawsofdecorum，andbalancedbythesametemper，whichboundandregulateallthevirtues。Inaword，weoughttoactinpartywithallthemoderationwhichdoesnotabsolutelyenervatethatvigour，andquenchthatfervencyofspirit，withoutwhichthebestwishesforthepublicgoodmustevaporateinemptyspeculation。
NOTSOBADASWESEEM。
Ourcircumstancesareindeedcritical;butthentheyarethecriticalcircumstancesofastrongandmightynation。Ifcorruptionandmeannessaregreatlyspread，theyarenotspreaduniversally。Manypublicmenarehithertoexamplesofpublicspiritandintegrity。Wholeparties，asfaraslargebodiescanbeuniform，havepreservedcharacter。Howevertheymaybedeceivedinsomeparticulars，Iknowofnosetofmenamongstuswhichdoesnotcontainpersonsonwhomthenation，inadifficultexigence，maywellvalueitself。Privatelife，whichisthenurseryofthecommonwealth，isyetingeneralpure，andonthewholedisposedtovirtue;andthepeopleatlargewantneithergenerositynorspirit。Nosmallpartofthatveryluxury，whichissomuchthesubjectoftheauthor’sdeclamation，butwhich，inmostpartsoflife，bybeingwellbalancedanddiffused，isonlydecencyandconvenience，hasperhapsasmanyormoregoodthanevilconsequencesattendingit。Itcertainlyexcitesindustry，nourishesemulation，andinspiressomesenseofpersonalvalueintoallranksofpeople。Whatwewantistoestablishmorefullyanopinionofuniformity，andconsistencyofcharacter，intheleadingmenofthestate;suchaswillrestoresomeconfidencetoprofessionandappearance，suchaswillfixsubordinationuponesteem。
Withoutthisallschemesarebegunatthewrongend。
POLITICSWITHOUTPRINCIPLE。
Peoplenotverywellgroundedintheprinciplesofpublicmoralityfindasetofmaximsinofficereadymadeforthem，whichtheyassumeasnaturallyandinevitably，asanyoftheinsigniaorinstrumentsofthesituation。Acertaintoneofthesolidandpracticalisimmediatelyacquired。Everyformerprofessionofpublicspiritistobeconsideredasadebauchofyouth，or，atbest，asavisionaryschemeofunattainableperfection。Theveryideaofconsistencyisexploded。Theconvenienceofthebusinessofthedayistofurnishtheprinciplefordoingit。Thenthewholeministerialcantisquicklygotbyheart。Theprevalenceoffactionistobelamented。Alloppositionistoberegardedastheeffectofenvyanddisappointedambition。Alladministrationsaredeclaredtobealike。Thesamenecessityjustifiesalltheirmeasures。Itisnolongeramatterofdiscussion，whoorwhatadministrationis;butthatadministrationistobesupported，isageneralmaxim。Flatteringthemselvesthattheirpowerisbecomenecessarytothesupportofallorderandgovernment，everythingwhichtendstothesupportofthatpowerissanctified，andbecomesapartofthepublicinterest。
MORALDEBASEMENTPROGRESSIVE。
Ibelievetheinstancesareexceedinglyrareofmenimmediatelypassingoveraclear，markedlineofvirtueintodeclaredviceandcorruption。
Thereareasortofmiddletintsandshadesbetweenthetwoextremes;
thereissomethinguncertainontheconfinesofthetwoempireswhichtheyfirstpassthrough，andwhichrendersthechangeeasyandimperceptible。Thereareevenasortofsplendidimpositionssowellcontrived，that，attheverytimethepathofrectitudeisquittedforever，menseemtobeadvancingintosomehigherandnoblerroadofpublicconduct。Notthatsuchimpositionsarestrongenoughinthemselves;butapowerfulinterest，oftenconcealedfromthosewhomitaffects，worksatthebottom，andsecurestheoperation。Menarethusdebauchedawayfromthoselegitimateconnexions，whichtheyhadformedonajudgment，earlyperhapsbutsufficientlymature，andwhollyunbiassed。
DESPOTISM。
Itisthenatureofdespotismtoabhorpowerheldbyanymeansbutitsownmomentarypleasure;andtoannihilateallintermediatesituationsbetweenboundlessstrengthonitsownpart，andtotaldebilityonthepartofthepeople。
JUDGMENTANDPOLICY。
Nothingcanrenderthisapointofindifferencetothenation，butwhatmusteitherrenderustotallydesperate，orsoothusintothesecurityofidiots。Wemustsoftenintoacredulitybelowthemilkinessofinfancy，tothinkallmenvirtuous。Wemustbetaintedwithamalignitytrulydiabolical，tobelievealltheworldtobeequallywickedandcorrupt。Menareinpublicasinprivate，somegood，someevil。Theelevationoftheone，andthedepressionoftheother，arethefirstobjectsofalltruepolicy。Butthatformofgovernment，which，neitherinitsdirectinstitutions，norintheirimmediatetendency，hascontrivedtothrowitsaffairsintothemosttrustworthyhands，buthasleftitswholeexecutorysystemtobedisposedofagreeablytotheuncontrolledpleasuresofanyoneman，howeverexcellentorvirtuous，isaplanofpolitydefectivenotonlyinthatmember，butconsequentiallyerroneousineverypartofit。
POPULARDISCONTENT。
Tocomplainoftheagewelivein，tomurmuratthepresentpossessorsofpower，tolamentthepast，toconceiveextravaganthopesofthefuture，arethecommondispositionsofthegreatestpartofmankind;
indeed，thenecessaryeffectsoftheignoranceandlevityofthevulgar。
Suchcomplaintsandhumourshaveexistedinalltimes;yetasalltimeshaveNOTbeenalike，truepoliticalsagacitymanifestsitselfindistinguishingthatcomplaintwhichonlycharacterisesthegeneralinfirmityofhumannature，fromthosewhicharesymptomsoftheparticulardistemperatureofourownairandseason。
THEPEOPLEANDTHEIRRULERS。
Iamnotoneofthosewhothinkthatthepeopleareneverinthewrong。
Theyhavebeenso，frequentlyandoutrageously，bothinothercountriesandinthis。ButIdosay，thatinalldisputesbetweenthemandtheirrulers，thepresumptionisatleastuponaparinfavourofthepeople。
Experiencemayperhapsjustifymeingoingfarther。Whenpopulardiscontentshavebeenveryprevalent，itmaywellbeaffirmedandsupported，thattherehasbeengenerallysomethingfoundamissintheconstitution，orintheconductofgovernment。Thepeoplehavenointerestindisorder。Whentheydowrong，itistheirerror，andnottheircrime。
GOVERNMENTFAVOURITISM。
Itisthisunnaturalinfusionofagovernmentwhichinagreatpartofitsconstitutionispopular，thathasraisedthepresentfermentinthenation。Thepeople，withoutenteringdeeplyintoitsprinciples，couldplainlyperceiveitseffects，inmuchviolence，inagreatspiritofinnovation，andageneraldisorderinallthefunctionsofgovernment。I
keepmyeyesolelyonthissystem;ifIspeakofthosemeasureswhichhavearisenfromit，itwillbesofaronlyastheyillustratethegeneralscheme。Thisisthefountainofallthosebitterwaters，ofwhich，throughanhundreddifferentconduits，wehavedrunkuntilwearereadytoburst。ThediscretionarypoweroftheCrownintheformationofministry，abusedbybadorweakmen，hasgivenrisetoasystemwhich，withoutdirectlyviolatingtheletterofanylaw，operatesagainstthespiritofthewholeconstitution。
Aplanoffavouritismforourexecutorygovernmentisessentiallyatvariancewiththeplanofourlegislature。Onegreatendundoubtedlyofamixedgovernmentlikeours，composedofmonarchy，andofcontrols，onthepartofthehigherpeopleandthelower，isthattheprinceshallnotbeabletoviolatethelaws。Thisisusefulindeedandfundamental。
Butthis，evenatfirstview，innomorethananegativeadvantage;anarmourmerelydefensive。Itisthereforenextinorder，andequalinimportance，THATTHEDISCRETIONARYPOWERSWHICHARENECESSARILYVESTED
INTHEMONARCH，WHETHERFORTHEEXECUTIONOFTHELAWS，ORFORTHE
NOMINATIONTOMAGISTRACYANDOFFICE，ORFORCONDUCTINGTHEAFFAIRSOF
PEACEANDWAR，ORFORORDERINGTHEREVENUE，SHOULDALLBEEXERCISEDUPON
PUBLICPRINCIPLESANDNATIONALGROUNDS，ANDNOTONTHELIKINGSOR
PREJUDICES，THEINTRIGUESORPOLICIES，OFACOURT。
ADMINISTRATIONANDLEGISLATION。
Inarbitrarygovernments，theconstitutionoftheministryfollowstheconstitutionofthelegislature。Boththelawandthemagistratearethecreaturesofwill。Itmustbeso。Nothing，indeed，willappearmorecertain，onanytolerableconsiderationofthismatter，thanthatEVERY
SORTOFGOVERNMENTOUGHTTOHAVEITSADMINISTRATIONCORRESPONDENTTOITS
