ArewardofathousandthalerswasofferedforBottgher’s，apprehension，butinvain。HearrivedatWittenberg，andappealed，forprotectiontotheElectorofSaxony，FrederickAugustusI。
(KingofPoland)，surnamed“theStrong。”，Frederickwashimself，verymuchinwantofmoneyatthetime，andhewasoverjoyedatthe，prospectofobtaininggoldinanyquantitybytheaidoftheyoung，alchemist。BottgherwasaccordinglyconveyedinsecrettoDresden，accompaniedbyaroyalescort。HehadscarcelyleftWittenberg，whenabattalionofPrussiangrenadiersappearedbeforethegates，demandingthegold-maker’sextradition。Butitwastoolate：
BottgherhadalreadyarrivedinDresden，wherehewaslodgedinthe，GoldenHouse，andtreatedwitheveryconsideration，thoughstrictly，watchedandkeptunderguard。
TheElector，however，mustneedsleavehimthereforatime，having，todepartforthwithtoPoland，thenalmostinastateofanarchy。
But，impatientforgold，hewroteBottgherfromWarsaw，urginghim，tocommunicatethesecret，sothathehimselfmightpractisethe，artofcommutation。Theyoung“gold-cook，“thuspressed，forwarded，toFrederickasmallphialcontaining“areddishfluid，“which，it，wasasserted，changedallmetals，wheninamoltenstate，into，gold。ThisimportantphialwastakeninchargebythePrinceFurst，vonFurstenburg，who，accompaniedbyaregimentofGuards，hurried，withittoWarsaw。Arrivedthere，itwasdeterminedtomake，immediatetrialoftheprocess。TheKingandthePrincelocked，themselvesupinasecretchamberofthepalace，girtthemselves，aboutwithleatheraprons，andliketrue“gold-cooks“settowork，meltingcopperinacrucibleandafterwardsapplyingtoitthered，fluidofBottgher。Buttheresultwasunsatisfactory;for，notwithstandingallthattheycoulddo，thecopperobstinately，remainedcopper。Onreferringtothealchemist’sinstructions，however，theKingfoundthat，tosucceedwiththeprocess，itwas，necessarythatthefluidshouldbeused“ingreatpurityofheart;“
andashisMajestywasconsciousofhavingspenttheeveningin，verybadcompanyheattributedthefailureoftheexperimentto，thatcause。Asecondtrialwasfollowedbynobetterresults，and，thentheKingbecamefurious;forhehadconfessedandreceived，absolutionbeforebeginningthesecondexperiment。
FrederickAugustusnowresolvedonforcingBottghertodisclosethe，goldensecret，astheonlymeansofrelieffromhisurgent，pecuniarydifficulties。Thealchemist，hearingoftheroyal，intention，againdeterminedtofly。Hesucceededinescapinghis，guard，and，afterthreedays’travel，arrivedatEnsinAustria，wherehethoughthimselfsafe。TheagentsoftheElectorwere，however，athisheels;theyhadtrackedhimtothe“GoldenStag，“
whichtheysurrounded，andseizinghiminhisbed，notwithstanding，hisresistanceandappealstotheAustrianauthoritiesforhelp，theycarriedhimbyforcetoDresden。Fromthistimehewasmore，strictlywatchedthanever，andhewasshortlyaftertransferredto，thestrongfortressofKoningstein。Itwascommunicatedtohim，thattheroyalexchequerwascompletelyempty，andthatten，regimentsofPolesinarrearsofpaywerewaitingforhisgold。
TheKinghimselfvisitedhim，andtoldhiminaseveretonethatif，hedidnotatonceproceedtomakegold，hewouldbehung！，(“THU
MIRZURECHT，BOTTGHER，SONSTLASSICHDICHHANGEN“)。
Yearspassed，andstillBottghermadenogold;buthewasnothung。
Itwasreservedforhimtomakeafarmoreimportantdiscoverythan，theconversionofcopperintogold，namely，theconversionofclay，intoporcelain。Somerarespecimensofthiswarehadbeenbrought，bythePortuguesefromChina，whichweresoldformorethantheir，weightingold。Bottgherwasfirstinducedtoturnhisattention，tothesubjectbyWaltervonTschirnhaus，amakerofoptical，instruments，alsoanalchemist。Tschirnhauswasamanofeducation，anddistinction，andwasheldinmuchesteembyPrinceFurstenburg，aswellasbytheElector。HeverysensiblysaidtoBottgher，stillinfearofthegallows-“Ifyoucan’tmakegold，tryanddo，somethingelse;makeporcelain。”
Thealchemistactedonthehint，andbeganhisexperiments，working，nightandday。Heprosecutedhisinvestigationsforalongtime，withgreatassiduity，butwithoutsuccess。Atlengthsomered，clay，broughttohimforthepurposeofmakinghiscrucibles，set，himontherighttrack。Hefoundthatthisclay，whensubmittedto，ahightemperature，becamevitrifiedandretaineditsshape;and，thatitstextureresembledthatofporcelain，exceptingincolour，andopacity。Hehadinfactaccidentallydiscoveredredporcelain，andheproceededtomanufactureitandsellitasporcelain。
Bottgherwas，however，wellawarethatthewhitecolourwasan，essentialpropertyoftrueporcelain;andhethereforeprosecuted，hisexperimentsinthehopeofdiscoveringthesecret。Several，yearsthuspassed，butwithoutsuccess;untilagainaccidentstood，hisfriend，andhelpedhimtoaknowledgeoftheartofmaking，whiteporcelain。Oneday，intheyear1707，hefoundhisperruque，unusuallyheavy，andaskedofhisvaletthereason。Theanswer，was，thatitwasowingtothepowderwithwhichthewigwas，dressed，whichconsistedofakindofearththenmuchusedforhair，powder。Bottgher’squickimaginationimmediatelyseizeduponthe，idea。Thiswhiteearthypowdermightpossiblybetheveryearthof，whichhewasinsearch-atalleventstheopportunitymustnotbe，letslipofascertainingwhatitreallywas。Hewasrewardedfor，hispainstakingcareandwatchfulness;forhefound，onexperiment，thattheprincipalingredientofthehair-powderconsistedof，KAOLIN，thewantofwhichhadsolongformedaninsuperable，difficultyinthewayofhisinquiries。
Thediscovery，inBottgher’sintelligenthands，ledtogreat，results，andprovedoffargreaterimportancethanthediscoveryof，thephilosopher’sstonewouldhavebeen。InOctober，1707，he，presentedhisfirstpieceofporcelaintotheElector，whowas，greatlypleasedwithit;anditwasresolvedthatBottghershould，befurnishedwiththemeansnecessaryforperfectinghisinvention。
HavingobtainedaskilledworkmanfromDelft，hebegantoTURN
porcelainwithgreatsuccess。Henowentirelyabandonedalchemy，forpottery，andinscribedoverthedoorofhisworkshopthis，distich：-
“ESMACHTEGOTT，DERGROSSESCHOPFER，AUSEINEMGOLDMACHEREINENTOPFER。”(16)
Bottgher，however，wasstillunderstrictsurveillance，forfear，lestheshouldcommunicatehissecrettoothersorescapethe，Elector’scontrol。Thenewworkshopsandfurnaceswhichwere，erectedforhim，wereguardedbytroopsnightandday，andsix，superiorofficersweremaderesponsibleforthepersonalsecurity，ofthepotter。
Bottgher’sfurtherexperimentswithhisnewfurnacesprovingvery，successful，andtheporcelainwhichhemanufacturedbeingfoundto，fetchlargeprices，itwasnextdeterminedtoestablishaRoyal，Manufactoryofporcelain。Themanufactureofdelftwarewasknown，tohavegreatlyenrichedHolland。Whyshouldnotthemanufacture，ofporcelainequallyenrichtheElector？，Accordingly，adecree，wentforth，datedthe23rdofJanuary，1710，fortheestablishment，of“alargemanufactoryofporcelain“attheAlbrechtsburgin，Meissen。Inthisdecree，whichwastranslatedintoLatin，French，andDutch，anddistributedbytheAmbassadorsoftheElectoratall，theEuropeanCourts，FrederickAugustussetforththattopromote，thewelfareofSaxony，whichhadsufferedmuchthroughtheSwedish，invasion，hehad“directedhisattentiontothesubterranean，treasures(UNTERIRDISCHENSCHATZE)“ofthecountry，andhaving，employedsomeablepersonsintheinvestigation，theyhadsucceeded，inmanufacturing“asortofredvessels(EINEARTROTHERGEFASSE)
farsuperiortotheIndianterrasigillata;“(17)asalso“coloured，wareandplates(BUNTESGESCHIRRUNDTAFELN)whichmaybecut，ground，andpolished，andarequiteequaltoIndianvessels，“and，finallythat“specimensofwhiteporcelain(PROBENVONWEISSEM
PORZELLAN)“hadalreadybeenobtained，anditwashopedthatthis，quality，too，wouldsoonbemanufacturedinconsiderable，quantities。Theroyaldecreeconcludedbyinviting“foreign，artistsandhandicraftmen“tocometoSaxonyandengageas，assistantsinthenewfactory，athighwages，andunderthe，patronageoftheKing。Thisroyaledictprobablygivesthebest，accountoftheactualstateofBottgher’sinventionatthetime。
IthasbeenstatedinGermanpublicationsthatBottgher，forthe，greatservicesrenderedbyhimtotheElectorandtoSaxony，was，madeManageroftheRoyalPorcelainWorks，andfurtherpromotedto，thedignityofBaron。Doubtlesshedeservedthesehonours;buthis，treatmentwasofanaltogetherdifferentcharacter，foritwas，shabby，cruel，andinhuman。Tworoyalofficials，namedMatthieu，andNehmitz，wereputoverhisheadasdirectorsofthefactory，whilehehimselfonlyheldthepositionofforemanofpotters，and，atthesametimewasdetainedtheKing’sprisoner。Duringthe，erectionofthefactoryatMeissen，whilehisassistancewasstill，indispensable，hewasconductedbysoldierstoandfromDresden;
