Fromwhatcannowbelearntofthecharacteroftheoriginaland，untitledRobertPeel，hemusthavebeenaremarkableman-shrewd，sagacious，andfar-seeing。Butlittleisknownofhimexcepting，fromtraditionsandthesonsofthosewhoknewhimarefastpassing，away。Hisson，SirRobert，thusmodestlyspokeofhim：-“Myfather，maybetrulysaidtohavebeenthefounderofourfamily;andheso，accuratelyappreciatedtheimportanceofcommercialwealthina，nationalpointofview，thathewasoftenheardtosaythatthe，gainstoindividualsweresmallcomparedwiththenationalgains，arisingfromtrade。”
SirRobertPeel，thefirstbaronetandthesecondmanufacturerof，thename，inheritedallhisfather’senterprise，ability，and，industry。Hisposition，atstartinginlife，waslittleabovethat，ofanordinaryworkingman;forhisfather，thoughlayingthe，foundationsoffutureprosperity，wasstillstrugglingwiththe，difficultiesarisingfrominsufficientcapital。WhenRobertwas，onlytwentyyearsofage，hedeterminedtobeginthebusinessof，cotton-printing，whichhehadbythistimelearntfromhisfather，onhisownaccount。Hisuncle，JamesHaworth，andWilliamYatesof，Blackburn，joinedhiminhisenterprise;thewholecapitalwhich，theycouldraiseamongstthemamountingtoonlyabout500L。the，principalpartofwhichwassuppliedbyWilliamYates。Thefather，ofthelatterwasahouseholderinBlackburn，wherehewaswell，knownandmuchrespected;andhavingsavedmoneybyhisbusiness，hewaswillingtoadvancesufficienttogivehissonastartinthe，lucrativetradeofcotton-printing，theninitsinfancy。Robert，Peel，thoughcomparativelyamereyouth，suppliedthepractical，knowledgeofthebusiness;butitwassaidofhim，andprovedtrue，thathe“carriedanoldheadonyoungshoulders。”，Aruinedcorn-
mill，withitsadjoiningfields，waspurchasedforacomparatively，smallsum，nearthetheninsignificanttownofBury，wherethe，workslongaftercontinuedtobeknownas“TheGround;“andafew，woodenshedshavingbeenrunup，thefirmcommencedtheircotton-
printingbusinessinaveryhumblewayintheyear1770，addingto，itthatofcotton-spinningafewyearslater。Thefrugalstylein，whichthepartnerslivedmaybeinferredfromthefollowing，incidentintheirearlycareer。WilliamYates，beingamarriedman，withafamily，commencedhousekeepingonasmallscale，and，to，obligePeel，whowassingle，heagreedtotakehimasalodger。
Thesumwhichthelatterfirstpaidforboardandlodgingwasonly，8S。aweek;butYates，consideringthistoolittle，insistedonthe，weeklypaymentbeingincreasedashilling，towhichPeelatfirst，demurred，andadifferencebetweenthepartnerstookplace，which，waseventuallycompromisedbythelodgerpayinganadvanceof，sixpenceaweek。WilliamYates’seldestchildwasagirlnamed，Ellen，andsheverysoonbecameanespecialfavouritewiththe，younglodger。Onreturningfromhishardday’sworkat“The，Ground，“hewouldtakethelittlegirluponhisknee，andsayto，her，“Nelly，thoubonnylittledear，wiltbemywife？”towhichthe，childwouldreadilyanswer“Yes，“asanychildwoulddo。”Then，I’llwaitforthee，Nelly;I’llwedthee，andnoneelse。”，And，RobertPeeldidwait。Asthegirlgrewinbeautytowards，womanhood，hisdeterminationtowaitforherwasstrengthened;and，afterthelapseoftenyears-yearsofcloseapplicationto，businessandrapidlyincreasingprosperity-RobertPeelmarried，EllenYateswhenshehadcompletedherseventeenthyear;andthe，prettychild，whomhermother’slodgerandfather’spartnerhad，nurseduponhisknee，becameMrs。Peel，andeventuallyLadyPeel，themotherofthefuturePrimeMinisterofEngland。LadyPeelwas，anobleandbeautifulwoman，fittedtograceanystationinlife。
Shepossessedrarepowersofmind，andwas，oneveryemergency，the，high-souledandfaithfulcounsellorofherhusband。Formanyyears，aftertheirmarriage，sheactedashisamanuensis，conductingthe，principalpartofhisbusinesscorrespondence，forMr。Peelhimself，wasanindifferentandalmostunintelligiblewriter。Shediedin，1803，onlythreeyearsaftertheBaronetcyhadbeenconferredupon，herhusband。ItissaidthatLondonfashionablelife-sounlike，whatshehadbeenaccustomedtoathome-provedinjurioustoher，health;andoldMr。Yatesafterwardsusedtosay，“ifRoberthadn’t，madeourNellya’Lady，’shemightha’beenlivingyet。”
ThecareerofYates，Peel，&Co。wasthroughoutoneofgreatand，uninterruptedprosperity。SirRobertPeelhimselfwasthesoulof，thefirm;togreatenergyandapplicationunitingmuchpractical，sagacity，andfirst-ratemercantileabilities-qualitiesinwhich，manyoftheearlycotton-spinnerswereexceedinglydeficient。He，wasamanofironmindandframe，andtoiledunceasingly。In，short，hewastocottonprintingwhatArkwrightwastocotton-
spinning，andhissuccesswasequallygreat。Theexcellenceofthe，articlesproducedbythefirmsecuredthecommandofthemarket，andthecharacterofthefirmstoodpre-eminentinLancashire。
BesidesgreatlybenefitingBury，thepartnershipplantedsimilar，extensiveworksintheneighbourhood，ontheIrwellandtheRoch;
anditwascitedtotheirhonour，that，whiletheysoughttoraise，tothehighestperfectionthequalityoftheirmanufactures，they，alsoendeavoured，inallways，topromotethewell-beingand，comfortoftheirworkpeople;forwhomtheycontrivedtoprovide，remunerativeemploymentevenintheleastprosperoustimes。
SirRobertPeelreadilyappreciatedthevalueofallnewprocesses，andinventions;inillustrationofwhichwemayalludetohis，adoptionoftheprocessforproducingwhatiscalledRESISTWORKin，calicoprinting。Thisisaccomplishedbytheuseofapaste，or，resist，onsuchpartsoftheclothaswereintendedtoremain，white。Thepersonwhodiscoveredthepastewasatravellerfora，Londonhouse，whosoldittoMr。Peelforaninconsiderablesum。
Itrequiredtheexperienceofayearortwotoperfectthesystem，andmakeitpracticallyuseful;butthebeautyofitseffect，and，theextremeprecisionofoutlineinthepatternproduced，atonce，placedtheBuryestablishmentattheheadofallthefactoriesfor，calicoprintinginthecountry。Otherfirms，conductedwithlike，spirit，wereestablishedbymembersofthesamefamilyatBurnley，Foxhillbank，andAltham，inLancashire;SalleyAbbey，in，Yorkshire;andafterwardsatBurton-on-Trent，inStaffordshire;
thesevariousestablishments，whilsttheybroughtwealthtotheir，proprietors，settinganexampletothewholecottontrade，and，trainingupmanyofthemostsuccessfulprintersandmanufacturers，inLancashire。
Amongotherdistinguishedfoundersofindustry，theRev。William，Lee，inventoroftheStockingFrame，andJohnHeathcoat，inventor，oftheBobbin-netMachine，areworthyofnotice，asmenofgreat，mechanicalskillandperseverance，throughwhoselaboursavast，amountofremunerativeemploymenthasbeenprovidedforthe，labouringpopulationofNottinghamandtheadjacentdistricts。The，accountswhichhavebeenpreservedofthecircumstancesconnected，withtheinventionoftheStockingFrameareveryconfused，andin，manyrespectscontradictory，thoughthereisnodoubtastothe，nameoftheinventor。ThiswasWilliamLee，bornatWoodborough，a，villagesomesevenmilesfromNottingham，abouttheyear1563。
Accordingtosomeaccounts，hewastheheirtoasmallfreehold，whileaccordingtoothershewasapoorscholar，(6)andhadto，strugglewithpovertyfromhisearliestyears。Heenteredasa，sizaratChristCollege，Cambridge，inMay，1579，andsubsequently，removedtoSt。John’s，takinghisdegreeofB。A。in1582-3。Itis，believedthathecommencedM。A。in1586;butonthispointthere，appearstobesomeconfusionintherecordsoftheUniversity。The，statementusuallymadethathewasexpelledformarryingcontrary，tothestatutes，isincorrect，ashewasneveraFellowofthe，University，andthereforecouldnotbeprejudicedbytakingsucha，step。
AtthetimewhenLeeinventedtheStockingFramehewasofficiating，ascurateofCalverton，nearNottingham;anditisallegedbysome，writersthattheinventionhaditsoriginindisappointed，affection。Thecurateissaidtohavefallendeeplyinlovewitha，youngladyofthevillage，whofailedtoreciprocatehis，affections;andwhenhevisitedher，shewasaccustomedtopaymuch，moreattentiontotheprocessofknittingstockingsandinstructing，herpupilsintheart，thantotheaddressesofheradmirer。This，slightissaidtohavecreatedinhismindsuchanaversionto，knittingbyhand，thatheformedthedeterminationtoinventa，machinethatshouldsupersedeitandrenderitagainless，employment。Forthreeyearshedevotedhimselftotheprosecution，oftheinvention，sacrificingeverythingtohisnewidea。Atthe，prospectofsuccessopenedbeforehim，heabandonedhiscuracy，and，devotedhimselftotheartofstockingmakingbymachinery。This，istheversionofthestorygivenbyHenson(7)ontheauthorityof，anoldstocking-maker，whodiedinCollins’sHospital，Nottingham，agedninety-two，andwasapprenticedinthetownduringthereign，ofQueenAnne。ItisalsogivenbyDeeringandBlacknerasthe，traditionalaccountintheneighbourhood，anditisinsomemeasure，borneoutbythearmsoftheLondonCompanyofFrame-WorkKnitters，whichconsistsofastockingframewithoutthewood-work，witha，clergymanononesideandawomanontheotherassupporters。(8)