LEGISLATURE。Ifitshouldbeotherwise，thingsmustfallintoahideousdisorder。Thepeopleofafreecommonwealth，whohavetakensuchcarethattheirlawsshouldbetheresultofgeneralconsent，cannotbesosenselessastosuffertheirexecutorysystemtobecomposedofpersonsonwhomtheyhavenodependence，andwhomnoproofsofthepublicloveandconfidencehaverecommendedtothosepowers，upontheuseofwhichtheverybeingofthestatedepends。
INFLUENCEOFTHECROWN。
ThepoweroftheCrown，almostdeadandrottenasPrerogative，hasgrownupanew，withmuchmorestrength，andfarlessodium，underthenameofInfluence。Aninfluence，whichoperatedwithoutnoiseandwithoutviolence;aninfluencewhichconvertedtheveryantagonistintotheinstrumentofpower;whichcontainedinitselfaperpetualprincipleofgrowthandrenovation;andwhichthedistressesandtheprosperityofthecountryequallytendtoaugment，wasanadmirablesubstituteforaprerogative，that，beingonlytheoffspringofantiquatedprejudices，hadmouldedintoitsoriginalstaminairresistibleprinciplesofdecayanddissolution。Theignoranceofthepeopleisabottombutforatemporarysystem;theinterestofactivemeninthestateisafoundationperpetualandinfallible。
VOICEOFTHEPEOPLE。
Governmentisdeeplyinterestedineverythingwhich，eventhroughthemediumofsometemporaryuneasiness，maytendfinallytocomposethemindsofthesubjects，andtoconciliatetheiraffections。Ihavenothingtodoherewiththeabstractvalueofthevoiceofthepeople。
Butaslongasreputation，themostpreciouspossessionofeveryindividual，andaslongasopinion，thegreatsupportofthestate，dependentirelyuponthatvoice，itcanneverbeconsideredasathingoflittleconsequenceeithertoindividualsortogovernments。Nationsarenotprimarilyruledbylaws;lessbyviolence。Whateveroriginalenergymaybesupposedeitherinforceorregulation，theoperationofbothis，intruth，merelyinstrumental。Nationsaregovernedbythesamemethods，andonthesameprinciples，bywhichanindividualwithoutauthorityisoftenabletogovernthosewhoarehisequalsorhissuperiors——byaknowledgeoftheirtemper，andbyajudiciousmanagementofit;Imean，whenpublicaffairsaresteadilyandquietlyconducted;
andwhengovernmentisnothingbutacontinuedscufflebetweenthemagistrateandthemultitude;inwhichsometimestheoneandsometimestheotherisuppermost;inwhichtheyalternatelyyieldandprevail，inaseriesofcontemptiblevictories，andscandaloussubmissions。Thetemperofthepeopleamongstwhomhepresidesoughtthereforetobethefirststudyofastatesman。Andtheknowledgeofthistemperitisbynomeansimpossibleforhimtoattain，ifhehasnotaninterestinbeingignorantofwhatitishisdutytolearn。
FALLACYOFEXTREMES。
Itisafallacyinconstantusewiththosewhowouldlevelallthings，andconfoundrightwithwrong，toinsistupontheinconvenienceswhichareattachedtoeverychoice，withouttakingintoconsiderationthedifferentweightandconsequenceofthoseinconveniences。ThequestionisnotconcerningABSOLUTEdiscontentorPERFECTsatisfactioningovernment;neitherofwhichcanbepureandunmixedatanytime，oruponanysystem。Thecontroversyisaboutthatdegreeofgoodhumourinthepeople，whichmaypossiblybeattained，andoughtcertainlytobelookedfor。Whilesomepoliticiansmaybewaitingtoknowwhetherthesenseofeveryindividualbeagainstthem，accuratelydistinguishingthevulgarfromthebettersort，drawinglinesbetweentheenterprisesofafactionandtheeffortsofapeople，theymaychancetoseethegovernment，whichtheyaresonicelyweighing，anddividing，anddistinguishing，tumbletothegroundinthemidstoftheirwisedeliberation。Prudentmen，whensogreatanobjectasthesecurityofgovernment，orevenitspeace，isatstake，willnotruntheriskofadecisionwhichmaybefataltoit。Theywhocanreadthepoliticalskywillseeahurricaneinacloudnobiggerthanahandattheveryedgeofthehorizon，andwillrunintothefirstharbour。Nolinescanbelaiddownforcivilorpoliticalwisdom。Theyareamatterincapableofexactdefinition。But，thoughnomancandrawastrokebetweentheconfinesofdayandnight，yetlightanddarknessare，uponthewhole，tolerablydistinguishable。Norwillitbeimpossibleforaprincetofindoutsuchamodeofgovernment，andsuchpersonstoadministerit，aswillgiveagreatdegreeofcontenttohispeople;withoutanycuriousandanxiousresearchforthatabstract，universal，perfectharmony，which，whileheisseeking，heabandonsthosemeansofordinarytranquillitywhichareinhispowerwithoutanyresearchatall。
PRIVATECHARACTERABASISFORPUBLICCONFIDENCE。
Beforemenareputforwardintothegreattrustsofthestate，theyought，bytheirconduct，tohaveobtainedsuchadegreeofestimationintheircountry，asmaybesomesortofpledgeandsecuritytothepublic，thattheywillnotabusethosetrusts。Itisnomeansecurityforaproperuseofpower，thatamanhasshownbythegeneraltenorofhisactions，thattheaffection，thegoodopinion，theconfidenceofhisfellowcitizens，havebeenamongtheprincipalobjectsofhislife;andthathehasowednoneofthedegradationsofhispowerorfortunetoasettledcontempt，oroccasionalforfeitureoftheiresteem。
Thatmanwhobeforehecomesintopowerhasnofriends，orwhocomingintopowerisobligedtodeserthisfriends，orwholosingithasnofriendstosympathisewithhim;hewhohasnoswayamonganypartofthelandedorcommercialinterest，butwhosewholeimportancehasbegunwithhisoffice，andissuretoendwithit;isapersonwhooughtnevertobesufferedbyacontrollingparliamenttocontinueinanyofthosesituationswhichconfertheleadanddirectionofallourpublicaffairs;becausesuchamanHASNOCONNECTIONWITHTHEINTERESTOFTHE
PEOPLE。Thoseknotsorcabalsofmenwhohavegottogetheravowedlywithoutanypublicprinciple，inordertoselltheirconjunctiniquityatthehigherrate，andarethereforeuniversallyodious，oughtnevertobesufferedtodomineerinthestate;becausetheyhaveNOCONNECTION
WITHTHESENTIMENTSANDOPINIONSOFTHEPEOPLE。
PREVENTION。
Everygoodpoliticalinstitutionmusthaveapreventiveoperationaswellasaremedial。Itoughttohaveanaturaltendencytoexcludebadmenfromgovernment，andnottotrustforthesafetyofthestatetosubsequentpunishmentalone：punishment，whichhaseverbeentardyanduncertain，andwhich，whenpowerissufferedinbadhands，maychancetofallratherontheinjuredthanthecriminal。
CONFIDENCEINTHEPEOPLE。
Theymaybeassured，thathowevertheyamusethemselveswithavarietyofprojectsforsubstitutingsomethingelseintheplaceofthatgreatandonlyfoundationofgovernment，theconfidenceofthepeople，everyattemptwillbutmaketheirconditionworse。Whenmenimaginethattheirfoodisonlyacoverforpoison，andwhentheyneitherlovenortrustthehandthatservesit，itisnotthenameoftheroastbeefofOldEngland，thatwillpersuadethemtositdowntothetablethatisspreadforthem。Whenthepeopleconceivethatlaws，andtribunals，andevenpopularassemblies，arepervertedfromtheendsoftheirinstitution，theyfindinthosenamesofdegeneratedestablishmentsonlynewmotivestodiscontent。Thosebodieswhich，whenfulloflifeandbeauty，layintheirarms，andweretheirjoyandcomfort，whendeadandputrid，becomebutthemoreloathsomefromremembranceofformerendearments。Asullengloomandfuriousdisorderprevailbyfits：thenationlosesitsrelishforpeaceandprosperity;asitdidinthatseasonoffulnesswhichopenedourtroublesinthetimeofCharlestheFirst。Aspeciesofmentowhomastateoforderwouldbecomeasentenceofobscurity，arenourishedintoadangerousmagnitudebytheheatofintestinedisturbances;anditisnowonderthat，byasortofsinisterpiety，theycherish，intheirturn，thedisorderswhicharetheparentsofalltheirconsequence。
FALSEMAXIMSASSUMEDASFIRSTPRINCIPLES。
Itisanadvantagetoallnarrowwisdomandnarrowmorals，thattheirmaximshaveaplausibleair;and，onacursoryview，appearequaltofirstprinciples。Theyarelightandportable。Theyareascurrentascoppercoin;andaboutasvaluable。Theyserveequallythefirstcapacitiesandthelowest;andtheyare，atleast，asusefultotheworstmenastothebest。OfthisstampisthecantofNOTMEN，BUT