andevenaftertheworkswerefinished，hewaslockedupnightlyin，hisroom。Allthispreyeduponhismind，andinrepeatedletters，totheKinghesoughttoobtainmitigationofhisfate。Someof，theselettersareverytouching。”Iwilldevotemywholesoulto，theartofmakingporcelain，“hewritesononeoccasion，“Iwilldo，morethananyinventoreverdidbefore;onlygivemeliberty，liberty！”
Totheseappeals，theKingturnedadeafear。Hewasreadyto，spendmoneyandgrantfavours;butlibertyhewouldnotgive。He，regardedBottgherashisslave。Inthisposition，thepersecuted，mankeptonworkingforsometime，till，attheendofayearor，two，hegrewnegligent。Disgustedwiththeworldandwithhimself，hetooktodrinking。Suchistheforceofexample，thatitno，soonerbecameknownthatBottgherhadbetakenhimselftothisvice，thanthegreaternumberoftheworkmenattheMeissenfactory，becamedrunkardstoo。Quarrelsandfightingswithoutendwerethe，consequence，sothatthetroopswerefrequentlycalleduponto，interfereandkeeppeaceamongthe“Porzellanern，“astheywere，nicknamed。Afterawhile，thewholeofthem，morethanthree，hundred，wereshutupintheAlbrechtsburg，andtreatedas，prisonersofstate。
Bottgheratlastfellseriouslyill，andinMay，1713，his，dissolutionwashourlyexpected。TheKing，alarmedatlosingso，valuableaslave，nowgavehimpermissiontotakecarriageexercise，underaguard;and，havingsomewhatrecovered，hewasallowed，occasionallytogotoDresden。InaletterwrittenbytheKingin，April，1714，Bottgherwaspromisedhisfullliberty;buttheoffer，cametoolate。Brokeninbodyandmind，alternatelyworkingand，drinking，thoughwithoccasionalgleamsofnoblerintention，and，sufferingunderconstantill-health，theresultofhisenforced，confinement，Bottgherlingeredonforafewyearsmore，untildeath，freedhimfromhissufferingsonthe13thMarch，1719，inthe，thirty-fifthyearofhisage。HewasburiedATNIGHT-asifhe，hadbeenadog-intheJohannisCemeteryofMeissen。Suchwasthe，treatmentandsuchtheunhappyend，ofoneofSaxony’sgreatest，benefactors。
Theporcelainmanufactureimmediatelyopenedupanimportantsource，ofpublicrevenue，anditbecamesoproductivetotheElectorof，Saxony，thathisexamplewasshortlyafterfollowedbymost，Europeanmonarchs。AlthoughsoftporcelainhadbeenmadeatSt。
CloudfourteenyearsbeforeBottgher’sdiscovery，thesuperiority，ofthehardporcelainsoonbecamegenerallyrecognised。Its，manufacturewasbegunatSevresin1770，andithassincealmost，entirelysupersededthesoftermaterial。Thisisnowoneofthe，mostthrivingbranchesofFrenchindustry，ofwhichthehigh，qualityofthearticlesproducediscertainlyindisputable。
ThecareerofJosiahWedgwood，theEnglishpotter，wasless，chequeredandmoreprosperousthanthatofeitherPalissyor，Bottgher，andhislotwascastinhappiertimes。Downtothe，middleoflastcenturyEnglandwasbehindmostothernationsofthe，firstorderinEuropeinrespectofskilledindustry。Although，thereweremanypottersinStaffordshire-andWedgwoodhimself，belongedtoanumerousclanofpottersofthesamename-their，productionswereoftherudestkind，forthemostpartonlyplain，brownware，withthepatternsscratchedinwhiletheclaywaswet。
Theprincipalsupplyofthebetterarticlesofearthenwarecame，fromDelftinHolland，andofdrinkingstonepotsfromCologne。
Twoforeignpotters，thebrothersElersfromNuremberg，settledfor，atimeinStaffordshire，andintroducedanimprovedmanufacture，buttheyshortlyafterremovedtoChelsea，wheretheyconfined，themselvestothemanufactureofornamentalpieces。Noporcelain，capableofresistingascratchwithahardpointhadyetbeenmade，inEngland;andforalongtimethe“whiteware“madein，Staffordshirewasnotwhite，butofadirtycreamcolour。Such，in，afewwords，wastheconditionofthepotterymanufacturewhen，JosiahWedgwoodwasbornatBurslemin1730。Bythetimethathe，died，sixty-fouryearslater，ithadbecomecompletelychanged。By，hisenergy，skill，andgenius，heestablishedthetradeuponanew，andsolidfoundation;and，inthewordsofhisepitaph，“converted，arudeandinconsiderablemanufactureintoanelegantartandan，importantbranchofnationalcommerce。”
JosiahWedgwoodwasoneofthoseindefatigablemenwhofromtimeto，timespringfromtheranksofthecommonpeople，andbytheir，energeticcharacternotonlypracticallyeducatetheworking，populationinhabitsofindustry，butbytheexampleofdiligence，andperseverancewhichtheysetbeforethem，largelyinfluencethe，publicactivityinalldirections，andcontributeinagreatdegree，toformthenationalcharacter。Hewas，likeArkwright，the，youngestofafamilyofthirteenchildren。Hisgrandfatherand，grandunclewerebothpotters，aswasalsohisfatherwhodiedwhen，hewasamereboy，leavinghimapatrimonyoftwentypounds。He，hadlearnedtoreadandwriteatthevillageschool;butonthe，deathofhisfatherhewastakenfromitandsettoworkasa，“thrower“inasmallpotterycarriedonbyhiselderbrother。
Therehebeganlife，hisworkinglife，tousehisownwords，“at，thelowestroundoftheladder，“whenonlyelevenyearsold。He，wasshortlyafterseizedbyanattackofvirulentsmallpox，from，theeffectsofwhichhesufferedduringtherestofhislife，for，itwasfollowedbyadiseaseintherightknee，whichrecurredat，frequentintervals，andwasonlygotridofbytheamputationof，thelimbmanyyearslater。Mr。Gladstone，inhiseloquentElogeon，WedgwoodrecentlydeliveredatBurslem，wellobservedthatthe，diseasefromwhichhesufferedwasnotimprobablytheoccasionof，hissubsequentexcellence。”Itpreventedhimfromgrowinguptobe，theactive，vigorousEnglishworkman，possessedofallhislimbs，andknowingrightwelltheuseofthem;butitputhimupon，consideringwhether，ashecouldnotbethat，hemightnotbe，somethingelse，andsomethinggreater。Itsenthismindinwards;
itdrovehimtomeditateuponthelawsandsecretsofhisart。The，resultwas，thathearrivedataperceptionandagraspofthem，whichmight，perhaps，havebeenenvied，certainlyhavebeenowned，byanAthenianpotter。”(18)
Whenhehadcompletedhisapprenticeshipwithhisbrother，Josiah，joinedpartnershipwithanotherworkman，andcarriedonasmall，businessinmakingknife-hafts，boxes，andsundryarticlesfor，domesticuse。Anotherpartnershipfollowed，whenheproceededto，makemelontableplates，greenpickleleaves，candlesticks，snuffboxes，andsuchlikearticles;buthemadecomparatively，littleprogressuntilhebeganbusinessonhisownaccountat，Burslemintheyear1759。Therehediligentlypursuedhiscalling，introducingnewarticlestothetrade，andgraduallyextendinghis，business。Whathechieflyaimedatwastomanufacturecream-
colouredwareofabetterqualitythanwasthenproducedin，Staffordshireasregardedshape，colour，glaze，anddurability。To，understandthesubjectthoroughly，hedevotedhisleisuretothe，studyofchemistry;andhemadenumerousexperimentsonfluxes，glazes，andvarioussortsofclay。Beingacloseinquirerand，accurateobserver，henoticedthatacertainearthcontaining，silica，whichwasblackbeforecalcination，becamewhiteafter，exposuretotheheatofafurnace。Thisfact，observedand，ponderedon，ledtotheideaofmixingsilicawiththeredpowder，ofthepotteries，andtothediscoverythatthemixturebecomes，whitewhencalcined。Hehadbuttocoverthismaterialwitha，vitrificationoftransparentglaze，toobtainoneofthemost，importantproductsoffictileart-thatwhich，underthenameof，Englishearthenware，wastoattainthegreatestcommercialvalue，andbecomeofthemostextensiveutility。
Wedgwoodwasforsometimemuchtroubledbyhisfurnaces，though，nothingliketothesameextentthatPalissywas;andheovercame，hisdifficultiesinthesameway-byrepeatedexperimentsand，unfalteringperseverance。Hisfirstattemptsatmakingporcelain，fortableusewasasuccessionofdisastrousfailures，-the，laboursofmonthsbeingoftendestroyedinaday。Itwasonly，afteralongseriesoftrials，inthecourseofwhichhelosttime，money，andlabour，thathearrivedatthepropersortofglazeto，beused;buthewouldnotbedenied，andatlastheconquered，successthroughpatience。Theimprovementofpotterybecamehis，passion，andwasneverlostsightofforamoment。Evenwhenhe，hadmasteredhisdifficulties，andbecomeaprosperousman-
manufacturingwhitestonewareandcream-colouredwareinlarge，quantitiesforhomeandforeignuse-hewentforwardperfecting，hismanufactures，until，hisexampleextendinginalldirections，theactionoftheentiredistrictwasstimulated，andagreat，branchofBritishindustrywaseventuallyestablishedonfirm，foundations。Heaimedthroughoutatthehighestexcellence，declaringhisdetermination“togiveovermanufacturingany，article，whatsoeveritmightbe，ratherthantodegradeit。”
Wedgwoodwascordiallyhelpedbymanypersonsofrankand，influence;for，workinginthetruestspirit，hereadilycommanded，thehelpandencouragementofothertrueworkers。Hemadefor，QueenCharlottethefirstroyaltable-serviceofEnglish，manufacture，ofthekindafterwardscalled“Queen’s-ware，“andwas，appointedRoyalPotter;atitlewhichheprizedmorethanifhehad，beenmadeabaron。Valuablesetsofporcelainwereentrustedto，himforimitation，inwhichhesucceededtoadmiration。Sir，WilliamHamiltonlenthimspecimensofancientartfrom，Herculaneum，ofwhichheproducedaccurateandbeautifulcopies。