Whatevermayhavebeentheactualfactsastotheoriginofthe，inventionoftheStockingLoom，therecanbenodoubtastothe，extraordinarymechanicalgeniusdisplayedbyitsinventor。Thata，clergymanlivinginaremotevillage，whoselifehadforthemost，partbeenspentwithbooks，shouldcontriveamachineofsuch，delicateandcomplicatedmovements，andatonceadvancetheartof，knittingfromthetediousprocessoflinkingthreadsinachainof，loopsbythreeskewersinthefingersofawoman，tothebeautiful，andrapidprocessofweavingbythestockingframe，wasindeedan，astonishingachievement，whichmaybepronouncedalmostunequalled，inthehistoryofmechanicalinvention。Lee’smeritwasallthe，greater，asthehandicraftartswerethenintheirinfancy，and，littleattentionhadasyetbeengiventothecontrivanceof，machineryforthepurposesofmanufacture。Hewasunderthe，necessityofextemporisingthepartsofhismachineashebest，could，andadoptingvariousexpedientstoovercomedifficultiesas，theyarose。Histoolswereimperfect，andhismaterialsimperfect;
andhehadnoskilledworkmentoassisthim。Accordingto，tradition，thefirstframehemadewasatwelvegauge，withoutlead，sinkers，anditwasalmostwhollyofwood;theneedlesbeingalso，stuckinbitsofwood。OneofLee’sprincipaldifficulties，consistedintheformationofthestitch，forwantofneedleeyes;
butthisheeventuallyovercamebyformingeyestotheneedleswith，athree-squarefile。(9)，Atlength，onedifficultyafteranother，wassuccessfullyovercome，andafterthreeyears’labourthe，machinewassufficientlycompletetobefitforuse。Thequondam，curate，fullofenthusiasmforhisart，nowbeganstockingweaving，inthevillageofCalverton，andhecontinuedtoworktherefor，severalyears，instructinghisbrotherJamesandseveralofhis，relationsinthepracticeoftheart。
Havingbroughthisframetoaconsiderabledegreeofperfection，andbeingdesirousofsecuringthepatronageofQueenElizabeth，whosepartialityforknittedsilkstockingswaswellknown，Lee，proceededtoLondontoexhibittheloombeforeherMajesty。He，firstshowedittoseveralmembersofthecourt，amongothersto，SirWilliam(afterwardsLord)Hunsdon，whomhetaughttoworkit，withsuccess;andLeewas，throughtheirinstrumentality，atlength，admittedtoaninterviewwiththeQueen，andworkedthemachinein，herpresence。Elizabeth，however，didnotgivehimthe，encouragementthathehadexpected;andsheissaidtohaveopposed，theinventiononthegroundthatitwascalculatedtodeprivea，largenumberofpoorpeopleoftheiremploymentofhandknitting。
Leewasnomoresuccessfulinfindingotherpatrons，and，consideringhimselfandhisinventiontreatedwithcontempt，he，embracedtheoffermadetohimbySully，thesagaciousministerof，HenryIV。toproceedtoRouenandinstructtheoperativesofthat，town-thenoneofthemostimportantmanufacturingcentresof，France-intheconstructionanduseofthestocking-frame。Lee，accordinglytransferredhimselfandhismachinestoFrance，in，1605，takingwithhimhisbrotherandsevenworkmen。Hemetwitha，cordialreceptionatRouen，andwasproceedingwiththemanufacture，ofstockingsonalargescale-havingnineofhisframesinfull，work，-whenunhappilyillfortuneagainovertookhim。HenryIV。，hisprotector，onwhomhehadreliedfortherewards，honours，and，promisedgrantofprivileges，whichhadinducedLeetosettlein，France，wasmurderedbythefanaticRavaillac;andthe，encouragementandprotectionwhichhadheretoforebeenextendedto，himwereatoncewithdrawn。Topresshisclaimsatcourt，Lee，proceededtoParis;butbeingaprotestantaswellasaforeigner，hisrepresentationsweretreatedwithneglect;andwornoutwith，vexationandgrief，thisdistinguishedinventorshortlyafterdied，atParis，inastateofextremepovertyanddistress。
Lee’sbrother，withsevenoftheworkmen，succeededinescaping，fromFrancewiththeirframes，leavingtwobehind。OnJamesLee’s，returntoNottinghamshire，hewasjoinedbyoneAshton，amillerof，Thoroton，whohadbeeninstructedintheartofframe-workknitting，bytheinventorhimselfbeforeheleftEngland。Thesetwo，with，theworkmenandtheirframes，beganthestockingmanufactureat，Thoroton，andcarrieditonwithconsiderablesuccess。Theplace，wasfavourablysituatedforthepurpose，asthesheeppasturedin，theneighbouringdistrictofSherwoodyieldedakindofwoolofthe，longeststaple。Ashtonissaidtohaveintroducedthemethodof，makingtheframeswithleadsinkers，whichwasagreatimprovement。
ThenumberofloomsemployedindifferentpartsofEngland，graduallyincreased;andthemachinemanufactureofstockings，eventuallybecameanimportantbranchofthenationalindustry。
OneofthemostimportantmodificationsintheStocking-Framewas，thatwhichenabledittobeappliedtothemanufactureoflaceona，largescale。In1777，twoworkmen，FrostandHolmes，wereboth，engagedinmakingpoint-netbymeansofthemodificationstheyhad，introducedinthestocking-frame;andinthecourseofaboutthirty，years，sorapidwasthegrowthofthisbranchofproductionthat，1500point-netframeswereatwork，givingemploymenttoupwardsof，15，000people。Owing，however，tothewar，tochangeoffashion，andtoothercircumstances，theNottinghamlacemanufacturerapidly，felloff;anditcontinuedinadecayingstateuntiltheinvention，oftheBobbin-netMachinebyJohnHeathcoat，lateM。P。for，Tiverton，whichhadtheeffectofatoncere-establishingthe，manufactureonsolidfoundations。
JohnHeathcoatwastheyoungestsonofarespectablesmallfarmer，atDuffield，Derbyshire，wherehewasbornin1783。Whenatschool，hemadesteadyandrapidprogress，butwasearlyremovedfromitto，beapprenticedtoaframe-smithnearLoughborough。Theboysoon，learnttohandletoolswithdexterity，andheacquiredaminute，knowledgeofthepartsofwhichthestocking-framewascomposed，as，wellasofthemoreintricatewarp-machine。Athisleisurehe，studiedhowtointroduceimprovementsinthem，andhisfriend，Mr。
Bazley，M。P。statesthatasearlyastheageofsixteen，he，conceivedtheideaofinventingamachinebywhichlacemightbe，madesimilartoBuckinghamorFrenchlace，thenallmadebyhand。
Thefirstpracticalimprovementhesucceededinintroducingwasin，thewarp-frame，when，bymeansofaningeniousapparatus，he，succeededinproducing“mitts“ofalacyappearance，anditwas，thissuccesswhichdeterminedhimtopursuethestudyofmechanical，lace-making。Thestocking-framehadalready，inamodifiedform，beenappliedtothemanufactureofpoint-netlace，inwhichthe，meshwasLOOPEDasinastocking，buttheworkwasslightand，frail，andthereforeunsatisfactory。ManyingeniousNottingham，mechanicshad，duringalongsuccessionofyears，beenlabouringat，theproblemofinventingamachinebywhichthemeshofthreads，shouldbeTWISTEDroundeachotherontheformationofthenet。
Someofthesemendiedinpoverty，someweredriveninsane，andall，alikefailedintheobjectoftheirsearch。Theoldwarp-machine，helditsground。
Whenalittleovertwenty-oneyearsofage，Heathcoatwentto，Nottingham，wherehereadilyfoundemployment，forwhichhesoon，receivedthehighestremuneration，asasetter-upofhosieryand，warp-frames，andwasmuchrespectedforhistalentforinvention，generalintelligence，andthesoundandsoberprinciplesthat，governedhisconduct。Healsocontinuedtopursuethesubjecton，whichhismindhadbeforebeenoccupied，andlabouredtocompass，thecontrivanceofatwisttraverse-netmachine。Hefirststudied，theartofmakingtheBuckinghamorpillow-lacebyhand，withthe，objectofeffectingthesamemotionsbymechanicalmeans。Itwasa，longandlaborioustask，requiringtheexerciseofgreat，perseveranceandingenuity。Hismaster，Elliot，describedhimat，thattimeasinventive，patient，self-denying，andtaciturn，undauntedbyfailuresandmistakes，fullofresourcesand，expedients，andentertainingthemostperfectconfidencethathis，applicationofmechanicalprincipleswouldeventuallybecrowned，withsuccess。
Itisdifficulttodescribeinwordsaninventionsocomplicatedas，thebobbin-netmachine。Itwas，indeed，amechanicalpillowfor，makinglace，imitatinginaningeniousmannerthemotionsofthe，lace-maker’sfingersinintersectingortyingthemeshesofthe，laceuponherpillow。Onanalysingthecomponentpartsofapiece，ofhand-madelace，Heathcoatwasenabledtoclassifythethreads，intolongitudinalanddiagonal。Hebeganhisexperimentsbyfixing，commonpack-threadslengthwiseonasortofframeforthewarp，and，thenpassingtheweftthreadsbetweenthembycommonplyers，deliveringthemtootherplyersontheoppositeside;then，after，givingthemasidewaysmotionandtwist，thethreadswererepassed，backbetweenthenextadjoiningcords，themeshesbeingthustied，inthesamewayasuponpillowsbyhand。Hehadthentocontrivea，mechanismthatshouldaccomplishalltheseniceanddelicate，movements，andtodothiscosthimnosmallamountofmentaltoil。
Longafterhesaid，“Thesingledifficultyofgettingthediagonal，threadstotwistintheallottedspacewassogreatthatifithad，nowtobedone，Ishouldprobablynotattemptitsaccomplishment。”
Hisnextstepwastoprovidethinmetallicdiscs，tobeusedas，bobbinsforconductingthethreadsbackwardsandforwardsthrough，thewarp。Thesediscs，beingarrangedincarrier-framesplacedon，eachsideofthewarp，weremovedbysuitablemachinerysoasto，conductthethreadsfromsidetosideinformingthelace。He，eventuallysucceededinworkingouthisprinciplewith，extraordinaryskillandsuccess;and，attheageoftwenty-four，he，wasenabledtosecurehisinventionbyapatent。
