Itistheintelligenteyeofthecarefulobserverwhichgivesthese，apparentlytrivialphenomenatheirvalue。Sotriflingamatteras，thesightofseaweedfloatingpasthisship，enabledColumbusto，quellthemutinywhicharoseamongsthissailorsatnotdiscovering，land，andtoassurethemthattheeagerlysoughtNewWorldwasnot，faroff。Thereisnothingsosmallthatitshouldremain，forgotten;andnofact，howevertrivial，butmayproveusefulin，somewayorotherifcarefullyinterpreted。Whocouldhave，imaginedthatthefamous“chalkcliffsofAlbion“hadbeenbuiltup，bytinyinsects-detectedonlybythehelpofthemicroscope-of，thesameorderofcreaturesthathavegemmedtheseawithislands，ofcoral！，Andwhothatcontemplatessuchextraordinaryresults，arisingfrominfinitelyminuteoperations，willventuretoquestion，thepoweroflittlethings？
Itisthecloseobservationoflittlethingswhichisthesecretof，successinbusiness，inart，inscience，andineverypursuitin，life。Humanknowledgeisbutanaccumulationofsmallfacts，made，bysuccessivegenerationsofmen，thelittlebitsofknowledgeand，experiencecarefullytreasuredupbythemgrowingatlengthintoa，mightypyramid。Thoughmanyofthesefactsandobservationsseemed，inthefirstinstancetohavebutslightsignificance，theyareall，foundtohavetheireventualuses，andtofitintotheirproper，places。Evenmanyspeculationsseeminglyremote，turnouttobe，thebasisofresultsthemostobviouslypractical。Inthecaseof，theconicsectionsdiscoveredbyApolloniusPergaeus，twenty，centurieselapsedbeforetheyweremadethebasisofastronomy-a，sciencewhichenablesthemodernnavigatortosteerhiswaythrough，unknownseasandtracesforhimintheheavensanunerringpathto，hisappointedhaven。Andhadnotmathematicianstoiledforso，long，and，touninstructedobservers，apparentlysofruitlessly，overtheabstractrelationsoflinesandsurfaces，itisprobable，thatbutfewofourmechanicalinventionswouldhaveseenthe，light。
WhenFranklinmadehisdiscoveryoftheidentityoflightningand，electricity，itwassneeredat，andpeopleasked，“Ofwhatuseis，it？”Towhichhisreplywas，“Whatistheuseofachild？，Itmay，becomeaman！”WhenGalvanidiscoveredthatafrog’slegtwitched，whenplacedincontactwithdifferentmetals，itcouldscarcely，havebeenimaginedthatsoapparentlyinsignificantafactcould，haveledtoimportantresults。Yetthereinlaythegermofthe，ElectricTelegraph，whichbindstheintelligenceofcontinents，together，and，probablybeforemanyyearshaveelapsed，will“puta，girdleroundtheglobe。”，Sotoo，littlebitsofstoneandfossil，dugoutoftheearth，intelligentlyinterpreted，haveissuedinthe，scienceofgeologyandthepracticaloperationsofmining，inwhich，largecapitalsareinvestedandvastnumbersofpersonsprofitably，employed。
Thegiganticmachineryemployedinpumpingourmines，workingour，millsandmanufactures，anddrivingoursteam-shipsand，locomotives，inlikemannerdependsforitssupplyofpoweruponso，slightanagencyaslittledropsofwaterexpandedbyheat，-that，familiaragencycalledsteam，whichweseeissuingfromthatcommon，tea-kettlespout，butwhich，whenputupwithinaningeniously，contrivedmechanism，displaysaforceequaltothatofmillionsof，horses，andcontainsapowertorebukethewavesandseteventhe，hurricaneatdefiance。Thesamepoweratworkwithinthebowelsof，theearthhasbeenthecauseofthosevolcanoesandearthquakes，whichhaveplayedsomightyapartinthehistoryoftheglobe。
ItissaidthattheMarquisofWorcester’sattentionwasfirst，accidentallydirectedtothesubjectofsteampower，bythetight，coverofavesselcontaininghotwaterhavingbeenblownoffbefore，hiseyes，whenconfinedaprisonerintheTower。Hepublishedthe，resultofhisobservationsinhis’CenturyofInventions，’which，formedasortoftext-bookforinquirersintothepowersofsteam，foratime，untilSavary，Newcomen，andothers，applyingitto，practicalpurposes，broughtthesteam-enginetothestateinwhich，WattfounditwhencalledupontorepairamodelofNewcomen’s，engine，whichbelongedtotheUniversityofGlasgow。This，accidentalcircumstancewasanopportunityforWatt，whichhewas，notslowtoimprove;anditwasthelabourofhislifetobringthe，steam-enginetoperfection。
Thisartofseizingopportunitiesandturningevenaccidentsto，account，bendingthemtosomepurposeisagreatsecretofsuccess。
Dr。Johnsonhasdefinedgeniustobe“amindoflargegeneral，powersaccidentallydeterminedinsomeparticulardirection。”，Men，whoareresolvedtofindawayforthemselves，willalwaysfind，opportunitiesenough;andiftheydonotliereadytotheirhand，theywillmakethem。Itisnotthosewhohaveenjoyedthe，advantagesofcolleges，museums，andpublicgalleries，thathave，accomplishedthemostforscienceandart;norhavethegreatest，mechanicsandinventorsbeentrainedinmechanics’institutes。
Necessity，oftenerthanfacility，hasbeenthemotherofinvention;
andthemostprolificschoolofallhasbeentheschoolof，difficulty。Someoftheverybestworkmenhavehadthemost，indifferenttoolstoworkwith。Butitisnottoolsthatmakethe，workman，butthetrainedskillandperseveranceofthemanhimself。
Indeeditisproverbialthatthebadworkmanneveryethadagood，tool。SomeoneaskedOpiebywhatwonderfulprocesshemixedhis，colours。”Imixthemwithmybrains，sir，“washisreply。Itis，thesamewitheveryworkmanwhowouldexcel。Fergusonmade，marvellousthings-suchashiswoodenclock，thataccurately，measuredthehours-bymeansofacommonpenknife，atoolin，everybody’shand;buttheneverybodyisnotaFerguson。Apanof，waterandtwothermometerswerethetoolsbywhichDr。Black，discoveredlatentheat;andaprism，alens，andasheetof，pasteboardenabledNewtontounfoldthecompositionoflightand，theoriginofcolours。AneminentforeignSAVANToncecalledupon，Dr。Wollaston，andrequestedtobeshownoverhislaboratoriesin，whichsciencehadbeenenrichedbysomanyimportantdiscoveries，whenthedoctortookhimintoalittlestudy，and，pointingtoan，oldtea-trayonthetable，containingafewwatch-glasses，test，papers，asmallbalance，andablowpipe，said，“Thereisallthe，laboratorythatIhave！”
