“TheworthofaState，inthelongrun，istheworthofthe，individualscomposingit。”-J。S。Mill。
“Weputtoomuchfaithinsystems，andlooktoolittletomen。”-
B。Disraeli。
“Heavenhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves“isawell-triedmaxim，embodyinginasmallcompasstheresultsofvasthumanexperience。
Thespiritofself-helpistherootofallgenuinegrowthinthe，individual;and，exhibitedinthelivesofmany，itconstitutesthe，truesourceofnationalvigourandstrength。Helpfromwithoutis，oftenenfeeblinginitseffects，buthelpfromwithininvariably，invigorates。WhateverisdoneFORmenorclasses，toacertain，extenttakesawaythestimulusandnecessityofdoingfor，themselves;andwheremenaresubjectedtoover-guidanceandover-
government，theinevitabletendencyistorenderthemcomparatively，helpless。
Eventhebestinstitutionscangiveamannoactivehelp。Perhaps，themosttheycandois，toleavehimfreetodevelophimselfand，improvehisindividualcondition。Butinalltimesmenhavebeen，pronetobelievethattheirhappinessandwell-beingweretobe，securedbymeansofinstitutionsratherthanbytheirownconduct。
Hencethevalueoflegislationasanagentinhumanadvancementhas，usuallybeenmuchover-estimated。Toconstitutethemillionthpart，ofaLegislature，byvotingforoneortwomenonceinthreeor，fiveyears，howeverconscientiouslythisdutymaybeperformed，can，exercisebutlittleactiveinfluenceuponanyman’slifeand，character。Moreover，itiseverydaybecomingmoreclearly，understood，thatthefunctionofGovernmentisnegativeand，restrictive，ratherthanpositiveandactive;beingresolvable，principallyintoprotection-protectionoflife，liberty，and，property。Laws，wiselyadministered，willsecuremeninthe，enjoymentofthefruitsoftheirlabour，whetherofmindorbody，atacomparativelysmallpersonalsacrifice;butnolaws，however，stringent，canmaketheidleindustrious，thethriftlessprovident，orthedrunkensober。Suchreformscanonlybeeffectedbymeans，ofindividualaction，economy，andself-denial;bybetterhabits，ratherthanbygreaterrights。
TheGovernmentofanationitselfisusuallyfoundtobebutthe，reflexoftheindividualscomposingit。TheGovernmentthatis，aheadofthepeoplewillinevitablybedraggeddowntotheirlevel，astheGovernmentthatisbehindthemwillinthelongrunbe，draggedup。Intheorderofnature，thecollectivecharacterofa，nationwillassurelyfinditsbefittingresultsinitslawand，government，aswaterfindsitsownlevel。Thenoblepeoplewillbe，noblyruled，andtheignorantandcorruptignobly。Indeedall，experienceservestoprovethattheworthandstrengthofaState，dependfarlessupontheformofitsinstitutionsthanuponthe，characterofitsmen。Forthenationisonlyanaggregateof，individualconditions，andcivilizationitselfisbutaquestionof，thepersonalimprovementofthemen，women，andchildrenofwhom，societyiscomposed。
Nationalprogressisthesumofindividualindustry，energy，and，uprightness，asnationaldecayisofindividualidleness，selfishness，andvice。Whatweareaccustomedtodecryasgreat，socialevils，will，forthemostpart，befoundtobebutthe，outgrowthofman’sownpervertedlife;andthoughwemayendeavour，tocutthemdownandextirpatethembymeansofLaw，theywillonly，springupagainwithfreshluxurianceinsomeotherform，unless，theconditionsofpersonallifeandcharacterareradically，improved。Ifthisviewbecorrect，thenitfollowsthatthe，highestpatriotismandphilanthropyconsist，notsomuchin，alteringlawsandmodifyinginstitutions，asinhelpingand，stimulatingmentoelevateandimprovethemselvesbytheirownfree，andindependentindividualaction。
Itmaybeofcomparativelylittleconsequencehowamanisgoverned，fromwithout，whilsteverythingdependsuponhowhegovernshimself，fromwithin。Thegreatestslaveisnothewhoisruledbya，despot，greatthoughthatevilbe，buthewhoisthethrallofhis，ownmoralignorance，selfishness，andvice。Nationswhoarethus，enslavedatheartcannotbefreedbyanymerechangesofmastersor，ofinstitutions;andsolongasthefataldelusionprevails，that，libertysolelydependsuponandconsistsingovernment，solong，willsuchchanges，nomatteratwhatcosttheymaybeeffected，haveaslittlepracticalandlastingresultastheshiftingofthe，figuresinaphantasmagoria。Thesolidfoundationsoflibertymust，restuponindividualcharacter;whichisalsotheonlysure，guaranteeforsocialsecurityandnationalprogress。JohnStuart，Milltrulyobservesthat“evendespotismdoesnotproduceitsworst，effectssolongasindividualityexistsunderit;andwhatever，crushesindividualityISdespotism，bywhatevernameitbecalled。”
Oldfallaciesastohumanprogressareconstantlyturningup。Some，callforCaesars，othersforNationalities，andothersforActsof，Parliament。WearetowaitforCaesars，andwhentheyarefound，“happythepeoplewhorecogniseandfollowthem。”(1)Thisdoctrine，shortlymeans，everythingFORthepeople，nothingBYthem，-a，doctrinewhich，iftakenasaguide，must，bydestroyingthefree，conscienceofacommunity，speedilypreparethewayforanyformof，despotism。Caesarismishumanidolatryinitsworstform-a，worshipofmerepower，asdegradinginitseffectsastheworship，ofmerewealthwouldbe。Afarhealthierdoctrinetoinculcate，amongthenationswouldbethatofSelf-Help;andsosoonasitis，thoroughlyunderstoodandcarriedintoaction，Caesarismwillbeno，more。Thetwoprinciplesaredirectlyantagonistic;andwhat，VictorHugosaidofthePenandtheSwordalikeappliestothem，“Cecitueracela。”，[Thiswillkillthat。]
ThepowerofNationalitiesandActsofParliamentisalsoa，prevalentsuperstition。WhatWilliamDargan，oneofIreland’s，truestpatriots，saidattheclosingofthefirstDublinIndustrial，Exhibition，maywellbequotednow。”Totellthetruth，“hesaid，“Ineverheardthewordindependencementionedthatmyowncountry，andmyownfellowtownsmendidnotoccurtomymind。Ihaveheard，agreatdealabouttheindependencethatweweretogetfromthis，that，andtheotherplace，andofthegreatexpectationswewereto，havefrompersonsfromothercountriescomingamongstus。WhilstI
valueasmuchasanymanthegreatadvantagesthatmustresultto，usfromthatintercourse，Ihavealwaysbeendeeplyimpressedwith，thefeelingthatourindustrialindependenceisdependentupon，ourselves。Ibelievethatwithsimpleindustryandcareful，exactnessintheutilizationofourenergies，weneverhadafairer，chancenorabrighterprospectthanthepresent。Wehavemadea，step，butperseveranceisthegreatagentofsuccess;andifwebut，goonzealously，Ibelieveinmyconsciencethatinashortperiod，weshallarriveatapositionofequalcomfort，ofequalhappiness，andofequalindependence，withthatofanyotherpeople。”
Allnationshavebeenmadewhattheyarebythethinkingandthe，workingofmanygenerationsofmen。Patientandpersevering，labourersinallranksandconditionsoflife，cultivatorsofthe，soilandexplorersofthemine，inventorsanddiscoverers，manufacturers，mechanicsandartisans，poets，philosophers，and，politicians，allhavecontributedtowardsthegrandresult，one，generationbuildinguponanother’slabours，andcarryingthem，forwardtostillhigherstages。Thisconstantsuccessionofnoble，workers-theartisansofcivilisation-hasservedtocreateorder，outofchaosinindustry，science，andart;andthelivingracehas，thus，inthecourseofnature，becometheinheritoroftherich，estateprovidedbytheskillandindustryofourforefathers，which，isplacedinourhandstocultivate，andtohanddown，notonly，unimpairedbutimproved，tooursuccessors。
Thespiritofself-help，asexhibitedintheenergeticactionof，individuals，hasinalltimesbeenamarkedfeatureintheEnglish，character，andfurnishesthetruemeasureofourpowerasanation。
Risingabovetheheadsofthemass，therewerealwaystobefounda，seriesofindividualsdistinguishedbeyondothers，whocommanded，thepublichomage。Butourprogresshasalsobeenowingto，multitudesofsmallerandlessknownmen。Thoughonlythe，generals’namesmayberememberedinthehistoryofanygreat，campaign，ithasbeeninagreatmeasurethroughtheindividual，valourandheroismoftheprivatesthatvictorieshavebeenwon。
Andlife，too，is“asoldiers’battle，“-menintherankshaving，inalltimesbeenamongstthegreatestofworkers。Manyarethe，livesofmenunwritten，whichhaveneverthelessaspowerfully，influencedcivilisationandprogressasthemorefortunateGreat，whosenamesarerecordedinbiography。Eventhehumblestperson，whosetsbeforehisfellowsanexampleofindustry，sobriety，and，uprighthonestyofpurposeinlife，hasapresentaswellasa，futureinfluenceuponthewell-beingofhiscountry;forhislife，andcharacterpassunconsciouslyintothelivesofothers，and，propagategoodexampleforalltimetocome。