Duringthistimehiswifewaskeptinalmostasgreatanxietyas，himself，forshewellknewofhistrialsanddifficultieswhilehe，wasstrivingtoperfecthisinvention。Manyyearsaftertheyhad，beensuccessfullyovercome，theconversationwhichtookplaceone，eventfuleveningwasvividlyremembered。”Well，“saidtheanxious，wife，“willitwork？”“No，“wasthesadanswer;“Ihavehadto，takeitalltopiecesagain。”，Thoughhecouldstillspeak，hopefullyandcheerfully，hispoorwifecouldrestrainherfeelings，nolonger，butsatdownandcriedbitterly。Shehad，however，only，afewmoreweekstowait，forsuccesslonglabouredforandrichly，deserved，cameatlast，andaproudandhappymanwasJohn，Heathcoatwhenhebroughthomethefirstnarrowstripofbobbin-net，madebyhismachine，andplaceditinthehandsofhiswife。
Asinthecaseofnearlyallinventionswhichhaveproved，productive，Heathcoat’srightsasapatenteeweredisputed，andhis，claimsasaninventorcalledinquestion。Onthesupposed，invalidityofthepatent，thelace-makersboldlyadoptedthe，bobbin-netmachine，andsettheinventoratdefiance。Butother，patentsweretakenoutforallegedimprovementsandadaptations;
anditwasonlywhenthesenewpatenteesfelloutandwenttolaw，witheachotherthatHeathcoat’srightsbecameestablished。One，lace-manufacturerhavingbroughtanactionagainstanotherforan，allegedinfringementofhispatent，thejurybroughtinaverdict，forthedefendant，inwhichthejudgeconcurred，onthegroundthat，BOTHthemachinesinquestionwereinfringementsofHeathcoat’s，patent。Itwasontheoccasionofthistrial，“Bovillev。Moore，“
thatSirJohnCopley(afterwardsLordLyndhurst)，whowasretained，forthedefenceintheinterestofMr。Heathcoat，learnttowork，thebobbin-netmachineinorderthathemightmasterthedetailsof，theinvention。Onreadingoverhisbrief，heconfessedthathedid，notquiteunderstandthemeritsofthecase;butasitseemedto，himtobeoneofgreatimportance，heofferedtogodownintothe，countryforthwithandstudythemachineuntilheunderstoodit;
“andthen，“saidhe，“Iwilldefendyoutothebestofmyability。”
Heaccordinglyputhimselfintothatnight’smail，andwentdownto，Nottinghamtogetuphiscaseasperhapscounselnevergotitup，before。Nextmorningthelearnedsergeantplacedhimselfina，lace-loom，andhedidnotleaveituntilhecoulddeftlymakea，pieceofbobbin-netwithhisownhands，andthoroughlyunderstood，theprincipleaswellasthedetailsofthemachine。Whenthecase，cameonfortrial，thelearnedsergeantwasenabledtoworkthe，modelonthetablewithsuchcaseandskill，andtoexplainthe，precisenatureoftheinventionwithsuchfelicitousclearness，as，toastonishalikejudge，jury，andspectators;andthethorough，conscientiousnessandmasterywithwhichhehandledthecasehadno，doubtitsinfluenceuponthedecisionofthecourt。
Afterthetrialwasover，Mr。Heathcoat，oninquiry，foundabout，sixhundredmachinesatworkafterhispatent，andheproceededto，levyroyaltyupontheownersofthem，whichamountedtoalarge，sum。Buttheprofitsrealisedbythemanufacturersoflacewere，verygreat，andtheuseofthemachinesrapidlyextended;whilethe，priceofthearticlewasreducedfromfivepoundsthesquareyard，toaboutfivepenceinthecourseoftwenty-fiveyears。Duringthe，sameperiodtheaverageannualreturnsofthelace-tradehavebeen，atleastfourmillionssterling，anditgivesremunerative，employmenttoabout150，000workpeople。
ToreturntothepersonalhistoryofMr。Heathcoat。In1809we，findhimestablishedasalace-manufactureratLoughborough，in，Leicestershire。Therehecarriedonaprosperousbusinessfor，severalyears，givingemploymenttoalargenumberofoperatives，atwagesvaryingfrom5L。to10L。aweek。Notwithstandingthe，greatincreaseinthenumberofhandsemployedinlace-making，throughtheintroductionofthenewmachines，itbegantobe，whisperedaboutamongtheworkpeoplethattheyweresuperseding，labour，andanextensiveconspiracywasformedforthepurposeof，destroyingthemwhereverfound。Asearlyastheyear1811disputes，arosebetweenthemastersandmenengagedinthestockingandlace，tradesinthesouth-westernpartsofNottinghamshireandthe，adjacentpartsofDerbyshireandLeicestershire，theresultof，whichwastheassemblyofamobatSutton，inAshfield，who，proceededinopendaytobreakthestockingandlace-framesofthe，manufacturers。Someoftheringleadershavingbeenseizedand，punished，thedisaffectedlearntcaution;butthedestructionof，themachineswasneverthelesscarriedonsecretlywhereverasafe，opportunitypresenteditself。Asthemachineswereofsodelicate，aconstructionthatasingleblowofahammerrenderedthem，useless，andasthemanufacturewascarriedonforthemostpartin，detachedbuildings，ofteninprivatedwellingsremotefromtowns，theopportunitiesofdestroyingthemwereunusuallyeasy。Inthe，neighbourhoodofNottingham，whichwasthefocusofturbulence，the，machine-breakersorganizedthemselvesinregularbodies，andheld，nocturnalmeetingsatwhichtheirplanswerearranged。Probably，withtheviewofinspiringconfidence，theygaveoutthattheywere，underthecommandofaleadernamedNedLudd，orGeneralLudd，and，hencetheirdesignationofLuddites。Underthisorganization，machine-breakingwascarriedonwithgreatvigourduringthewinter，of1811，occasioninggreatdistress，andthrowinglargenumbersof，workpeopleoutofemployment。Meanwhile，theownersoftheframes，proceededtoremovethemfromthevillagesandlonedwellingsin，thecountry，andbroughtthemintowarehousesinthetownsfor，theirbetterprotection。
TheLudditesseemtohavebeenencouragedbythelenityofthe，sentencespronouncedonsuchoftheirconfederatesashadbeen，apprehendedandtried;and，shortlyafter，themaniabrokeout，afresh，andrapidlyextendedoverthenorthernandmidland，manufacturingdistricts。Theorganizationbecamemoresecret;an，oathwasadministeredtothemembersbindingthemtoobedienceto，theordersissuedbytheheadsoftheconfederacy;andthebetrayal，oftheirdesignswasdecreedtobedeath。Allmachinesweredoomed，bythemtodestruction，whetheremployedinthemanufactureof，cloth，calico，orlace;andareignofterrorbeganwhichlasted，foryears。InYorkshireandLancashiremillswereboldlyattacked，byarmedrioters，andinmanycasestheywerewreckedorburnt;so，thatitbecamenecessarytoguardthembysoldiersandyeomanry。
Themastersthemselvesweredoomedtodeath;manyofthemwere，assaulted，andsomeweremurdered。Atlengththelawwas，vigorouslysetinmotion;numbersofthemisguidedLudditeswere，apprehended;somewereexecuted;andafterseveralyears’violent，commotionfromthiscause，themachine-breakingriotswereat，lengthquelled。
Amongthenumerousmanufacturerswhoseworkswereattackedbythe，Luddites，wastheinventorofthebobbin-netmachinehimself。One，brightsunnyday，inthesummerof1816，abodyofriotersentered，hisfactoryatLoughboroughwithtorches，andsetfiretoit，destroyingthirty-sevenlace-machines，andabove10，000L。worthof，property。Tenofthemenwereapprehendedforthefelony，and，eightofthemwereexecuted。Mr。Heathcoatmadeaclaimuponthe，countyforcompensation，anditwasresisted;buttheCourtof，Queen’sBenchdecidedinhisfavour，anddecreedthatthecounty，mustmakegoodhislossof10，000L。Themagistratessoughtto，couplewiththepaymentofthedamagetheconditionthatMr。
HeathcoatshouldexpendthemoneyinthecountyofLeicester;but，tothishewouldnotassent，havingalreadyresolvedonremoving，hismanufactureelsewhere。AtTiverton，inDevonshire，hefounda，largebuildingwhichhadbeenformerlyusedasawoollen，manufactory;buttheTivertonclothtradehavingfallenintodecay，thebuildingremainedunoccupied，andthetownitselfwasgenerally，inaverypoverty-strickencondition。Mr。Heathcoatboughttheold，mill，renovatedandenlargedit，andthererecommencedthe，manufactureoflaceuponalargerscalethanbefore;keepingin，fullworkasmanyasthreehundredmachines，andemployingalarge，numberofartisansatgoodwages。Notonlydidhecarryonthe，manufactureoflace，butthevariousbranchesofbusinessconnected，withit-yarn-doubling，silk-spinning，net-making，andfinishing。
HealsoestablishedatTivertonaniron-foundryandworksforthe，manufactureofagriculturalimplements，whichprovedofgreat，conveniencetothedistrict。Itwasafavouriteideaofhisthat，steampowerwascapableofbeingappliedtoperformalltheheavy，drudgeryoflife，andhelabouredforalongtimeattheinvention，ofasteam-plough。In1832hesofarcompletedhisinventionasto，beenabledtotakeoutapatentforit;andHeathcoat’ssteam-
plough，thoughithassincebeensupersededbyFowler’s，was，consideredthebestmachineofthekindthathaduptothattime，beeninvented。
Mr。Heathcoatwasamanofgreatnaturalgifts。Hepossesseda，soundunderstanding，quickperception，andageniusforbusinessof，thehighestorder。Withthesehecombineduprightness，honesty，andintegrity-qualitieswhicharethetruegloryofhuman，character。Himselfadiligentself-educator，hegaveready，encouragementtodeservingyouthsinhisemployment，stimulating，theirtalentsandfosteringtheirenergies。Duringhisownbusy，life，hecontrivedtosavetimetomasterFrenchandItalian，of，whichheacquiredanaccurateandgrammaticalknowledge。Hismind，waslargelystoredwiththeresultsofacarefulstudyofthebest，literature，andtherewerefewsubjectsonwhichhehadnotformed，forhimselfshrewdandaccurateviews。Thetwothousandworkpeople，inhisemploymentregardedhimalmostasafather，andhecarefully，providedfortheircomfortandimprovement。Prosperitydidnot，spoilhim，asitdoessomany;norclosehisheartagainstthe，claimsofthepoorandstruggling，whowerealwayssureofhis，sympathyandhelp。Toprovidefortheeducationofthechildrenof，hisworkpeople，hebuiltschoolsforthematacostofabout6000L。