Stothardlearnttheartofcombiningcoloursbycloselystudying，butterflies’wings：，hewouldoftensaythatnooneknewwhathe，owedtothesetinyinsects。Aburntstickandabarndoorserved，Wilkieinlieuofpencilandcanvas。Bewickfirstpractised，drawingonthecottagewallsofhisnativevillage，whichhe，coveredwithhissketchesinchalk;andBenjaminWestmadehis，firstbrushesoutofthecat’stail。Fergusonlaidhimselfdownin，thefieldsatnightinablanket，andmadeamapoftheheavenly，bodiesbymeansofathreadwithsmallbeadsonitstretched，betweenhiseyeandthestars。Franklinfirstrobbedthe，thundercloudofitslightningbymeansofakitemadewithtwo，crosssticksandasilkhandkerchief。Wattmadehisfirstmodelof，thecondensingsteam-engineoutofanoldanatomist’ssyringe，used，toinjectthearteriesprevioustodissection。Giffordworkedhis，firstproblemsinmathematics，whenacobbler’sapprentice，upon，smallscrapsofleather，whichhebeatsmoothforthepurpose;
whilstRittenhouse，theastronomer，firstcalculatedeclipseson，hisploughhandle。
Themostordinaryoccasionswillfurnishamanwithopportunities，orsuggestionsforimprovement，ifhebebutprompttotake，advantageofthem。ProfessorLeewasattractedtothestudyof，HebrewbyfindingaBibleinthattongueinasynagogue，while，workingasacommoncarpenterattherepairsofthebenches。He，becamepossessedwithadesiretoreadthebookintheoriginal，and，buyingacheapsecond-handcopyofaHebrewgrammar，hesetto，workandlearntthelanguageforhimself。AsEdmundStonesaidto，theDukeofArgyle，inanswertohisgrace’sinquiryhowhe，apoor，gardener’sboy，hadcontrivedtobeabletoreadNewton’sPrincipia，inLatin，“Oneneedsonlytoknowthetwenty-fourlettersofthe，alphabetinordertolearneverythingelsethatonewishes。”
Applicationandperseverance，andthediligentimprovementof，opportunities，willdotherest。
SirWalterScottfoundopportunitiesforself-improvementinevery，pursuit，andturnedevenaccidentstoaccount。Thusitwasinthe，dischargeofhisfunctionsasawriter’sapprenticethathefirst，visitedtheHighlands，andformedthosefriendshipsamongthe，survivingheroesof1745whichservedtolaythefoundationofa，largeclassofhisworks。Laterinlife，whenemployedas，quartermasteroftheEdinburghLightCavalry，hewasaccidentally，disabledbythekickofahorse，andconfinedforsometimetohis，house;butScottwasaswornenemytoidleness，andheforthwith，sethismindtowork。Inthreedayshehadcomposedthefirst，cantoof’TheLayoftheLastMinstrel，’whichheshortlyafter，finished，-hisfirstgreatoriginalwork。
TheattentionofDr。Priestley，thediscovererofsomanygases，wasaccidentallydrawntothesubjectofchemistrythroughhis，livingintheneighbourhoodofabrewery。Whenvisitingtheplace，oneday，henotedthepeculiarappearancesattendingtheextinction，oflightedchipsinthegasfloatingoverthefermentedliquor。He，wasfortyyearsoldatthetime，andknewnothingofchemistry。He，consultedbookstoascertainthecause，buttheytoldhimlittle，forasyetnothingwasknownonthesubject。Thenhebeganto，experiment，withsomerudeapparatusofhisowncontrivance。The，curiousresultsofhisfirstexperimentsledtoothers，whichin，hishandsshortlybecamethescienceofpneumaticchemistry。About，thesametime，Scheelewasobscurelyworkinginthesamedirection，inaremoteSwedishvillage;andhediscoveredseveralnewgases，withnomoreeffectiveapparatusathiscommandthanafew，apothecaries’phialsandpigs’bladders。
SirHumphryDavy，whenanapothecary’sapprentice，performedhis，firstexperimentswithinstrumentsoftherudestdescription。He，extemporisedthegreaterpartofthemhimself，outofthemotley，materialswhichchancethrewinhisway，-thepotsandpansofthe，kitchen，andthephialsandvesselsofhismaster’ssurgery。It，happenedthataFrenchshipwaswreckedofftheLand’sEnd，andthe，surgeonescaped，bearingwithhimhiscaseofinstruments，amongst，whichwasanold-fashionedglysterapparatus;thisarticlehe，presentedtoDavy，withwhomhehadbecomeacquainted。The，apothecary’sapprenticereceiveditwithgreatexultation，and，forthwithemployeditasapartofapneumaticapparatuswhichhe，contrived，afterwardsusingittoperformthedutiesofanair-pump，inoneofhisexperimentsonthenatureandsourcesofheat。
InlikemannerProfessorFaraday，SirHumphryDavy’sscientific，successor，madehisfirstexperimentsinelectricitybymeansofan，oldbottle，whitehewasstillaworkingbookbinder。Anditisa，curiousfactthatFaradaywasfirstattractedtothestudyof，chemistrybyhearingoneofSirHumphryDavy’slecturesonthe，subjectattheRoyalInstitution。Agentleman，whowasamember，callingonedayattheshopwhereFaradaywasemployedinbinding，books，foundhimporingoverthearticle“Electricity“inan，Encyclopaediaplacedinhishandstobind。Thegentleman，having，madeinquiries，foundthattheyoungbookbinderwascuriousabout，suchsubjects，andgavehimanorderofadmissiontotheRoyal，Institution，whereheattendedacourseoffourlecturesdelivered，bySirHumphry。Hetooknotesofthem，whichheshowedtothe，lecturer，whoacknowledgedtheirscientificaccuracy，andwas，surprisedwheninformedofthehumblepositionofthereporter。
Faradaythenexpressedhisdesiretodevotehimselftothe，prosecutionofchemicalstudies，fromwhichSirHumphryatfirst，endeavouredtodissuadehim：，buttheyoungmanpersisting，hewas，atlengthtakenintotheRoyalInstitutionasanassistant;and，eventuallythemantleofthebrilliantapothecary’sboyfellupon，theworthyshouldersoftheequallybrilliantbookbinder’s，apprentice。
ThewordswhichDavyenteredinhisnote-book，whenabouttwenty，yearsofage，workinginDr。Beddoes’laboratoryatBristol，were，eminentlycharacteristicofhim：，“Ihaveneitherriches，nor，power，norbirthtorecommendme;yetifIlive，ItrustIshall，notbeoflessservicetomankindandmyfriends，thanifIhad，beenbornwithalltheseadvantages。”，Davypossessedthe，capability，asFaradaydoes，ofdevotingthewholepowerofhis，mindtothepracticalandexperimentalinvestigationofasubject，inallitsbearings;andsuchamindwillrarelyfail，bydintof，mereindustryandpatientthinking，inproducingresultsofthe，highestorder。ColeridgesaidofDavy，“Thereisanenergyand，elasticityinhismind，whichenableshimtoseizeonandanalyze，allquestions，pushingthemtotheirlegitimateconsequences。