MEASURES;asortofcharmbywhichmanypeoplegetloosefromeveryhonourableengagement。WhenIseeamanactingthisdesultoryanddisconnectedpart，withasmuchdetrimenttohisownfortuneasprejudicetothecauseofanyparty，Iamnotpersuadedthatheisright;butIamreadytobelieveheisinearnest。Irespectvirtueinallitssituations;evenwhenitisfoundintheunsuitablecompanyofweakness。Ilamenttoseequalitiesrareandvaluable，squanderedawaywithoutanypublicutility。Butwhenagentlemanwithgreatvisibleemolumentsabandonsthepartyinwhichhehaslongacted，andtellsyou，itisbecauseheproceedsuponhisownjudgment;thatheactsonthemeritsoftheseveralmeasuresastheyarise;andthatheisobligedtofollowhisownconscience，andnotthatofothers;hegivesreasonswhichitisimpossibletocontrovert，anddiscoversacharacterwhichitisimpossibletomistake。Whatshallwethinkofhimwhoneverdifferedfromacertainsetofmenuntilthemomenttheylosttheirpower，andwhoneveragreedwiththeminasingleinstanceafterwards？Wouldnotsuchacoincidenceofinterestandopinionberatherfortunate？Woulditnotbeanextraordinarycastuponthedice，thataman’sconnexionsshoulddegenerateintofaction，preciselyatthecriticalmomentwhentheylosetheirpower，orheacceptsaplace？Whenpeopledeserttheirconnexions，thedesertionisamanifestFACT，uponwhichadirectsimpleissuelies，triablebyplainmen。WhetheraMEASUREofgovernmentberightorwrong，ISNOMATTEROFFACT，butamereaffairofopinion，onwhichmenmay，astheydo，disputeandwranglewithoutend。ButwhethertheindividualTHINKSthemeasurerightorwrong，isapointatstillagreaterdistancefromthereachofallhumandecision。Itisthereforeveryconvenienttopoliticians，nottoputthejudgmentoftheirconductonovertacts，cognizableinanyordinarycourt，butuponsuchmatterascanbetriableonlyinthatsecrettribunal，wheretheyaresureofbeingheardwithfavour，orwhereatworstthesentencewillbeonlyprivatewhipping。
LORDCHATHAM。
Anotherscenewasopened，andotheractorsappearedonthestage。TheState，intheconditionIhavedescribedit，wasdeliveredintothehandsofLordChatham——agreatandcelebratedname;anamethatkeepsthenameofthiscountryrespectableineveryotherontheglobe。Itmaybetrulycalled——
ClarumetvenerabilenomenGentibus，etmultumnostraequodproderaturbi。
Sir，thevenerableageofthisgreatman，hismeritedrank，hissuperioreloquence，hissplendidqualities，hiseminentservices，thevastspacehefillsintheeyeofmankind;and，morethanalltherest，hisfallfrompower，which，likedeath，canonizesandsanctifiesagreatcharacter，willnotsuffermetocensureanypartofhisconduct。Iamafraidtoflatterhim;IamsureIamnotdisposedtoblamehim。Letthose，whohavebetrayedhimbytheiradulation，insulthimwiththeirmalevolence。ButwhatIdonotpresumetocensure，Imayhaveleavetolament。Forawiseman，heseemedtomeatthattimetobegovernedtoomuchbygeneralmaxims。Ispeakwiththefreedomofhistory，andIhopewithoutoffence。Oneortwoofthesemaxims，flowingfromanopinionnotthemostindulgenttoourunhappyspecies，andsurelyalittletoogeneral，ledhimintomeasuresthatweregreatlymischievoustohimself;
andforthatreason，amongothers，perhapsfataltohiscountry;
measures，theeffectsofwhich，Iamafraid，areforeverincurable。Hemadeanadministration，socheckeredandspeckled;heputtogetherapieceofjoinery，socrosslyindentedandwhimsicallydove-tailed;acabinetsovariouslyinlaid;suchapieceofdiversifiedmosaic;suchatesselatedpavementwithoutcement;hereabitofblackstone，andthereabitofwhite;patriotsandcourtiers，king’sfriendsandrepublicans;
WhigsandTories;treacherousfriendsandopenenemies;thatitwasindeedaverycuriousshow;bututterlyunsafetotouch，andunsuretostandon。Thecolleagueswhomhehadassortedatthesameboards，staredateachother，andwereobligedtoask，“Sir，yourname？——Sir，youhavetheadvantageofme——Mr。Such-a-one——Ibegathousandpardons——“I
venturetosay，itdidsohappen，thatpersonshadasingleofficedividedbetweenthem，whohadneverspokentoeachotherintheirlives，untiltheyfoundthemselves，theyknewnothow，piggingtogether，headsandpoints，inthesametruckle-bed。
Sir，inconsequenceofthisarrangement，havingputsomuchthelargerpartofhisenemiesandopposersintopower，theconfusionwassuch，thathisownprinciplescouldnotpossiblyhaveanyeffectorinfluenceintheconductofaffairs。Ifeverhefellintoafitofthegout，orifanyothercausewithdrewhimfrompubliccares，principlesdirectlythecontraryweresuretopredominate。Whenhehadexecutedhisplan，hehadnotaninchofgroundtostandupon。Whenhehadaccomplishedhisschemeofadministration，hewasnolongeraminister。Whenhisfacewashidbutforamoment，hiswholesystemwasonawidesea，withoutchartorcompass。Thegentlemen，hisparticularfriends，who，withthenamesofvariousdepartmentsofministry，wereadmittedtoseemasiftheyactedapartunderhim，withamodestythatbecomesallmen，andwithaconfidenceinhim，whichwasjustifiedeveninitsextravagancebyhissuperiorabilities，hadnever，inanyinstance，presumeduponanyopinionoftheirown。Deprivedofhisguidinginfluence，theywerewhirledabout，thesportofeverygust，andeasilydrivenintoanyport;
andasthosewhojoinedwiththeminmanningthevesselwerethemostdirectlyoppositetohisopinions，measures，andcharacter，andfarthemostartfulandmostpowerfuloftheset，theyeasilyprevailed，soastoseizeuponthevacant，unoccupied，andderelictmindsofhisfriends;
andinstantlytheyturnedthevesselwhollyoutofthecourseofhispolicy。Asifitweretoinsultaswellastobetrayhim，evenlongbeforethecloseofthefirstsessionofhisadministration，wheneverythingwaspubliclytransacted，andwithgreatparade，inhisname，theymadeanact，declaringithighlyjustandexpedienttoraisearevenueinAmerica。Foreventhen，Sir，evenbeforethissplendidorbwasentirelyset，andwhilethewesternhorizonwasinablazewithhisdescendingglory，ontheoppositequarteroftheheavensaroseanotherluminary，and，forhishour，becamelordoftheascendant。
GRENVILLE。
Mr。Grenvillewasafirst-ratefigureinthiscountry。Withamasculineunderstanding，andastoutandresoluteheart，hehadanapplicationundissipatedandunwearied。Hetookpublicbusinessnotasadutywhichhewastofulfil，butasapleasurehewastoenjoy;andheseemedtohavenodelightoutofthishouse，exceptinsuchthingsassomewayrelatedtothebusinessthatwastobedonewithinit。Ifhewasambitious，Iwillsaythisforhim，hisambitionwasofanobleandgenerousstrain。Itwastoraisehimself，notbythelow，pimpingpoliticsofacourt，buttowinhiswaytopower，throughthelaboriousgradationsofpublicservice;andtosecurehimselfawell-earnedrankinParliament，byathoroughknowledgeofitsconstitution，andaperfectpracticeinallitsbusiness。
Sir，ifsuchamanfellintoerrors，itmustbefromdefectsnotintrinsical;theymustberathersoughtintheparticularhabitsofhislife;whichthoughtheydonotaltertheground-workofcharacter，yettingeitwiththeirownhue。Hewasbredinaprofession。Hewasbredtothelaw，whichis，inmyopinion，oneofthefirstandnoblestofhumansciences;asciencewhichdoesmoretoquickenandinvigoratetheunderstanding，thanalltheotherkindsoflearningputtogether;butitisnotapt，exceptinpersonsveryhappilyborn，toopenandtoliberalizethemindexactlyinthesameproportion。Passingfromthatstudyhedidnotgoverylargelyintotheworld;butplungedintobusiness;Imeanintothebusinessofoffice;andthelimitedandfixedmethodsandformsestablishedthere。Muchknowledgeistobehadundoubtedlyinthatline;andthereisnoknowledgewhichisnotvaluable。Butitmaybetrulysaid，thatmentoomuchconversantinofficearerarelymindsofremarkableenlargement。Theirhabitsofofficeareapttogivethematurntothinkthesubstanceofbusinessnottobemuchmoreimportantthantheformsinwhichitisconducted。