Dailyexperienceshowsthatitisenergeticindividualismwhich，producesthemostpowerfuleffectsuponthelifeandactionof，others，andreallyconstitutesthebestpracticaleducation。
Schools，academies，andcolleges，givebutthemerestbeginningsof，cultureincomparisonwithit。Farmoreinfluentialisthelife-
educationdailygiveninourhomes，inthestreets，behind，counters，inworkshops，attheloomandtheplough，incounting-
housesandmanufactories，andinthebusyhauntsofmen。Thisis，thatfinishinginstructionasmembersofsociety，whichSchiller，designated“theeducationofthehumanrace，“consistinginaction，conduct，self-culture，self-control，-allthattendstodiscipline，amantruly，andfithimfortheproperperformanceoftheduties，andbusinessoflife，-akindofeducationnottobelearntfrom，books，oracquiredbyanyamountofmereliterarytraining。With，hisusualweightofwordsBaconobserves，that“Studiesteachnot，theirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem，andabovethem，wonbyobservation;“aremarkthatholdstrueofactuallife，as，wellasofthecultivationoftheintellectitself。Forall，experienceservestoillustrateandenforcethelesson，thataman，perfectshimselfbyworkmorethanbyreading，-thatitislife，ratherthanliterature，actionratherthanstudy，andcharacter，ratherthanbiography，whichtendperpetuallytorenovatemankind。
Biographiesofgreat，butespeciallyofgoodmen，arenevertheless，mostinstructiveanduseful，ashelps，guides，andincentivesto，others。Someofthebestarealmostequivalenttogospels-
teachinghighliving，highthinking，andenergeticactionfortheir，ownandtheworld’sgood。Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnish，ofthepowerofself-help，ofpatientpurpose，resoluteworking，andsteadfastintegrity，issuingintheformationoftrulynoble，andmanlycharacter，exhibitinlanguagenottobemisunderstood，whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself;and，eloquentlyillustratetheefficacyofself-respectandself-
relianceinenablingmenofeventhehumblestranktoworkoutfor，themselvesanhonourablecompetencyandasolidreputation。
Greatmenofscience，literature，andart-apostlesofgreat，thoughtsandlordsofthegreatheart-havebelongedtono，exclusiveclassnorrankinlife。Theyhavecomealikefrom，colleges，workshops，andfarmhouses，-fromthehutsofpoormen，andthemansionsoftherich。SomeofGod’sgreatestapostleshave，comefrom“theranks。”，Thepooresthavesometimestakenthe，highestplaces;norhavedifficultiesapparentlythemost，insuperableprovedobstaclesintheirway。Thosevery，difficulties，inmanyinstances，wouldeverseemtohavebeentheir，besthelpers，byevokingtheirpowersoflabourandendurance，and，stimulatingintolifefacultieswhichmightotherwisehavelain，dormant。Theinstancesofobstaclesthussurmounted，andof，triumphsthusachieved，areindeedsonumerous，asalmostto，justifytheproverbthat“withWillonecandoanything。”，Take，forinstance，theremarkablefact，thatfromthebarber’sshopcame，JeremyTaylor，themostpoeticalofdivines;SirRichardArkwright，theinventorofthespinning-jennyandfounderofthecotton，manufacture;LordTenterden，oneofthemostdistinguishedofLord，ChiefJustices;andTurner，thegreatestamonglandscapepainters。
NooneknowstoacertaintywhatShakespearewas;butitis，unquestionablethathesprangfromahumblerank。Hisfatherwasa，butcherandgrazier;andShakespearehimselfissupposedtohave，beeninearlylifeawoolcomber;whilstothersaverthathewasan，usherinaschoolandafterwardsascrivener’sclerk。Hetruly，seemstohavebeen“notone，butallmankind’sepitome。”，Forsuch，istheaccuracyofhisseaphrasesthatanavalwriterallegesthat，hemusthavebeenasailor;whilstaclergymaninfers，from，internalevidenceinhiswritings，thathewasprobablyaparson’s，clerk;andadistinguishedjudgeofhorse-fleshinsiststhathe，musthavebeenahorse-dealer。Shakespearewascertainlyanactor，andinthecourseofhislife“playedmanyparts，“gatheringhis，wonderfulstoresofknowledgefromawidefieldofexperienceand，observation。Inanyevent，hemusthavebeenaclosestudentanda，hardworker;andtothisdayhiswritingscontinuetoexercisea，powerfulinfluenceontheformationofEnglishcharacter。
ThecommonclassofdaylabourershasgivenusBrindleythe，engineer，Cookthenavigator，andBurnsthepoet。Masonsand，bricklayerscanboastofBenJonson，whoworkedatthebuildingof，Lincoln’sInn，withatrowelinhishandandabookinhispocket，EdwardsandTelfordtheengineers，HughMillerthegeologist，and，AllanCunninghamthewriterandsculptor;whilstamong，distinguishedcarpenterswefindthenamesofInigoJonesthe，architect，Harrisonthechronometer-maker，JohnHunterthe，physiologist，RomneyandOpiethepainters，ProfessorLeethe，Orientalist，andJohnGibsonthesculptor。
FromtheweaverclasshavesprungSimsonthemathematician，Bacon，thesculptor，thetwoMilners，AdamWalker，JohnFoster，Wilsonthe，ornithologist，Dr。Livingstonethemissionarytraveller，and，Tannahillthepoet。ShoemakershavegivenusSirCloudesleyShovel，thegreatAdmiral，Sturgeontheelectrician，SamuelDrewthe，essayist，Giffordtheeditorofthe’QuarterlyReview，’Bloomfield，thepoet，andWilliamCareythemissionary;whilstMorrison，anotherlaboriousmissionary，wasamakerofshoe-lasts。Within，thelastfewyears，aprofoundnaturalisthasbeendiscoveredin，thepersonofashoemakeratBanff，namedThomasEdwards，who，whilemaintaininghimselfbyhistrade，hasdevotedhisleisureto，thestudyofnaturalscienceinallitsbranches，hisresearchesin，connexionwiththesmallercrustaceaehavingbeenrewardedbythe，discoveryofanewspecies，towhichthenameof“Praniza，Edwardsii“hasbeengivenbynaturalists。
Norhavetailorsbeenundistinguished。JohnStow，thehistorian，workedatthetradeduringsomepartofhislife。Jackson，the，painter，madeclothesuntilhereachedmanhood。ThebraveSirJohn，Hawkswood，whosogreatlydistinguishedhimselfatPoictiers，and，wasknightedbyEdwardIII。forhisvalour，wasinearlylife，apprenticedtoaLondontailor。AdmiralHobson，whobroketheboom，atVigoin1702，belongedtothesamecalling。Hewasworkingasa，tailor’sapprenticenearBonchurch，intheIsleofWight，whenthe，newsflewthroughthevillagethatasquadronofmen-of-warwas，sailingofftheisland。Hesprangfromtheshopboard，andrandown，withhiscomradestothebeach，togazeupontheglorioussight。
Theboywassuddenlyinflamedwiththeambitiontobeasailor;and，springingintoaboat，herowedofftothesquadron，gainedthe，admiral’sship，andwasacceptedasavolunteer。Yearsafter，he，returnedtohisnativevillagefullofhonours，anddinedoffbacon，andeggsinthecottagewherehehadworkedasanapprentice。But，thegreatesttailorofallisunquestionablyAndrewJohnson，the，presentPresidentoftheUnitedStates-amanofextraordinary，forceofcharacterandvigourofintellect。Inhisgreatspeechat，Washington，whendescribinghimselfashavingbegunhispolitical，careerasanalderman，andrunthroughallthebranchesofthe，legislature，avoiceinthecrowdcried，“Fromatailorup。”，It，wascharacteristicofJohnsontotaketheintendedsarcasmingood，part，andeventoturnittoaccount。”SomegentlemansaysIhave，beenatailor。Thatdoesnotdisconcertmeintheleast;forwhen，IwasatailorIhadthereputationofbeingagoodone，andmaking，closefits;Iwasalwayspunctualwithmycustomers，andalwaysdid，goodwork。”
CardinalWolsey，DeFoe，Akenside，andKirkeWhitewerethesonsof，butchers;Bunyanwasatinker，andJosephLancasterabasket-maker。
Amongthegreatnamesidentifiedwiththeinventionofthesteam-
enginearethoseofNewcomen，Watt，andStephenson;thefirsta，blacksmith，thesecondamakerofmathematicalinstruments，andthe，thirdanengine-fireman。Huntingdonthepreacherwasoriginallya，coalheaver，andBewick，thefatherofwood-engraving，acoalminer。
Dodsleywasafootman，andHolcroftagroom。Baffinthenavigator，beganhisseafaringcareerasamanbeforethemast，andSir，CloudesleyShovelasacabin-boy。Herschelplayedtheoboeina，militaryband。Chantreywasajourneymancarver，Ettyajourneyman，printer，andSirThomasLawrencethesonofatavern-keeper。
MichaelFaraday，thesonofablacksmith，wasinearlylife，apprenticedtoabookbinder，andworkedatthattradeuntilhe，reachedhistwenty-secondyear：，henowoccupiestheveryfirst，rankasaphilosopher，excellingevenhismaster，SirHumphryDavy，intheartoflucidlyexpoundingthemostdifficultandabstruse，pointsinnaturalscience。