EverysubjectinDavy’smindhastheprincipleofvitality。Living，thoughtsspringupliketurfunderhisfeet。”，Davy，onhispart，saidofColeridge，whoseabilitieshegreatlyadmired，“Withthe，mostexaltedgenius，enlargedviews，sensitiveheart，and，enlightenedmind，hewillbethevictimofawantoforder，precision，andregularity。”
ThegreatCuvierwasasingularlyaccurate，careful，and，industriousobserver。Whenaboy，hewasattractedtothesubject，ofnaturalhistorybythesightofavolumeofBuffonwhich，accidentallyfellinhisway。Heatonceproceededtocopythe，drawings，andtocolourthemafterthedescriptionsgiveninthe，text。Whilestillatschool，oneofhisteachersmadehima，presentof’Linnaeus’sSystemofNature;’andformorethanten，yearsthisconstitutedhislibraryofnaturalhistory。Ateighteen，hewasofferedthesituationoftutorinafamilyresidingnear，Fecamp，inNormandy。Livingclosetothesea-shore，hewasbrought，facetofacewiththewondersofmarinelife。Strollingalongthe，sandsoneday，heobservedastrandedcuttlefish。Hewasattracted，bythecuriousobject，tookithometodissect，andthusbeganthe，studyofthemolluscae，inthepursuitofwhichheachievedso，distinguishedareputation。Hehadnobookstoreferto，excepting，onlythegreatbookofNaturewhichlayopenbeforehim。Thestudy，ofthenovelandinterestingobjectswhichitdailypresentedto，hiseyesmadeamuchdeeperimpressiononhismindthananywritten，orengraveddescriptionscouldpossiblyhavedone。Threeyears，thuspassed，duringwhichhecomparedthelivingspeciesofmarine，animalswiththefossilremainsfoundintheneighbourhood，dissectedthespecimensofmarinelifethatcameunderhisnotice，and，bycarefulobservation，preparedthewayforacompletereform，intheclassificationoftheanimalkingdom。Aboutthistime，CuvierbecameknowntothelearnedAbbeTeissier，whowroteto，JussieuandotherfriendsinParisonthesubjectoftheyoung，naturalist’sinquiries，intermsofsuchhighcommendation，that，CuvierwasrequestedtosendsomeofhispaperstotheSocietyof，NaturalHistory;andhewasshortlyafterappointedassistant-
superintendentattheJardindesPlantes。Intheletterwrittenby，TeissiertoJussieu，introducingtheyoungnaturalisttohis，notice，hesaid，“YourememberthatitwasIwhogaveDelambreto，theAcademyinanotherbranchofscience：，thisalsowillbea，Delambre。”，WeneedscarcelyaddthatthepredictionofTeissier，wasmorethanfulfilled。
Itisnotaccident，then，thathelpsamanintheworldsomuchas，purposeandpersistentindustry。Tothefeeble，thesluggishand，purposeless，thehappiestaccidentsavailnothing，-theypassthem，by，seeingnomeaninginthem。Butitisastonishinghowmuchcan，beaccomplishedifweareprompttoseizeandimprovethe，opportunitiesforactionandeffortwhichareconstantlypresenting，themselves。Watttaughthimselfchemistryandmechanicswhile，workingathistradeofamathematical-instrumentmaker，atthe，sametimethathewaslearningGermanfromaSwissdyer。
Stephensontaughthimselfarithmeticandmensurationwhileworking，asanenginemanduringthenightshifts;andwhenhecouldsnatcha，fewmomentsintheintervalsallowedformealsduringtheday，he，workedhissumswithabitofchalkuponthesidesofthecolliery，waggons。Dalton’sindustrywasthehabitofhislife。Hebegan，fromhisboyhood，forhetaughtalittlevillage-schoolwhenhewas，onlyabouttwelveyearsold，-keepingtheschoolinwinter，and，workinguponhisfather’sfarminsummer。Hewouldsometimesurge，himselfandcompanionstostudybythestimulusofabet，though，bredaQuaker;andononeoccasion，byhissatisfactorysolutionof，aproblem，hewonasmuchasenabledhimtobuyawinter’sstoreof，candles。Hecontinuedhismeteorologicalobservationsuntiladay，ortwobeforehedied，-havingmadeandrecordedupwardsof，200，000inthecourseofhislife。
Withperseverance，theveryoddsandendsoftimemaybeworkedup，intoresultsofthegreatestvalue。Anhourineverydaywithdrawn，fromfrivolouspursuitswould，ifprofitablyemployed，enablea，personofordinarycapacitytogofartowardsmasteringascience。
Itwouldmakeanignorantmanawell-informedoneinlessthanten，years。Timeshouldnotbeallowedtopasswithoutyieldingfruits，intheformofsomethinglearntworthyofbeingknown，somegood，principlecultivated，orsomegoodhabitstrengthened。Dr。Mason，GoodtranslatedLucretiuswhileridinginhiscarriageinthe，streetsofLondon，goingtheroundofhispatients。Dr。Darwin，composednearlyallhisworksinthesamewaywhiledrivingabout，inhis“sulky“fromhousetohouseinthecountry，-writingdown，histhoughtsonlittlescrapsofpaper，whichhecarriedaboutwith，himforthepurpose。Halewrotehis’Contemplations’while，travellingoncircuit。Dr。BurneylearntFrenchandItalianwhile，travellingonhorsebackfromonemusicalpupiltoanotherinthe，courseofhisprofession。KirkeWhitelearntGreekwhilewalking，toandfromalawyer’soffice;andwepersonallyknowamanof，eminentpositionwholearntLatinandFrenchwhilegoingmessages，asanerrand-boyinthestreetsofManchester。
Daguesseau，oneofthegreatChancellorsofFrance，bycarefully，workinguphisoddbitsoftime，wroteabulkyandablevolumein，thesuccessiveintervalsofwaitingfordinner，andMadamede，Genliscomposedseveralofhercharmingvolumeswhilewaitingfor，theprincesstowhomshegaveherdailylessons。ElihuBurritt，attributedhisfirstsuccessinself-improvement，nottogenius，whichhedisclaimed，butsimplytothecarefulemploymentofthose，invaluablefragmentsoftime，called“oddmoments。”，Whileworking，andearninghislivingasablacksmith，hemasteredsomeeighteen，ancientandmodernlanguages，andtwenty-twoEuropeandialects。