Hewasalsoamanofsingularlycheerfulandbuoyantdisposition，a，favouritewithmenofallclassesandmostadmiredandbelovedby，thosewhoknewhimbest。
In1831theelectorsofTiverton，ofwhichtownMr。Heathcoathad，provedhimselfsogenuineabenefactor，returnedhimtorepresent，theminParliament，andhecontinuedtheirmemberfornearlythirty，years。DuringagreatpartofthattimehehadLordPalmerstonfor，hiscolleague，andthenoblelord，onmorethanonepublic，occasion，expressedthehighregardwhichheentertainedforhis，venerablefriend。Onretiringfromtherepresentationin1859，owingtoadvancingageandincreasinginfirmities，thirteenhundred，ofhisworkmenpresentedhimwithasilverinkstandandgoldpen，intokenoftheiresteem。Heenjoyedhisleisureforonlytwomore，years，dyinginJanuary，1861，attheageofseventy-seven，and，leavingbehindhimacharacterforprobity，virtue，manliness，and，mechanicalgenius，ofwhichhisdescendantsmaywellbeproud。
Wenextturntoacareerofaverydifferentkind，thatofthe，illustriousbutunfortunateJacquard，whoselifealsoillustrates，inaremarkablemannertheinfluencewhichingeniousmen，evenof，thehumblestrank，mayexerciseupontheindustryofanation。
Jacquardwasthesonofahard-workingcoupleofLyons，hisfather，beingaweaver，andhismotherapatternreader。Theyweretoo，poortogivehimanybutthemostmeagreeducation。Whenhewasof，agetolearnatrade，hisfatherplacedhimwithabook-binder。An，oldclerk，whomadeupthemaster’saccounts，gaveJacquardsome，lessonsinmathematics。Heveryshortlybegantodisplaya，remarkableturnformechanics，andsomeofhiscontrivancesquite，astonishedtheoldclerk，whoadvisedJacquard’sfathertoputhim，tosomeothertrade，inwhichhispeculiarabilitiesmighthave，betterscopethaninbookbinding。Hewasaccordinglyput，apprenticetoacutler;butwassobadlytreatedbyhismaster，thatheshortlyafterwardslefthisemployment，onwhichhewas，placedwithatype-founder。
Hisparentsdying，Jacquardfoundhimselfinameasurecompelledto，taketohisfather’stwolooms，andcarryonthetradeofaweaver。
Heimmediatelyproceededtoimprovethelooms，andbecameso，engrossedwithhisinventionsthatheforgothiswork，andvery，soonfoundhimselfattheendofhismeans。Hethensoldthelooms，topayhisdebts，atthesametimethathetookuponhimselfthe，burdenofsupportingawife。Hebecamestillpoorer，andto，satisfyhiscreditors，henextsoldhiscottage。Hetriedtofind，employment，butinvain，peoplebelievinghimtobeanidler，occupiedwithmeredreamsabouthisinventions。Atlengthhe，obtainedemploymentwithaline-makerofBresse，whitherhewent，hiswiferemainingatLyons，earningaprecariouslivingbymaking，strawbonnets。
WehearnothingfurtherofJacquardforsomeyears，butinthe，intervalheseemstohaveprosecutedhisimprovementinthe，drawloomforthebettermanufactureoffiguredfabrics;for，in，1790，hebroughtouthiscontrivanceforselectingthewarp，threads，which，whenaddedtotheloom，supersededtheservicesof，adraw-boy。Theadoptionofthismachinewasslowbutsteady，and，intenyearsafteritsintroduction，4000ofthemwerefoundat，workinLyons。Jacquard’spursuitswererudelyinterruptedbythe，Revolution，and，in1792，wefindhimfightingintheranksofthe，LyonnaiseVolunteersagainsttheArmyoftheConventionunderthe，commandofDuboisCrance。Thecitywastaken;Jacquardfledand，joinedtheArmyoftheRhine，whereherosetotherankof，sergeant。Hemighthaveremainedasoldier，butthat，hisonlyson，havingbeenshotdeadathisside，hedesertedandreturnedto，Lyonstorecoverhiswife。Hefoundherinagarretstillemployed，atheroldtradeofstraw-bonnetmaking。Whilelivingin，concealmentwithher，hismindrevertedtotheinventionsover，whichhehadsolongbroodedinformeryears;buthehadnomeans，wherewithtoprosecutethem。Jacquardfounditnecessary，however，toemergefromhishiding-placeandtrytofindsomeemployment。
Hesucceededinobtainingitwithanintelligentmanufacturer，and，whileworkingbydayhewentoninventingbynight。Ithad，occurredtohimthatgreatimprovementsmightstillbeintroduced，inloomsforfiguredgoods，andheincidentallymentionedthe，subjectonedaytohismaster，regrettingatthesametimethathis，limitedmeanspreventedhimfromcarryingouthisideas。Happily，hismasterappreciatedthevalueofthesuggestions，andwith，laudablegenerosityplacedasumofmoneyathisdisposal，thathe，mightprosecutetheproposedimprovementsathisleisure。
InthreemonthsJacquardhadinventedaloomtosubstitute，mechanicalactionfortheirksomeandtoilsomelabourofthe，workman。TheloomwasexhibitedattheExpositionofNational，IndustryatParisin1801，andobtainedabronzemedal。Jacquard，wasfurtherhonouredbyavisitatLyonsfromtheMinisterCarnot，whodesiredtocongratulatehiminpersononthesuccessofhis，invention。InthefollowingyeartheSocietyofArtsinLondon，offeredaprizefortheinventionofamachineformanufacturing，fishing-netsandboarding-nettingforships。Jacquardheardof，this，andwhilewalkingonedayinthefieldsaccordingtohis，custom，heturnedthesubjectoverinhismind，andcontrivedthe，planofamachineforthepurpose。Hisfriend，themanufacturer，againfurnishedhimwiththemeansofcarryingouthisidea，andin，threeweeksJacquardhadcompletedhisinvention。
Jacquard’sachievementhavingcometotheknowledgeofthePrefect，oftheDepartment，hewassummonedbeforethatfunctionary，and，on，hisexplanationoftheworkingofthemachine，areportonthe，subjectwasforwardedtotheEmperor。Theinventorwasforthwith，summonedtoPariswithhismachine，andbroughtintothepresence，oftheEmperor，whoreceivedhimwiththeconsiderationduetohis，genius。Theinterviewlastedtwohours，duringwhichJacquard，placedathiseasebytheEmperor’saffability，explainedtohim，theimprovementswhichheproposedtomakeintheloomsforweaving，figuredgoods。Theresultwas，thathewasprovidedwith，apartmentsintheConservatoiredesArtsetMetiers，wherehehad，theuseoftheworkshopduringhisstay，andwasprovidedwitha，suitableallowanceforhismaintenance。
InstalledintheConservatoire，Jacquardproceededtocompletethe，detailsofhisimprovedloom。Hehadtheadvantageofminutely，inspectingthevariousexquisitepiecesofmechanismcontainedin，thatgreattreasuryofhumaningenuity。Amongthemachineswhich，moreparticularlyattractedhisattention，andeventuallysethim，uponthetrackofhisdiscovery，wasaloomforweavingflowered，silk，madebyVaucansonthecelebratedautomaton-maker。
Vaucansonwasamanofthehighestorderofconstructivegenius。
Theinventivefacultywassostronginhimthatitmayalmostbe，saidtohaveamountedtoapassion，andcouldnotberestrained。
Thesayingthatthepoetisborn，notmade，applieswithequal，forcetotheinventor，who，thoughindebted，liketheother，to，cultureandimprovedopportunities，neverthelesscontrivesand，constructsnewcombinationsofmachinerymainlytogratifyhisown，instinct。ThiswaspeculiarlythecasewithVaucanson;forhis，mostelaborateworkswerenotsomuchdistinguishedfortheir，utilityasforthecuriousingenuitywhichtheydisplayed。Whilea，mereboyattendingSundayconversationswithhismother，heamused，himselfbywatching，throughthechinksofapartitionwall，part，ofthemovementsofaclockintheadjoiningapartment。He，endeavouredtounderstandthem，andbybroodingoverthesubject，afterseveralmonthshediscoveredtheprincipleoftheescapement。
Fromthattimethesubjectofmechanicalinventiontookcomplete，possessionofhim。Withsomerudetoolswhichhecontrived，he，madeawoodenclockthatmarkedthehourswithremarkable，exactness;whilehemadeforaminiaturechapelthefiguresofsome，angelswhichwavedtheirwings，andsomeprieststhatmadeseveral，ecclesiasticalmovements。Withtheviewofexecutingsomeother，automatahehaddesigned，heproceededtostudyanatomy，music，and，mechanics，whichoccupiedhimforseveralyears。Thesightofthe，Flute-playerintheGardensoftheTuileriesinspiredhimwiththe，resolutiontoinventasimilarfigurethatshouldPLAY;andafter，severalyears’studyandlabour，thoughstrugglingwithillness，he，succeededinaccomplishinghisobject。Henextproduceda，Flageolet-player，whichwassucceededbyaDuck-themost，ingeniousofhiscontrivances，-whichswam，dabbled，drank，and，quackedlikearealduck。Henextinventedanasp，employedinthe，tragedyof’Cleopatre，’whichhissedanddartedatthebosomofthe，actress。
Vaucanson，however，didnotconfinehimselfmerelytothemakingof，automata。Byreasonofhisingenuity，CardinaldeFleuryappointed，himinspectorofthesilkmanufactoriesofFrance;andhewasno，soonerinoffice，thanwithhisusualirrepressibleinstinctto，invent，heproceededtointroduceimprovementsinsilkmachinery。