Theseformsareadaptedtoordinaryoccasions;andthereforepersonswhoarenurturedinofficedoadmirablywellaslongasthingsgoonintheircommonorder;butwhenthehighroadsarebrokenup，andthewatersout，whenanewandtroubledsceneisopened，andthefileaffordsnoprecedent，thenitisthatagreaterknowledgeofmankind，andafarmoreextensivecomprehensionofthings，isrequisite，thaneverofficegave，orthanofficecanevergive。
CHARLESTOWNSHEND。
Thislighttooispassedandsetforever。Youunderstand，tobesure，thatIspeakofCharlesTownshend，officiallythereproducerofthisfatalscheme;whomIcannotevennowrememberwithoutsomedegreeofsensibility。Intruth，Sir，hewasthedelightandornamentofthishouse，andthecharmofeveryprivatesocietywhichhehonouredwithhispresence。Perhapsthereneveraroseinthiscountry，norinanycountry，amanofamorepointedandfinishedwit;and(wherehispassionswerenotconcerned)ofamorerefined，exquisite，andpenetratingjudgment。
Ifhehadnotsogreatastock，assomehavehadwhoflourishedformerly，ofknowledgelongtreasuredup，heknewbetterbyfar，thananymanIeverwasacquaintedwith，howtobringtogetherwithinashorttime，allthatwasnecessarytoestablish，toillustrate，andtodecoratethatsideofthequestionhesupported。Hestatedhismatterskilfullyandpowerfully。Heparticularlyexcelledinamostluminousexplanationanddisplayofhissubject。Hisstyleofargumentwasneithertriteandvulgar，norsubtleandabstruse。Hehitthehousejustbetweenwindandwater。Andnotbeingtroubledwithtooanxiousazealforanymatterinquestion，hewasnevermoretedious，ormoreearnest，thanthepre-conceivedopinionsandpresenttemperofhishearersrequired;towhomhewasalwaysinperfectunison。Heconformedexactlytothetemperofthehouse;andheseemedtoguide，becausehewasalwayssuretofollowit。
PARTYANDPLACE。
Partyisabodyofmenunited，forpromotingbytheirjointendeavoursthenationalinterest，uponsomeparticularprincipleinwhichtheyareallagreed。Formypart，Ifinditimpossibletoconceivethatanyonebelievesinhisownpolitics，orthinksthemtobeofanyweight，whorefusestoadoptthemeansofhavingthemreducedintopractice。Itisthebusinessofthespeculativephilosophertomarktheproperendsofgovernment。Itisthebusinessofthepolitician，whoisthephilosopherinaction，tofindoutpropermeanstowardsthoseends，andtoemploythemwitheffect。Thereforeeveryhonourableconnectionwillavowitistheirfirstpurposetopursueeveryjustmethodtoputthemenwhoholdtheiropinionsintosuchaconditionasmayenablethemtocarrytheircommonplansintoexecution，withallthepowerandauthorityofthestate。Asthispowerisattachedtocertainsituations，itistheirdutytocontendforthesesituations。Withoutaproscriptionofothers，theyareboundtogivetotheirownpartythepreferenceinallthings;andbynomeans，forprivateconsiderations，toacceptanyoffersofpowerinwhichthewholebodyisnotincluded;nortosufferthemselvestobeled，ortobecontrolled，ortobeoverbalanced，inofficeorincouncil，bythosewhocontradicttheveryfundamentalprinciplesonwhichtheirpartyisformed，andeventhoseuponwhicheveryfairconnectionmuststand。Suchagenerouscontentionforpower，onsuchmanlyandhonourablemaxims，willeasilybedistinguishedfromthemeanandinterestedstruggleforplaceandemolument。Theverystyleofsuchpersonswillservetodiscriminatethemfromthosenumberlessimposterswhohavedeludedtheignorantwithprofessionsincompatiblewithhumanpractice，andhaveafterwardsincensedthembypracticesbelowthelevelofvulgarrectitude。
POLITICALCONNECTIONS。
Everyprofession，notexceptingthegloriousoneofasoldier，orthesacredoneofapriest，isliabletoitsownparticularvices，which，however，formnoargumentagainstthosewaysoflife;norarethevicesthemselvesinevitabletoeveryindividualinthoseprofessions。Ofsuchanatureareconnectionsinpolitics;essentiallynecessaryforthefullperformanceofourpublicduty，accidentallyliabletodegenerateintofaction。Commonwealthsaremadeoffamilies，freecommonwealthsofpartiesalso;andwemayaswellaffirm，thatournaturalregardsandtiesofbloodtendinevitablytomakemenbadcitizens，asthatthebondsofourpartyweakenthosebywhichweareheldtoourcountry。
Somelegislatorswentsofarastomakeneutralityinpartyacrimeagainstthestate。Idonotknowwhetherthismightnothavebeenrathertooverstraintheprinciple。Certainitis，thebestpatriotsinthegreatestcommonwealthshavealwayscommendedandpromotedsuchconnections。Idemsentirederepublica，waswiththemaprincipalgroundoffriendshipandattachment;nordoIknowanyothercapableofformingfirmer，dearer，morepleasing，morehonourable，andmorevirtuoushabitudes。TheRomanscarriedthisprincipleagreatway。Eventheholdingofofficestogether，thedispositionofwhicharosefromchance，notselection，gaverisetoarelationwhichcontinuedforlife。Itwascallednecessitudosortis;anditwaslookeduponwithasacredreverence。Breachesofanyofthesekindsofcivilrelationwereconsideredasactsofthemostdistinguishedturpitude。Thewholepeoplewasdistributedintopoliticalsocieties，inwhichtheyactedinsupportofsuchinterestsinthestateastheyseverallyaffected。Foritwasthenthoughtnocrimetoendeavour，byeveryhonestmeans，toadvancetosuperiorityandpowerthoseofyourownsentimentsandopinions。Thiswisepeoplewasfarfromimaginingthatthoseconnectionshadnotie，andobligedtonoduty;butthatmenmightquitthemwithoutshame，uponeverycallofinterest。Theybelievedprivatehonourtobethegreatfoundationofpublictrust;thatfriendshipwasnomeansteptowardspatriotism;thathewho，inthecommonintercourseoflife，showedheregardedsomebodybesideshimself，whenhecametoactinapublicsituation，mightprobablyconsultsomeotherinterestthanhisown。
NEUTRALITY。
Theywerearaceofmen(IhopeinGodthespeciesisextinct)who，whentheyroseintheirplace，nomanlivingcoulddivine，fromanyknownadherencetoparties，toopinions，ortoprinciples，fromanyorderorsystemintheirpolitics，orfromanysequelorconnectionintheirideas，whatparttheyweregoingtotakeinanydebate。Itisastonishinghowmuchthisuncertainty，especiallyatcriticaltimes，calledtheattentionofallpartiesonsuchmen。Alleyeswerefixedonthem，allearsopentohearthem;eachpartygaped，andlookedalternatelyfortheirvote，almosttotheendoftheirspeeches。Whilethehousehungonthisuncertainty，nowtheHEARHIMSrosefromthisside——nowtheyrebellowedfromtheother;andthatparty，towhomtheyfellatlengthfromtheirtremulousanddancingbalance，alwaysreceivedtheminatempestofapplause。Thefortuneofsuchmenwasatemptationtoogreattoberesistedbyonetowhomasinglewhiffofincensewithheldgavemuchgreaterpainthanhereceiveddelightinthecloudsofitwhichdailyroseabouthimfromtheprodigalsuperstitionofinnumerableadmirers。Hewasacandidateforcontradictoryhonours;andhisgreataimwastomakethoseagreeinadmirationofhimwhoneveragreedinanythingelse。
WEAKNESSINGOVERNMENT。
Letuslearnfromourexperience。Itisnotsupportthatiswantingtogovernment，butreformation。Whenministryrestsuponpublicopinion，itisnotindeedbuiltuponarockofadamant;ithas，however，somestability。Butwhenitstandsuponprivatehumour，itsstructureisofstubble，anditsfoundationisonquicksand。Irepeatitagain——Hethatsupportseveryadministrationsubvertsallgovernment。Thereasonisthis：Thewholebusinessinwhichacourtusuallytakesaninterestgoesonatpresentequallywell，inwhateverhands，whetherhighorlow，wiseorfoolish，scandalousorreputable;thereisnothing，therefore，toholditfirmtoanyonebodyofmen，ortoanyoneconsistentschemeofpolitics。Nothinginterposestopreventthefulloperationofallthecapricesandallthepassionsofacourtupontheservantsofthepublic。Thesystemofadministrationisopentocontinualshocksandchanges，upontheprinciplesofthemeanestcabal，andthemostcontemptibleintrigue。Nothingcanbesolidandpermanent。Allgoodmenatlengthflywithhorrorfromsuchaservice。Menofrankandability，withthespiritwhichoughttoanimatesuchmeninafreestate，whiletheydeclinethejurisdictionofdarkcabalontheiractionsandtheirfortunes，will，forboth，cheerfullyputthemselvesupontheircountry。