Whatasolemnandstrikingadmonitiontoyouthisthatinscribedon，thedialatAllSouls，Oxford-“Pereuntetimputantur“-thehours，perish，andarelaidtoourcharge。Timeistheonlylittle，fragmentofEternitythatbelongstoman;and，likelife，itcan，neverberecalled。”Inthedissipationofworldlytreasure，“says，JacksonofExeter，“thefrugalityofthefuturemaybalancethe，extravaganceofthepast;butwhocansay，’Iwilltakefrom，minutesto-morrowtocompensateforthoseIhavelostto-day’？”
Melancthonnoteddownthetimelostbyhim，thathemightthereby，reanimatehisindustry，andnotloseanhour。AnItalianscholar，putoverhisdooraninscriptionintimatingthatwhosoeverremained，thereshouldjoininhislabours。”Weareafraid，“saidsome，visitorstoBaxter，“thatwebreakinuponyourtime。”，“Tobesure，youdo，“repliedthedisturbedandbluntdivine。Timewasthe，estateoutofwhichthesegreatworkers，andallotherworkers，formedthatrichtreasuryofthoughtsanddeedswhichtheyhave，lefttotheirsuccessors。
Themeredrudgeryundergonebysomemenincarryingontheir，undertakingshasbeensomethingextraordinary，butthedrudgery，theyregardedasthepriceofsuccess。Addisonamassedasmuchas，threefoliosofmanuscriptmaterialsbeforehebeganhis，’Spectator。’，Newtonwrotehis’Chronology’fifteentimesover，beforehewassatisfiedwithit;andGibbonwroteouthis’Memoir’
ninetimes。Halestudiedformanyyearsattherateofsixteen，hoursaday，andwhenweariedwiththestudyofthelaw，hewould，recreatehimselfwithphilosophyandthestudyofthemathematics。
Humewrotethirteenhoursadaywhilepreparinghis’Historyof，England。’，Montesquieu，speakingofonepartofhiswritings，said，toafriend，“Youwillreaditinafewhours;butIassureyouit，hascostmesomuchlabourthatithaswhitenedmyhair。”
Thepracticeofwritingdownthoughtsandfactsforthepurposeof，holdingthemfastandpreventingtheirescapeintothedimregion，offorgetfulness，hasbeenmuchresortedtobythoughtfuland，studiousmen。LordBaconleftbehindhimmanymanuscriptsentitled，“Suddenthoughtssetdownforuse。”，Erskinemadegreatextracts，fromBurke;andEldoncopiedCokeuponLittletontwiceoverwith，hisownhand，sothatthebookbecame，asitwere，partofhisown，mind。ThelateDr。PyeSmith，whenapprenticedtohisfatherasa，bookbinder，wasaccustomedtomakecopiousmemorandaofallthe，booksheread，withextractsandcriticisms。Thisindomitable，industryincollectingmaterialsdistinguishedhimthroughlife，hisbiographerdescribinghimas“alwaysatwork，alwaysin，advance，alwaysaccumulating。”，Thesenote-booksafterwardsproved，likeRichter’s“quarries，“thegreatstorehousefromwhichhedrew，hisillustrations。
ThesamepracticecharacterizedtheeminentJohnHunter，who，adopteditforthepurposeofsupplyingthedefectsofmemory;and，hewasaccustomedthustoillustratetheadvantageswhichone，derivesfromputtingone’sthoughtsinwriting：，“Itresembles，“he，said，“atradesmantakingstock，withoutwhichheneverknows，eitherwhathepossessesorinwhatheisdeficient。”，JohnHunter，-whoseobservationwassokeenthatAbernethywasaccustomedto，speakofhimas“theArgus-eyed“-furnishedanillustriousexample，ofthepowerofpatientindustry。Hereceivedlittleorno，educationtillhewasabouttwentyyearsofage，anditwaswith，difficultythatheacquiredtheartsofreadingandwriting。He，workedforsomeyearsasacommoncarpenteratGlasgow，afterwhich，hejoinedhisbrotherWilliam，whohadsettledinLondonasa，lecturerandanatomicaldemonstrator。Johnenteredhisdissecting-
roomasanassistant，butsoonshotaheadofhisbrother，partlyby，virtueofhisgreatnaturalability，butmainlybyreasonofhis，patientapplicationandindefatigableindustry。Hewasoneofthe，firstinthiscountrytodevotehimselfassiduouslytothestudyof，comparativeanatomy，andtheobjectshedissectedandcollected，tooktheeminentProfessorOwennolessthantenyearstoarrange。
Thecollectioncontainssometwentythousandspecimens，andisthe，mostprecioustreasureofthekindthathaseverbeenaccumulated，bytheindustryofoneman。Hunterusedtospendeverymorning，fromsunriseuntileighto’clockinhismuseum;andthroughoutthe，dayhecarriedonhisextensiveprivatepractice，performedhis，laboriousdutiesassurgeontoSt。George’sHospitalanddeputy，surgeon-generaltothearmy;deliveredlecturestostudents，and，superintendedaschoolofpracticalanatomyathisownhouse;
findingleisure，amidstall，forelaborateexperimentsonthe，animaleconomy，andthecompositionofvariousworksofgreat，scientificimportance。Tofindtimeforthisgiganticamountof，work，heallowedhimselfonlyfourhoursofsleepatnight，andan，hourafterdinner。Whenonceaskedwhatmethodhehadadoptedto，insuresuccessinhisundertakings，hereplied，“Myruleis，deliberatelytoconsider，beforeIcommence，whetherthethingbe，practicable。Ifitbenotpracticable，Idonotattemptit。Ifit，bepracticable，IcanaccomplishitifIgivesufficientpainsto，it;andhavingbegun，Ineverstoptillthethingisdone。Tothis，ruleIoweallmysuccess。”
Hunteroccupiedagreatdealofhistimeincollectingdefinite，factsrespectingmatterswhich，beforehisday，wereregardedas，exceedinglytrivial。Thusitwassupposedbymanyofhis，contemporariesthathewasonlywastinghistimeandthoughtin，studyingsocarefullyashedidthegrowthofadeer’shorn。But，Hunterwasimpressedwiththeconvictionthatnoaccurateknowledge，ofscientificfactsiswithoutitsvalue。Bythestudyreferred，to，helearnthowarteriesaccommodatethemselvestocircumstances，andenlargeasoccasionrequires;andtheknowledgethusacquired，emboldenedhim，inacaseofaneurisminabranchartery，totie，themaintrunkwherenosurgeonbeforehimhaddaredtotieit，and，thelifeofhispatientwassaved。Likemanyoriginalmen，he，workedforalongtimeasitwereunderground，diggingandlaying，foundations。Hewasasolitaryandself-reliantgenius，holdingon，hiscoursewithoutthesolaceofsympathyorapprobation，-forbut，fewofhiscontemporariesperceivedtheultimateobjectofhis，pursuits。Butlikealltrueworkers，hedidnotfailinsecuring，hisbestreward-thatwhichdependslessuponothersthanupon，one’sself-theapprovalofconscience，whichinaright-minded，maninvariablyfollowsthehonestandenergeticperformanceof，duty。