Amongthosewhohavegiventhegreatestimpulsetothesublime，scienceofastronomy，wefindCopernicus，thesonofaPolish，baker;Kepler，thesonofaGermanpublic-housekeeper，andhimself，the“garcondecabaret;“d’Alembert，afoundlingpickedupone，winter’snightonthestepsofthechurchofSt。JeanleRondat，Paris，andbroughtupbythewifeofaglazier;andNewtonand，Laplace，theonethesonofasmallfreeholdernearGrantham，the，otherthesonofapoorpeasantofBeaumont-en-Auge，nearHonfleur。
Notwithstandingtheircomparativelyadversecircumstancesinearly，life，thesedistinguishedmenachievedasolidandenduring，reputationbytheexerciseoftheirgenius，whichallthewealthin，theworldcouldnothavepurchased。Theverypossessionofwealth，mightindeedhaveprovedanobstaclegreatereventhanthehumble，meanstowhichtheywereborn。ThefatherofLagrange，the，astronomerandmathematician，heldtheofficeofTreasurerofWar，atTurin;buthavingruinedhimselfbyspeculations，hisfamily，werereducedtocomparativepoverty。TothiscircumstanceLagrange，wasinafterlifeaccustomedpartlytoattributehisownfameand，happiness。”HadIbeenrich，“saidhe，“Ishouldprobablynothave，becomeamathematician。”
Thesonsofclergymenandministersofreligiongenerally，have，particularlydistinguishedthemselvesinourcountry’shistory。
AmongstthemwefindthenamesofDrakeandNelson，celebratedin，navalheroism;ofWollaston，Young，Playfair，andBell，inscience;
ofWren，Reynolds，Wilson，andWilkie，inart;ofThurlowand，Campbell，inlaw;andofAddison，Thomson，Goldsmith，Coleridge，andTennyson，inliterature。LordHardinge，ColonelEdwardes，and，MajorHodson，sohonourablyknowninIndianwarfare，werealsothe，sonsofclergymen。Indeed，theempireofEnglandinIndiawaswon，andheldchieflybymenofthemiddleclass-suchasClive，Warren，Hastings，andtheirsuccessors-menforthemostpartbredin，factoriesandtrainedtohabitsofbusiness。
AmongthesonsofattorneyswefindEdmundBurke，Smeatonthe，engineer，ScottandWordsworth，andLordsSomers，Hardwick，and，Dunning。SirWilliamBlackstonewastheposthumoussonofasilk-
mercer。LordGifford’sfatherwasagroceratDover;LordDenman’s，aphysician;judgeTalfourd’sacountrybrewer;andLordChief，BaronPollock’sacelebratedsaddleratCharingCross。Layard，the，discovererofthemonumentsofNineveh，wasanarticledclerkina，Londonsolicitor’soffice;andSirWilliamArmstrong，theinventor，ofhydraulicmachineryandoftheArmstrongordnance，wasalso，trainedtothelawandpractisedforsometimeasanattorney。
MiltonwasthesonofaLondonscrivener，andPopeandSoutheywere，thesonsoflinendrapers。ProfessorWilsonwasthesonofa，Paisleymanufacturer，andLordMacaulayofanAfricanmerchant。
Keatswasadruggist，andSirHumphryDavyacountryapothecary’s，apprentice。Speakingofhimself，Davyoncesaid，“WhatIamIhave，mademyself：，Isaythiswithoutvanity，andinpuresimplicityof，heart。”，RichardOwen，theNewtonofNaturalHistory，beganlifeas，amidshipman，anddidnotenteruponthelineofscientific，researchinwhichhehassincebecomesodistinguished，until，comparativelylateinlife。Helaidthefoundationsofhisgreat，knowledgewhileoccupiedincataloguingthemagnificentmuseum，accumulatedbytheindustryofJohnHunter，aworkwhichoccupied，himattheCollegeofSurgeonsduringaperiodofabouttenyears。
ForeignnotlessthanEnglishbiographyaboundsinillustrationsof，menwhohaveglorifiedthelotofpovertybytheirlaboursand，theirgenius。InArtwefindClaude，thesonofapastrycook;
Geefs，ofabaker;LeopoldRobert，ofawatchmaker;andHaydn，ofa，wheelwright;whilstDaguerrewasascene-painterattheOpera。The，fatherofGregoryVII。wasacarpenter;ofSextusV。ashepherd;
andofAdrianVI。apoorbargeman。Whenaboy，Adrian，unableto，payforalightbywhichtostudy，wasaccustomedtopreparehis，lessonsbythelightofthelampsinthestreetsandthechurch，porches，exhibitingadegreeofpatienceandindustrywhichwere，thecertainforerunnersofhisfuturedistinction。Oflikehumble，originwereHauy，themineralogist，whowasthesonofaweaverof，Saint-Just;Hautefeuille，themechanician，ofabakeratOrleans;
JosephFourier，themathematician，ofatailoratAuxerre;Durand，thearchitect，ofaParisshoemaker;andGesner，thenaturalist，of，askinnerorworkerinhides，atZurich。Thislastbeganhis，careerunderallthedisadvantagesattendantonpoverty，sickness，anddomesticcalamity;noneofwhich，however，weresufficientto，damphiscourageorhinderhisprogress。Hislifewasindeedan，eminentillustrationofthetruthofthesaying，thatthosewho，havemosttodoandarewillingtowork，willfindthemosttime。
PierreRamuswasanothermanoflikecharacter。Hewasthesonof，poorparentsinPicardy，andwhenaboywasemployedtotendsheep。
ButnotlikingtheoccupationheranawaytoParis。After，encounteringmuchmisery，hesucceededinenteringtheCollegeof，Navarreasaservant。Thesituation，however，openedforhimthe，roadtolearning，andheshortlybecameoneofthemost，distinguishedmenofhistime。
ThechemistVauquelinwasthesonofapeasantofSaint-Andre-
d’Herbetot，intheCalvados。Whenaboyatschool，thoughpoorly，clad，hewasfullofbrightintelligence;andthemaster，who，taughthimtoreadandwrite，whenpraisinghimforhisdiligence，usedtosay，“Goon，myboy;work，study，Colin，andonedayyou，willgoaswelldressedastheparishchurchwarden！”Acountry，apothecarywhovisitedtheschool，admiredtherobustboy’sarms，andofferedtotakehimintohislaboratorytopoundhisdrugs，to，whichVauquelinassented，inthehopeofbeingabletocontinuehis，lessons。Buttheapothecarywouldnotpermithimtospendanypart，ofhistimeinlearning;andonascertainingthis，theyouth，immediatelydeterminedtoquithisservice。Hethereforeleft，Saint-AndreandtooktheroadforPariswithhishavresaconhis，back。Arrivedthere，hesearchedforaplaceasapothecary’sboy，butcouldnotfindone。Wornoutbyfatigueanddestitution，Vauquelinfellill，andinthatstatewastakentothehospital，wherehethoughtheshoulddie。Butbetterthingswereinstore，forthepoorboy。Herecovered，andagainproceededinhissearch，ofemployment，whichheatlengthfoundwithanapothecary。
Shortlyafter，hebecameknowntoFourcroytheeminentchemist，who，wassopleasedwiththeyouththathemadehimhisprivate，secretary;andmanyyearsafter，onthedeathofthatgreat，philosopher，VauquelinsucceededhimasProfessorofChemistry。
Finally，in1829，theelectorsofthedistrictofCalvados，appointedhimtheirrepresentativeintheChamberofDeputies，and，here-enteredintriumphthevillagewhichhehadleftsomany，yearsbefore，sopoorandsoobscure。
Englandhasnoparallelinstancestoshow，ofpromotionsfromthe，ranksofthearmytothehighestmilitaryoffices;whichhavebeen，socommoninFrancesincethefirstRevolution。”Lacarriere，ouverteauxtalents“hastherereceivedmanystriking，illustrations，whichwoulddoubtlessbematchedamongourselves，weretheroadtopromotionasopen。Hoche，Humbert，andPichegru，begantheirrespectivecareersasprivatesoldiers。Hoche，while，intheKing’sarmy，wasaccustomedtoembroiderwaistcoatsto，enablehimtoearnmoneywherewithtopurchasebooksonmilitary，science。Humbertwasascapegracewhenayouth;atsixteenheran，awayfromhome，andwasbyturnsservanttoatradesmanatNancy，a，workmanatLyons，andahawkerofrabbitskins。In1792，he，enlistedasavolunteer;andinayearhewasgeneralofbrigade。
Kleber，Lefevre，Suchet，Victor，Lannes，Soult，Massena，St。Cyr，D’Erlon，Murat，Augereau，Bessieres，andNey，allrosefromthe，ranks。Insomecasespromotionwasrapid，inothersitwasslow。
SaintCyr，thesonofatannerofToul，beganlifeasanactor，afterwhichheenlistedintheChasseurs，andwaspromotedtoa，captaincywithinayear。Victor，DucdeBelluno，enlistedinthe，Artilleryin1781：，duringtheeventsprecedingtheRevolutionhe，wasdischarged;butimmediatelyontheoutbreakofwarhere-