TheDuchessofPortlandoutbidhimfortheBarberiniVasewhenthat，articlewasofferedforsale。Hebidashighasseventeenhundred，guineasforit：，hergracesecureditforeighteenhundred;but，whenshelearntWedgwood’sobjectsheatoncegenerouslylenthim，thevasetocopy。Heproducedfiftycopiesatacostofabout，2500L。andhisexpenseswerenotcoveredbytheirsale;buthe，gainedhisobject，whichwastoshowthatwhateverhadbeendone，thatEnglishskillandenergycouldandwouldaccomplish。
Wedgwoodcalledtohisaidthecrucibleofthechemist，the，knowledgeoftheantiquary，andtheskilloftheartist。Hefound，outFlaxmanwhenayouth，andwhileheliberallynurturedhis，geniusdrewfromhimalargenumberofbeautifuldesignsforhis，potteryandporcelain;convertingthembyhismanufactureinto，objectsoftasteandexcellence，andthusmakingtheminstrumental，inthediffusionofclassicalartamongstthepeople。Bycareful，experimentandstudyhewasevenenabledtorediscovertheartof，paintingonporcelainorearthenwarevasesandsimilararticles-
anartpractisedbytheancientEtruscans，butwhichhadbeenlost，sincethetimeofPliny。Hedistinguishedhimselfbyhisown，contributionstoscience，andhisnameisstillidentifiedwiththe，Pyrometerwhichheinvented。Hewasanindefatigablesupporterof，allmeasuresofpublicutility;andtheconstructionoftheTrent，andMerseyCanal，whichcompletedthenavigablecommunication，betweentheeasternandwesternsidesoftheisland，wasmainlydue，tohispublic-spiritedexertions，alliedtotheengineeringskill，ofBrindley。Theroadaccommodationofthedistrictbeingofan，execrablecharacter，heplannedandexecutedaturnpike-road，throughthePotteries，tenmilesinlength。Thereputationhe，achievedwassuchthathisworksatBurslem，andsubsequentlythose，atEtruria，whichhefoundedandbuilt，becameapointof，attractiontodistinguishedvisitorsfromallpartsofEurope。
TheresultofWedgwood’slabourswas，thatthemanufactureof，pottery，whichhefoundintheverylowestcondition，becameoneof，thestaplesofEngland;andinsteadofimportingwhatweneededfor，homeusefromabroad，webecamelargeexporterstoothercountries，supplyingthemwithearthenwareeveninthefaceofenormous，prohibitorydutiesonarticlesofBritishproduce。Wedgwoodgave，evidenceastohismanufacturesbeforeParliamentin1785，only，somethirtyyearsafterhehadbegunhisoperations;fromwhichit，appeared，thatinsteadofprovidingonlycasualemploymenttoa，smallnumberofinefficientandbadlyremuneratedworkmen，about，20，000personsthenderivedtheirbreaddirectlyfromthe，manufactureofearthenware，withouttakingintoaccountthe，increasednumberstowhichitgaveemploymentincoal-mines，andin，thecarryingtradebylandandsea，andthestimuluswhichitgave，toemploymentinmanywaysinvariouspartsofthecountry。Yet，importantashadbeentheadvancesmadeinhistime，Mr。Wedgwood，wasofopinionthatthemanufacturewasbutinitsinfancy，and，thattheimprovementswhichhehadeffectedwereofbutsmall，amountcomparedwiththosetowhichtheartwascapableof，attaining，throughthecontinuedindustryandgrowingintelligence，ofthemanufacturers，andthenaturalfacilitiesandpolitical，advantagesenjoyedbyGreatBritain;anopinionwhichhasbeen，fullyborneoutbytheprogresswhichhassincebeeneffectedin，thisimportantbranchofindustry。In1852notfewerthan，84，000，000piecesofpotterywereexportedfromEnglandtoother，countries，besideswhatweremadeforhomeuse。Butitisnot，merelythequantityandvalueoftheproducethatisentitledto，consideration，buttheimprovementoftheconditionofthe，populationbywhomthisgreatbranchofindustryisconducted。
WhenWedgwoodbeganhislabours，theStaffordshiredistrictwas，onlyinahalf-civilizedstate。Thepeoplewerepoor，uncultivated，andfewinnumber。WhenWedgwood’smanufacturewas，firmlyestablished，therewasfoundampleemploymentatgoodwages，forthreetimesthenumberofpopulation;whiletheirmoral，advancementhadkeptpacewiththeirmaterialimprovement。
Mensuchasthesearefairlyentitledtotakerankasthe，IndustrialHeroesofthecivilizedworld。Theirpatientself-
relianceamidsttrialsanddifficulties，theircourageand，perseveranceinthepursuitofworthyobjects，arenotlessheroic，oftheirkindthanthebraveryanddevotionofthesoldierandthe，sailor，whosedutyandprideitisheroicallytodefendwhatthese，valiantleadersofindustryhavesoheroicallyachieved。
CHAPTERIV-APPLICATIONANDPERSEVERANCE
“Richarethediligent，whocancommand，Time，nature’sstock！andcouldhishour-glassfall，Would，asforseedofstars，stoopforthesand，And，byincessantlabour，gatherall。”-D’Avenant。
“Allezenavant，etlafoivousviendra！”-D’Alembert。
Thegreatestresultsinlifeareusuallyattainedbysimplemeans，andtheexerciseofordinaryqualities。Thecommonlifeofevery，day，withitscares，necessities，andduties，affordsample，opportunityforacquiringexperienceofthebestkind;anditsmost，beatenpathsprovidethetrueworkerwithabundantscopeforeffort，androomforself-improvement。Theroadofhumanwelfarelies，alongtheoldhighwayofsteadfastwell-doing;andtheywhoarethe，mostpersistent，andworkinthetruestspirit，willusuallybethe，mostsuccessful。
Fortunehasoftenbeenblamedforherblindness;butfortuneisnot，soblindasmenare。Thosewholookintopracticallifewillfind，thatfortuneisusuallyonthesideoftheindustrious，asthe，windsandwavesareonthesideofthebestnavigators。Inthe，pursuitofeventhehighestbranchesofhumaninquiry，thecommoner，qualitiesarefoundthemostuseful-suchascommonsense，attention，application，andperseverance。Geniusmaynotbe，necessary，thoughevengeniusofthehighestsortdoesnotdisdain，theuseoftheseordinaryqualities。Theverygreatestmenhave，beenamongtheleastbelieversinthepowerofgenius，andas，worldlywiseandperseveringassuccessfulmenofthecommoner，sort。Somehaveevendefinedgeniustobeonlycommonsense，intensified。Adistinguishedteacherandpresidentofacollege，spokeofitasthepowerofmakingefforts。JohnFosterhelditto，bethepoweroflightingone’sownfire。Buffonsaidofgenius“it，ispatience。”
Newton’swasunquestionablyamindoftheveryhighestorder，and，yet，whenaskedbywhatmeanshehadworkedouthisextraordinary，discoveries，hemodestlyanswered，“Byalwaysthinkinguntothem。”
Atanothertimehethusexpressedhismethodofstudy：，“Ikeepthe，subjectcontinuallybeforeme，andwaittillthefirstdawnings，openslowlybylittleandlittleintoafullandclearlight。”，It，wasinNewton’scase，asineveryother，onlybydiligent，applicationandperseverancethathisgreatreputationwas，achieved。Evenhisrecreationconsistedinchangeofstudy，laying，downonesubjecttotakeupanother。ToDr。Bentleyhesaid：，“If，Ihavedonethepublicanyservice，itisduetonothingbut，industryandpatientthought。”，SoKepler，anothergreat，philosopher，speakingofhisstudiesandhisprogress，said：，“As，inVirgil，’Famamobilitateviget，viresacquiriteundo，’soitwas，withme，thatthediligentthoughtonthesethingswastheoccasion，ofstillfurtherthinking;untilatlastIbroodedwiththewhole，energyofmyminduponthesubject。”
Theextraordinaryresultseffectedbydintofsheerindustryand，perseverance，haveledmanydistinguishedmentodoubtwhetherthe，giftofgeniusbesoexceptionalanendowmentasitisusually，supposedtobe。ThusVoltaireheldthatitisonlyaveryslight，lineofseparationthatdividesthemanofgeniusfromthemanof，ordinarymould。Beccariawasevenofopinionthatallmenmightbe，poetsandorators，andReynoldsthattheymightbepaintersand，sculptors。Ifthiswerereallyso，thatstolidEnglishmanmight，nothavebeensoveryfarwrongafterall，who，onCanova’sdeath，inquiredofhisbrotherwhetheritwas“hisintentiontocarryon，thebusiness！”Locke，Helvetius，andDiderotbelievedthatallmen，haveanequalaptitudeforgenius，andthatwhatsomeareableto，effect，underthelawswhichregulatetheoperationsofthe，intellect，mustalsobewithinthereachofotherswho，underlike，circumstances，applythemselvestolikepursuits。Butwhile，admittingtothefullestextentthewonderfulachievementsof，labour，andrecognisingthefactthatmenofthemostdistinguished，geniushaveinvariablybeenfoundthemostindefatigableworkers，itmustneverthelessbesufficientlyobviousthat，withoutthe，originalendowmentofheartandbrain，noamountoflabour，however，wellapplied，couldhaveproducedaShakespeare，aNewton，a，Beethoven，oraMichaelAngelo。
Dalton，thechemist，repudiatedthenotionofhisbeing“agenius，“