Theywilltrustaninquisitiveanddistinguishingparliament;becauseitdoesinquire，anddoesdistinguish。Iftheyactwell，theyknowthat，insuchaparliament，theywillbesupportedagainstanyintrigue;iftheyactill，theyknowthatnointriguecanprotectthem。Thissituation，howeverawful，ishonourable。Butinonehour，andintheself-sameassembly，withoutanyassignedorassignablecause，tobeprecipitatedfromthehighestauthoritytothemostmarkedneglect，possiblyintothegreatestperiloflifeandreputation，isasituationfullofdanger，anddestituteofhonour。Itwillbeshunnedequallybyeverymanofprudence，andeverymanofspirit。
AMERICANPROGRESS。
Nothinginthehistoryofmankindisliketheirprogress。Formypart，I
nevercastaneyeontheirflourishingcommerce，andtheircultivatedandcommodiouslife，buttheyseemtomeratherancientnationsgrowntoperfectionthroughalongseriesoffortunateevents，andatrainofsuccessfulindustry，accumulatingwealthinmanycenturies，thanthecoloniesofyesterday;thanasetofmiserableoutcasts，afewyearsago，notsomuchsentasthrownout，onthebleakandbarrenshoreofadesolatewilderness，threethousandmilesfromallcivilizedintercourse。
COMBINATION，NOTFACTION。
Thatconnectionandfactionareequivalentterms，isanopinionwhichhasbeencarefullyinculcatedatalltimesbyunconstitutionalstatesmen。Thereasonisevident。Whilstmenarelinkedtogether，theyeasilyandspeedilycommunicatethealarmofanyevildesign。Theyareenabledtofathomitwithcommoncounsel，andtoopposeitwithunitedstrength。Whereas，whentheyliedispersed，withoutconcert，order，ordiscipline，communicationisuncertain，counseldifficult，andresistanceimpracticable。Wheremenarenotacquaintedwitheachother’sprinciples，norexperiencedineachother’stalents，noratallpractisedintheirmutualhabitudesanddispositionsbyjointeffortsinbusiness;nopersonalconfidence，nofriendship，nocommoninterest，subsistingamongthem;itisevidentlyimpossiblethattheycanactapublicpartwithuniformity，perseverance，orefficacy。Inaconnection，themostinconsiderableman，byaddingtotheweightofthewhole，hashisvalue，andhisuse;outofit，thegreatesttalentsarewhollyunserviceabletothepublic。Noman，whoisnotinflamedbyvain-gloryintoenthusiasm，canflatterhimselfthathissingle，unsupported，desultory，unsystematicendeavours，areofpowertodefeatthesubtledesignsandunitedcabalsofambitiouscitizens。Whenbadmencombine，thegoodmustassociate;elsetheywillfall，onebyone，anunpitiedsacrificeinacontemptiblestruggle。
GREATMEN。
Greatmenaretheguide-postsandland-marksinthestate。Thecreditofsuchmenatcourt，orinthenation，isthesolecauseofallthepublicmeasures。Itwouldbeaninvidiousthing(mostforeign，Itrust，towhatyouthinkmydisposition)toremarktheerrorsintowhichtheauthorityofgreatnameshasbroughtthenation，withoutdoingjusticeatthesametimetothegreatqualitieswhencethatauthorityarose。Thesubjectisinstructivetothosewhowishtoformthemselvesonwhateverofexcellencehasgonebeforethem。Therearemanyyoungmembersinthehouse(suchoflatehasbeentherapidsuccessionofpublicmen)whoneversawthatprodigy，CharlesTownshend;norofcourseknowwhatafermenthewasabletoexciteineverythingbytheviolentebullitionofhismixedvirtuesandfailings。Forfailingshehadundoubtedly——manyofusrememberthem;wearethisdayconsideringtheeffectofthem。Buthehadnofailingswhichwerenotowingtoanoblecause;toanardent，generous，perhapsanimmoderate，passionforfame;apassionwhichistheinstinctofallgreatsouls。
POWEROFCONSTITUENTS。
Thepowerofthepeople，withinthelaws，mustshowitselfsufficienttoprotecteveryrepresentativeintheanimatedperformanceofhisduty，orthatdutycannotbeperformed。TheHouseofCommonscanneverbeacontrolonotherpartsofgovernment，unlesstheyarecontrolledthemselvesbytheirconstituents;andunlesstheseconstituentspossesssomerightinthechoiceofthathouse，whichitisnotinthepowerofthathousetotakeaway。Iftheysufferthispowerofarbitraryincapacitationtostand，theyhaveutterlypervertedeveryotherpoweroftheHouseofCommons。ThelateproceedingIwillnotsayIScontrarytolaw，itMUSTbeso;forthepowerwhichisclaimedcannot，byanypossibility，bealegalpowerinanylimitedmemberofgovernment。
INFLUENCEOFPLACEINGOVERNMENT。
Itisnoinconsiderablepartofwisdom，toknowhowmuchofaneviloughttobetolerated;lest，byattemptingadegreeofpurityimpracticableindegeneratetimesandmanners，insteadofcuttingoffthesubsistingillpractices，newcorruptionsmightbeproducedfortheconcealmentandsecurityoftheold。Itwerebetter，undoubtedly，thatnoinfluenceatallcouldaffectthemindofamemberofParliament。Butofallmodesofinfluence，inmyopinion，aplaceunderthegovernmentistheleastdisgracefultothemanwhoholdsit，andbyfarthemostsafetothecountry。Iwouldnotshutoutthatsortofinfluencewhichisopenandvisible，whichisconnectedwiththedignityandtheserviceofthestate，whenitisnotinmypowertopreventtheinfluenceofcontracts，ofsubscriptions，ofdirectbribery，andthoseinnumerablemethodsofclandestinecorruption，whichareabundantlyinthehandsofthecourt，andwhichwillbeappliedaslongasthesemeansofcorruption，andthedispositiontobecorrupted，haveexistenceamongus。Ourconstitutionstandsonaniceequipoise，withsteepprecipicesanddeepwatersuponallsidesofit。Inremovingitfromadangerousleaningtowardsoneside，theremaybeariskofoversettingitontheother。Everyprojectofamaterialchangeinagovernmentsocomplicatedasours，combinedatthesametimewithexternalcircumstances，stillmorecomplicated，isamatterfullofdifficulties：inwhichaconsideratemanwillnotbetooreadytodecide;aprudentmantooreadytoundertake;oranhonestmantooreadytopromise。Theydonotrespectthepublicnorthemselves，whoengageformorethantheyaresurethattheyoughttoattempt，orthattheyareabletoperform。
TAXATIONINVOLVESPRINCIPLE。
Nomaneverdoubtedthatthecommodityofteacouldbearanimpositionofthreepence。Butnocommoditywillbearthreepence，orwillbearapenny，whenthegeneralfeelingsofmenareirritated，andtwomillionsofpeopleareresolvednottopay。ThefeelingsofthecolonieswereformerlythefeelingsofGreatBritain。TheirswereformerlythefeelingsofMr。Hampdenwhencalleduponforthepaymentoftwentyshillings。WouldtwentyshillingshaveruinedMr。Hampden’sfortune？No！
butthepaymentofhalftwentyshillings，ontheprincipleitwasdemanded，wouldhavemadehimaslave。
GOODMEMBEROFPARLIAMENT。
Tobeagoodmemberofparliamentis，letmetellyou，noeasytask;
especiallyatthistime，whenthereissostrongadispositiontorunintotheperilousextremesofservilecomplianceorwildpopularity。Tounitecircumspectionwithvigourisabsolutelynecessary;butitisextremelydifficult。WearenowmembersforarichcommercialCITY;thiscity，however，isbutapartofarichcommercialNATION，theinterestsofwhicharevarious，multiform，andintricate。Wearemembersforthatgreatnation，whichhoweverisitselfbutpartofagreatEMPIRE，extendedbyourvirtueandourfortunetothefarthestlimitsoftheeastandofthewest。Allthesewide-spreadinterestsmustbeconsidered;mustbecompared;mustbereconciled，ifpossible。WearemembersforaFREEcountry;andsurelyweallknow，thatthemachineofafreeconstitutionisnosimplething;butasintricateandasdelicateasitisvaluable。WearemembersinagreatandancientMONARCHY;andwemustpreservereligiouslythetruelegalrightsofthesovereign，whichformthekey-stonethatbindstogetherthenobleandwell-constructedarchofourempireandourconstitution。