enlisted，andinthecourseofafewmonthshisintrepidityand，abilitysecuredhispromotionasAdjutant-Majorandchiefof，battalion。Murat，“lebeausabreur，“wasthesonofavillage，innkeeperinPerigord，wherehelookedafterthehorses。Hefirst，enlistedinaregimentofChasseurs，fromwhichhewasdismissed，forinsubordination：，butagainenlisting，heshortlyrosetothe，rankofColonel。Neyenlistedateighteeninahussarregiment，andgraduallyadvancedstepbystep：，Klebersoondiscoveredhis，merits，surnaminghim“TheIndefatigable，“andpromotedhimtobe，Adjutant-Generalwhenonlytwenty-five。Ontheotherhand，Soult，(2)wassixyearsfromthedateofhisenlistmentbeforehereached，therankofsergeant。ButSoult’sadvancementwasrapidcompared，withthatofMassena，whoservedforfourteenyearsbeforehewas，madesergeant;andthoughheafterwardsrosesuccessively，stepby，step，tothegradesofColonel，GeneralofDivision，andMarshal，hedeclaredthatthepostofsergeantwasthestepwhichofall，othershadcosthimthemostlabourtowin。Similarpromotions，fromtheranks，intheFrencharmy，havecontinueddowntoourown，day。ChangarnierenteredtheKing’sbodyguardasaprivatein，1815。MarshalBugeaudservedfouryearsintheranks，afterwhich，hewasmadeanofficer。MarshalRandon，thepresentFrench，MinisterofWar，beganhismilitarycareerasadrummerboy;andin，theportraitofhiminthegalleryatVersailles，hishandrests，uponadrum-head，thepicturebeingthuspaintedathisown，request。InstancessuchastheseinspireFrenchsoldierswith，enthusiasmfortheirservice，aseachprivatefeelsthathemay，possiblycarrythebatonofamarshalinhisknapsack。
Theinstancesofmen，inthisandothercountries，who，bydintof，perseveringapplicationandenergy，haveraisedthemselvesfromthe，humblestranksofindustrytoeminentpositionsofusefulnessand，influenceinsociety，areindeedsonumerousthattheyhavelong，ceasedtoberegardedasexceptional。Lookingatsomeofthemore，remarkable，itmightalmostbesaidthatearlyencounterwith，difficultyandadversecircumstanceswasthenecessaryand，indispensableconditionofsuccess。TheBritishHouseofCommons，hasalwayscontainedaconsiderablenumberofsuchself-raisedmen，-fittingrepresentativesoftheindustrialcharacterofthe，people;anditistothecreditofourLegislaturethattheyhave，beenwelcomedandhonouredthere。WhenthelateJosephBrotherton，memberforSalford，inthecourseofthediscussionontheTen，HoursBill，detailedwithtruepathosthehardshipsandfatiguesto，whichhehadbeensubjectedwhenworkingasafactoryboyina，cottonmill，anddescribedtheresolutionwhichhehadthenformed，thatifeveritwasinhispowerhewouldendeavourtoameliorate，theconditionofthatclass，SirJamesGrahamroseimmediately，afterhim，anddeclared，amidstthecheersoftheHouse，thathe，didnotbeforeknowthatMr。Brotherton’soriginhadbeenso，humble，butthatitrenderedhimmoreproudthanhehadeverbefore，beenoftheHouseofCommons，tothinkthatapersonrisenfrom，thatconditionshouldbeabletositsidebyside，onequalterms，withthehereditarygentryoftheland。
ThelateMr。Fox，memberforOldham，wasaccustomedtointroduce，hisrecollectionsofpasttimeswiththewords，“whenIwasworking，asaweaverboyatNorwich;“andthereareothermembersof，parliament，stillliving，whoseoriginhasbeenequallyhumble。
Mr。Lindsay，thewell-knownshipowner，untilrecentlymemberfor，Sunderland，oncetoldthesimplestoryofhislifetotheelectors，ofWeymouth，inanswertoanattackmadeuponhimbyhispolitical，opponents。Hehadbeenleftanorphanatfourteen，andwhenhe，leftGlasgowforLiverpooltopushhiswayintheworld，notbeing，abletopaytheusualfare，thecaptainofthesteameragreedto，takehislabourinexchange，andtheboyworkedhispassageby，trimmingthecoalsinthecoalhole。AtLiverpoolheremainedfor，sevenweeksbeforehecouldobtainemployment，duringwhichtimehe，livedinshedsandfaredhardly;untilatlasthefoundshelteron，boardaWestIndiaman。Heenteredasaboy，andbeforehewas，nineteen，bysteadygoodconducthehadrisentothecommandofa，ship。Attwenty-threeheretiredfromthesea，andsettledon，shore，afterwhichhisprogresswasrapid“hehadprospered，“he，said，“bysteadyindustry，byconstantwork，andbyeverkeepingin，viewthegreatprincipleofdoingtoothersasyouwouldbedone，by。”
ThecareerofMr。WilliamJackson，ofBirkenhead，thepresent，memberforNorthDerbyshire，bearsconsiderableresemblancetothat，ofMr。Lindsay。Hisfather，asurgeonatLancaster，died，leaving，afamilyofelevenchildren，ofwhomWilliamJacksonwasthe，seventhson。Theelderboyshadbeenwelleducatedwhilethe，fatherlived，butathisdeaththeyoungermembershadtoshiftfor，themselves。William，whenundertwelveyearsold，wastakenfrom，school，andputtohardworkataship’ssidefromsixinthe，morningtillnineatnight。Hismasterfallingill，theboywas，takenintothecounting-house，wherehehadmoreleisure。This，gavehimanopportunityofreading，andhavingobtainedaccesstoa，setofthe’EncyclopaediaBritannica，’hereadthevolumesthrough，fromAtoZ，partlybyday，butchieflyatnight。Heafterwards，puthimselftoatrade，wasdiligent，andsucceededinit。Nowhe，hasshipssailingonalmosteverysea，andholdscommercial，relationswithnearlyeverycountryontheglobe。
AmonglikemenofthesameclassmayberankedthelateRichard，Cobden，whosestartinlifewasequallyhumble。Thesonofasmall，farmeratMidhurstinSussex，hewassentatanearlyagetoLondon，andemployedasaboyinawarehouseintheCity。Hewasdiligent，wellconducted，andeagerforinformation。Hismaster，amanof，theoldschool，warnedhimagainsttoomuchreading;buttheboy，wentoninhisowncourse，storinghismindwiththewealthfound，inbooks。Hewaspromotedfromonepositionoftrusttoanother-
becameatravellerforhishouse-securedalargeconnection，and，eventuallystartedinbusinessasacalicoprinteratManchester。
Takinganinterestinpublicquestions，moreespeciallyinpopular，education，hisattentionwasgraduallydrawntothesubjectofthe，CornLaws，totherepealofwhichhemaybesaidtohavedevoted，hisfortuneandhislife。Itmaybementionedasacuriousfact，thatthefirstspeechhedeliveredinpublicwasatotalfailure。
Buthehadgreatperseverance，application，andenergy;andwith，persistencyandpractice，hebecameatlengthoneofthemost，persuasiveandeffectiveofpublicspeakers，extortingthe，disinterestedeulogyofevenSirRobertPeelhimself。M。Drouynde，Lhuys，theFrenchAmbassador，haseloquentlysaidofMr。Cobden，thathewas“alivingproofofwhatmerit，perseverance，andlabour，canaccomplish;oneofthemostcompleteexamplesofthosemenwho，sprungfromthehumblestranksofsociety，raisethemselvestothe，highestrankinpublicestimationbytheeffectoftheirownworth，andoftheirpersonalservices;finally，oneoftherarestexamples，ofthesolidqualitiesinherentintheEnglishcharacter。”
Inallthesecases，strenuousindividualapplicationwastheprice，paidfordistinction;excellenceofanysortbeinginvariably，placedbeyondthereachofindolence。Itisthediligenthandand，headalonethatmakethrich-inself-culture，growthinwisdom，andinbusiness。Evenwhenmenareborntowealthandhighsocial，position，anysolidreputationwhichtheymayindividuallyachieve，canonlybeattainedbyenergeticapplication;forthoughan，inheritanceofacresmaybebequeathed，aninheritanceofknowledge，andwisdomcannot。Thewealthymanmaypayothersfordoinghis，workforhim，butitisimpossibletogethisthinkingdoneforhim，byanother，ortopurchaseanykindofself-culture。Indeed，the，doctrinethatexcellenceinanypursuitisonlytobeachievedby，laboriousapplication，holdsastrueinthecaseofthemanof，wealthasinthatofDrewandGifford，whoseonlyschoolwasa，cobbler’sstall，orHughMiller，whoseonlycollegewasaCromarty，stonequarry。
Richesandease，itisperfectlyclear，arenotnecessaryforman’s，highestculture，elsehadnottheworldbeensolargelyindebtedin，alltimestothosewhohavesprungfromthehumblerranks。Aneasy，andluxuriousexistencedoesnottrainmentoeffortorencounter，withdifficulty;nordoesitawakenthatconsciousnessofpower，whichissonecessaryforenergeticandeffectiveactioninlife。
Indeed，sofarfrompovertybeingamisfortune，itmay，byvigorous，self-help，beconvertedevenintoablessing;rousingamantothat，strugglewiththeworldinwhich，thoughsomemaypurchaseeaseby，degradation，theright-mindedandtrue-heartedfindstrength，confidence，andtriumph。Baconsays，“Menseemneitherto，understandtheirrichesnortheirstrength：，oftheformerthey，believegreaterthingsthantheyshould;ofthelattermuchless。
Self-relianceandself-denialwillteachamantodrinkoutofhis，owncistern，andeathisownsweetbread，andtolearnandlabour，trulytogethisliving，andcarefullytoexpendthegoodthings，committedtohistrust。”
Richesaresogreatatemptationtoeaseandself-indulgence，to，whichmenarebynatureprone，thatthegloryisallthegreaterof，thosewho，borntoamplefortunes，neverthelesstakeanactivepart，intheworkoftheirgeneration-who“scorndelightsandlive，laboriousdays。”，Itistothehonourofthewealthierranksin，thiscountrythattheyarenotidlers;fortheydotheirfairshare，oftheworkofthestate，andusuallytakemorethantheirfair，shareofitsdangers。Itwasafinethingsaidofasubaltern，officerinthePeninsularcampaigns，observedtrudgingalone，throughmudandmirebythesideofhisregiment，“Theregoes，15，000L。ayear！”andinourownday，thebleakslopesof，SebastopolandtheburningsoilofIndiahavebornewitnesstothe，likenobleself-denialanddevotiononthepartofourgentler，classes;manyagallantandnoblefellow，ofrankandestate，havingriskedhislife，orlostit，inoneorotherofthosefields，ofaction，intheserviceofhiscountry。