Oneofthesewashismillforthrownsilk，whichsoexcitedthe，angeroftheLyonsoperatives，whofearedthelossofemployment，throughitsmeans，thattheypeltedhimwithstonesandhadnearly，killedhim。Heneverthelesswentoninventing，andnextproduceda，machineforweavingfloweredsilks，withacontrivanceforgivinga，dressingtothethread，soastorenderthatofeachbobbinor，skeinofanequalthickness。
WhenVaucansondiedin1782，afteralongillness，hebequeathed，hiscollectionofmachinestotheQueen，whoseemstohavesetbut，smallvalueonthem，andtheywereshortlyafterdispersed。But，hismachineforweavingfloweredsilkswashappilypreservedinthe，ConservatoiredesArtsetMetiers，andthereJacquardfoundit，amongthemanycuriousandinterestingarticlesinthecollection。
Itprovedoftheutmostvaluetohim，foritimmediatelysethimon，thetrackoftheprincipalmodificationwhichheintroducedinhis，improvedloom。
OneofthechieffeaturesofVaucanson’smachinewasapierced，cylinderwhich，accordingtotheholesitpresentedwhenrevolved，regulatedthemovementofcertainneedles，andcausedthethreads，ofthewarptodeviateinsuchamannerastoproduceagiven，design，thoughonlyofasimplecharacter。Jacquardseizedupon，thesuggestionwithavidity，and，withthegeniusofthetrue，inventor，atonceproceededtoimproveuponit。Attheendofa，monthhisweaving-machinewascompleted。Tothecylinderof，Vancanson，headdedanendlesspieceofpasteboardpiercedwitha，numberofholes，throughwhichthethreadsofthewarpwere，presentedtotheweaver;whileanotherpieceofmechanismindicated，totheworkmanthecolouroftheshuttlewhichheoughttothrow。
Thusthedrawboyandthereaderofdesignswerebothatonce，superseded。ThefirstuseJacquardmadeofhisnewloomwasto，weavewithitseveralyardsofrichstuffwhichhepresentedtothe，EmpressJosephine。Napoleonwashighlygratifiedwiththeresult，oftheinventor’slabours，andorderedanumberoftheloomstobe，constructedbythebestworkmen，afterJacquard’smodel，and，presentedtohim;afterwhichhereturnedtoLyons。
Thereheexperiencedthefrequentfateofinventors。Hewas，regardedbyhistownsmenasanenemy，andtreatedbythemasKay，Hargreaves，andArkwrighthadbeeninLancashire。Theworkmen，lookeduponthenewloomasfataltotheirtrade，andfearedlest，itshouldatoncetakethebreadfromtheirmouths。Atumultuous，meetingwasheldonthePlacedesTerreaux，whenitwasdetermined，todestroythemachines。Thiswashoweverpreventedbythe，military。ButJacquardwasdenouncedandhangedineffigy。The，’Conseildesprud’hommes’invainendeavouredtoallaythe，excitement，andtheywerethemselvesdenounced。Atlength，carried，awaybythepopularimpulse，theprud’hommes，mostofwhomhadbeen，workmenandsympathizedwiththeclass，hadoneofJacquard’slooms，carriedoffandpubliclybrokeninpieces。Riotsfollowed，inone，ofwhichJacquardwasdraggedalongthequaybyaninfuriatedmob，intendingtodrownhim，buthewasrescued。
ThegreatvalueoftheJacquardloom，however，couldnotbedenied，anditssuccesswasonlyaquestionoftime。Jacquardwasurgedby，someEnglishsilkmanufacturerstopassoverintoEnglandand，settlethere。Butnotwithstandingtheharshandcrueltreatmenthe，hadreceivedatthehandsofhistownspeople，hispatriotismwas，toostrongtopermithimtoaccepttheiroffer。TheEnglish，manufacturers，however，adoptedhisloom。Thenitwas，andonly，then，thatLyons，threatenedtobebeatenoutofthefield，adopted，itwitheagerness;andbeforelongtheJacquardmachinewas，employedinnearlyallkindsofweaving。Theresultprovedthat，thefearsoftheworkpeoplehadbeenentirelyunfounded。Instead，ofdiminishingemployment，theJacquardloomincreaseditatleast，tenfold。Thenumberofpersonsoccupiedinthemanufactureof，figuredgoodsinLyons，wasstatedbyM。LeonFauchertohavebeen，60，000in1833;andthatnumberhassincebeenconsiderably，increased。
AsforJacquardhimself，therestofhislifepassedpeacefully，exceptingthattheworkpeoplewhodraggedhimalongthequayto，drownhimwereshortlyafterfoundeagertobearhimintriumph，alongthesamerouteincelebrationofhisbirthday。Buthis，modestywouldnotpermithimtotakepartinsuchademonstration。
TheMunicipalCouncilofLyonsproposedtohimthatheshould，devotehimselftoimprovinghismachineforthebenefitofthe，localindustry，towhichJacquardagreedinconsiderationofa，moderatepension，theamountofwhichwasfixedbyhimself。After，perfectinghisinventionaccordingly，heretiredatsixtytoend，hisdaysatOullins，hisfather’snativeplace。Itwastherethat，hereceived，in1820，thedecorationoftheLegionofHonour;and，itwastherethathediedandwasburiedin1834。Astatuewas，erectedtohismemory，buthisrelativesremainedinpoverty;and，twentyyearsafterhisdeath，histwonieceswereunderthe，necessityofsellingforafewhundredfrancsthegoldmedal，bestowedupontheirunclebyLouisXVIII。”Such，“saysaFrench，writer，“wasthegratitudeofthemanufacturinginterestsofLyons，tothemantowhomitowessolargeaportionofitssplendour。”
Itwouldbeeasytoextendthemartyrologyofinventors，andto，citethenamesofotherequallydistinguishedmenwhohave，without，anycorrespondingadvantagetothemselves，contributedtothe，industrialprogressoftheage，-forithastoooftenhappened，thatgeniushasplantedthetree，ofwhichpatientdulnesshas，gatheredthefruit;butwewillconfineourselvesforthepresent，toabriefaccountofaninventorofcomparativelyrecentdate，by，wayofillustrationofthedifficultiesandprivationswhichitis，sofrequentlythelotofmechanicalgeniustosurmount。Weallude，toJoshuaHeilmann，theinventoroftheCombingMachine。
Heilmannwasbornin1796atMulhouse，theprincipalseatofthe，Alsacecottonmanufacture。Hisfatherwasengagedinthat，business;andJoshuaenteredhisofficeatfifteen。Heremained，therefortwoyears，employinghissparetimeinmechanical，drawing。Heafterwardsspenttwoyearsinhisuncle’sbanking-
houseinParis，prosecutingthestudyofmathematicsinthe，evenings。Someofhisrelativeshavingestablishedasmallcotton-
spinningfactoryatMulhouse，youngHeilmannwasplacedwith，Messrs。TissotandRey，atParis，tolearnthepracticeofthat，firm。AtthesametimehebecameastudentattheConservatoire，desArtsetMetiers，whereheattendedthelectures，andstudied，themachinesinthemuseum。Healsotookpracticallessonsin，turningfromatoymaker。Aftersometime，thusdiligently，occupied，hereturnedtoAlsace，tosuperintendtheconstructionof，themachineryforthenewfactoryatVieux-Thann，whichwasshortly，finishedandsettowork。Theoperationsofthemanufactorywere，however，seriouslyaffectedbyacommercialcrisiswhichoccurred，anditpassedintootherhands，onwhichHeilmannreturnedtohis，familyatMulhouse。
Hehadinthemeantimebeenoccupyingmuchofhisleisurewith，inventions，moreparticularlyinconnectionwiththeweavingof，cottonandthepreparationofthestapleforspinning。Oneofhis，earliestcontrivanceswasanembroidering-machine，inwhichtwenty，needleswereemployed，workingsimultaneously;andhesucceededin，accomplishinghisobjectafteraboutsixmonths’labour。Forthis，invention，whichheexhibitedattheExpositionof1834，he，receivedagoldmedal，andwasdecoratedwiththeLegionofHonour。
Otherinventionsquicklyfollowed-animprovedloom，amachinefor，measuringandfoldingfabrics，animprovementofthe“bobbinand，flyframes“oftheEnglishspinners，andaweftwinding-machine，withvariousimprovementsinthemachineryforpreparing，spinning，andweavingsilkandcotton。Oneofhismostingenious，contrivanceswashisloomforweavingsimultaneouslytwopiecesof，velvetorotherpiledfabric，unitedbythepilecommontoboth，withaknifeandtraversingapparatusforseparatingthetwo，fabricswhenwoven。Butbyfarthemostbeautifulandingeniousof，hisinventionswasthecombing-machine，thehistoryofwhichwenow，proceedshortlytodescribe。
Heilmannhadforsomeyearsbeendiligentlystudyingthe，contrivanceofamachineforcombinglong-stapledcotton，the，ordinarycarding-machinebeingfoundineffectiveinpreparingthe，rawmaterialforspinning，especiallythefinersortsofyarn，besidescausingconsiderablewaste。Toavoidtheseimperfections，thecotton-spinnersofAlsaceofferedaprizeof5000francsforan，improvedcombing-machine，andHeilmannimmediatelyproceededto，competeforthereward。Hewasnotstimulatedbythedesireof，gain，forhewascomparativelyrich，havingacquiredaconsiderable，fortunebyhiswife。Itwasasayingofhisthat“onewillnever，accomplishgreatthingswhoisconstantlyaskinghimself，howmuch，gainwillthisbringme？”Whatmainlyimpelledhimwasthe，irrepressibleinstinctoftheinventor，whonosoonerhasa，mechanicalproblemsetbeforehimthanhefeelsimpelledto，undertakeitssolution。Theprobleminthiscasewas，however，muchmoredifficultthanhehadanticipated。Theclosestudyof，thesubjectoccupiedhimforseveralyears，andtheexpensesin，whichhebecameinvolvedinconnectionwithitweresogreat，that，hiswife’sfortunewasshortlyswallowedup，andhewasreducedto，poverty，withoutbeingabletobringhismachinetoperfection。
Fromthattimehewasunderthenecessityofrelyingmainlyonthe，helpofhisfriendstoenablehimtoprosecutetheinvention。