FISHERIESOFNEWENGLAND。
Astothewealthwhichthecolonieshavedrawnfromtheseabytheirfisheries，youhadallthatmatterfullyopenedatyourbar。Yousurelythoughtthoseacquisitionsofvalue，fortheyseemedeventoexciteyourenvy;andyetthespiritbywhichthatenterprisingemploymenthasbeenexercisedoughtrather，inmyopinion，tohaveraisedyouresteemandadmiration。Andpray，Sir，whatintheworldisequaltoit！Passbytheotherparts，andlookatthemannerinwhichthepeopleofNewEnglandhaveoflatecarriedonthewhalefishery。Whilstwefollowthemamongthetumblingmountainsofice，andbeholdthempenetratingintothedeepestfrozenrecessesofHudson’sBayandDavis’sStraits，whilstwearelookingforthembeneaththearcticcircle，wehearthattheyhavepiercedintotheoppositeregionofpolarcold，thattheyareattheantipodes，andengagedunderthefrozenserpentofthesouth。FalklandIsland，whichseemedtooremoteandromanticanobjectforthegraspofnationalambition，isbutastageandresting-placeintheprogressoftheirvictoriousindustry。Noristheequinoctialheatmorediscouragingtothem，thantheaccumulatedwinterofboththepoles。WeknowthatwhilstsomeofthemdrawthelineandstriketheharpoononthecoastofAfrica，othersrunthelongitude，andpursuetheirgiganticgamealongthecoastofBrazil。Noseabutwhatisvexedbytheirfisheries。Noclimatethatisnotwitnesstotheirtoils。NeithertheperseveranceofHolland，northeactivityofFrance，northedexterousandfirmsagacityofEnglishenterprise，evercarriedthismostperilousmodeofhardindustrytotheextenttowhichithasbeenpushedbythisrecentpeople;apeoplewhoarestill，asitwere，butinthegristle，andnotyethardenedintotheboneofmanhood。
PREPARATIONFORPARLIAMENT。
WhenIfirstdevotedmyselftothepublicservice，IconsideredhowI
shouldrendermyselffitforit;andthisIdidbyendeavouringtodiscoverwhatitwasthatgavethiscountrytherankitholdsintheworld。Ifoundthatourprosperityanddignityaroseprincipally，ifnotsolely，fromtwosources;——ourconstitutionandcommerce。BoththeseI
havesparednostudytounderstand，andnoendeavourtosupport。
Thedistinguishingpartofourconstitutionisitsliberty。Topreservethatlibertyinviolate，seemstheparticulardutyandpropertrustofamemberoftheHouseofCommons。Buttheliberty，theonlylibertyI
mean，isalibertyconnectedwithorder;thatnotonlyexistsalongwithorderandvirtue，butwhichcannotexistatallwithoutthem。Itinheresingoodandsteadygovernment，asinitssubstanceandvitalprinciple。
Theothersourceofourpoweriscommerce，ofwhichyouaresolargeapart，andwhichcannotexist，nomorethanyourliberty，withoutaconnectionwithmanyvirtues。Ithaseverbeenaveryparticularandaveryfavouriteobjectofmystudy，initsprinciples，andinitsdetails。IthinkmanyhereareacquaintedwiththetruthofwhatIsay。
ThisIknow，thatIhaveeverhadmyhouseopen，andmypoorservicesready，fortradersandmanufacturersofeverydenomination。Myfavouriteambitionistohavethoseservicesacknowledged。Inowappearbeforeyoutomaketrial，whethermyearnestendeavourshavebeensowhollyoppressedbytheweaknessofmyabilitiesastoberenderedinsignificantintheeyesofagreattradingcity;orwhetheryouchoosetogiveaweighttohumbleabilities，forthesakeofthehonestexertionswithwhichtheyareaccompanied。Thisismytrialto？day。Myindustryisnotontrial。OfmyindustryIamsure，asfarasmyconstitutionofmindandbodyadmitted。
BATHURSTANDAMERICA’SFUTURE。
Letus，however，beforewithdescendfromthisnobleeminence，reflectthatthisgrowthofournationalprosperityhashappenedwithintheshortperiodofthelifeofman。Ithashappenedwithinsixty-eightyears。Therearethosealivewhosememorymighttouchthetwoextremities。Forinstance，myLordBathurstmightrememberallthestagesoftheprogress。Hewas，in1704，ofanageatleasttobemadetocomprehendsuchthings。Hewasthenoldenough“actaparentumjamlegere，etquaesitpoteritcognoscerevirtus。”Suppose，Sir，thattheangelofthisauspiciousyouth，foreseeingthemanyvirtueswhichmadehimoneofthemostamiable，asheisoneofthemostfortunate，menofhisage，hadopenedtohiminvision，thatwhen，inthefourthgeneration，thethirdprinceofthehouseofBrunswickhadsattwelveyearsonthethroneofthatnation，which(bythehappyissueofmoderateandhealingcouncils)wastobemadeGreatBritain，heshouldseehisson，lordchancellorofEngland，turnbackthecurrentofhereditarydignitytoitsfountain，andraisehimtoahigherrankofpeerage，whilstheenrichedthefamilywithanewone。Ifamidstthesebrightandhappyscenesofdomestichonourandprosperity，thatangelshouldhavedrawnupthecurtain，andunfoldedtherisinggloriesofhiscountry，andwhilsthewasgazingwithadmirationonthethencommercialgrandeurofEngland，thegeniusshouldpointouttohimalittlespeck，scarcevisibleinthemassofthenationalinterest，asmallseminalprinciple，ratherthanaformedbody，andshouldtellhim——“Youngman，thereisAmerica——whichatthisdayservesforlittlemorethantoamuseyouwithstoriesofsavagemen，anduncouthmanners;yetshall，beforeyoutasteofdeath，showitselfequaltothewholeofthatcommercewhichnowattractstheenvyoftheworld。WhateverEnglandhasbeengrowingtobyaprogressiveincreaseofimprovement，broughtinbyvarietiesofpeople，bysuccessionofcivilizingconquestsandcivilizingsettlementsinaseriesofseventeenhundredyears，youshallseeasmuchaddedtoherbyAmericainthecourseofasinglelife！”Ifthisstateofhiscountryhadbeenforetoldtohim，woulditnotrequireallthesanguinecredulityofyouth，andallthefervidglowofenthusiasm，tomakehimbelieveit？Fortunateman，hehaslivedtoseeit！Fortunate，indeed，ifhelivestoseenothingthatshallvarytheprospect，andcloudthesettingofhisday！
CANDIDPOLICY。
Refinedpolicyeverhasbeentheparentofconfusion;andeverwillbeso，aslongastheworldendures。Plaingoodintention，whichisaseasilydiscoveredatthefirstview，asfraudissurelydetectedatlast，is，letmesay，ofnomeanforceinthegovernmentofmankind。
Genuinesimplicityofheartisahealingandcementingprinciple。Myplan，therefore，beingformeduponthemostsimplegroundsimaginable，maydisappointsomepeople，whentheyhearit。Ithasnothingtorecommendittothepruriencyofcuriousears。Thereisnothingatallnewandcaptivatinginit。Ithasnothingofthesplendouroftheprojectwhichhasbeenlatelylaiduponyourtablebythenoblelordintheblueriband。Itdoesnotproposetofillyourlobbywithsquabblingcolonyagents，whowillrequiretheinterpositionofyourmace，ateveryinstant，tokeepthepeaceamongstthem。Itdoesnotinstituteamagnificentauctionoffinance，wherecaptivatedprovincescometogeneralransombybiddingagainsteachother，untilyouknockdownthehammer，anddetermineaproportionofpaymentsbeyondallthepowersofalgebratoequalizeandsettle。
WISDOMOFCONCESSION。
Peaceimpliesreconciliation;andwheretherehasbeenamaterialdispute，reconciliationdoesinamanneralwaysimplyconcessionontheonepartortheother。InthisstateofthingsImakenodifficultyinaffirmingthattheproposaloughttooriginatefromus。Greatandacknowledgedforceisnotimpaired，eitherineffectorinopinion，byanunwillingnesstoexertitself。Thesuperiorpowermayofferpeacewithhonourandwithsafety。Suchanofferfromsuchapowerwillbeattributedtomagnanimity。Buttheconcessionsoftheweakaretheconcessionsoffear。Whensuchaoneisdisarmed，heiswhollyatthemercyofhissuperior;andhelosesforeverthattimeandthosechanceswhich，astheyhappentoallmen，arethestrengthandresourcesofallinferiorpower。
MAGNANIMITY。
Asforthetriflingpetulancewhichtherageofpartystirsupinlittleminds，thoughitshouldshowitselfeveninthiscourt，ithasnotmadetheslightestimpressiononme。Thehighestflightofsuchclamorousbirdsiswingedinaninferiorregionoftheair。Wehearthem，andwelookuponthem，justasyou，gentlemen，whenyouenjoythesereneaironyourloftyrocks，lookdownuponthegullsthatskimthemudofyourriver，whenitisexhaustedofitstide。