Norhavethewealthierclassesbeenundistinguishedinthemore，peacefulpursuitsofphilosophyandscience。Take，forinstance，thegreatnamesofBacon，thefatherofmodernphilosophy，andof，Worcester，Boyle，Cavendish，Talbot，andRosse，inscience。The，lastnamedmayberegardedasthegreatmechanicofthepeerage;a，manwho，ifhehadnotbeenbornapeer，wouldprobablyhavetaken，thehighestrankasaninventor。Sothoroughishisknowledgeof，smith-workthatheissaidtohavebeenpressedononeoccasionto，accepttheforemanshipofalargeworkshop，byamanufacturerto，whomhisrankwasunknown。ThegreatRossetelescope，ofhisown，fabrication，iscertainlythemostextraordinaryinstrumentofthe，kindthathasyetbeenconstructed。
Butitisprincipallyinthedepartmentsofpoliticsandliterature，thatwefindthemostenergeticlabourersamongstourhigher，classes。Successintheselinesofaction，asinallothers，can，onlybeachievedthroughindustry，practice，andstudy;andthe，greatMinister，orparliamentaryleader，mustnecessarilybe，amongsttheveryhardestofworkers。SuchwasPalmerston;andsuch，areDerbyandRussell，DisraeliandGladstone。Thesemenhavehad，thebenefitofnoTenHoursBill，buthaveoften，duringthebusy，seasonofParliament，worked“doubleshift，“almostdayandnight。
Oneofthemostillustriousofsuchworkersinmoderntimeswas，unquestionablythelateSirRobertPeel。Hepossessedinan，extraordinarydegreethepowerofcontinuousintellectuallabour，nordidhesparehimself。Hiscareer，indeed，presenteda，remarkableexampleofhowmuchamanofcomparativelymoderate，powerscanaccomplishbymeansofassiduousapplicationand，indefatigableindustry。Duringthefortyyearsthatheheldaseat，inParliament，hislabourswereprodigious。Hewasamost，conscientiousman，andwhateverheundertooktodo，hedid，thoroughly。Allhisspeechesbearevidenceofhiscarefulstudyof，everythingthathadbeenspokenorwrittenonthesubjectunder，consideration。Hewaselaboratealmosttoexcess;andsparedno，painstoadapthimselftothevariouscapacitiesofhisaudience。
Withal，hepossessedmuchpracticalsagacity，greatstrengthof，purpose，andpowertodirecttheissuesofactionwithsteadyhand，andeye。Inonerespecthesurpassedmostmen：，hisprinciples，broadenedandenlargedwithtime;andage，insteadofcontracting，onlyservedtomellowandripenhisnature。Tothelasthe，continuedopentothereceptionofnewviews，and，thoughmany，thoughthimcautioustoexcess，hedidnotallowhimselftofall，intothatindiscriminatingadmirationofthepast，whichisthe，palsyofmanymindssimilarlyeducated，andrenderstheoldageof，manynothingbutapity。
TheindefatigableindustryofLordBroughamhasbecomealmost，proverbial。Hispubliclabourshaveextendedoveraperiodof，upwardsofsixtyyears，duringwhichhehasrangedovermanyfields，-oflaw，literature，politics，andscience，-andachieved，distinctioninthemall。Howhecontrivedit，hasbeentomanya，mystery。Once，whenSirSamuelRomillywasrequestedtoundertake，somenewwork，heexcusedhimselfbysayingthathehadnotime;
“but，“headded，“gowithittothatfellowBrougham，heseemsto，havetimeforeverything。”，Thesecretofitwas，thathenever，leftaminuteunemployed;withalhepossessedaconstitutionof，iron。Whenarrivedatanageatwhichmostmenwouldhaveretired，fromtheworldtoenjoytheirhard-earnedleisure，perhapstodoze，awaytheirtimeinaneasychair，LordBroughamcommencedand，prosecutedaseriesofelaborateinvestigationsastothelawsof，Light，andhesubmittedtheresultstothemostscientific，audiencesthatParisandLondoncouldmuster。Aboutthesametime，hewaspassingthroughthepresshisadmirablesketchesofthe’Men，ofScienceandLiteratureoftheReignofGeorgeIII。’andtaking，hisfullshareofthelawbusinessandthepoliticaldiscussionsin，theHouseofLords。SydneySmithoncerecommendedhimtoconfine，himselftoonlythetransactionofsomuchbusinessasthreestrong，mencouldgetthrough。ButsuchwasBrougham’sloveofwork-long，becomeahabit-thatnoamountofapplicationseemstohavebeen，toogreatforhim;andsuchwashisloveofexcellence，thatithas，beensaidofhimthatifhisstationinlifehadbeenonlythatof，ashoe-black，hewouldneverhaverestedsatisfieduntilhehad，becomethebestshoe-blackinEngland。
Anotherhard-workingmanofthesameclassisSirE。BulwerLytton。
Fewwritershavedonemore，orachievedhigherdistinctionin，variouswalks-asanovelist，poet，dramatist，historian，essayist，orator，andpolitician。Hehasworkedhiswaystepby，step，disdainfulofease，andanimatedthroughoutbytheardent，desiretoexcel。Onthescoreofmereindustry，therearefew，livingEnglishwriterswhohavewrittensomuch，andnonethathave，producedsomuchofhighquality。TheindustryofBulweris，entitledtoallthegreaterpraisethatithasbeenentirelyself-
imposed。Tohunt，andshoot，andliveatease，-tofrequentthe，clubsandenjoytheopera，withthevarietyofLondonvisitingand，sight-seeingduringthe“season，“andthenofftothecountry，mansion，withitswell-stockedpreserves，anditsthousand，delightfulout-doorpleasures，-totravelabroad，toParis，Vienna，orRome，-allthisisexcessivelyattractivetoaloverof，pleasureandamanoffortune，andbynomeanscalculatedtomake，himvoluntarilyundertakecontinuouslabourofanykind。Yetthese，pleasures，allwithinhisreach，Bulwermust，ascomparedwithmen，borntosimilarestate，havedeniedhimselfinassumingthe，positionandpursuingthecareerofaliteraryman。LikeByron，hisfirsteffortwaspoetical(’WeedsandWildFlowers’)，anda，failure。Hissecondwasanovel(’Falkland’)，anditproveda，failuretoo。Amanofweakernervewouldhavedroppedauthorship;
butBulwerhadpluckandperseverance;andheworkedon，determined，tosucceed。Hewasincessantlyindustrious，readextensively，and，fromfailurewentcourageouslyonwardstosuccess。’Pelham’
followed’Falkland’withinayear，andtheremainderofBulwer’s，literarylife，nowextendingoveraperiodofthirtyyears，has，beenasuccessionoftriumphs。
Mr。Disraeliaffordsasimilarinstanceofthepowerofindustry，andapplicationinworkingoutaneminentpubliccareer。Hisfirst，achievementswere，likeBulwer’s，inliterature;andhereached，successonlythroughasuccessionoffailures。His’WondrousTale，ofAlroy’and’RevolutionaryEpic’werelaughedat，andregardedas，indicationsofliterarylunacy。Butheworkedoninother，directions，andhis’Coningsby，’’Sybil，’and’Tancred，’provedthe，sterlingstuffofwhichhewasmade。Asanoratortoo，hisfirst，appearanceintheHouseofCommonswasafailure。Itwasspokenof，as“morescreamingthananAdelphifarce。”，Thoughcomposedina，grandandambitiousstrain，everysentencewashailedwith“loud，laughter。”，’Hamlet’playedasacomedywerenothingtoit。Buthe，concludedwithasentencewhichembodiedaprophecy。Writhing，underthelaughterwithwhichhisstudiedeloquencehadbeen，received，heexclaimed，“Ihavebegunseveraltimesmanythings，andhavesucceededinthematlast。Ishallsitdownnow，butthe，timewillcomewhenyouwillhearme。”，Thetimedidcome;andhow，Disraelisucceededinatlengthcommandingtheattentionofthe，firstassemblyofgentlemenintheworld，affordsastriking，illustrationofwhatenergyanddeterminationwilldo;forDisraeli，earnedhispositionbydintofpatientindustry。Hedidnot，as，manyyoungmendo，havingoncefailed，retiredejected，tomopeand，whineinacorner，butdiligentlysethimselftowork。He，carefullyunlearnthisfaults，studiedthecharacterofhis，audience，practisedsedulouslytheartofspeech，andindustriously，filledhismindwiththeelementsofparliamentaryknowledge。He，workedpatientlyforsuccess;anditcame，butslowly：，thenthe，Houselaughedwithhim，insteadofathim。Therecollectionofhis，earlyfailurewaseffaced，andbygeneralconsenthewasatlength，admittedtobeoneofthemostfinishedandeffectiveof，parliamentaryspeakers。
Althoughmuchmaybeaccomplishedbymeansofindividualindustry，andenergy，astheseandotherinstancessetforthinthefollowing，pagesservetoillustrate，itmustatthesametimebeacknowledged，thatthehelpwhichwederivefromothersinthejourneyoflifeis，ofverygreatimportance。ThepoetWordsworthhaswellsaidthat，“thesetwothings，contradictorythoughtheymayseem，mustgo，together-manlydependenceandmanlyindependence，manlyreliance，andmanlyself-reliance。”，Frominfancytooldage，allaremoreor，lessindebtedtoothersfornurtureandculture;andthebestand，strongestareusuallyfoundthereadiesttoacknowledgesuchhelp。