attributingeverythingwhichhehadaccomplishedtosimpleindustry，andaccumulation。JohnHuntersaidofhimself，“Mymindislikea，beehive;butfullasitisofbuzzandapparentconfusion，itis，yetfulloforderandregularity，andfoodcollectedwithincessant，industryfromthechoiceststoresofnature。”，Wehave，indeed，but，toglanceatthebiographiesofgreatmentofindthatthemost，distinguishedinventors，artists，thinkers，andworkersofall，kinds，owetheirsuccess，inagreatmeasure，totheir，indefatigableindustryandapplication。Theyweremenwhoturned，allthingstogold-eventimeitself。Disraelitheelderheld，thatthesecretofsuccessconsistedinbeingmasterofyour，subject，suchmasterybeingattainableonlythroughcontinuous，applicationandstudy。Henceithappensthatthemenwhohavemost，movedtheworld，havenotbeensomuchmenofgenius，strictlyso，called，asmenofintensemediocreabilities，anduntiring，perseverance;notsooftenthegifted，ofnaturallybrightand，shiningqualities，asthosewhohaveappliedthemselvesdiligently，totheirwork，inwhatsoeverlinethatmightlie。”Alas！”saida，widow，speakingofherbrilliantbutcarelessson，“hehasnotthe，giftofcontinuance。”，Wantinginperseverance，suchvolatile，naturesareoutstrippedintheraceoflifebythediligentand，eventhedull。”Chevapiano，valongano，evalontano，“saysthe，Italianproverb：，Whogoesslowly，goeslong，andgoesfar。
Hence，agreatpointtobeaimedatistogettheworkingquality，welltrained。Whenthatisdone，theracewillbefound，comparativelyeasy。Wemustrepeatandagainrepeat;facilitywill，comewithlabour。Noteventhesimplestartcanbeaccomplished，withoutit;andwhatdifficultiesitisfoundcapableofachieving！
ItwasbyearlydisciplineandrepetitionthatthelateSirRobert，Peelcultivatedthoseremarkable，thoughstillmediocrepowers，whichrenderedhimsoillustriousanornamentoftheBritish，Senate。WhenaboyatDraytonManor，hisfatherwasaccustomedto，sethimupattabletopractisespeakingextempore;andheearly，accustomedhimtorepeatasmuchoftheSunday’ssermonashecould，remember。Littleprogresswasmadeatfirst，butbysteady，perseverancethehabitofattentionbecamepowerful，andthesermon，wasatlengthrepeatedalmostverbatim。Whenafterwardsreplying，insuccessiontotheargumentsofhisparliamentaryopponents-an，artinwhichhewasperhapsunrivalled-itwaslittlesurmised，thattheextraordinarypowerofaccurateremembrancewhichhe，displayedonsuchoccasionshadbeenoriginallytrainedunderthe，disciplineofhisfatherintheparishchurchofDrayton。
Itisindeedmarvellouswhatcontinuousapplicationwilleffectin，thecommonestofthings。Itmayseemasimpleaffairtoplayupon，aviolin;yetwhatalongandlaboriouspracticeitrequires！
Giardinisaidtoayouthwhoaskedhimhowlongitwouldtaketo，learnit，“Twelvehoursadayfortwentyyearstogether。”
Industry，itissaid，FAITL’OURSDANSER。Thepoorfigurantemust，devoteyearsofincessanttoiltoherprofitlesstaskbeforeshe，canshineinit。WhenTaglioniwaspreparingherselfforher，eveningexhibition，shewould，afteraseveretwohours’lesson，fromherfather，falldownexhausted，andhadtobeundressed，sponged，andresuscitatedtotallyunconscious。Theagilityand，boundsoftheeveningwereinsuredonlyatapricelikethis。
Progress，however，ofthebestkind，iscomparativelyslow。Great，resultscannotbeachievedatonce;andwemustbesatisfiedto，advanceinlifeaswewalk，stepbystep。DeMaistresaysthat“to，knowHOWTOWAITisthegreatsecretofsuccess。”，Wemustsow，beforewecanreap，andoftenhavetowaitlong，contentmeanwhile，tolookpatientlyforwardinhope;thefruitbestworthwaitingfor，oftenripeningtheslowest。But“timeandpatience，“saysthe，Easternproverb，“changethemulberryleaftosatin。”
Towaitpatiently，however，menmustworkcheerfully。Cheerfulness，isanexcellentworkingquality，impartinggreatelasticitytothe，character。Asabishophassaid，“Temperisnine-tenthsof，Christianity;“soarecheerfulnessanddiligencenine-tenthsof，practicalwisdom。Theyarethelifeandsoulofsuccess，aswell，asofhappiness;perhapstheveryhighestpleasureinlife，consistinginclear，brisk，consciousworking;energy，confidence，andeveryothergoodqualitymainlydependinguponit。Sydney，Smith，whenlabouringasaparishpriestatFoston-le-Clay，in，Yorkshire，-thoughhedidnotfeelhimselftobeinhisproper，element，-wentcheerfullytoworkinthefirmdeterminationtodo，hisbest。”Iamresolved，“hesaid，“tolikeit，andreconcile，myselftoit，whichismoremanlythantofeignmyselfaboveit，andtosendupcomplaintsbythepostofbeingthrownaway，and，beingdesolate，andsuchliketrash。”，SoDr。Hook，whenleaving，Leedsforanewsphereoflaboursaid，“WhereverImaybe，Ishall，byGod’sblessing，dowithmymightwhatmyhandfindethtodo;and，ifIdonotfindwork，Ishallmakeit。”
Labourersforthepublicgoodespecially，havetoworklongand，patiently，oftenuncheeredbytheprospectofimmediaterecompense，orresult。Theseedstheysowsometimesliehiddenunderthe，winter’ssnow，andbeforethespringcomesthehusbandmanmayhave，gonetohisrest。Itisnoteverypublicworkerwho，likeRowland，Hill，seeshisgreatideabringforthfruitinhislife-time。Adam，Smithsowedtheseedsofagreatsocialameliorationinthatdingy，oldUniversityofGlasgowwherehesolonglaboured，andlaidthe，foundationsofhis’WealthofNations;’butseventyyearspassed，beforehisworkboresubstantialfruits，norindeedaretheyall，gatheredinyet。
Nothingcancompensateforthelossofhopeinaman：，itentirely，changesthecharacter。”HowcanIwork-howcanIbehappy，“said，agreatbutmiserablethinker，“whenIhavelostallhope？”Oneof，themostcheerfulandcourageous，becauseoneofthemosthopeful，ofworkers，wasCarey，themissionary。WheninIndia，itwasno，uncommonthingforhimtowearyoutthreepundits，whoofficiated，ashisclerks，inoneday，hehimselftakingrestonlyinchangeof，employment。Carey，thesonofashoe-maker，wassupportedinhis，laboursbyWard，thesonofacarpenter，andMarsham，thesonofa，weaver。Bytheirlabours，amagnificentcollegewaserectedat，Serampore;sixteenflourishingstationswereestablished;theBible，wastranslatedintosixteenlanguages，andtheseedsweresownofa，beneficentmoralrevolutioninBritishIndia。Careywasnever，ashamedofthehumblenessofhisorigin。Ononeoccasion，whenat，theGovernor-General’stableheover-heardanofficeroppositehim，askinganother，loudenoughtobeheard，whetherCareyhadnotonce，beenashoemaker：，“No，sir，“exclaimedCareyimmediately;“onlya，cobbler。”，Aneminentlycharacteristicanecdotehasbeentoldof，hisperseveranceasaboy。Whenclimbingatreeoneday，hisfoot，slipped，andhefelltotheground，breakinghislegbythefall。
Hewasconfinedtohisbedforweeks，butwhenherecoveredandwas，abletowalkwithoutsupport，theveryfirstthinghedidwastogo，andclimbthattree。Careyhadneedofthissortofdauntless，courageforthegreatmissionaryworkofhislife，andnoblyand，resolutelyhedidit。
ItwasamaximofDr。Young，thephilosopher，that“Anymancando，whatanyothermanhasdone;“anditisunquestionablethathe，himselfneverrecoiledfromanytrialstowhichhedeterminedto，subjecthimself。Itisrelatedofhim，thatthefirsttimehe，mountedahorse，hewasincompanywiththegrandsonofMr。Barclay，ofUry，thewell-knownsportsman;whenthehorsemanwhopreceded，themleaptahighfence。Youngwishedtoimitatehim，butfelloff，hishorseintheattempt。Withoutsayingaword，heremounted，madeasecondeffort，andwasagainunsuccessful，butthistimehe，wasnotthrownfurtherthanontothehorse’sneck，towhichhe，clung。Atthethirdtrial，hesucceeded，andclearedthefence。
ThestoryofTimourtheTartarlearningalessonofperseverance，underadversityfromthespideriswellknown。Notless，interestingistheanecdoteofAudubon，theAmericanornithologist，asrelatedbyhimself：，“Anaccident，“hesays，“whichhappenedto，twohundredofmyoriginaldrawings，nearlyputastoptomy，researchesinornithology。Ishallrelateit，merelytoshowhow，farenthusiasm-forbynoothernamecanIcallmyperseverance-
mayenablethepreserverofnaturetosurmountthemost，dishearteningdifficulties。IleftthevillageofHenderson，in，Kentucky，situatedonthebanksoftheOhio，whereIresidedfor，severalyears，toproceedtoPhiladelphiaonbusiness。Ilookedto，mydrawingsbeforemydeparture，placedthemcarefullyinawooden，box，andgavetheminchargeofarelative，withinjunctionstosee，thatnoinjuryshouldhappentothem。Myabsencewasofseveral，months;andwhenIreturned，afterhavingenjoyedthepleasuresof，homeforafewdays，Iinquiredaftermybox，andwhatIwas，pleasedtocallmytreasure。Theboxwasproducedandopened;but，reader，feelforme-apairofNorwayratshadtakenpossessionof，thewhole，andrearedayoungfamilyamongthegnawedbitsof，paper，which，butamonthprevious，representednearlyathousand，inhabitantsofair！，Theburningbeatwhichinstantlyrushed，throughmybrainwastoogreattobeenduredwithoutaffectingmy，wholenervoussystem。Isleptforseveralnights，andthedays，passedlikedaysofoblivion-untiltheanimalpowersbeing，recalledintoactionthroughthestrengthofmyconstitution，I
tookupmygun，mynotebook，andmypencils，andwentforthtothe，woodsasgailyasifnothinghadhappened。IfeltpleasedthatI
mightnowmakebetterdrawingsthanbefore;and，ereaperiodnot，exceedingthreeyearshadelapsed，myportfoliowasagainfilled。”