DUTYOFREPRESENTATIVES。
Itoughttobethehappinessandgloryofarepresentativetoliveinthestrictestunion，theclosestcorrespondence，andthemostunreservedcommunicationwithhisconstituents。Theirwishesoughttohavegreatweightwithhim;theiropinionhighrespect;theirbusinessunremittedattention。Itishisdutytosacrificehisrepose，hispleasures，hissatisfactions，totheirs;andaboveall，ever，andinallcases，toprefertheirinteresttohisown。But，hisunbiassedopinion，hismaturejudgment，hisenlightenedconscience，heoughtnottosacrificetoyou，toanyman，ortoanysetofmenliving。Thesehedoesnotderivefromyourpleasure;no，norfromthelawandtheconstitution。TheyareatrustfromProvidence，fortheabuseofwhichheisdeeplyanswerable。
Yourrepresentativeowesyou，nothisindustryonly，buthisjudgment;
andhebetrays，insteadofservingyou，ifhesacrificesittoyouropinion。
PRUDENTIALSILENCE。
ThoughIgavesofarintohisopinion，thatIimmediatelythrewmythoughtsintoasortofparliamentaryform，Iwasbynomeansequallyreadytoproducethem。Itgenerallyarguessomedegreeofnaturalimpotenceofmind，orsomewantofknowledgeoftheworld，tohazardplansofgovernmentexceptfromaseatofauthority。Propositionsaremade，notonlyineffectually，butsomewhatdisreputably，whenthemindsofmenarenotproperlydisposedfortheirreception：andformypart，I
amnotambitiousofridicule;notabsolutelyacandidatefordisgrace。
COLONIALTIES。
Theyare“ourchildren;“butwhenchildrenaskforbread，wearenottogiveastone。Isitbecausethenaturalresistanceofthings，andthevariousmutationsoftime，hindersourgovernment，oranyschemeofgovernment，frombeinganymorethanasortofapproximationtotheright，isitthereforethatthecoloniesaretorecedefromitinfinitely？Whenthischildofourswishestoassimilatetoitsparent，andtoreflectwithatruefilialresemblancethebeauteouscountenanceofBritishliberty，arewetoturntothemtheshamefulpartsofourconstitution？arewetogivethemourweaknessfortheirstrength？ouropprobriumfortheirglory？andthesloughofslavery，whichwearenotabletoworkoff，toservethemfortheirfreedom？
GOVERNMENTANDLEGISLATION。
Ifgovernmentwereamatterofwilluponanyside，yours，withoutquestion，oughttobesuperior。Butgovernmentandlegislationaremattersofreasonandjudgment，andnotofinclination;andwhatsortofreasonisthat，inwhichthedeterminationprecedesthediscussion;inwhichonesetofmendeliberate，andanotherdecide;andwherethosewhoformtheconclusionareperhapsthreehundredmilesdistantfromthosewhohearthearguments？
PARLIAMENT。
ParliamentisnotaCONGRESSofambassadorsfromdifferentandhostileinterests，whichinterestseachmustmaintain，asanagentandadvocate，againstotheragentsandadvocates;butparliamentisaDELIBERATIVE
assemblyofONEnation，withONEinterest，thatofthewhole;where，notlocalpurposes，notlocalprejudices，oughttoguide，butthegeneralgood，resultingfromthegeneralreasonofthewhole。Youchooseamemberindeed;butwhenyouhavechosenhim，heisnotmemberofBristol，butheisamemberofPARLIAMENT。
MORALLEVELLERS。
ThismorallevellingisaSERVILEPRINCIPLE。Itleadstopracticalpassiveobediencefarbetterthanallthedoctrineswhichthepliantaccommodationoftheologytopowerhaseverproduced。Itcutsupbytheroots，notonlyallideaofforcibleresistance，butevenofcivilopposition。Itdisposesmentoanabjectsubmission，notbyopinion，whichmaybeshakenbyargumentoralteredbypassion，butbythestrongtiesofpublicandprivateinterest。Forifallmenwhoactinapublicsituationareequallyselfish，corrupt，andvenal，whatreasoncanbegivenfordesiringanysortofchange，which，besidestheevilswhichmustattendallchanges，canbeproductiveofnopossibleadvantage？Theactivemeninthestatearetruesamplesofthemass。Iftheyareuniversallydepraved，thecommonwealthitselfisnotsound。Wemayamuseourselveswithtalkingasmuchaswepleaseofthevirtueofmiddleorhumblelife;thatis，wemayplaceourconfidenceinthevirtueofthosewhohaveneverbeentried。Butifthepersonswhoarecontinuallyemergingoutofthatspherebenobetterthanthosewhombirthhasplacedaboveit，whathopesarethereintheremainderofthebody，whichistofurnishtheperpetualsuccessionofthestate？Allwhohaveeverwrittenongovernmentareunanimous，thatamongapeoplegenerallycorrupt，libertycannotlongexist。Andindeedhowisitpossible？whenthosewhoaretomakethelaws，toguard，toenforce，ortoobeythem，are，byatacitconfederacyofmanners，indisposedtothespiritofallgenerousandnobleinstitutions。
PUBLICSALARYANDPATRIOTICSERVICE。
Iamnotpossessedofanexactcommonmeasurebetweenrealserviceanditsreward。Iamverysurethatstatesdosometimesreceiveserviceswhichitishardlyintheirpowertorewardaccordingtotheirworth。IfIweretogivemyjudgmentwithregardtothiscountry，Idonotthinkthegreatefficientofficesofthestatetobeoverpaid。Theserviceofthepublicisathingwhichcannotbeputtoauction，andstruckdowntothosewhowillagreetoexecuteitthecheapest。Whentheproportionbetweenrewardandserviceisourobject，wemustalwaysconsiderofwhatnaturetheserviceis，andwhatsortofmentheyarethatmustperformit。Whatisjustpaymentforonekindoflabour，andfullencouragementforonekindoftalents，isfraudanddiscouragementtoothers。Manyofthegreatofficeshavemuchdutytodo，andmuchexpenseofrepresentationtomaintain。Asecretaryofstate，forinstance，mustnotappearsordidintheeyesoftheministersofothernations;neitheroughtourministersabroadtoappearcontemptibleinthecourtswheretheyreside。Inallofficesofduty，thereis，almostnecessarily，agreatneglectofalldomesticaffairs。Apersoninhighofficecanrarelytakeaviewofhisfamilyhouse。Ifheseesthatthestatetakesnodetriment，thestatemustseethathisaffairsshouldtakeaslittle。
Iwillevengosofarastoaffirm，thatifmenwerewillingtoserveinsuchsituationswithoutsalary，theyoughtnottobepermittedtodoit。
Ordinaryservicemustbesecuredbythemotivestoordinaryintegrity。I
donothesitatetosay，thatthatstatewhichlaysitsfoundationsinrareandheroicvirtues，willbesuretohaveitssuperstructureinthebasestprofligacyandcorruption。Anhonourableandfairprofitisthebestsecurityagainstavariceandrapacity;asinallthingselse，alawfulandregulatedenjoymentisthebestsecurityagainstdebaucheryandexcess。Foraswealthispower，soallpowerwillinfalliblydrawwealthtoitselfbysomemeansorother：andwhenmenareleftnowayofascertainingtheirprofitsbutbytheirmeansofobtainingthem，thosemeanswillbeincreasedtoinfinity。Thisistrueinallthepartsofadministration，aswellasinthewhole。Ifanyindividualweretodeclinehisappointments，itmightgiveanunfairadvantagetoostentatiousambitionoverunpretendingservice;itmightbreedinvidiouscomparisons;itmighttendtodestroywhateverlittleunityandagreementmaybefoundamongministers。And，afterall，whenanambitiousmanhadrundownhiscompetitorsbyafallaciousshowofdisinterestedness，andfixedhimselfinpowerbythatmeans，whatsecurityistherethathewouldnotchangehiscourse，andclaimasanindemnitytentimesmorethanhehasgivenup？
RATIONALLIBERTY。
Liberty，too，mustbelimitedinordertobepossessed。Thedegreeofrestraintitisimpossibleinanycasetosettleprecisely。Butitoughttobetheconstantaimofeverywisepubliccounciltofindoutbycautiousexperiments，andrational，coolendeavours，withhowlittle，nothowmuch，ofthisrestraintthecommunitycansubsist。Forlibertyisagoodtobeimproved，andnotaneviltobelessened。Itisnotonlyaprivateblessingofthefirstorder，butthevitalspringandenergyofthestateitself，whichhasjustsomuchlifeandvigourasthereislibertyinit。Butwhetherlibertybeadvantageousornot(forIknowitisafashiontodecrytheveryprinciple)，nonewilldisputethatpeaceisablessing;andpeacemustinthecourseofhumanaffairsbefrequentlyboughtbysomeindulgenceandtolerationatleasttoliberty。