Take，forexample，thecareerofthelateAlexisdeTocqueville，a，mandoublywell-born，forhisfatherwasadistinguishedpeerof，France，andhismotheragrand-daughterofMalesherbes。Through，powerfulfamilyinfluence，hewasappointedJudgeAuditorat，Versailleswhenonlytwenty-one;butprobablyfeelingthathehad，notfairlywonthepositionbymerit，hedeterminedtogiveitup，andowehisfutureadvancementinlifetohimselfalone。”A
foolishresolution，“somewillsay;butDeTocquevillebravely，acteditout。Heresignedhisappointment，andmadearrangements，toleaveFranceforthepurposeoftravellingthroughtheUnited，States，theresultsofwhichwerepublishedinhisgreatbookon，’DemocracyinAmerica。’，Hisfriendandtravellingcompanion，GustavedeBeaumont，hasdescribedhisindefatigableindustry，duringthisjourney。”Hisnature，“hesays，“waswhollyaverseto，idleness，andwhetherhewastravellingorresting，hismindwas，alwaysatwork……WithAlexis，themostagreeableconversation，wasthatwhichwasthemostuseful。Theworstdaywasthelost，day，orthedayillspent;theleastlossoftimeannoyedhim。”
Tocquevillehimselfwrotetoafriend-“Thereisnotimeoflife，atwhichonecanwhollyceasefromaction，foreffortwithoutone’s，self，andstillmoreeffortwithin，isequallynecessary，ifnot，moreso，whenwegrowold，asitisinyouth。Icomparemanin，thisworldtoatravellerjourneyingwithoutceasingtowardsa，colderandcolderregion;thehigherhegoes，thefasterheought，towalk。Thegreatmaladyofthesouliscold。Andinresisting，thisformidableevil，oneneedsnotonlytobesustainedbythe，actionofamindemployed，butalsobycontactwithone’sfellows，inthebusinessoflife。”(3)
NotwithstandingdeTocqueville’sdecidedviewsastothenecessity，ofexercisingindividualenergyandself-dependence，noonecould，bemorereadythanhewastorecognisethevalueofthathelpand，supportforwhichallmenareindebtedtoothersinagreateror，lessdegree。Thus，heoftenacknowledged，withgratitude，his，obligationstohisfriendsDeKergorlayandStofells，-tothe，formerforintellectualassistance，andtothelatterformoral，supportandsympathy。ToDeKergorlayhewrote-“Thineisthe，onlysoulinwhichIhaveconfidence，andwhoseinfluenceexercises，agenuineeffectuponmyown。Manyothershaveinfluenceuponthe，detailsofmyactions，butnoonehassomuchinfluenceasthouon，theoriginationoffundamentalideas，andofthoseprincipleswhich，aretheruleofconduct。”，DeTocquevillewasnotlessreadyto，confessthegreatobligationswhichheowedtohiswife，Marie，for，thepreservationofthattemperandframeofmindwhichenabledhim，toprosecutehisstudieswithsuccess。Hebelievedthatanoble-
mindedwomaninsensiblyelevatedthecharacterofherhusband，whileoneofagrovellingnatureascertainlytendedtodegradeit。
(4)
Infine，humancharacterismouldedbyathousandsubtle，influences;byexampleandprecept;bylifeandliterature;by，friendsandneighbours;bytheworldweliveinaswellasbythe，spiritsofourforefathers，whoselegacyofgoodwordsanddeedswe，inherit。Butgreat，unquestionably，thoughtheseinfluencesare，acknowledgedtobe，itisneverthelessequallyclearthatmenmust，necessarilybetheactiveagentsoftheirownwell-beingandwell-
doing;andthat，howevermuchthewiseandthegoodmayoweto，others，theythemselvesmustintheverynatureofthingsbetheir，ownbesthelpers。
CHAPTERII-LEADERSOFINDUSTRY-INVENTORSANDPRODUCERS
“LetravailetlaSciencesontdesormaislesmaitresdumonde。”-
DeSalvandy。
“DeductallthatmenofthehumblerclasseshavedoneforEngland，inthewayofinventionsonly，andseewhereshewouldhavebeen，butforthem。”-ArthurHelps。
Oneofthemoststrongly-markedfeaturesoftheEnglishpeopleis，theirspiritofindustry，standingoutprominentanddistinctin，theirpasthistory，andasstrikinglycharacteristicofthemnowas，atanyformerperiod。Itisthisspirit，displayedbythecommons，ofEngland，whichhaslaidthefoundationsandbuiltupthe，industrialgreatnessoftheempire。Thisvigorousgrowthofthe，nationhasbeenmainlytheresultofthefreeenergyof，individuals，andithasbeencontingentuponthenumberofhands，andmindsfromtimetotimeactivelyemployedwithinit，whetheras，cultivatorsofthesoil，producersofarticlesofutility，contriversoftoolsandmachines，writersofbooks，orcreatorsof，worksofart。Andwhilethisspiritofactiveindustryhasbeen，thevitalprincipleofthenation，ithasalsobeenitssavingand，remedialone，counteractingfromtimetotimetheeffectsoferrors，inourlawsandimperfectionsinourconstitution。
Thecareerofindustrywhichthenationhaspursued，hasalso，proveditsbesteducation。Assteadyapplicationtoworkisthe，healthiesttrainingforeveryindividual，soisitthebest，disciplineofastate。Honourableindustrytravelsthesameroad，withduty;andProvidencehascloselylinkedbothwithhappiness。
Thegods，saysthepoet，haveplacedlabourandtoilontheway，leadingtotheElysianfields。Certainitisthatnobreadeaten，bymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabour，whetherbodily，ormental。Bylabourtheearthhasbeensubdued，andmanredeemed，frombarbarism;norhasasinglestepincivilizationbeenmade，withoutit。Labourisnotonlyanecessityandaduty，buta，blessing：，onlytheidlerfeelsittobeacurse。Thedutyofwork，iswrittenonthethewsandmusclesofthelimbs，themechanismof，thehand，thenervesandlobesofthebrain-thesumofwhose，healthyactionissatisfactionandenjoyment。Intheschoolof，labouristaughtthebestpracticalwisdom;norisalifeofmanual，employment，asweshallhereafterfind，incompatiblewithhigh，mentalculture。
HughMiller，thanwhomnoneknewbetterthestrengthandthe，weaknessbelongingtothelotoflabour，statedtheresultofhis，experiencetobe，thatWork，eventhehardest，isfullofpleasure，andmaterialsforself-improvement。Heheldhonestlabourtobe，thebestofteachers，andthattheschooloftoilisthenoblestof，schools-saveonlytheChristianone，-thatitisaschoolin，whichtheabilityofbeingusefulisimparted，thespiritof，independencelearnt，andthehabitofperseveringeffortacquired。
Hewasevenofopinionthatthetrainingofthemechanic，-bythe，exercisewhichitgivestohisobservantfaculties，fromhisdaily，dealingwiththingsactualandpractical，andthecloseexperience，oflifewhichheacquires，-betterfitshimforpickinghisway，alongthejourneyoflife，andismorefavourabletohisgrowthas，aMan，emphaticallyspeaking，thanthetrainingaffordedbyany，othercondition。
Thearrayofgreatnameswhichwehavealreadycursorilycited，of，menspringingfromtheranksoftheindustrialclasses，whohave，achieveddistinctioninvariouswalksoflife-inscience，commerce，literature，andart-showsthatatalleventsthe，difficultiesinterposedbypovertyandlabourarenot，insurmountable。Asrespectsthegreatcontrivancesandinventions，whichhaveconferredsomuchpowerandwealthuponthenation，it，isunquestionablethatforthegreaterpartofthemwehavebeen，indebtedtomenofthehumblestrank。Deductwhattheyhavedone，inthisparticularlineofaction，anditwillbefoundthatvery，littleindeedremainsforothermentohaveaccomplished。
Inventorshavesetinmotionsomeofthegreatestindustriesofthe，world。Tothemsocietyowesmanyofitschiefnecessaries，comforts，andluxuries;andbytheirgeniusandlabourdailylife，hasbeenrenderedinallrespectsmoreeasyaswellasenjoyable。
Ourfood，ourclothing，thefurnitureofourhomes，theglasswhich，admitsthelighttoourdwellingsatthesametimethatitexcludes，thecold，thegaswhichilluminatesourstreets，ourmeansof，locomotionbylandandbysea，thetoolsbywhichourvarious，articlesofnecessityandluxuryarefabricated，havebeenthe，resultofthelabourandingenuityofmanymenandmanyminds。
Mankindatlargeareallthehappierforsuchinventions，andare，everydayreapingthebenefitoftheminanincreaseofindividual，well-beingaswellasofpublicenjoyment。