AmbrosePare，thegreatFrenchsurgeon，wasanotherillustrious，instanceofcloseobservation，patientapplication，and，indefatigableperseverance。HewasthesonofabarberatLaval，inMaine，wherehewasbornin1509。Hisparentsweretoopoorto，sendhimtoschool，buttheyplacedhimasfoot-boywiththecure，ofthevillage，hopingthatunderthatlearnedmanhemightpickup，aneducationforhimself。Butthecurekepthimsobusilyemployed，ingroominghismuleandinothermenialofficesthattheboyfound，notimeforlearning。Whileinhisservice，ithappenedthatthe，celebratedlithotomist，Cotot，cametoLavaltooperateononeof，thecure’secclesiasticalbrethren。Parewaspresentatthe，operation，andwassomuchinterestedbyitthatheissaidtohave，fromthattimeformedthedeterminationofdevotinghimselftothe，artofsurgery。
Leavingthecure’shouseholdservice，Pareapprenticedhimselftoa，barber-surgeonnamedVialot，underwhomhelearnttoletblood，drawteeth，andperformtheminoroperations。Afterfouryears’
experienceofthiskind，hewenttoParistostudyattheschoolof，anatomyandsurgery，meanwhilemaintaininghimselfbyhistradeof，abarber。Heafterwardssucceededinobtaininganappointmentas，assistantattheHotelDieu，wherehisconductwassoexemplary，andhisprogresssomarked，thatthechiefsurgeon，Goupil，entrustedhimwiththechargeofthepatientswhomhecouldnot，himselfattendto。Aftertheusualcourseofinstruction，Parewas，admittedamasterbarber-surgeon，andshortlyafterwasappointed，toachargewiththeFrencharmyunderMontmorenciinPiedmont。
Parewasnotamantofollowintheordinaryrutsofhis，profession，butbroughttheresourcesofanardentandoriginal，mindtobearuponhisdailywork，diligentlythinkingoutfor，himselftheRATIONALEofdiseasesandtheirbefittingremedies。
Beforehistimethewoundedsufferedmuchmoreatthehandsof，theirsurgeonsthantheydidatthoseoftheirenemies。Tostop，bleedingfromgunshotwounds，thebarbarousexpedientwasresorted，toofdressingthemwithboilingoil。Haemorrhagewasalsostopped，bysearingthewoundswithared-hotiron;andwhenamputationwas，necessary，itwasperformedwithared-hotknife。AtfirstPare，treatedwoundsaccordingtotheapprovedmethods;but，fortunately，ononeoccasion，runningshortofboilingoil，hesubstituteda，mildandemollientapplication。Hewasingreatfearallnight，lestheshouldhavedonewronginadoptingthistreatment;butwas，greatlyrelievednextmorningonfindinghispatientscomparatively，comfortable，whilethosewhosewoundshadbeentreatedintheusual，waywerewrithingintorment。Suchwasthecasualoriginofoneof，Pare’sgreatestimprovementsinthetreatmentofgun-shotwounds;
andheproceededtoadopttheemollienttreatmentinallfuture，cases。Anotherstillmoreimportantimprovementwashisemployment，oftheligatureintyingarteriestostophaemorrhage，insteadof，theactualcautery。Pare，however，metwiththeusualfateof，innovatorsandreformers。Hispracticewasdenouncedbyhis，surgicalbrethrenasdangerous，unprofessional，andempirical;and，theoldersurgeonsbandedthemselvestogethertoresistits，adoption。Theyreproachedhimforhiswantofeducation，more，especiallyforhisignoranceofLatinandGreek;andtheyassailed，himwithquotationsfromancientwriters，whichhewasunable，eithertoverifyorrefute。Butthebestanswertohisassailants，wasthesuccessofhispractice。Thewoundedsoldierscalledout，everywhereforPare，andhewasalwaysattheirservice：，hetended，themcarefullyandaffectionately;andheusuallytookleaveof，themwiththewords，“Ihavedressedyou;mayGodcureyou。”
Afterthreeyears’activeserviceasarmy-surgeon，Parereturnedto，Pariswithsuchareputationthathewasatonceappointedsurgeon，inordinarytotheKing。WhenMetzwasbesiegedbytheSpanish，army，underCharlesV。thegarrisonsufferedheavyloss，andthe，numberofwoundedwasverygreat。Thesurgeonswerefewand，incompetent，andprobablyslewmorebytheirbadtreatmentthanthe，Spaniardsdidbythesword。TheDukeofGuise，whocommandedthe，garrison，wrotetotheKingimploringhimtosendParetohishelp。
Thecourageoussurgeonatoncesetout，and，afterbravingmany，dangers(tousehisownwords，“d’estrependu，estrangleoumisen，pieces“)，hesucceededinpassingtheenemy’slines，andentered，Metzinsafety。TheDuke，thegenerals，andthecaptainsgavehim，anaffectionatewelcome;whilethesoldiers，whentheyheardofhis，arrival，cried，“Wenolongerfeardyingofourwounds;ourfriend，isamongus。”，InthefollowingyearParewasinlikemannerwith，thebesiegedinthetownofHesdin，whichshortlyfellbeforethe，DukeofSavoy，andhewastakenprisoner。Buthavingsucceededin，curingoneoftheenemy’schiefofficersofaseriouswound，hewas，dischargedwithoutransom，andreturnedinsafetytoParis。
Therestofhislifewasoccupiedinstudy，inself-improvement，in，piety，andingooddeeds。Urgedbysomeofthemostlearnedamong，hiscontemporaries，heplacedonrecordtheresultsofhissurgical，experience，intwenty-eightbooks，whichwerepublishedbyhimat，differenttimes。Hiswritingsarevaluableandremarkablechiefly，onaccountofthegreatnumberoffactsandcasescontainedin，them，andthecarewithwhichheavoidsgivinganydirections，restingmerelyupontheoryunsupportedbyobservation。Pare，continued，thoughaProtestant，toholdtheofficeofsurgeonin，ordinarytotheKing;andduringtheMassacreofSt。Bartholomewhe，owedhislifetothepersonalfriendshipofCharlesIX。whomhe，hadononeoccasionsavedfromthedangerouseffectsofawound，inflictedbyaclumsysurgeoninperformingtheoperationof，venesection。Brantome，inhis’Memoires，’thusspeaksofthe，King’srescueofPareonthenightofSaintBartholomew-“Hesent，tofetchhim，andtoremainduringthenightinhischamberand，wardrobe-room，commandinghimnottostir，andsayingthatitwas，notreasonablethatamanwhohadpreservedthelivesofsomany，peopleshouldhimselfbemassacred。”，ThusPareescapedthehorrors，ofthatfearfulnight，whichhesurvivedformanyyears，andwas，permittedtodieinpeace，fullofageandhonours。