Whilestillstrugglingwithpovertyanddifficulties，Heilmann’s，wifedied，believingherhusbandruined;andshortlyafterhe，proceededtoEnglandandsettledforatimeatManchester，still，labouringathismachine。Hehadamodelmadeforhimbythe，eminentmachine-makers，Sharpe，Roberts，andCompany;butstillhe，couldnotmakeitworksatisfactorily，andhewasatlengthbrought，almosttothevergeofdespair。HereturnedtoFrancetovisithis，family，stillpursuinghisidea，whichhadobtainedcomplete，possessionofhismind。Whilesittingbyhishearthoneevening，meditatinguponthehardfateofinventorsandthemisfortunesin，whichtheirfamiliessooftenbecomeinvolved，hefoundhimself，almostunconsciouslywatchinghisdaughterscomingtheirlonghair，anddrawingitoutatfulllengthbetweentheirfingers。The，thoughtsuddenlystruckhimthatifhecouldsuccessfullyimitate，inamachinetheprocessofcombingoutthelongesthairand，forcingbacktheshortbyreversingtheactionofthecomb，it，mightservetoextricatehimfromhisdifficulty。Itmaybe，rememberedthatthisincidentinthelifeofHeilmannhasbeenmade，thesubjectofabeautifulpicturebyMr。Elmore，R。A。whichwas，exhibitedattheRoyalAcademyExhibitionof1862。
Uponthisideaheproceeded，introducedtheapparentlysimplebut，reallymostintricateprocessofmachine-combing，andaftergreat，labourhesucceededinperfectingtheinvention。Thesingular，beautyoftheprocesscanonlybeappreciatedbythosewhohave，witnessedthemachineatwork，whenthesimilarityofitsmovements，tothatofcombingthehair，whichsuggestedtheinvention，isat，onceapparent。Themachinehasbeendescribedas“actingwith，almostthedelicacyoftouchofthehumanfingers。”，Itcombsthe，lockofcottonATBOTHENDS，placesthefibresexactlyparallel，witheachother，separatesthelongfromtheshort，andunitesthe，longfibresinonesliverandtheshortonesinanother。Infine，themachinenotonlyactswiththedelicateaccuracyofthehuman，fingers，butapparentlywiththedelicateintelligenceofthehuman，mind。
Thechiefcommercialvalueoftheinventionconsistedinits，renderingthecommonersortsofcottonavailableforfinespinning。
Themanufacturersweretherebyenabledtoselectthemostsuitable，fibresforhigh-pricedfabrics，andtoproducethefinersortsof，yarninmuchlargerquantities。Itbecamepossiblebyitsmeansto，makethreadsofinethatalengthof334milesmightbespunfroma，singlepoundweightofthepreparedcotton，and，workedupintothe，finersortsoflace，theoriginalshilling’sworthofcotton-wool，beforeitpassedintothehandsoftheconsumer，mightthusbe，increasedtothevalueofbetween300L。and400L。sterling。
ThebeautyandutilityofHeilmann’sinventionwereatonce，appreciatedbytheEnglishcotton-spinners。SixLancashirefirms，unitedandpurchasedthepatentforcotton-spinningforEnglandfor，thesumof30，000L;thewool-spinnerspaidthesamesumforthe，privilegeofapplyingtheprocesstowool;andtheMessrs。
Marshall，ofLeeds，20，000L。fortheprivilegeofapplyingitto，flax。ThuswealthsuddenlyflowedinuponpoorHeilmannatlast。
Buthedidnotlivetoenjoyit。Scarcelyhadhislonglabours，beencrownedbysuccessthanhedied，andhisson，whohadshared，inhisprivations，shortlyfollowedhim。
Itisatthepriceoflivessuchasthesethatthewondersof，civilisationareachieved。
CHAPTERIII-THEGREATPOTTERS-PALISSY，BOTTGHER，WEDGWOOD
“Patienceisthefinestandworthiestpartoffortitude，andthe，raresttoo……Patienceliesattherootofallpleasures，as，wellasofallpowers。Hopeherselfceasestobehappinesswhen，Impatiencecompanionsher。”-JohnRuskin。
“Ilyavingtetcinqanspassezqu’ilnemefutmonstreunecoupe，deterre，tourneeetesmailleed’unetellebeauteque……
deslors，sansavoiresgardquejen’avoisnulleconnoissancedes，terresargileuses，jememisachercherlesemaux，commeunhomme，quitasteentenebres。”-BernardPalissy。
ItsohappensthatthehistoryofPotteryfurnishessomeofthe，mostremarkableinstancesofpatientperseverancetobefoundin，thewholerangeofbiography。Oftheseweselectthreeofthemost，striking，asexhibitedinthelivesofBernardPalissy，the，Frenchman;JohannFriedrichBottgher，theGerman;andJosiah，Wedgwood，theEnglishman。
Thoughtheartofmakingcommonvesselsofclaywasknowntomost，oftheancientnations，thatofmanufacturingenamelledearthenware，wasmuchlesscommon。Itwas，however，practisedbytheancient，Etruscans，specimensofwhosewarearestilltobefoundin，antiquariancollections。Butitbecamealostart，andwasonly，recoveredatacomparativelyrecentdate。TheEtruscanwarewas，veryvaluableinancienttimes，avasebeingworthitsweightin，goldinthetimeofAugustus。TheMoorsseemtohavepreserved，amongstthemaknowledgeoftheart，whichtheywerefound，practisingintheislandofMajorcawhenitwastakenbythePisans，in1115。AmongthespoilcarriedawayweremanyplatesofMoorish，earthenware，which，intokenoftriumph，wereembeddedinthewalls，ofseveraloftheancientchurchesofPisa，wheretheyaretobe，seentothisday。AbouttwocenturieslatertheItaliansbeganto，makeanimitationenamelledware，whichtheynamedMajolica，after，theMoorishplaceofmanufacture。
Thereviverorre-discovereroftheartofenamellinginItalywas，LucadellaRobbia，aFlorentinesculptor。Vasaridescribeshimas，amanofindefatigableperseverance，workingwithhischiselall，dayandpractisingdrawingduringthegreaterpartofthenight。
Hepursuedthelatterartwithsomuchassiduity，thatwhenworking，late，topreventhisfeetfromfreezingwiththecold，hewas，accustomedtoprovidehimselfwithabasketofshavings，inwhich，heplacedthemtokeephimselfwarmandenablehimtoproceedwith，hisdrawings。”Nor，“saysVasari，“amIintheleastastonishedat，this，sincenomaneverbecomesdistinguishedinanyartwhatsoever，whodoesnotearlybegintoacquirethepowerofsupportingheat，cold，hunger，thirst，andotherdiscomforts;whereasthosepersons，deceivethemselvesaltogetherwhosupposethatwhentakingtheir，easeandsurroundedbyalltheenjoymentsoftheworldtheymay，stillattaintohonourabledistinction，-foritisnotby，sleeping，butbywaking，watching，andlabouringcontinually，that，proficiencyisattainedandreputationacquired。”
ButLuca，notwithstandingallhisapplicationandindustry，didnot，succeedinearningenoughmoneybysculpturetoenablehimtolive，bytheart，andtheideaoccurredtohimthathemightnevertheless，beabletopursuehismodellinginsomematerialmorefacileand，lessdearthanmarble。Henceitwasthathebegantomakehis，modelsinclay，andtoendeavourbyexperimentsotocoatandbake，theclayastorenderthosemodelsdurable。Aftermanytrialshe，atlengthdiscoveredamethodofcoveringtheclaywithamaterial，which，whenexposedtotheintenseheatofafurnace，became，convertedintoanalmostimperishableenamel。Heafterwardsmade，thefurtherdiscoveryofamethodofimpartingcolourtothe，enamel，thusgreatlyaddingtoitsbeauty。
ThefameofLuca’sworkextendedthroughoutEurope，andspecimens，ofhisartbecamewidelydiffused。Manyofthemweresentinto，FranceandSpain，wheretheyweregreatlyprized。Atthattime，coarsebrownjarsandpipkinswerealmosttheonlyarticlesof，earthenwareproducedinFrance;andthiscontinuedtobethecase，withcomparativelysmallimprovement，untilthetimeofPalissy-a，manwhotoiledandfoughtagainststupendousdifficultieswitha，heroismthatshedsaglowalmostofromanceovertheeventsofhis，chequeredlife。
BernardPalissyissupposedtohavebeenborninthesouthof，France，inthedioceseofAgen，abouttheyear1510。Hisfather，wasprobablyaworkeringlass，towhichtradeBernardwasbrought，up。Hisparentswerepoorpeople-toopoortogivehimthe，benefitofanyschooleducation。”Ihadnootherbooks，“saidhe，afterwards，“thanheavenandearth，whichareopentoall。”，He，learnt，however，theartofglass-painting，towhichheaddedthat，ofdrawing，andafterwardsreadingandwriting。
Whenabouteighteenyearsold，theglasstradebecomingdecayed，Palissylefthisfather’shouse，withhiswalletonhisback，and，wentoutintotheworldtosearchwhethertherewasanyplaceinit，forhim。HefirsttravelledtowardsGascony，workingathistrade，wherehecouldfindemployment，andoccasionallyoccupyingpartof，histimeinland-measuring。Thenhetravellednorthwards，sojourningforvariousperiodsatdifferentplacesinFrance，Flanders，andLowerGermany。
ThusPalissyoccupiedabouttenmoreyearsofhislife，afterwhich，hemarried，andceasedfromhiswanderings，settlingdownto，practiseglass-paintingandland-measuringatthesmalltownof，Saintes，intheLowerCharente。Therechildrenwereborntohim;
andnotonlyhisresponsibilitiesbuthisexpensesincreased，while，dowhathecould，hisearningsremainedtoosmallforhis，needs。Itwasthereforenecessaryforhimtobestirhimself。
Probablyhefeltcapableofbetterthingsthandrudginginan，employmentsoprecariousasglass-painting;andhencehewas，inducedtoturnhisattentiontothekindredartofpaintingand，enamellingearthenware。Yetonthissubjecthewaswholly，ignorant;forhehadneverseenearthbakedbeforehebeganhis，operations。Hehadthereforeeverythingtolearnbyhimself，withoutanyhelper。Buthewasfullofhope，eagertolearn，of，unboundedperseveranceandinexhaustiblepatience。