TheaccidentaldestructionofSirIsaacNewton’spapers，byhis，littledog’Diamond’upsettingalightedtaperuponhisdesk，by，whichtheelaboratecalculationsofmanyyearswereinamoment，destroyed，isawell-knownanecdote，andneednotberepeated：，it，issaidthatthelosscausedthephilosophersuchprofoundgrief，thatitseriouslyinjuredhishealth，andimpairedhis，understanding。Anaccidentofasomewhatsimilarkindhappenedto，theMS。ofMr。Carlyle’sfirstvolumeofhis’FrenchRevolution。’
HehadlenttheMS。toaliteraryneighbourtoperuse。Bysome，mischance，ithadbeenleftlyingontheparlourfloor，andbecome，forgotten。Weeksranon，andthehistoriansentforhiswork，the，printersbeingloudfor“copy。”，Inquiriesweremade，anditwas，foundthatthemaid-of-all-work，findingwhatsheconceivedtobea，bundleofwastepaperonthefloor，hadusedittolightthe，kitchenandparlourfireswith！，Suchwastheanswerreturnedto，Mr。Carlyle;andhisfeelingsmaybeimagined。Therewas，however，nohelpforhimbuttosetresolutelytoworktore-writethebook;
andheturnedtoanddidit。Hehadnodraft，andwascompelledto，rakeupfromhismemoryfacts，ideas，andexpressions，whichhad，beenlongsincedismissed。Thecompositionofthebookinthe，firstinstancehadbeenaworkofpleasure;there-writingofita，secondtimewasoneofpainandanguishalmostbeyondbelief。That，heperseveredandfinishedthevolumeundersuchcircumstances，affordsaninstanceofdeterminationofpurposewhichhasseldom，beensurpassed。
Thelivesofeminentinventorsareeminentlyillustrativeofthe，samequalityofperseverance。GeorgeStephenson，whenaddressing，youngmen，wasaccustomedtosumuphisbestadvicetothem，inthe，words，“DoasIhavedone-persevere。”，Hehadworkedatthe，improvementofhislocomotiveforsomefifteenyearsbefore，achievinghisdecisivevictoryatRainhill;andWattwasengaged，forsomethirtyyearsuponthecondensing-enginebeforehebrought，ittoperfection。Butthereareequallystrikingillustrationsof，perseverancetobefoundineveryotherbranchofscience，art，and，industry。Perhapsoneofthemostinterestingisthatconnected，withthedisentombmentoftheNinevehmarbles，andthediscoveryof，thelong-lostcuneiformorarrow-headedcharacterinwhichthe，inscriptionsonthemarewritten-akindofwritingwhichhadbeen，losttotheworldsincetheperiodoftheMacedonianconquestof，Persia。
AnintelligentcadetoftheEastIndiaCompany，stationedat，Kermanshah，inPersia，hadobservedthecuriouscuneiform，inscriptionsontheoldmonumentsintheneighbourhood-soold，thatallhistoricaltracesofthemhadbeenlost，-andamongstthe，inscriptionswhichhecopiedwasthatonthecelebratedrockof，Behistun-aperpendicularrockrisingabruptlysome1700feetfrom，theplain，thelowerpartbearinginscriptionsforthespaceof，about300feetinthreelanguages-Persian，Scythian，and，Assyrian。Comparisonoftheknownwiththeunknown，ofthe，languagewhichsurvivedwiththelanguagethathadbeenlost，enabledthiscadettoacquiresomeknowledgeofthecuneiform，character，andeventoformanalphabet。Mr。(afterwardsSir，Henry)Rawlinsonsenthistracingshomeforexamination。No，professorsincollegesasyetknewanythingofthecuneiform，character;buttherewasaci-devantclerkoftheEastIndiaHouse，-amodestunknownmanofthenameofNorris-whohadmadethis，little-understoodsubjecthisstudy，towhomthetracingswere，submitted;andsoaccuratewashisknowledge，that，thoughhehad，neverseentheBehistunrock，hepronouncedthatthecadethadnot，copiedthepuzzlinginscriptionwithproperexactness。Rawlinson，whowasstillintheneighbourhoodoftherock，comparedhiscopy，withtheoriginal，andfoundthatNorriswasright;andbyfurther，comparisonandcarefulstudytheknowledgeofthecuneiformwriting，wasthusgreatlyadvanced。
Buttomakethelearningofthesetwoself-taughtmenofavail，a，thirdlabourerwasnecessaryinordertosupplythemwithmaterial，fortheexerciseoftheirskill。Suchalabourerpresentedhimself，inthepersonofAustenLayard，originallyanarticledclerkinthe，officeofaLondonsolicitor。Onewouldscarcelyhaveexpectedto，findinthesethreemen，acadet，anIndia-Houseclerk，anda，lawyer’sclerk，thediscoverersofaforgottenlanguage，andofthe，buriedhistoryofBabylon;yetitwasso。Layardwasayouthof，onlytwenty-two，travellingintheEast，whenhewaspossessedwith，adesiretopenetratetheregionsbeyondtheEuphrates。
Accompaniedbyasinglecompanion，trustingtohisarmsfor，protection，and，whatwasbetter，tohischeerfulness，politeness，andchivalrousbearing，hepassedsafelyamidsttribesatdeadly，warwitheachother;and，afterthelapseofmanyyears，with，comparativelyslendermeansathiscommand，butaidedby，applicationandperseverance，resolutewillandpurpose，andalmost，sublimepatience，-borneupthroughoutbyhispassionate，enthusiasmfordiscoveryandresearch，-hesucceededinlaying，bareanddiggingupanamountofhistoricaltreasures，thelikeof，whichhasprobablyneverbeforebeencollectedbytheindustryof，anyoneman。Notlessthantwomilesofbas-reliefswerethus，broughttolightbyMr。Layard。Theselectionofthesevaluable，antiquities，nowplacedintheBritishMuseum，wasfoundso，curiouslycorroborativeofthescripturalrecordsofeventswhich，occurredsomethreethousandyearsago，thattheyburstuponthe，worldalmostlikeanewrevelation。Andthestoryofthe，disentombmentoftheseremarkableworks，astoldbyMr。Layard，himselfinhis’MonumentsofNineveh，’willalwaysberegardedas，oneofthemostcharmingandunaffectedrecordswhichwepossessof，individualenterprise，industry，andenergy。
ThecareeroftheComtedeBuffonpresentsanotherremarkable，illustrationofthepowerofpatientindustryaswellasofhisown，saying，that“Geniusispatience。”，Notwithstandingthegreat，resultsachievedbyhiminnaturalhistory，Buffon，whenayouth，wasregardedasofmediocretalents。Hismindwasslowinforming，itself，andslowinreproducingwhatithadacquired。Hewasalso，constitutionallyindolent;andbeingborntogoodestate，itmight，besupposedthathewouldindulgehislikingforeaseandluxury。
Insteadofwhich，heearlyformedtheresolutionofdenyinghimself，pleasure，anddevotinghimselftostudyandself-culture。
Regardingtimeasatreasurethatwaslimited，andfindingthathe，waslosingmanyhoursbylyinga-bedinthemornings，hedetermined，tobreakhimselfofthehabit。Hestruggledhardagainstitfor，sometime，butfailedinbeingabletoriseatthehourhehad，fixed。Hethencalledhisservant，Joseph，tohishelp，and，promisedhimtherewardofacrowneverytimethathesucceededin，gettinghimupbeforesix。Atfirst，whencalled，Buffondeclined，torise-pleadedthathewasill，orpretendedangeratbeing，disturbed;andontheCountatlengthgettingup，Josephfoundthat，hehadearnednothingbutreproachesforhavingpermittedhis，mastertoliea-bedcontrarytohisexpressorders。Atlengththe，valetdeterminedtoearnhiscrown;andagainandagainheforced，Buffontorise，notwithstandinghisentreaties，expostulations，and，threatsofimmediatedischargefromhisservice。Onemorning，Buffonwasunusuallyobstinate，andJosephfounditnecessaryto，resorttotheextrememeasureofdashingabasinofice-coldwater，underthebed-clothes，theeffectofwhichwasinstantaneous。By，thepersistentuseofsuchmeans，Buffonatlengthconqueredhis，habit;andhewasaccustomedtosaythatheowedtoJosephthreeor，fourvolumesofhisNaturalHistory。
Forfortyyearsofhislife，Buffonworkedeverymorningathis，deskfromninetilltwo，andagainintheeveningfromfivetill，nine。Hisdiligencewassocontinuousandsoregularthatit，becamehabitual。Hisbiographerhassaidofhim，“Workwashis，necessity;hisstudieswerethecharmofhislife;andtowardsthe，lasttermofhisgloriouscareerhefrequentlysaidthathestill，hopedtobeabletoconsecratetothemafewmoreyears。”，Hewasa，mostconscientiousworker，alwaysstudyingtogivethereaderhis，bestthoughts，expressedintheverybestmanner。Hewasnever，weariedwithtouchingandretouchinghiscompositions，sothathis，stylemaybepronouncedalmostperfect。Hewrotethe’Epoquesde，laNature’notfewerthaneleventimesbeforehewassatisfiedwith，it;althoughhehadthoughtovertheworkaboutfiftyyears。He，wasathoroughmanofbusiness，mostorderlyineverything;andhe，wasaccustomedtosaythatgeniuswithoutorderlostthree-fourths，ofitspower。Hisgreatsuccessasawriterwastheresultmainly，ofhispainstakinglabouranddiligentapplication。”Buffon，“
observedMadameNecker，“stronglypersuadedthatgeniusisthe，resultofaprofoundattentiondirectedtoaparticularsubject，saidthathewasthoroughlyweariedoutwhencomposinghisfirst，writings，butcompelledhimselftoreturntothemandgooverthem，carefullyagain，evenwhenhethoughthehadalreadybroughtthem，toacertaindegreeofperfection;andthatatlengthhefound，pleasureinsteadofwearinessinthislongandelaborate，correction。”，ItoughtalsotobeaddedthatBuffonwroteand，publishedallhisgreatworkswhileafflictedbyoneofthemost，painfuldiseasestowhichthehumanframeissubject。