Harveywasasindefatigablealabourerasanywehavenamed。He，spentnotlessthaneightlongyearsofinvestigationandresearch，beforehepublishedhisviewsofthecirculationoftheblood。He，repeatedandverifiedhisexperimentsagainandagain，probably，anticipatingtheoppositionhewouldhavetoencounterfromthe，professiononmakingknownhisdiscovery。Thetractinwhichheat，lengthannouncedhisviews，wasamostmodestone，-butsimple，perspicuous，andconclusive。Itwasneverthelessreceivedwith，ridicule，astheutteranceofacrack-brainedimpostor。Forsome，time，hedidnotmakeasingleconvert，andgainednothingbut，contumelyandabuse。Hehadcalledinquestiontherevered，authorityoftheancients;anditwasevenaverredthathisviews，werecalculatedtosubverttheauthorityoftheScripturesand，underminetheveryfoundationsofmoralityandreligion。His，littlepracticefellaway，andhewasleftalmostwithoutafriend。
Thislastedforsomeyears，untilthegreattruth，heldfastby，Harveyamidstallhisadversity，andwhichhaddroppedintomany，thoughtfulminds，graduallyripenedbyfurtherobservation，and，afteraperiodofabouttwenty-fiveyears，itbecamegenerally，recognisedasanestablishedscientifictruth。
ThedifficultiesencounteredbyDr。Jennerinpromulgatingand，establishinghisdiscoveryofvaccinationasapreventiveofsmall-
pox，wereevengreaterthanthoseofHarvey。Many，beforehim，had，witnessedthecow-pox，andhadheardofthereportcurrentamong，themilkmaidsinGloucestershire，thatwhoeverhadtakenthat，diseasewassecureagainstsmall-pox。Itwasatrifling，vulgar，rumour，supposedtohavenosignificancewhatever;andnoonehad，thoughtitworthyofinvestigation，untilitwasaccidentally，broughtunderthenoticeofJenner。Hewasayouth，pursuinghis，studiesatSodbury，whenhisattentionwasarrestedbythecasual，observationmadebyacountrygirlwhocametohismaster’sshop，foradvice。Thesmall-poxwasmentioned，whenthegirlsaid，“I
can’ttakethatdisease，forIhavehadcow-pox。”，Theobservation，immediatelyrivetedJenner’sattention，andheforthwithsetabout，inquiringandmakingobservationsonthesubject。Hisprofessional，friends，towhomhementionedhisviewsastotheprophylactic，virtuesofcow-pox，laughedathim，andeventhreatenedtoexpel，himfromtheirsociety，ifhepersistedinharassingthemwiththe，subject。InLondonhewassofortunateastostudyunderJohn，Hunter，towhomhecommunicatedhisviews。Theadviceofthegreat，anatomistwasthoroughlycharacteristic：，“Don’tthink，butTRY;be，patient，beaccurate。”，Jenner’scouragewassupportedbythe，advice，whichconveyedtohimthetrueartofphilosophical，investigation。Hewentbacktothecountrytopractisehis，professionandmakeobservationsandexperiments，whichhe，continuedtopursueforaperiodoftwentyyears。Hisfaithinhis，discoverywassoimplicitthathevaccinatedhisownsononthree，severaloccasions。Atlengthhepublishedhisviewsinaquartoof，aboutseventypages，inwhichhegavethedetailsoftwenty-three，casesofsuccessfulvaccinationofindividuals，towhomitwas，foundafterwardsimpossibletocommunicatethesmall-poxeitherby，contagionorinoculation。Itwasin1798thatthistreatisewas，published;thoughhehadbeenworkingouthisideassincetheyear，1775，whentheyhadbeguntoassumeadefiniteform。
Howwasthediscoveryreceived？，Firstwithindifference，thenwith，activehostility。JennerproceededtoLondontoexhibittothe，professiontheprocessofvaccinationanditsresults;butnota，singlemedicalmancouldbeinducedtomaketrialofit，andafter，fruitlesslywaitingfornearlythreemonths，hereturnedtohis，nativevillage。Hewasevencaricaturedandabusedforhisattempt，to“bestialize“hisspeciesbytheintroductionintotheirsystems，ofdiseasedmatterfromthecow’sudder。Vaccinationwasdenounced，fromthepulpitas“diabolical。”，Itwasaverredthatvaccinated，childrenbecame“ox-faced，“thatabscessesbrokeoutto“indicate，sproutinghorns，“andthatthecountenancewasgradually，“transmutedintothevisageofacow，thevoiceintothebellowing，ofbulls。”，Vaccination，however，wasatruth，andnotwithstanding，theviolenceoftheopposition，beliefinitspreadslowly。Inone，village，whereagentlemantriedtointroducethepractice，the，firstpersonswhopermittedthemselvestobevaccinatedwere，absolutelypeltedanddrivenintotheirhousesiftheyappearedout，ofdoors。Twoladiesoftitle-LadyDucieandtheCountessof，Berkeley-totheirhonourbeitremembered-hadthecourageto，vaccinatetheirchildren;andtheprejudicesofthedaywereat，oncebrokenthrough。Themedicalprofessiongraduallycameround，andtherewereseveralwhoevensoughttorobDr。Jennerofthe，meritofthediscovery，whenitsimportancecametoberecognised。
Jenner’scauseatlasttriumphed，andhewaspubliclyhonouredand，rewarded。Inhisprosperityhewasasmodestashehadbeeninhis，obscurity。HewasinvitedtosettleinLondon，andtoldthathe，mightcommandapracticeof10，000L。ayear。Buthisanswerwas，“No！，InthemorningofmydaysIhavesoughtthesequesteredand，lowlypathsoflife-thevalley，andnotthemountain，-andnow，intheeveningofmydays，itisnotmeetformetoholdmyselfup，asanobjectforfortuneandforfame。”，DuringJenner’sownlife-
timethepracticeofvaccinationbecameadoptedalloverthe，civilizedworld;andwhenhedied，histitleasaBenefactorofhis，kindwasrecognisedfarandwide。Cuvierhassaid，“Ifvaccine，weretheonlydiscoveryoftheepoch，itwouldservetorenderit，illustriousforever;yetitknockedtwentytimesinvainatthe，doorsoftheAcademies。”
Notlesspatient，resolute，andperseveringwasSirCharlesBellin，theprosecutionofhisdiscoveriesrelatingtothenervoussystem。
Previoustohistime，themostconfusednotionsprevailedastothe，functionsofthenerves，andthisbranchofstudywaslittlemore，advancedthanithadbeeninthetimesofDemocritusandAnaxagoras，threethousandyearsbefore。SirCharlesBell，inthevaluable，seriesofpapersthepublicationofwhichwascommencedin1821，tookanentirelyoriginalviewofthesubject，baseduponalong，seriesofcareful，accurate，andoft-repeatedexperiments。