ItwasthesightofanelegantcupofItalianmanufacture-most，probablyoneofLucadellaRobbia’smake-whichfirstsetPalissy，a-thinkingaboutthenewart。Acircumstancesoapparently，insignificantwouldhaveproducednoeffectuponanordinarymind，orevenuponPalissyhimselfatanordinarytime;butoccurringas，itdidwhenhewasmeditatingachangeofcalling，heatonce，becameinflamedwiththedesireofimitatingit。Thesightofthis，cupdisturbedhiswholeexistence;andthedeterminationto，discovertheenamelwithwhichitwasglazedthenceforward，possessedhimlikeapassion。Hadhebeenasinglemanhemight，havetravelledintoItalyinsearchofthesecret;buthewasbound，tohiswifeandhischildren，andcouldnotleavethem;sohe，remainedbytheirsidegropinginthedarkinthehopeoffinding，outtheprocessofmakingandenamellingearthenware。
Atfirsthecouldmerelyguessthematerialsofwhichtheenamel，wascomposed;andheproceededtotryallmannerofexperimentsto，ascertainwhattheyreallywere。Hepoundedallthesubstances，whichhesupposedwerelikelytoproduceit。Thenheboughtcommon，earthenpots，brokethemintopieces，and，spreadinghiscompounds，overthem，subjectedthemtotheheatofafurnacewhichheerected，forthepurposeofbakingthem。Hisexperimentsfailed;andthe，resultswerebrokenpotsandawasteoffuel，drugs，time，and，labour。Womendonotreadilysympathisewithexperimentswhose，onlytangibleeffectistodissipatethemeansofbuyingclothes，andfoodfortheirchildren;andPalissy’swife，howeverdutifulin，otherrespects，couldnotbereconciledtothepurchaseofmore，earthenpots，whichseemedtohertobeboughtonlytobebroken。
Yetshemustneedssubmit;forPalissyhadbecomethoroughly，possessedbythedeterminationtomasterthesecretoftheenamel，andwouldnotleaveitalone。
FormanysuccessivemonthsandyearsPalissypursuedhis，experiments。Thefirstfurnacehavingprovedafailure，he，proceededtoerectanotheroutofdoors。Thereheburntmorewood，spoiledmoredrugsandpots，andlostmoretime，untilpoverty，staredhimandhisfamilyintheface。”Thus，“saidhe，“Ifooled，awayseveralyears，withsorrowandsighs，becauseIcouldnotat，allarriveatmyintention。”，Intheintervalsofhisexperiments，heoccasionallyworkedathisformercallings，paintingonglass，drawingportraits，andmeasuringland;buthisearningsfromthese，sourceswereverysmall。Atlengthhewasnolongerabletocarry，onhisexperimentsinhisownfurnacebecauseoftheheavycostof，fuel;butheboughtmorepotsherds，brokethemupasbeforeinto，threeorfourhundredpieces，and，coveringthemwithchemicals，carriedthemtoatile-workaleagueandahalfdistantfrom，Saintes，theretobebakedinanordinaryfurnace。Afterthe，operationhewenttoseethepiecestakenout;and，tohisdismay，thewholeoftheexperimentswerefailures。Butthough，disappointed，hewasnotyetdefeated;forhedeterminedonthe，veryspotto“beginafresh。”
Hisbusinessasaland-measurercalledhimawayforabriefseason，fromthepursuitofhisexperiments。Inconformitywithanedict，oftheState，itbecamenecessarytosurveythesalt-marshesinthe，neighbourhoodofSaintesforthepurposeoflevyingtheland-tax。
Palissywasemployedtomakethissurvey，andpreparetherequisite，map。Theworkoccupiedhimsometime，andhewasdoubtlesswell，paidforit;butnosoonerwasitcompletedthanheproceeded，with，redoubledzeal，tofollowuphisoldinvestigations“inthetrack，oftheenamels。”，Hebeganbybreakingthreedozennewearthen，pots，thepiecesofwhichhecoveredwithdifferentmaterialswhich，hehadcompounded，andthentookthemtoaneighbouringglass-
furnacetobebaked。Theresultsgavehimaglimmerofhope。The，greaterheatoftheglass-furnacehadmeltedsomeofthecompounds;
butthoughPalissysearcheddiligentlyforthewhiteenamelhe，couldfindnone。
Fortwomoreyearshewentonexperimentingwithoutany，satisfactoryresult，untiltheproceedsofhissurveyofthesalt-
marsheshavingbecomenearlyspent，hewasreducedtopoverty，again。Butheresolvedtomakealastgreateffort;andhebegan，bybreakingmorepotsthanever。Morethanthreehundredpiecesof，potterycoveredwithhiscompoundsweresenttotheglass-furnace;
andthitherhehimselfwenttowatchtheresultsofthebaking。
Fourhourspassed，duringwhichhewatched;andthenthefurnace，wasopened。ThematerialonONEonlyofthethreehundredpieces，ofpotsherdhadmelted，anditwastakenouttocool。Asit，hardened，itgrewwhite-whiteandpolished！，Thepieceofpotsherd，wascoveredwithwhiteenamel，describedbyPalissyas“singularly，beautiful！”Andbeautifulitmustnodoubthavebeeninhiseyes，afterallhiswearywaiting。Heranhomewithittohiswife，feelinghimself，asheexpressedit，quiteanewcreature。Butthe，prizewasnotyetwon-farfromit。Thepartialsuccessofthis，intendedlasteffortmerelyhadtheeffectofluringhimontoa，successionoffurtherexperimentsandfailures。
Inorderthathemightcompletetheinvention，whichhenow，believedtobeathand，heresolvedtobuildforhimselfaglass-
furnacenearhisdwelling，wherehemightcarryonhisoperations，insecret。Heproceededtobuildthefurnacewithhisownhands，carryingthebricksfromthebrick-fielduponhisback。Hewas，bricklayer，labourer，andall。Fromseventoeightmoremonths，passed。Atlastthefurnacewasbuiltandreadyforuse。Palissy，hadinthemeantimefashionedanumberofvesselsofclayin，readinessforthelayingonoftheenamel。Afterbeingsubjected，toapreliminaryprocessofbaking，theywerecoveredwiththe，enamelcompound，andagainplacedinthefurnaceforthegrand，crucialexperiment。Althoughhismeanswerenearlyexhausted，Palissyhadbeenforsometimeaccumulatingagreatstoreoffuel，forthefinaleffort;andhethoughtitwasenough。Atlastthe，firewaslit，andtheoperationproceeded。Alldayhesatbythe，furnace，feedingitwithfuel。Hesattherewatchingandfeeding，allthroughthelongnight。Buttheenameldidnotmelt。Thesun，roseuponhislabours。Hiswifebroughthimaportionofthe，scantymorningmeal，-forhewouldnotstirfromthefurnace，into，whichhecontinuedfromtimetotimetoheavemorefuel。The，seconddaypassed，andstilltheenameldidnotmelt。Thesunset，andanothernightpassed。Thepale，haggard，unshorn，baffledyet，notbeatenPalissysatbyhisfurnaceeagerlylookingforthe，meltingoftheenamel。Athirddayandnightpassed-afourth，a，fifth，andevenasixth，-yes，forsixlongdaysandnightsdid，theunconquerablePalissywatchandtoil，fightingagainsthope;
andstilltheenamelwouldnotmelt。
Itthenoccurredtohimthattheremightbesomedefectinthe，materialsfortheenamel-perhapssomethingwantingintheflux;
sohesettoworktopoundandcompoundfreshmaterialsforanew，experiment。Thustwoorthreemoreweekspassed。Buthowtobuy，morepots？-forthosewhichhehadmadewithhisownhandsforthe，purposesofthefirstexperimentwerebylongbakingirretrievably，spoiltforthepurposesofasecond。Hismoneywasnowallspent;
buthecouldborrow。Hischaracterwasstillgood，thoughhiswife，andtheneighboursthoughthimfoolishlywastinghismeansin，futileexperiments。Neverthelesshesucceeded。Heborrowed，sufficientfromafriendtoenablehimtobuymorefuelandmore，pots，andhewasagainreadyforafurtherexperiment。Thepots，werecoveredwiththenewcompound，placedinthefurnace，andthe，firewasagainlit。
Itwasthelastandmostdesperateexperimentofthewhole。The，fireblazedup;theheatbecameintense;butstilltheenameldid，notmelt。Thefuelbegantorunshort！，Howtokeepupthefire？
Therewerethegardenpalings：，thesewouldburn。Theymustbe，sacrificedratherthanthatthegreatexperimentshouldfail。The，gardenpalingswerepulledupandcastintothefurnace。Theywere，burntinvain！，Theenamelhadnotyetmelted。Tenminutesmore，heatmightdoit。Fuelmustbehadatwhatevercost。There，remainedthehouseholdfurnitureandshelving。Acrashingnoise，washeardinthehouse;andamidstthescreamsofhiswifeand，children，whonowfearedPalissy’sreasonwasgivingway，the，tableswereseized，brokenup，andheavedintothefurnace。The，enamelhadnotmeltedyet！，Thereremainedtheshelving。Another，noiseofthewrenchingoftimberwasheardwithinthehouse;and，theshelvesweretorndownandhurledafterthefurnitureintothe，fire。Wifeandchildrenthenrushedfromthehouse，andwent，franticallythroughthetown，callingoutthatpoorPalissyhad，gonemad，andwasbreakinguphisveryfurnitureforfirewood！(10)
Foranentiremonthhisshirthadnotbeenoffhisback，andhewas，utterlywornout-wastedwithtoil，anxiety，watching，andwantof，food。Hewasindebt，andseemedonthevergeofruin。Buthehad，atlengthmasteredthesecret;forthelastgreatburstofheathad，meltedtheenamel。Thecommonbrownhouseholdjars，whentakenout，ofthefurnaceafterithadbecomecool，werefoundcoveredwitha，whiteglaze！，Forthishecouldendurereproach，contumely，and，scorn，andwaitpatientlyfortheopportunityofputtinghis，discoveryintopracticeasbetterdayscameround。
Palissynexthiredapottertomakesomeearthenvesselsafter，designswhichhefurnished;whilehehimselfproceededtomodel，somemedallionsinclayforthepurposeofenamellingthem。But，howtomaintainhimselfandhisfamilyuntilthewaresweremade，andreadyforsale？，FortunatelythereremainedonemaninSaintes，whostillbelievedintheintegrity，ifnotinthejudgment，of，Palissy-aninn-keeper，whoagreedtofeedandlodgehimforsix，months，whilehewentonwithhismanufacture。Asfortheworking，potterwhomhehadhired，Palissysoonfoundthathecouldnotpay，himthestipulatedwages。Havingalreadystrippedhisdwelling，he，couldbutstriphimself;andheaccordinglypartedwithsomeofhis，clothestothepotter，inpartpaymentofthewageswhichheowed，him。