Thoughtheinventionoftheworkingsteam-engine-thekingof，machines-belongs，comparativelyspeaking，toourownepoch，the，ideaofitwasbornmanycenturiesago。Likeothercontrivances，anddiscoveries，itwaseffectedstepbystep-oneman，transmittingtheresultofhislabours，atthetimeapparently，useless，tohissuccessors，whotookitupandcarrieditforward，anotherstage，-theprosecutionoftheinquiryextendingovermany，generations。ThustheideapromulgatedbyHeroofAlexandriawas，neveraltogetherlost;but，likethegrainofwheathidinthehand，oftheEgyptianmummy，itsproutedandagaingrewvigorouslywhen，broughtintothefulllightofmodernscience。Thesteam-engine，wasnothing，however，untilitemergedfromthestateoftheory，andwastakeninhandbypracticalmechanics;andwhatanoble，storyofpatient，laboriousinvestigation，ofdifficulties，encounteredandovercomebyheroicindustry，doesnotthat，marvellousmachinetellof！，Itisindeed，initself，amonumentof，thepowerofself-helpinman。GroupedarounditwefindSavary，themilitaryengineer;Newcomen，theDartmouthblacksmith;Cawley，theglazier;Potter，theengine-boy;Smeaton，thecivilengineer;
and，toweringaboveall，thelaborious，patient，never-tiringJames，Watt，themathematical-instrumentmaker。
Wattwasoneofthemostindustriousofmen;andthestoryofhis，lifeproves，whatallexperienceconfirms，thatitisnottheman，ofthegreatestnaturalvigourandcapacitywhoachievesthe，highestresults，buthewhoemployshispowerswiththegreatest，industryandthemostcarefullydisciplinedskill-theskillthat，comesbylabour，application，andexperience。Manymeninhistime，knewfarmorethanWatt，butnonelabouredsoassiduouslyashedid，toturnallthathedidknowtousefulpracticalpurposes。Hewas，aboveallthings，mostperseveringinthepursuitoffacts。He，cultivatedcarefullythathabitofactiveattentiononwhichall，thehigherworkingqualitiesofthemindmainlydepend。Indeed，Mr。Edgeworthentertainedtheopinion，thatthedifferenceof，intellectinmendependsmoreupontheearlycultivationofthis，HABITOFATTENTION，thanuponanygreatdisparitybetweenthe，powersofoneindividualandanother。
Evenwhenaboy，Wattfoundscienceinhistoys。Thequadrants，lyingabouthisfather’scarpenter’sshopledhimtothestudyof，opticsandastronomy;hisillhealthinducedhimtopryintothe，secretsofphysiology;andhissolitarywalksthroughthecountry，attractedhimtothestudyofbotanyandhistory。Whilecarrying，onthebusinessofamathematical-instrumentmaker，hereceivedan，ordertobuildanorgan;and，thoughwithoutanearformusic，he，undertookthestudyofharmonics，andsuccessfullyconstructedthe，instrument。And，inlikemanner，whenthelittlemodelof，Newcomen’ssteam-engine，belongingtotheUniversityofGlasgow，wasplacedinhishandstorepair，heforthwithsethimselfto，learnallthatwasthenknownaboutheat，evaporation，and，condensation，-atthesametimeploddinghiswayinmechanicsand，thescienceofconstruction，-theresultsofwhichheatlength，embodiedinhiscondensingsteam-engine。
Fortenyearshewentoncontrivingandinventing-withlittle，hopetocheerhim，andwithfewfriendstoencouragehim。Hewent，on，meanwhile，earningbreadforhisfamilybymakingandselling，quadrants，makingandmendingfiddles，flutes，andmusical，instruments;measuringmason-work，surveyingroads，superintending，theconstructionofcanals，ordoinganythingthatturnedup，and，offeredaprospectofhonestgain。Atlength，Wattfoundafit，partnerinanothereminentleaderofindustry-MatthewBoulton，of，Birmingham;askilful，energetic，andfar-seeingman，who，vigorouslyundertooktheenterpriseofintroducingthecondensing-
engineintogeneraluseasaworkingpower;andthesuccessofboth，isnowmatterofhistory。(5)
Manyskilfulinventorshavefromtimetotimeaddednewpowerto，thesteam-engine;and，bynumerousmodifications，renderedit，capableofbeingappliedtonearlyallthepurposesofmanufacture，-drivingmachinery，impellingships，grindingcorn，printing，books，stampingmoney，hammering，planing，andturningiron;in，short，ofperformingeverydescriptionofmechanicallabourwhere，powerisrequired。Oneofthemostusefulmodificationsinthe，enginewasthatdevisedbyTrevithick，andeventuallyperfectedby，GeorgeStephensonandhisson，intheformoftherailway，locomotive，bywhichsocialchangesofimmenseimportancehavebeen，broughtabout，ofevengreaterconsequence，consideredintheir，resultsonhumanprogressandcivilization，thanthecondensing-
engineofWatt。
OneofthefirstgrandresultsofWatt’sinvention，-whichplaced，analmostunlimitedpoweratthecommandoftheproducingclasses，-wastheestablishmentofthecotton-manufacture。Thepersonmost，closelyidentifiedwiththefoundationofthisgreatbranchof，industrywasunquestionablySirRichardArkwright，whosepractical，energyandsagacitywereperhapsevenmoreremarkablethanhis，mechanicalinventiveness。Hisoriginalityasaninventorhas，indeedbeencalledinquestion，likethatofWattandStephenson。
Arkwrightprobablystoodinthesamerelationtothespinning-
machinethatWattdidtothesteam-engineandStephensontothe，locomotive。Hegatheredtogetherthescatteredthreadsof，ingenuitywhichalreadyexisted，andwovethem，afterhisown，design，intoanewandoriginalfabric。ThoughLewisPaul，of，Birmingham，patentedtheinventionofspinningbyrollersthirty，yearsbeforeArkwright，themachinesconstructedbyhimwereso，imperfectintheirdetails，thattheycouldnotbeprofitably，worked，andtheinventionwaspracticallyafailure。Another，obscuremechanic，areed-makerofLeigh，namedThomasHighs，is，alsosaidtohaveinventedthewater-frameandspinning-jenny;but，they，too，provedunsuccessful。
Whenthedemandsofindustryarefoundtopressupontheresources，ofinventors，thesameideaisusuallyfoundfloatingaboutinmany，minds;-suchhasbeenthecasewiththesteam-engine，thesafety-
lamp，theelectrictelegraph，andotherinventions。Manyingenious，mindsarefoundlabouringinthethroesofinvention，untilat，lengththemastermind，thestrongpracticalman，stepsforward，andstraightwaydeliversthemoftheiridea，appliestheprinciple，successfully，andthethingisdone。Thenthereisaloudoutcry，amongallthesmallercontrivers，whoseethemselvesdistancedin，therace;andhencemensuchasWatt，Stephenson，andArkwright，haveusuallytodefendtheirreputationandtheirrightsas，practicalandsuccessfulinventors。
RichardArkwright，likemostofourgreatmechanicians，sprangfrom，theranks。HewasborninPrestonin1732。Hisparentswerevery，poor，andhewastheyoungestofthirteenchildren。Hewasnever，atschool：，theonlyeducationhereceivedhegavetohimself;and，tothelasthewasonlyabletowritewithdifficulty。Whenaboy，hewasapprenticedtoabarber，andafterlearningthebusiness，he，setupforhimselfinBolton，whereheoccupiedanunderground，cellar，overwhichheputupthesign，“Cometothesubterraneous，barber-heshavesforapenny。”，Theotherbarbersfoundtheir，customersleavingthem，andreducedtheirpricestohisstandard，whenArkwright，determinedtopushhistrade，announcedhis，determinationtogive“Acleanshaveforahalfpenny。”，Afterafew，yearshequittedhiscellar，andbecameanitinerantdealerin，hair。Atthattimewigswereworn，andwig-makingformedan，importantbranchofthebarberingbusiness。Arkwrightwentabout，buyinghairforthewigs。Hewasaccustomedtoattendthehiring，fairsthroughoutLancashireresortedtobyyoungwomen，forthe，purposeofsecuringtheirlongtresses;anditissaidthatin，negotiationsofthissorthewasverysuccessful。Healsodealtin，achemicalhairdye，whichheusedadroitly，andtherebysecureda，considerabletrade。Buthedoesnotseem，notwithstandinghis，pushingcharacter，tohavedonemorethanearnabareliving。
Thefashionofwig-wearinghavingundergoneachange，distressfell，uponthewig-makers;andArkwright，beingofamechanicalturn，was，consequentlyinducedtoturnmachineinventoror“conjurer，“asthe，pursuitwasthenpopularlytermed。Manyattemptsweremadeabout，thattimetoinventaspinning-machine，andourbarberdetermined，tolaunchhislittlebarkontheseaofinventionwiththerest。
Likeotherself-taughtmenofthesamebias，hehadalreadybeen，devotinghissparetimetotheinventionofaperpetual-motion，machine;andfromthatthetransitiontoaspinning-machinewas，easy。Hefollowedhisexperimentssoassiduouslythatheneglected，hisbusiness，lostthelittlemoneyhehadsaved，andwasreduced，togreatpoverty。Hiswife-forhehadbythistimemarried-was，impatientatwhatsheconceivedtobeawantonwasteoftimeand，money，andinamomentofsuddenwrathsheseizeduponand，destroyedhismodels，hopingthustoremovethecauseofthefamily，privations。Arkwrightwasastubbornandenthusiasticman，andhe，wasprovokedbeyondmeasurebythisconductofhiswife，fromwhom，heimmediatelyseparated。