Elaboratelytracingthedevelopmentofthenervoussystemupfrom，thelowestorderofanimatedbeing，toman-thelordoftheanimal，kingdom，-hedisplayedit，tousehisownwords，“asplainlyasif，itwerewritteninourmother-tongue。”，Hisdiscoveryconsistedin，thefact，thatthespinalnervesaredoubleintheirfunction，and，arisebydoublerootsfromthespinalmarrow，-volitionbeing，conveyedbythatpartofthenervesspringingfromtheoneroot，andsensationbytheother。ThesubjectoccupiedthemindofSir，CharlesBellforaperiodoffortyyears，when，in1840，helaid，hislastpaperbeforetheRoyalSociety。AsinthecasesofHarvey，andJenner，whenhehadliveddowntheridiculeandoppositionwith，whichhisviewswerefirstreceived，andtheirtruthcametobe，recognised，numerousclaimsforpriorityinmakingthediscovery，weresetupathomeandabroad。Likethem，too，helostpractice，bythepublicationofhispapers;andheleftitonrecordthat，aftereverystepinhisdiscovery，hewasobligedtoworkharder，thanevertopreservehisreputationasapractitioner。Thegreat，meritsofSirCharlesBellwere，however，atlengthfully，recognised;andCuvierhimself，whenonhisdeath-bed，findinghis，facedistortedanddrawntooneside，pointedoutthesymptomto，hisattendantsasaproofofthecorrectnessofSirCharlesBell’s，theory。
Anequallydevotedpursuerofthesamebranchofsciencewasthe，lateDr。MarshallHall，whosenameposteritywillrankwiththose，ofHarvey，Hunter，Jenner，andBell。Duringthewholecourseof，hislongandusefullifehewasamostcarefulandminuteobserver;
andnofact，howeverapparentlyinsignificant，escapedhis，attention。Hisimportantdiscoveryofthediastalticnervous，system，bywhichhisnamewilllongbeknownamongstscientific，men，originatedinanexceedinglysimplecircumstance。When，investigatingthepneumoniccirculationintheTriton，the，decapitatedobjectlayuponthetable;andonseparatingthetail，andaccidentallyprickingtheexternalintegument，heobservedthat，itmovedwithenergy，andbecamecontortedintovariousforms。He，hadnottouchedamuscleoramuscularnerve;whatthenwasthe，natureofthesemovements？，Thesamephenomenahadprobablybeen，oftenobservedbefore，butDr。Hallwasthefirsttoapplyhimself，perseveringlytotheinvestigationoftheircauses;andhe，exclaimedontheoccasion，“IwillneverrestsatisfieduntilI
havefoundallthisout，andmadeitclear。”，Hisattentiontothe，subjectwasalmostincessant;anditisestimatedthatinthe，courseofhislifehedevotednotlessthan25，000hourstoits，experimentalandchemicalinvestigation。Hewasatthesametime，carryingonanextensiveprivatepractice，andofficiatingas，lectureratSt。Thomas’sHospitalandotherMedicalSchools。It，willscarcelybecreditedthatthepaperinwhichheembodiedhis，discoverywasrejectedbytheRoyalSociety，andwasonlyaccepted，afterthelapseofseventeenyears，whenthetruthofhisviewshad，becomeacknowledgedbyscientificmenbothathomeandabroad。
ThelifeofSirWilliamHerschelaffordsanotherremarkable，illustrationoftheforceofperseveranceinanotherbranchof，science。HisfatherwasapoorGermanmusician，whobroughtuphis，foursonstothesamecalling。WilliamcameovertoEnglandto，seekhisfortune，andhejoinedthebandoftheDurhamMilitia，in，whichheplayedtheoboe。TheregimentwaslyingatDoncaster，whereDr。MillerfirstbecameacquaintedwithHerschel，having，heardhimperformasoloontheviolininasurprisingmanner。The，Doctorenteredintoconversationwiththeyouth，andwassopleased，withhim，thatheurgedhimtoleavethemilitiaandtakeuphis，residenceathishouseforatime。Herscheldidso，andwhileat，Doncasterwasprincipallyoccupiedinviolin-playingatconcerts，availinghimselfoftheadvantagesofDr。Miller’slibrarytostudy，athisleisurehours。Aneworganhavingbeenbuiltfortheparish，churchofHalifax，anorganistwasadvertisedfor，onwhich，Herschelappliedfortheoffice，andwasselected。Leadingthe，wanderinglifeofanartist，hewasnextattractedtoBath，where，heplayedinthePump-roomband，andalsoofficiatedasorganistin，theOctagonchapel。Somerecentdiscoveriesinastronomyhaving，arrestedhismind，andawakenedinhimapowerfulspiritof，curiosity，hesoughtandobtainedfromafriendtheloanofatwo-
footGregoriantelescope。Sofascinatedwasthepoormusicianby，thescience，thatheeventhoughtofpurchasingatelescope，but，thepriceaskedbytheLondonopticianwassoalarming，thathe，determinedtomakeone。Thosewhoknowwhatareflectingtelescope，is，andtheskillwhichisrequiredtopreparetheconcavemetallic，speculumwhichformsthemostimportantpartoftheapparatus，will，beabletoformsomeideaofthedifficultyofthisundertaking。
Nevertheless，Herschelsucceeded，afterlongandpainfullabour，in，completingafive-footreflector，withwhichhehadthe，gratificationofobservingtheringandsatellitesofSaturn。Not，satisfiedwithhistriumph，heproceededtomakeotherinstruments，insuccession，ofseven，ten，andeventwentyfeet。In，constructingtheseven-footreflector，hefinishednofewerthan，twohundredspeculabeforeheproducedonethatwouldbearany，powerthatwasappliedtoit，-astrikinginstanceofthe，perseveringlaboriousnessoftheman。Whilegaugingtheheavens，withhisinstruments，hecontinuedpatientlytoearnhisbreadby，pipingtothefashionablefrequentersofthePump-room。Soeager，washeinhisastronomicalobservations，thathewouldstealaway，fromtheroomduringanintervaloftheperformance，givealittle，turnathistelescope，andcontentedlyreturntohisoboe。Thus，workingaway，HerscheldiscoveredtheGeorgiumSidus，theorbitand，rateofmotionofwhichhecarefullycalculated，andsentthe，resulttotheRoyalSociety;whenthehumbleoboeplayerfound，himselfatonceelevatedfromobscuritytofame。Hewasshortly，afterappointedAstronomerRoyal，andbythekindnessofGeorge，III。wasplacedinapositionofhonourablecompetencyforlife。
Heborehishonourswiththesamemeeknessandhumilitywhichhad，distinguishedhiminthedaysofhisobscurity。Sogentleand，patient，andwithalsodistinguishedandsuccessfulafollowerof，scienceunderdifficulties，perhapscannotbefoundintheentire，historyofbiography。