Palissynexterectedanimprovedfurnace，buthewassounfortunate，astobuildpartoftheinsidewithflints。Whenitwasheated，theseflintscrackedandburst，andthespiculaewerescattered，overthepiecesofpottery，stickingtothem。Thoughtheenamel，cameoutright，theworkwasirretrievablyspoilt，andthussix，moremonths’labourwaslost。Personswerefoundwillingtobuy，thearticlesatalowprice，notwithstandingtheinjurytheyhad，sustained;butPalissywouldnotsellthem，consideringthatto，havedonesowouldbeto“decryandabatehishonour;“andsohe，brokeinpiecestheentirebatch。”Nevertheless，“sayshe，“hope，continuedtoinspireme，andIheldonmanfully;sometimes，when，visitorscalled，Ientertainedthemwithpleasantry，whileIwas，reallysadatheart……WorstofallthesufferingsIhadto，endure，werethemockeriesandpersecutionsofthoseofmyown，household，whoweresounreasonableastoexpectmetoexecutework，withoutthemeansofdoingso。Foryearsmyfurnaceswerewithout，anycoveringorprotection，andwhileattendingthemIhavebeen，fornightsatthemercyofthewindandtherain，withouthelpor，consolation，saveitmightbethewailingofcatsontheoneside，andthehowlingofdogsontheother。Sometimesthetempestwould，beatsofuriouslyagainstthefurnacesthatIwascompelledto，leavethemandseekshelterwithindoors。Drenchedbyrain，andin，nobetterplightthanifIhadbeendraggedthroughmire，Ihave，gonetoliedownatmidnightoratdaybreak，stumblingintothe，housewithoutalight，andreelingfromonesidetoanotherasifI
hadbeendrunken，butreallywearywithwatchingandfilledwith，sorrowatthelossofmylabouraftersuchlongtoiling。Butalas！
myhomeprovednorefuge;for，drenchedandbesmearedasIwas，I
foundinmychamberasecondpersecutionworsethanthefirst，whichmakesmeevennowmarvelthatIwasnotutterlyconsumedby，mymanysorrows。”
Atthisstageofhisaffairs，Palissybecamemelancholyandalmost，hopeless，andseemstohaveallbutbrokendown。Hewandered，gloomilyaboutthefieldsnearSaintes，hisclotheshangingin，tatters，andhimselfworntoaskeleton。Inacuriouspassagein，hiswritingshedescribeshowthatthecalvesofhislegshad，disappearedandwerenolongerablewiththehelpofgartersto，holduphisstockings，whichfellabouthisheelswhenhewalked。
(11)，Thefamilycontinuedtoreproachhimforhisrecklessness，andhisneighbourscriedshameuponhimforhisobstinatefolly。
Sohereturnedforatimetohisformercalling;andafterabouta，year’sdiligentlabour，duringwhichheearnedbreadforhis，householdandsomewhatrecoveredhischaracteramonghis，neighbours，heagainresumedhisdarlingenterprise。Butthoughhe，hadalreadyspentabouttenyearsinthesearchfortheenamel，it，costhimnearlyeightmoreyearsofexperimentalploddingbeforehe，perfectedhisinvention。Hegraduallylearntdexterityand，certaintyofresultbyexperience，gatheringpracticalknowledge，outofmanyfailures。Everymishapwasafreshlessontohim，teachinghimsomethingnewaboutthenatureofenamels，the，qualitiesofargillaceousearths，thetemperingofclays，andthe，constructionandmanagementoffurnaces。
Atlast，afteraboutsixteenyears’labour，Palissytookheartand，calledhimselfPotter。Thesesixteenyearshadbeenhistermof，apprenticeshiptotheart;duringwhichhehadwhollytoteach，himself，beginningattheverybeginning。Hewasnowabletosell，hiswaresandtherebymaintainhisfamilyincomfort。Buthenever，restedsatisfiedwithwhathehadaccomplished。Heproceededfrom，onestepofimprovementtoanother;alwaysaimingatthegreatest，perfectionpossible。Hestudiednaturalobjectsforpatterns，and，withsuchsuccessthatthegreatBuffonspokeofhimas“sogreata，naturalistasNatureonlycanproduce。”，Hisornamentalpiecesare，nowregardedasraregemsinthecabinetsofvirtuosi，andsellat，almostfabulousprices。(12)，Theornamentsonthemareforthe，mostpartaccuratemodelsfromlife，ofwildanimals，lizards，and，plants，foundinthefieldsaboutSaintes，andtastefullycombined，asornamentsintothetextureofaplateorvase。WhenPalissyhad，reachedtheheightofhisarthestyledhimself“OuvrierdeTerre，etInventeurdesRusticsFigulines。”
Wehavenot，however，cometoanendofthesufferingsofPalissy，respectingwhichafewwordsremaintobesaid。Beinga，Protestant，atatimewhenreligiouspersecutionwaxedhotinthe，southofFrance，andexpressinghisviewswithoutfear，hewas，regardedasadangerousheretic。Hisenemieshavinginformed，againsthim，hishouseatSainteswasenteredbytheofficersof，“justice，“andhisworkshopwasthrownopentotherabble，who，enteredandsmashedhispottery，whilehehimselfwashurriedoff，bynightandcastintoadungeonatBordeaux，towaithisturnat，thestakeorthescaffold。Hewascondemnedtobeburnt;buta，powerfulnoble，theConstabledeMontmorency，interposedtosave，hislife-notbecausehehadanyspecialregardforPalissyorhis，religion，butbecausenootherartistcouldbefoundcapableof，executingtheenamelledpavementforhismagnificentchateauthen，incourseoferectionatEcouen，aboutfourleaguesfromParis。By，hisinfluenceanedictwasissuedappointingPalissyInventorof，RusticFigulinestotheKingandtotheConstable，whichhadthe，effectofimmediatelyremovinghimfromthejurisdictionof，Bourdeaux。Hewasaccordinglyliberated，andreturnedtohishome，atSaintesonlytofinditdevastatedandbrokenup。Hisworkshop，wasopentothesky，andhisworkslayinruins。Shakingthedust，ofSaintesfromhisfeethelefttheplacenevertoreturntoit，andremovedtoParistocarryontheworksorderedofhimbythe，ConstableandtheQueenMother，beinglodgedintheTuileries(13)
whilesooccupied。
Besidescarryingonthemanufactureofpottery，withtheaidofhis，twosons，Palissy，duringthelatterpartofhislife，wroteand，publishedseveralbooksonthepotter’sart，withaviewtothe，instructionofhiscountrymen，andinorderthattheymightavoid，themanymistakeswhichhehimselfhadmade。Healsowroteon，agriculture，onfortification，andnaturalhistory，onwhichlatter，subjectheevendeliveredlecturestoalimitednumberofpersons。
Hewagedwaragainstastrology，alchemy，witchcraft，andlike，impostures。Thisstirredupagainsthimmanyenemies，whopointed，thefingerathimasaheretic，andhewasagainarrestedforhis，religionandimprisonedintheBastille。Hewasnowanoldmanof，seventy-eight，tremblingonthevergeofthegrave，buthisspirit，wasasbraveasever。Hewasthreatenedwithdeathunlesshe，recanted;buthewasasobstinateinholdingtohisreligionashe，hadbeeninhuntingoutthesecretoftheenamel。Theking，Henry，III。evenwenttoseehiminprisontoinducehimtoabjurehis，faith。”Mygoodman，“saidtheKing，“youhavenowservedmy，motherandmyselfforforty-fiveyears。Wehaveputupwithyour，adheringtoyourreligionamidstfiresandmassacres：，nowIamso，pressedbytheGuisepartyaswellasbymyownpeople，thatIam，constrainedtoleaveyouinthehandsofyourenemies，andto-
morrowyouwillbeburntunlessyoubecomeconverted。”，“Sire，“
answeredtheunconquerableoldman，“Iamreadytogivemylifefor，thegloryofGod。Youhavesaidmanytimesthatyouhavepityon，me;andnowIhavepityonyou，whohavepronouncedthewordsIAM
CONSTRAINED！，Itisnotspokenlikeaking，sire;itiswhatyou，andthosewhoconstrainyou，theGuisardsandallyourpeople，can，nevereffectuponme，forIknowhowtodie。”(14)，Palissydid，indeeddieshortlyafter，amartyr，thoughnotatthestake。He，diedintheBastille，afterenduringaboutayear’simprisonment，-
therepeacefullyterminatingalifedistinguishedforheroic，labour，extraordinaryendurance，inflexiblerectitude，andthe，exhibitionofmanyrareandnoblevirtues。(15)
ThelifeofJohnFrederickBottgher，theinventorofhard，porcelain，presentsaremarkablecontrasttothatofPalissy;
thoughitalsocontainsmanypointsofsingularandalmostromantic，interest。BottgherwasbornatSchleiz，intheVoightland，in，1685，andattwelveyearsofagewasplacedapprenticewithan，apothecaryatBerlin。Heseemstohavebeenearlyfascinatedby，chemistry，andoccupiedmostofhisleisureinmakingexperiments。
Theseforthemostparttendedinonedirection-theartof，convertingcommononmetalsintogold。Attheendofseveral，years，Bottgherpretendedtohavediscoveredtheuniversalsolvent，ofthealchemists，andprofessedthathehadmadegoldbyits，means。Heexhibiteditspowersbeforehismaster，theapothecary，Zorn，andbysometrickorothersucceededinmakinghimand，severalotherwitnessesbelievethathehadactuallyconverted，copperintogold。
Thenewsspreadabroadthattheapothecary’sapprenticehad，discoveredthegrandsecret，andcrowdscollectedabouttheshopto，getasightofthewonderfulyoung“gold-cook。”，Thekinghimself，expressedawishtoseeandconversewithhim，andwhenFrederick，I。waspresentedwithapieceofthegoldpretendedtohavebeen，convertedfromcopper，hewassodazzledwiththeprospectof，securinganinfinitequantityofit-Prussiabeingtheningreat，straitsformoney-thathedeterminedtosecureBottgherand，employhimtomakegoldforhimwithinthestrongfortressof，Spandau。Buttheyoungapothecary，suspectingtheking’s，intention，andprobablyfearingdetection，atonceresolvedon，flight，andhesucceededingettingacrossthefrontierinto，Saxony。