Forasthesabbath(thoughofDivineinstitution)wasmadeforman，notmanforthesabbath，government，whichcanclaimnohigheroriginorauthority，initsexerciseatleast，oughttoconformtotheexigenciesofthetime，andthetemperandcharacterofthepeoplewithwhomitisconcerned;andnotalwaystoattemptviolentlytobendthepeopletotheirtheoriesofsubjection。Thebulkofmankindontheirpartarenotexcessivelycuriousconcerninganytheorieswhilsttheyarereallyhappy;andonesuresymptomofanill-conductedstateisthepropensityofthepeopletoresorttothem。
IRELANDANDMAGNACHARTA。
Thefeudalbaronageandthefeudalknighthood，therootsofourprimitiveconstitution，wereearlytransplantedintothatsoil，andgrewandflourishedthere。MagnaCharta，ifitdidnotgiveusoriginallytheHouseofCommons，gaveusatleastahouseofcommonsofweightandconsequence。ButyourancestorsdidnotchurlishlysitdownalonetothefeastofMagnaCharta。Irelandwasmadeimmediatelyapartaker。ThisbenefitofEnglishlawsandliberties，Iconfess，wasnotatfirstextendedtoALLIreland。Marktheconsequence。EnglishauthorityandEnglishlibertyhadexactlythesameboundaries。Yourstandardcouldneverbeadvancedaninchbeyondyourprivileges。SirJohnDavisshows，beyondadoubt，thattherefusalofageneralcommunicationoftheserightswasthetruecausewhyIrelandwasfivehundredyearsinsubduing;andafterthevainprojectsofamilitarygovernment，attemptedinthereignofQueenElizabeth，itwassoondiscoveredthatnothingcouldmakethatcountryEnglish，incivilityandallegiance，butyourlawsandyourformsoflegislature。ItwasnotEnglisharms，buttheEnglishconstitution，thatconqueredIreland。FromthattimeIrelandhaseverhadageneralparliament，asshehadbeforeapartialparliament。Youchangedthepeople;youalteredthereligion;butyounevertouchedtheformorthevitalsubstanceoffreegovernmentinthatkingdom。Youdeposedkings;yourestoredthem;youalteredthesuccessiontotheirs，aswellastoyourowncrown;butyouneveralteredtheirconstitution;theprincipleofwhichwasrespectedbyusurpation;restoredwiththerestorationofmonarchy，andestablished，Itrust，forever，bythegloriousRevolution。
COLONIESANDBRITISHCONSTITUTION。
Forthatservice，forallservice，whetherofrevenue，trade，orempire，mytrustisinherinterestintheBritishconstitution。Myholdofthecoloniesisinthecloseaffectionwhichgrowsfromcommonnames，fromkindredblood，fromsimilarprivileges，andequalprotection。Theseareties，which，thoughlightasair，areasstrongaslinksofiron。Letthecoloniesalwayskeeptheideaoftheircivilrightsassociatedwithyourgovernment;——theywillclingandgrappletoyou;andnoforceunderheavenwillbeofpowertotearthemfromtheirallegiance。Butletitbeonceunderstoodthatyourgovernmentmaybeonething，andtheirprivilegesanother;thatthesetwothingsmayexistwithoutanymutualrelation;thecementisgone;thecohesionisloosened;andeverythinghastenstodecayanddissolution。Aslongasyouhavethewisdomtokeepthesovereignauthorityofthiscountryasthesanctuaryofliberty，thesacredtempleconsecratedtoourcommonfaith，whereverthechosenraceandsonsofEnglandworshipfreedom，theywillturntheirfacestowardsyou。Themoretheymultiply，themorefriendsyouwillhave;themoreardentlytheyloveliberty，themoreperfectwillbetheirobedience。
Slaverytheycanhaveanywhere。Itisaweedthatgrowsineverysoil。
TheymayhaveitfromSpain，theymayhaveitfromPrussia。But，untilyoubecomelosttoallfeelingofyourtrueinterestandyournaturaldignity，freedomtheycanhavefromnonebutyou。Thisisthecommodityofprice，ofwhichyouhavethemonopoly。Thisisthetrueactofnavigation，whichbindstoyouthecommerceofthecolonies，andthroughthemsecurestoyouthewealthoftheworld。Denythemthisparticipationoffreedom，andyoubreakthatsolebond，whichoriginallymade，andmuststillpreserve，theunityoftheempire。Donotentertainsoweakanimagination，asthatyourregistersandyourbonds，youraffidavitsandyoursufferances，yourcocketsandyourclearances，arewhatformthegreatsecuritiesofyourcommerce。Donotdreamthatyourlettersofoffice，andyourinstructions，andyoursuspendingclauses，arethethingsthatholdtogetherthegreatcontextureofthismysteriouswhole。Thesethingsdonotmakeyourgovernment。Deadinstruments，passivetoolsastheyare，itisthespiritoftheEnglishcommunionthatgivesalltheirlifeandefficacytothem。ItisthespiritoftheEnglishconstitution，which，infusedthroughthemightymass，pervades，feeds，unites，invigorates，vivifieseverypartoftheempire，evendowntotheminutestmember。
RECIPROCALCONFIDENCE。
Atthefirstfatalopeningofthiscontest，thewisestcourseseemedtobetoputanendassoonaspossibletotheimmediatecausesofthedispute;andtoquietadiscussion，noteasilysettleduponclearprinciples，andarisingfromclaims，whichpridewouldpermitneitherpartytoabandon，byresortingasnearlyaspossibletotheold，successfulcourse。Amererepealoftheobnoxioustax，withadeclarationofthelegislativeauthorityofthiskingdom，wasthenfullysufficienttoprocurepeacetoBOTHSIDES。Manisacreatureofhabit，and，thefirstbreachbeingofveryshortcontinuance，thecoloniesfellbackexactlyintotheirancientstate。Thecongresshasusedanexpressionwithregardtothispacification，whichappearstometrulysignificant。AftertherepealoftheStampAct，“thecoloniesfell，“
saysthisassembly，“intotheirancientstateofUNSUSPECTINGCONFIDENCE
INTHEMOTHERCOUNTRY。”Thisunsuspectingconfidenceisthetruecentreofgravityamongstmankind，aboutwhichallthepartsareatrest。ItisthisUNSUSPECTINGCONFIDENCEthatremovesalldifficulties，andreconcilesallthecontradictionswhichoccurinthecomplexityofallancient，puzzled，politicalestablishments。Happyaretherulerswhichhavethesecretofpreservingit！
PENSIONSANDTHECROWN。
WhenmenreceiveobligationsfromtheCrown，throughthepioushandsoffathers，orofconnectionsasvenerableasthepaternal，thedependencieswhicharisefromthencearetheobligationsofgratitude，andnotthefettersofservility。Suchtiesoriginateinvirtue，andtheypromoteit。Theycontinuemeninthosehabitudesoffriendship，thosepoliticalconnexions，andthosepoliticalprinciples，inwhichtheybeganlife。Theyareantidotesagainstacorruptlevity，insteadofcausesofit。Whatanunseemlyspectaclewoulditafford，whatadisgracewoulditbetothecommonwealththatsufferedsuchthings，toseethehopefulsonofameritoriousministerbegginghisbreadatthedoorofthattreasury，fromwhencehisfatherdispensedtheeconomyofanempire，andpromotedthehappinessandgloryofhiscountry！Whyshouldhebeobligedtoprostratehishonour，andtosubmithisprinciplesattheleveeofsomeproudfavourite，shoulderedandthrustasidebyeveryimpudentpretender，ontheveryspotwhereafewdaysbeforehesawhimselfadored？——obligedtocringetotheauthorofthecalamitiesofhishouse，andtokissthehandsthatareredwithhisfather’sblood。
COLONIALPROGRESS。
Butnothinginprogressioncanrestonitsoriginalplan。Wemayaswellthinkofrockingagrownmaninthecradleofaninfant。Thereforeasthecoloniesprosperedandincreasedtoanumerousandmightypeople，spreadingoveraverygreattractoftheglobe;itwasnaturalthattheyshouldattributetoassemblies，sorespectableintheirformalconstitution，somepartofthedignityofthegreatnationswhichtheyrepresented。Nolongertiedtoby-laws，theseassembliesmadeactsofallsortsandinallcaseswhatsoever。Theyleviedmoney，notforparochialpurposes，butuponregulargrantstotheCrown，followingalltherulesandprinciplesofaparliamenttowhichtheyapproachedeverydaymoreandmorenearly。ThosewhothinkthemselveswiserthanProvidence，andstrongerthanthecourseofnature，maycomplainofallthisvariation，ontheonesideortheother，astheirseveralhumoursandprejudicesmayleadthem。Butthingscouldnotbeotherwise;andEnglishcoloniesmustbehadontheseterms，ornothadatall。