Literarylifeaffordsabundantillustrationsofthesamepowerof，perseverance;andperhapsnocareerismoreinstructive，viewedin，thislight，thanthatofSirWalterScott。Hisadmirableworking，qualitiesweretrainedinalawyer’soffice，wherehepursuedfor，manyyearsasortofdrudgeryscarcelyabovethatofacopying，clerk。Hisdailydullroutinemadehisevenings，whichwerehis，own，allthemoresweet;andhegenerallydevotedthemtoreading，andstudy。Hehimselfattributedtohisprosaicofficediscipline，thathabitofsteady，soberdiligence，inwhichmereliterarymen，aresooftenfoundwanting。Asacopyingclerkhewasallowed3D。
foreverypagecontainingacertainnumberofwords;andhe，sometimes，byextrawork，wasabletocopyasmanyas120pagesin，twenty-fourhours，thusearningsome30S。;outofwhichhewould，occasionallypurchaseanoddvolume，otherwisebeyondhismeans。
Duringhisafter-lifeScottwaswonttopridehimselfuponbeinga，manofbusiness，andheaverred，incontradictiontowhathecalled，thecantofsonneteers，thattherewasnonecessaryconnection，betweengeniusandanaversionorcontemptforthecommondutiesof，life。Onthecontrary，hewasofopinionthattospendsomefair，portionofeverydayinanymatter-of-factoccupationwasgoodfor，thehigherfacultiesthemselvesintheupshot。Whileafterwards，actingasclerktotheCourtofSessioninEdinburgh，heperformed，hisliteraryworkchieflybeforebreakfast，attendingthecourt，duringtheday，whereheauthenticatedregistereddeedsand，writingsofvariouskinds。Onthewhole，saysLockhart，“itforms，oneofthemostremarkablefeaturesinhishistory，thatthroughout，themostactiveperiodofhisliterarycareer，hemusthavedevoted，alargeproportionofhishours，duringhalfatleastofevery，year，totheconscientiousdischargeofprofessionalduties。”，It，wasaprincipleofactionwhichhelaiddownforhimself，thathe，mustearnhislivingbybusiness，andnotbyliterature。Onone，occasionhesaid，“Ideterminedthatliteratureshouldbemystaff，notmycrutch，andthattheprofitsofmyliterarylabour，however，convenientotherwise，shouldnot，ifIcouldhelpit，become，necessarytomyordinaryexpenses。”
Hispunctualitywasoneofthemostcarefullycultivatedofhis，habits，otherwiseithadnotbeenpossibleforhimtogetthrough，soenormousanamountofliterarylabour。Hemadeitaruleto，answereveryletterreceivedbyhimonthesameday，exceptwhere，inquiryanddeliberationwererequisite。Nothingelsecouldhave，enabledhimtokeepabreastwiththefloodofcommunicationsthat，pouredinuponhimandsometimesputhisgoodnaturetothe，severesttest。Itwashispracticetorisebyfiveo’clock，and，lighthisownfire。Heshavedanddressedwithdeliberation，and，wasseatedathisdeskbysixo’clock，withhispapersarranged，beforehiminthemostaccurateorder，hisworksofreference，marshalledroundhimonthefloor，whileatleastonefavouritedog，laywatchinghiseye，outsidethelineofbooks。Thusbythetime，thefamilyassembledforbreakfast，betweennineandten，hehad，doneenough-tousehisownwords-tobreaktheneckoftheday’s，work。Butwithallhisdiligentandindefatigableindustry，and，hisimmenseknowledge，theresultofmanyyears’patientlabour，Scottalwaysspokewiththegreatestdiffidenceofhisownpowers。
Ononeoccasionhesaid，“ThroughouteverypartofmycareerIhave，feltpinchedandhamperedbymyownignorance。”
Suchistruewisdomandhumility;forthemoreamanreallyknows，thelessconceitedhewillbe。ThestudentatTrinityCollegewho，wentuptohisprofessortotakeleaveofhimbecausehehad，“finishedhiseducation，“waswiselyrebukedbytheprofessor’s，reply，“Indeed！，Iamonlybeginningmine。”，Thesuperficialperson，whohasobtainedasmatteringofmanythings，butknowsnothing，well，maypridehimselfuponhisgifts;butthesagehumbly，confessesthat“allheknowsis，thatheknowsnothing，“orlike，Newton，thathehasbeenonlyengagedinpickingshellsbythesea，shore，whilethegreatoceanoftruthliesallunexploredbefore，him。
Thelivesofsecond-rateliterarymenfurnishequallyremarkable，illustrationsofthepowerofperseverance。ThelateJohnBritton，authorof’TheBeautiesofEnglandandWales，’andofmanyvaluable，architecturalworks，wasborninamiserablecotinKingston，Wiltshire。Hisfatherhadbeenabakerandmaltster，butwas，ruinedintradeandbecameinsanewhileBrittonwasyetachild。
Theboyreceivedverylittleschooling，butagreatdealofbad，example，whichhappilydidnotcorrupthim。Hewasearlyinlife，settolabourwithanuncle，atavern-keeperinClerkenwell，under，whomhebottled，corked，andbinnedwineformorethanfiveyears。
Hishealthfailinghim，hisuncleturnedhimadriftintheworld，withonlytwoguineas，thefruitsofhisfiveyears’service，in，hispocket。Duringthenextsevenyearsofhislifeheendured，manyvicissitudesandhardships。Yethesays，inhis，autobiography，“inmypoorandobscurelodgings，ateighteenpencea，week，Iindulgedinstudy，andoftenreadinbedduringthewinter，evenings，becauseIcouldnotaffordafire。”，Travellingonfoot，toBath，hethereobtainedanengagementasacellarman，but，shortlyafterwefindhimbackinthemetropolisagainalmost，penniless，shoeless，andshirtless。Hesucceeded，however，in，obtainingemploymentasacellarmanattheLondonTavern，whereit，washisdutytobeinthecellarfromseveninthemorninguntil，elevenatnight。Hishealthbrokedownunderthisconfinementin，thedark，addedtotheheavywork;andhethenengagedhimself，at，fifteenshillingsaweek，toanattorney，-forhehadbeen，diligentlycultivatingtheartofwritingduringthefewspare，minutesthathecouldcallhisown。Whileinthisemployment，he，devotedhisleisureprincipallytoperambulatingthebookstalls，wherehereadbooksbysnatcheswhichhecouldnotbuy，andthus，pickedupagooddealofoddknowledge。Thenheshiftedtoanother，office，attheadvancedwagesoftwentyshillingsaweek，still，readingandstudying。Attwenty-eighthewasabletowriteabook，whichhepublishedunderthetitleof’TheEnterprisingAdventures，ofPizarro;’andfromthattimeuntilhisdeath，duringaperiodof，aboutfifty-fiveyears，Brittonwasoccupiedinlaboriousliterary，occupation。Thenumberofhispublishedworksisnotfewerthan，eighty-seven;themostimportantbeing’TheCathedralAntiquities，ofEngland，’infourteenvolumes，atrulymagnificentwork;itself，thebestmonumentofJohnBritton’sindefatigableindustry。
London，thelandscapegardener，wasamanofsomewhatsimilar，character，possessedofanextraordinaryworkingpower。Thesonof，afarmernearEdinburgh，hewasearlyinuredtowork。Hisskillin，drawingplansandmakingsketchesofsceneryinducedhisfatherto，trainhimforalandscapegardener。Duringhisapprenticeshiphe，satuptwowholenightseveryweektostudy;yetheworkedharder，duringthedaythananylabourer。Inthecourseofhisnight，studieshelearntFrench，andbeforehewaseighteenhetranslated，alifeofAbelardforanEncyclopaedia。Hewassoeagertomake，progressinlife，thatwhenonlytwenty，whileworkingasa，gardenerinEngland，hewrotedowninhisnote-book，“Iamnow，twentyyearsofage，andperhapsathirdpartofmylifehaspassed，away，andyetwhathaveIdonetobenefitmyfellowmen？”an，unusualreflectionforayouthofonlytwenty。FromFrenchhe，proceededtolearnGerman，andrapidlymasteredthatlanguage。
Havingtakenalargefarm，forthepurposeofintroducingScotch，improvementsintheartofagriculture，heshortlysucceededin，realisingaconsiderableincome。Thecontinentbeingthrownopen，attheendofthewar，hetravelledabroadforthepurposeof，inquiringintothesystemofgardeningandagricultureinother，countries。Hetwicerepeatedhisjourneys，andtheresultswere，publishedinhisEncyclopaedias，whichareamongthemost，remarkableworksoftheirkind，-distinguishedfortheimmense，massofusefulmatterwhichtheycontain，collectedbyanamountof，industryandlabourwhichhasrarelybeenequalled。
ThecareerofSamuelDrewisnotlessremarkablethananyofthose，whichwehavecited。Hisfatherwasahard-workinglabourerofthe，parishofSt。Austell，inCornwall。Thoughpoor，hecontrivedto，sendhistwosonstoapenny-a-weekschoolintheneighbourhood。
Jabez，theelder，tookdelightinlearning，andmadegreatprogress，inhislessons;butSamuel，theyounger，wasadunce，notoriously，giventomischiefandplayingtruant。Whenabouteightyearsold，hewasputtomanuallabour，earningthree-halfpenceadayasa，buddle-boyatatinmine。Attenhewasapprenticedtoa，shoemaker，andwhileinthisemploymentheenduredmuchhardship，-
living，asheusedtosay，“likeatoadunderaharrow。”，Heoften，thoughtofrunningawayandbecomingapirate，orsomethingofthe，sort，andheseemstohavegrowninrecklessnessashegrewin，years。Inrobbingorchardshewasusuallyaleader;and，ashe，grewolder，hedelightedtotakepartinanypoachingorsmuggling，adventure。Whenaboutseventeen，beforehisapprenticeshipwas，out，heranaway，intendingtoenteronboardaman-of-war;but，sleepinginahay-fieldatnightcooledhimalittle，andhe，returnedtohistrade。