Intravellingaboutthecountry，Arkwrighthadbecomeacquainted，withapersonnamedKay，aclockmakeratWarrington，whoassisted，himinconstructingsomeofthepartsofhisperpetual-motion，machinery。ItissupposedthathewasinformedbyKayofthe，principleofspinningbyrollers;butitisalsosaidthattheidea，wasfirstsuggestedtohimbyaccidentallyobservingared-hot，pieceofironbecomeelongatedbypassingbetweenironrollers。
Howeverthismaybe，theideaatoncetookfirmpossessionofhis，mind，andheproceededtodevisetheprocessbywhichitwastobe，accomplished，Kaybeingabletotellhimnothingonthispoint。
Arkwrightnowabandonedhisbusinessofhaircollecting，and，devotedhimselftotheperfectingofhismachine，amodelofwhich，constructedbyKayunderhisdirections，hesetupintheparlour，oftheFreeGrammarSchoolatPreston。Beingaburgessofthe，town，hevotedatthecontestedelectionatwhichGeneralBurgoyne，wasreturned;butsuchwashispoverty，andsuchthetatteredstate，ofhisdress，thatanumberofpersonssubscribedasumsufficient，tohavehimputinastatefittoappearinthepoll-room。The，exhibitionofhismachineinatownwheresomanyworkpeoplelived，bytheexerciseofmanuallabourprovedadangerousexperiment;
ominousgrowlingswereheardoutsidetheschool-roomfromtimeto，time，andArkwright，-rememberingthefateofKay，whowasmobbed，andcompelledtoflyfromLancashirebecauseofhisinventionof，thefly-shuttle，andofpoorHargreaves，whosespinning-jennyhad，beenpulledtopiecesonlyashorttimebeforebyaBlackburnmob，-wiselydeterminedonpackinguphismodelandremovingtoaless，dangerouslocality。HewentaccordinglytoNottingham，wherehe，appliedtosomeofthelocalbankersforpecuniaryassistance;and，theMessrs。Wrightconsentedtoadvancehimasumofmoneyon，conditionofsharingintheprofitsoftheinvention。Themachine，however，notbeingperfectedsosoonastheyhadanticipated，the，bankersrecommendedArkwrighttoapplytoMessrs。StruttandNeed，theformerofwhomwastheingeniousinventorandpatenteeofthe，stocking-frame。Mr。Struttatonceappreciatedthemeritsofthe，invention，andapartnershipwasenteredintowithArkwright，whose，roadtofortunewasnowclear。Thepatentwassecuredinthename，of“RichardArkwright，ofNottingham，clockmaker，“anditisa，circumstanceworthyofnote，thatitwastakenoutin1769，the，sameyearinwhichWattsecuredthepatentforhissteam-engine。A
cotton-millwasfirsterectedatNottingham，drivenbyhorses;and，anotherwasshortlyafterbuilt，onamuchlargerscale，at，Cromford，inDerbyshire，turnedbyawater-wheel，fromwhich，circumstancethespinning-machinecametobecalledthewater-
frame。
Arkwright’slabours，however，were，comparativelyspeaking，only，begun。Hehadstilltoperfectalltheworkingdetailsofhis，machine。Itwasinhishandsthesubjectofconstantmodification，andimprovement，untileventuallyitwasrenderedpracticableand，profitableinaneminentdegree。Butsuccesswasonlysecuredby，longandpatientlabour：，forsomeyears，indeed，thespeculation，wasdishearteningandunprofitable，swallowingupaverylarge，amountofcapitalwithoutanyresult。Whensuccessbegantoappear，morecertain，thentheLancashiremanufacturersfellupon，Arkwright’spatenttopullitinpieces，astheCornishminersfell，uponBoultonandWatttorobthemoftheprofitsoftheirsteam-
engine。Arkwrightwasevendenouncedastheenemyoftheworking，people;andamillwhichhebuiltnearChorleywasdestroyedbya，mobinthepresenceofastrongforceofpoliceandmilitary。The，Lancashiremenrefusedtobuyhismaterials，thoughtheywere，confessedlythebestinthemarket。Thentheyrefusedtopay，patent-rightfortheuseofhismachines，andcombinedtocrushhim，inthecourtsoflaw。Tothedisgustofright-mindedpeople，Arkwright’spatentwasupset。Afterthetrial，whenpassingthe，hotelatwhichhisopponentswerestaying，oneofthemsaid，loud，enoughtobeheardbyhim，“Well，we’vedonetheoldshaverat，last;“towhichhecoollyreplied，“Nevermind，I’vearazorleft，thatwillshaveyouall。”，HeestablishednewmillsinLancashire，Derbyshire，andatNewLanark，inScotland。ThemillsatCromford，alsocameintohishandsattheexpiryofhispartnershipwith，Strutt，andtheamountandtheexcellenceofhisproductswere，such，thatinashorttimeheobtainedsocompleteacontrolofthe，trade，thatthepriceswerefixedbyhim，andhegovernedthemain，operationsoftheothercotton-spinners。
Arkwrightwasamanofgreatforceofcharacter，indomitable，courage，muchworldlyshrewdness，withabusinessfacultyalmost，amountingtogenius。Atoneperiodhistimewasengrossedby，severeandcontinuouslabour，occasionedbytheorganisingand，conductingofhisnumerousmanufactories，sometimesfromfourin，themorningtillnineatnight。Atfiftyyearsofagehesetto，worktolearnEnglishgrammar，andimprovehimselfinwritingand，orthography。Afterovercomingeveryobstacle，hehadthe，satisfactionofreapingtherewardofhisenterprise。Eighteen，yearsafterhehadconstructedhisfirstmachine，herosetosuch，estimationinDerbyshirethathewasappointedHighSheriffofthe，county，andshortlyafterGeorgeIII。conferreduponhimthehonour，ofknighthood。Hediedin1792。Beitforgoodorforevil，ArkwrightwasthefounderinEnglandofthemodernfactorysystem，abranchofindustrywhichhasunquestionablyprovedasourceof，immensewealthtoindividualsandtothenation。
AlltheothergreatbranchesofindustryinBritainfurnishlike，examplesofenergeticmenofbusiness，thesourceofmuchbenefit，totheneighbourhoodsinwhichtheyhavelaboured，andofincreased，powerandwealthtothecommunityatlarge。Amongstsuchmightbe，citedtheStruttsofBelper;theTennantsofGlasgow;theMarshalls，andGottsofLeeds;thePeels，Ashworths，Birleys，Fieldens，Ashtons，Heywoods，andAinsworthsofSouthLancashire，someof，whosedescendantshavesincebecomedistinguishedinconnection，withthepoliticalhistoryofEngland。Suchpre-eminentlywerethe，PeelsofSouthLancashire。
ThefounderofthePeelfamily，aboutthemiddleoflastcentury，wasasmallyeoman，occupyingtheHoleHouseFarm，nearBlackburn，fromwhichheafterwardsremovedtoahousesituatedinFishLane，inthattown。RobertPeel，asheadvancedinlife，sawalarge，familyofsonsanddaughtersgrowingupabouthim;buttheland，aboutBlackburnbeingsomewhatbarren，itdidnotappeartohim，thatagriculturalpursuitsofferedaveryencouragingprospectfor，theirindustry。Theplacehad，however，longbeentheseatofa，domesticmanufacture-thefabriccalled“Blackburngreys，“
consistingoflinenweftandcottonwarp，beingchieflymadein，thattownanditsneighbourhood。Itwasthencustomary-previous，totheintroductionofthefactorysystem-forindustriousyeomen，withfamiliestoemploythetimenotoccupiedinthefieldsin，weavingathome;andRobertPeelaccordinglybeganthedomestic，tradeofcalico-making。Hewashonest，andmadeanhonestarticle;
thriftyandhardworking，andhistradeprospered。Hewasalso，enterprising，andwasoneofthefirsttoadoptthecarding，cylinder，thenrecentlyinvented。
ButRobertPeel’sattentionwasprincipallydirectedtothe，PRINTINGofcalico-thenacomparativelyunknownart-andfor，sometimehecarriedonaseriesofexperimentswiththeobjectof，printingbymachinery。Theexperimentsweresecretlyconductedin，hisownhouse，theclothbeingironedforthepurposebyoneofthe，womenofthefamily。Itwasthencustomary，insuchhousesasthe，Peels，tousepewterplatesatdinner。Havingsketchedafigureor，patternononeoftheplates，thethoughtstruckhimthatan，impressionmightbegotfromitinreverse，andprintedoncalico，withcolour。Inacottageattheendofthefarm-houseliveda，womanwhokeptacalenderingmachine，andgoingintohercottage，heputtheplatewithcolourrubbedintothefiguredpartandsome，calicooverit，throughthemachine，whenitwasfoundtoleavea，satisfactoryimpression。Suchissaidtohavebeentheoriginof，rollerprintingoncalico。RobertPeelshortlyperfectedhis，process，andthefirstpatternhebroughtoutwasaparsleyleaf;
henceheisspokenofintheneighbourhoodofBlackburntothisday，as“ParsleyPeel。”，Theprocessofcalicoprintingbywhatis，calledthemulemachine-thatis，bymeansofawoodencylinderin，relief，withanengravedcoppercylinder-wasafterwardsbrought，toperfectionbyoneofhissons，theheadofthefirmofMessrs。
PeelandCo。ofChurch。Stimulatedbyhissuccess，RobertPeel，shortlygaveupfarming，andremovingtoBrookside，avillageabout，twomilesfromBlackburn，hedevotedhimselfexclusivelytothe，printingbusiness。There，withtheaidofhissons，whowereas，energeticashimself，hesuccessfullycarriedonthetradefor，severalyears;andastheyoungmengrewuptowardsmanhood，the，concernbranchedoutintovariousfirmsofPeels，eachofwhich，becameacentreofindustrialactivityandasourceofremunerative，employmenttolargenumbersofpeople。