DrewnextremovedtotheneighbourhoodofPlymouthtoworkathis，shoemakingbusiness，andwhileatCawsandhewonaprizefor，cudgel-playing，inwhichheseemstohavebeenanadept。While，livingthere，hehadnearlylosthislifeinasmugglingexploit，whichhehadjoined，partlyinducedbytheloveofadventure，and，partlybytheloveofgain，forhisregularwageswerenotmore，thaneightshillingsa-week。Onenight，noticewasgiven，throughoutCrafthole，thatasmugglerwasoffthecoast，readyto，landhercargo;onwhichthemalepopulationoftheplace-nearly，allsmugglers-madefortheshore。Onepartyremainedonthe，rockstomakesignalsanddisposeofthegoodsastheywerelanded;
andanothermannedtheboats，Drewbeingofthelatterparty。The，nightwasintenselydark，andverylittleofthecargohadbeen，landed，whenthewindrose，withaheavysea。Themeninthe，boats，however，determinedtopersevere，andseveraltripswere，madebetweenthesmuggler，nowstandingfartherouttosea，andthe，shore。OneofthemenintheboatinwhichDrewwas，hadhishat，blownoffbythewind，andinattemptingtorecoverit，theboat，wasupset。Threeofthemenwereimmediatelydrowned;theothers，clungtotheboatforatime，butfindingitdriftingouttosea，theytooktoswimming。Theyweretwomilesfromland，andthe，nightwasintenselydark。Afterbeingaboutthreehoursinthe，water，Drewreachedarockneartheshore，withoneortwoothers，whereheremainedbenumbedwithcoldtillmorning，whenheandhis，companionswerediscoveredandtakenoff，moredeadthanalive。A
kegofbrandyfromthecargojustlandedwasbrought，thehead，knockedinwithahatchet，andabowlfulloftheliquidpresented，tothesurvivors;and，shortlyafter，Drewwasabletowalktwo，milesthroughdeepsnow，tohislodgings。
Thiswasaveryunpromisingbeginningofalife;andyetthissame，Drew，scapegrace，orchard-robber，shoemaker，cudgel-player，and，smuggler，outlivedtherecklessnessofhisyouthandbecame，distinguishedasaministeroftheGospelandawriterofgood，books。Happily，beforeitwastoolate，theenergywhich，characterisedhimwasturnedintoamorehealthydirection，and，renderedhimaseminentinusefulnessashehadbeforebeenin，wickedness。HisfatheragaintookhimbacktoSt。Austell，and，foundemploymentforhimasajourneymanshoemaker。Perhapshis，recentescapefromdeathhadtendedtomaketheyoungmanserious，asweshortlyfindhimattractedbytheforciblepreachingofDr。
AdamClarke，aministeroftheWesleyanMethodists。Hisbrother，havingdiedaboutthesametime，theimpressionofseriousnesswas，deepened;andthenceforwardhewasanalteredman。Hebegananew，theworkofeducation，forhehadalmostforgottenhowtoreadand，write;andevenafterseveralyears’practice，afriendcompared，hiswritingtothetracesofaspiderdippedininksettocrawl，uponpaper。Speakingofhimself，aboutthattime，Drewafterwards，said，“ThemoreIread，themoreIfeltmyownignorance;andthe，moreIfeltmyignorance，themoreinvinciblebecamemyenergyto，surmountit。Everyleisuremomentwasnowemployedinreadingone，thingoranother。Havingtosupportmyselfbymanuallabour，my，timeforreadingwasbutlittle，andtoovercomethisdisadvantage，myusualmethodwastoplaceabookbeforemewhileatmeat，andat，everyrepastIreadfiveorsixpages。”，TheperusalofLocke’s，’EssayontheUnderstanding’gavethefirstmetaphysicalturnto，hismind。”Itawakenedmefrommystupor，“saidhe，“andinduced，metoformaresolutiontoabandonthegrovellingviewswhichIhad，beenaccustomedtoentertain。”
Drewbeganbusinessonhisownaccount，withacapitalofafew，shillings;buthischaracterforsteadinesswassuchthata，neighbouringmillerofferedhimaloan，whichwasaccepted，and，successattendinghisindustry，thedebtwasrepaidattheendofa，year。Hestartedwithadeterminationto“owenomananything，“
andheheldtoitinthemidstofmanyprivations。Oftenhewent，tobedsupperless，toavoidrisingindebt。Hisambitionwasto，achieveindependencebyindustryandeconomy，andinthishe，graduallysucceeded。Inthemidstofincessantlabour，he，sedulouslystrovetoimprovehismind，studyingastronomy，history，andmetaphysics。Hewasinducedtopursuethelatterstudychiefly，becauseitrequiredfewerbookstoconsultthaneitherofthe，others。”Itappearedtobeathornypath，“hesaid，“butI
determined，nevertheless，toenter，andaccordinglybegantotread，it。”
Addedtohislaboursinshoemakingandmetaphysics，Drewbecamea，localpreacherandaclassleader。Hetookaneagerinterestin，politics，andhisshopbecameafavouriteresortwiththevillage，politicians。Andwhentheydidnotcometohim，hewenttothemto，talkoverpublicaffairs。Thissoencroacheduponhistimethathe，founditnecessarysometimestoworkuntilmidnighttomakeupfor，thehourslostduringtheday。Hispoliticalfervourbecomethe，talkofthevillage。Whilebusyonenighthammeringawayata，shoe-sole，alittleboy，seeingalightintheshop，puthismouth，tothekeyholeofthedoor，andcalledoutinashrillpipe，“Shoemaker！shoe-maker！workbynightandrunaboutbyday！”A
friend，towhomDrewafterwardstoldthestory，asked，“Anddidnot，yourunaftertheboy，andstraphim？”“No，no，“wasthereply;
“hadapistolbeenfiredoffatmyear，Icouldnothavebeenmore，dismayedorconfounded。Idroppedmywork，andsaidtomyself，’True，true！butyoushallneverhavethattosayofmeagain。’，To，methatcrywasasthevoiceofGod，andithasbeenawordin，seasonthroughoutmylife。Ilearntfromitnottoleavetillto-
morrowtheworkofto-day，ortoidlewhenIoughttobeworking。”
FromthatmomentDrewdroppedpolitics，andstucktohiswork，readingandstudyinginhissparehours：，butheneverallowedthe，latterpursuittointerferewithhisbusiness，thoughitfrequently，brokeinuponhisrest。Hemarried，andthoughtofemigratingto，America;butheremainedworkingon。Hisliterarytastefirsttook，thedirectionofpoeticalcomposition;andfromsomeofthe，fragmentswhichhavebeenpreserved，itappearsthathis，speculationsastotheimmaterialityandimmortalityofthesoul，hadtheirorigininthesepoeticalmusings。Hisstudywasthe，kitchen，wherehiswife’sbellowsservedhimforadesk;andhe，wroteamidstthecriesandcradlingsofhischildren。Paine’s’Age，ofReason’havingappearedaboutthistimeandexcitedmuch，interest，hecomposedapamphletinrefutationofitsarguments，whichwaspublished。Heusedafterwardstosaythatitwasthe，’AgeofReason’thatmadehimanauthor。Variouspamphletsfrom，hispenshortlyappearedinrapidsuccession，andafewyears，later，whilestillworkingatshoemaking，hewroteandpublished，hisadmirable’EssayontheImmaterialityandImmortalityofthe，HumanSoul，’whichhesoldfortwentypounds，agreatsuminhis，estimationatthetime。Thebookwentthroughmanyeditions，and，isstillprized。
Drewwasinnowisepuffedupbyhissuccess，asmanyyoungauthors，are，but，longafterhehadbecomecelebratedasawriter，usedto，beseensweepingthestreetbeforehisdoor，orhelpinghis，apprenticestocarryinthewinter’scoals。Norcouldhe，forsome，time，bringhimselftoregardliteratureasaprofessiontolive，by。Hisfirstcarewas，tosecureanhonestlivelihoodbyhis，business，andtoputintothe“lotteryofliterarysuccess，“ashe，termedit，onlythesurplusofhistime。Atlength，however，he，devotedhimselfwhollytoliterature，moreparticularlyin，connectionwiththeWesleyanbody;editingoneoftheirmagazines，andsuperintendingthepublicationofseveraloftheir，denominationalworks。Healsowroteinthe’EclecticReview，’and，compiledandpublishedavaluablehistoryofhisnativecounty，Cornwall，withnumerousotherworks。Towardsthecloseofhis，career，hesaidofhimself，-“Raisedfromoneofthelowest，stationsinsociety，Ihaveendeavouredthroughlifetobringmy，familyintoastateofrespectability，byhonestindustry，frugality，andahighregardformymoralcharacter。Divine，providencehassmiledonmyexertions，andcrownedmywisheswith，success。”
ThelateJosephHumepursuedaverydifferentcareer，butworkedin，anequallyperseveringspirit。Hewasamanofmoderateparts，but，ofgreatindustryandunimpeachablehonestyofpurpose。Themotto，ofhislifewas“Perseverance，“andwell，heacteduptoit。His，fatherdyingwhilehewasamerechild，hismotheropenedasmall，shopinMontrose，andtoiledhardtomaintainherfamilyandbring，themuprespectably。Josephsheputapprenticetoasurgeon，and，educatedforthemedicalprofession。Havinggothisdiploma，he，madeseveralvoyagestoIndiaasship’ssurgeon，(19)and，afterwardsobtainedacadetshipintheCompany’sservice。None，workedharder，orlivedmoretemperately，thanhedid，and，securingtheconfidenceofhissuperiors，whofoundhimacapable，manintheperformanceofhisduty，theygraduallypromotedhimto，higheroffices。In1803hewaswiththedivisionofthearmyunder，GeneralPowell，intheMahrattawar;andtheinterpreterhaving，died，Hume，whohadmeanwhilestudiedandmasteredthenative，languages，wasappointedinhisstead。Hewasnextmadechiefof，themedicalstaff。Butasifthiswerenotenoughtooccupyhis，fullworkingpower，heundertookinadditiontheofficesof，paymasterandpost-master，andfilledthemsatisfactorily。Healso，contractedtosupplythecommissariat，whichhedidwithadvantage，tothearmyandprofittohimself。Afterabouttenyears’
unremittinglabour，hereturnedtoEnglandwithacompetency;and，oneofhisfirstactswastomakeprovisionforthepoorermembers，ofhisfamily。
ButJosephHumewasnotamantoenjoythefruitsofhisindustry，inidleness。Workandoccupationhadbecomenecessaryforhis，comfortandhappiness。Tomakehimselffullyacquaintedwiththe，actualstateofhisowncountry，andtheconditionofthepeople，hevisitedeverytowninthekingdomwhichthenenjoyedanydegree，ofmanufacturingcelebrity。Heafterwardstravelledabroadforthe，purposeofobtainingaknowledgeofforeignstates。Returnedto，England，heenteredParliamentin1812，andcontinuedamemberof，thatassembly，withashortinterruption，foraperiodofabout，thirty-fouryears。Hisfirstrecordedspeechwasonthesubjectof，publiceducation，andthroughouthislongandhonourablecareerhe，tookanactiveandearnestinterestinthatandallotherquestions，calculatedtoelevateandimprovetheconditionofthepeople-
criminalreform，savings-banks，freetrade，economyand，retrenchment，extendedrepresentation，andsuchlikemeasures，all，ofwhichheindefatigablypromoted。Whateversubjectheundertook，heworkedatwithallhismight。Hewasnotagoodspeaker，but，whathesaidwasbelievedtoproceedfromthelipsofanhonest，single-minded，accurateman。Ifridicule，asShaftesburysays，be，thetestoftruth，JosephHumestoodthetestwell。Nomanwas，morelaughedat，buttherehestoodperpetually，andliterally，“at，hispost。”，Hewasusuallybeatenonadivision，buttheinfluence，whichheexercisedwasneverthelessfelt，andmanyimportant，financialimprovementswereeffectedbyhimevenwiththevote，directlyagainsthim。Theamountofhardworkwhichhecontrived，togetthroughwassomethingextraordinary。Heroseatsix，wrote，lettersandarrangedhispapersforparliament;then，after，breakfast，hereceivedpersonsonbusiness，sometimesasmanyas，twentyinamorning。TheHouserarelyassembledwithouthim，and，thoughthedebatemightbeprolongedtotwoorthreeo’clockinthe，morning，hisnamewasseldomfoundabsentfromthedivision。In，short，toperformtheworkwhichhedid，extendingoversolonga，period，inthefaceofsomanyAdministrations，weekafterweek，yearafteryear，-tobeoutvoted，beaten，laughedat，standingon，manyoccasionsalmostalone，-topersevereinthefaceofevery，discouragement，preservinghistemperunruffled，neverrelaxingin，hisenergyorhishope，andlivingtoseethegreaternumberofhis，measuresadoptedwithacclamation，mustberegardedasoneofthe，mostremarkableillustrationsofthepowerofhumanperseverance，thatbiographycanexhibit。
CHAPTERV-HELPSANDOPPORTUNITIES-SCIENTIFICPURSUITS
“Neitherthenakedhand，northeunderstanding，lefttoitself，can，domuch;theworkisaccomplishedbyinstrumentsandhelps，of，whichtheneedisnotlessfortheunderstandingthanthehand。”-
Bacon。
“Opportunityhashairinfront，behindsheisbald;ifyouseize，herbytheforelockyoumayholdher，but，ifsufferedtoescape，notJupiterhimselfcancatchheragain。”-FromtheLatin。
Accidentdoesverylittletowardstheproductionofanygreat，resultinlife。Thoughsometimeswhatiscalled“ahappyhit“may，bemadebyaboldventure，thecommonhighwayofsteadyindustry，andapplicationistheonlysaferoadtotravel。Itissaidofthe，landscapepainterWilson，thatwhenhehadnearlyfinisheda，pictureinatame，correctmanner，hewouldstepbackfromit，his，pencilfixedattheendofalongstick，andaftergazingearnestly，onthework，hewouldsuddenlywalkupandbyafewboldtouches，giveabrilliantfinishtothepainting。Butitwillnotdofor，everyonewhowouldproduceaneffect，tothrowhisbrushatthe，canvasinthehopeofproducingapicture。Thecapabilityof，puttingintheselastvitaltouchesisacquiredonlybythelabour，ofalife;andtheprobabilityis，thattheartistwhohasnot，carefullytrainedhimselfbeforehand，inattemptingtoproducea，brillianteffectatadash，willonlyproduceablotch。
Sedulousattentionandpainstakingindustryalwaysmarkthetrue，worker。Thegreatestmenarenotthosewho“despisethedayof，smallthings，“butthosewhoimprovethemthemostcarefully。
MichaelAngelowasonedayexplainingtoavisitorathisstudio，whathehadbeendoingatastatuesincehispreviousvisit。”I
haveretouchedthispart-polishedthat-softenedthisfeature-
broughtoutthatmuscle-givensomeexpressiontothislip，and，moreenergytothatlimb。”，“Butthesearetrifles，“remarkedthe，visitor。”Itmaybeso，“repliedthesculptor，“butrecollectthat，triflesmakeperfection，andperfectionisnotrifle。”，Soitwas，saidofNicholasPoussin，thepainter，thattheruleofhisconduct，was，that“whateverwasworthdoingatallwasworthdoingwell;“
andwhenasked，lateinlife，byhisfriendVigneuldeMarville，by，whatmeanshehadgainedsohighareputationamongthepaintersof，Italy，Poussinemphaticallyanswered，“BecauseIhaveneglected，nothing。”
Althoughtherearediscoverieswhicharesaidtohavebeenmadeby，accident，ifcarefullyinquiredinto，itwillbefoundthatthere，hasreallybeenverylittlethatwasaccidentalaboutthem。For，themostpart，theseso-calledaccidentshaveonlybeen，opportunities，carefullyimprovedbygenius。Thefalloftheapple，atNewton’sfeethasoftenbeenquotedinproofoftheaccidental，characterofsomediscoveries。ButNewton’swholemindhadalready，beendevotedforyearstothelaboriousandpatientinvestigation，ofthesubjectofgravitation;andthecircumstanceoftheapple，fallingbeforehiseyeswassuddenlyapprehendedonlyasgenius，couldapprehendit，andservedtoflashuponhimthebrilliant，discoverythenopeningtohissight。Inlikemanner，the，brilliantly-colouredsoap-bubblesblownfromacommontobaccopipe，-though“trifleslightasair“inmosteyes-suggestedtoDr。
Younghisbeautifultheoryof“interferences，“andledtohis，discoveryrelatingtothediffractionoflight。Althoughgreatmen，arepopularlysupposedonlytodealwithgreatthings，mensuchas，NewtonandYoungwerereadytodetectthesignificanceofthemost，familiarandsimplefacts;theirgreatnessconsistingmainlyin，theirwiseinterpretationofthem。
Thedifferencebetweenmenconsists，inagreatmeasure，inthe，intelligenceoftheirobservation。TheRussianproverbsaysofthe，non-observantman，“Hegoesthroughtheforestandseesno，firewood。”，“Thewiseman’seyesareinhishead，“saysSolomon，“butthefoolwalkethindarkness。”，“Sir，“saidJohnson，onone，occasion，toafinegentlemanjustreturnedfromItaly，“somemen，willlearnmoreintheHampsteadstagethanothersinthetourof，Europe。”，Itisthemindthatseesaswellastheeye。Where，unthinkinggazersobservenothing，menofintelligentvision，penetrateintotheveryfibreofthephenomenapresentedtothem，attentivelynotingdifferences，makingcomparisons，andrecognizing，theirunderlyingidea。ManybeforeGalileohadseenasuspended，weightswingbeforetheireyeswithameasuredbeat;buthewasthe，firsttodetectthevalueofthefact。Oneofthevergersinthe，cathedralatPisa，afterreplenishingwithoilalampwhichhung，fromtheroof，leftitswingingtoandfro;andGalileo，thena，youthofonlyeighteen，notingitattentively，conceivedtheidea，ofapplyingittothemeasurementoftime。Fiftyyearsofstudy，andlabour，however，elapsed，beforehecompletedtheinventionof，hisPendulum，-theimportanceofwhich，inthemeasurementoftime，andinastronomicalcalculations，canscarcelybeoverrated。In，likemanner，Galileo，havingcasuallyheardthatoneLippershey，a，Dutchspectacle-maker，hadpresentedtoCountMauriceofNassauan，instrumentbymeansofwhichdistantobjectsappearednearertothe，beholder，addressedhimselftothecauseofsuchaphenomenon，whichledtotheinventionofthetelescope，andprovedthe，beginningofthemodernscienceofastronomy。Discoveriessuchas，thesecouldneverhavebeenmadebyanegligentobserver，orbya，merepassivelistener。
WhileCaptain(afterwardsSirSamuel)Brownwasoccupiedin，studyingtheconstructionofbridges，withtheviewofcontriving，oneofacheapdescriptiontobethrownacrosstheTweed，near，whichhelived，hewaswalkinginhisgardenonedewyautumn，morning，whenhesawatinyspider’snetsuspendedacrosshispath。
Theideaimmediatelyoccurredtohim，thatabridgeofironropes，orchainsmightbeconstructedinlikemanner，andtheresultwas，theinventionofhisSuspensionBridge。SoJamesWatt，when，consultedaboutthemodeofcarryingwaterbypipesunderthe，Clyde，alongtheunequalbedoftheriver，turnedhisattentionone，daytotheshellofalobsterpresentedattable;andfromthat，modelheinventedanirontube，which，whenlaiddown，wasfound，effectuallytoanswerthepurpose。SirIsambertBruneltookhis，firstlessonsinformingtheThamesTunnelfromthetinyshipworm：
hesawhowthelittlecreatureperforatedthewoodwithitswell-
armedhead，firstinonedirectionandtheninanother，tillthe，archwaywascomplete，andthendaubedovertheroofandsideswith，akindofvarnish;andbycopyingthisworkexactlyonalarge，scale，Brunelwasatlengthenabledtoconstructhisshieldand，accomplishhisgreatengineeringwork。