ThecareerofWilliamSmith，thefatherofEnglishgeology，though，perhapslessknown，isnotlessinterestingandinstructiveasan，exampleofpatientandlaboriouseffort，andthediligent，cultivationofopportunities。Hewasbornin1769，thesonofa，yeomanfarmeratChurchill，inOxfordshire。Hisfatherdyingwhen，hewasbutachild，hereceivedaverysparingeducationatthe，villageschool，andeventhatwastoaconsiderableextent，interferedwithbyhiswanderingandsomewhatidlehabitsasaboy。
Hismotherhavingmarriedasecondtime，hewastakeninchargeby，anuncle，alsoafarmer，bywhomhewasbroughtup。Thoughthe，unclewasbynomeanspleasedwiththeboy’sloveofwandering，about，collecting“poundstones，““pundips，“andotherstony，curiositieswhichlayscatteredabouttheadjoiningland，heyet，enabledhimtopurchaseafewofthenecessarybookswherewithto，instructhimselfintherudimentsofgeometryandsurveying;for，theboywasalreadydestinedforthebusinessofaland-surveyor。
Oneofhismarkedcharacteristics，evenasayouth，wasthe，accuracyandkeennessofhisobservation;andwhatheonceclearly，sawheneverforgot。Hebegantodraw，attemptedtocolour，and，practisedtheartsofmensurationandsurveying，allwithout，regularinstruction;andbyhiseffortsinself-culture，heshortly，becamesoproficient，thathewastakenonasassistanttoalocal，surveyorofabilityintheneighbourhood。Incarryingonhis，businesshewasconstantlyunderthenecessityoftraversing，Oxfordshireandtheadjoiningcounties。Oneofthefirstthingshe，seriouslyponderedover，wasthepositionofthevarioussoilsand，stratathatcameunderhisnoticeonthelandswhichhesurveyedor，travelledover;moreespeciallythepositionoftheredearthin，regardtotheliasandsuperincumbentrocks。Thesurveysof，numerouscollierieswhichhewascalledupontomake，gavehim，furtherexperience;andalready，whenonlytwenty-threeyearsof，age，hecontemplatedmakingamodelofthestrataoftheearth。
WhileengagedinlevellingforaproposedcanalinGloucestershire，theideaofagenerallawoccurredtohimrelatingtothestrataof，thatdistrict。Heconceivedthatthestratalyingabovethecoal，werenotlaidhorizontally，butinclined，andinonedirection，towardstheeast;resembling，onalargescale，“theordinary，appearanceofsuperposedslicesofbreadandbutter。”，The，correctnessofthistheoryheshortlyafterconfirmedby，observationsofthestrataintwoparallelvalleys，the“red，ground，““lias，“and“freestone“or“oolite，“beingfoundtocome，downinaneasterndirection，andtosinkbelowthelevel，yielding，placetothenextinsuccession。Hewasshortlyenabledtoverify，thetruthofhisviewsonalargerscale，havingbeenappointedto，examinepersonallyintothemanagementofcanalsinEnglandand，Wales。Duringhisjourneys，whichextendedfromBathtoNewcastle-
on-Tyne，returningbyShropshireandWales，hiskeeneyeswere，neveridleforamoment。Herapidlynotedtheaspectandstructure，ofthecountrythroughwhichhepassedwithhiscompanions，treasuringuphisobservationsforfutureuse。Hisgeologicvision，wassoacute，thatthoughtheroadalongwhichhepassedfromYork，toNewcastleinthepostchaisewasfromfivetofifteenmiles，distantfromthehillsofchalkandooliteontheeast，hewas，satisfiedastotheirnature，bytheircontoursandrelative，position，andtheirrangesonthesurfaceinrelationtothelias，and“redground“occasionallyseenontheroad。
Thegeneralresultsofhisobservationseemtohavebeenthese。He，notedthattherockymassesofcountryinthewesternpartsof，Englandgenerallyinclinedtotheeastandsouth-east;thatthered，sandstonesandmarlsabovethecoalmeasurespassedbeneaththe，lias，clay，andlimestone，thattheseagainpassedbeneaththe，sands，yellowlimestonesandclays，formingthetable-landofthe，CotswoldHills，whiletheseinturnpassedbeneaththegreatchalk，depositsoccupyingtheeasternpartsofEngland。Hefurther，observed，thateachlayerofclay，sand，andlimestonehelditsown，peculiarclassesoffossils;andponderingmuchonthesethings，he，atlengthcametothethenunheard-ofconclusion，thateach，distinctdepositofmarineanimals，intheseseveralstrata，indicatedadistinctsea-bottom，andthateachlayerofclay，sand，chalk，andstone，markedadistinctepochoftimeinthehistoryof，theearth。
Thisideatookfirmpossessionofhismind，andhecouldtalkand，thinkofnothingelse。Atcanalboards，atsheep-shearings，at，countymeetings，andatagriculturalassociations，’StrataSmith，’
ashecametobecalled，wasalwaysrunningoverwiththesubject，thatpossessedhim。Hehadindeedmadeagreatdiscovery，though，hewasasyetamanutterlyunknowninthescientificworld。He，proceededtoprojectamapofthestratificationofEngland;but，wasforsometimedeterredfromproceedingwithit，beingfully，occupiedincarryingouttheworksoftheSomersetshirecoalcanal，whichengagedhimforaperiodofaboutsixyears。Hecontinued，nevertheless，tobeunremittinginhisobservationoffacts;andhe，becamesoexpertinapprehendingtheinternalstructureofa，districtanddetectingthelieofthestratafromitsexternal，configuration，thathewasoftenconsultedrespectingthedrainage，ofextensivetractsofland，inwhich，guidedbyhisgeological，knowledge，heprovedremarkablysuccessful，andacquiredan，extensivereputation。
Oneday，whenlookingoverthecabinetcollectionoffossils，belongingtotheRev。SamuelRichardson，atBath，Smithastonished，hisfriendbysuddenlydisarranginghisclassification，andre-
arrangingthefossilsintheirstratigraphicalorder，saying-
“Thesecamefromthebluelias，thesefromtheover-lyingsandand，freestone，thesefromthefuller’searth，andthesefromtheBath，buildingstone。”，AnewlightflasheduponMr。Richardson’smind，andheshortlybecameaconverttoandbelieverinWilliamSmith’s，doctrine。Thegeologistsofthedaywerenot，however，soeasily，convinced;anditwasscarcelytobetoleratedthatanunknown，land-surveyorshouldpretendtoteachthemthescienceofgeology。
ButWilliamSmithhadaneyeandmindtopenetratedeepbeneaththe，skinoftheearth;hesawitsveryfibreandskeleton，and，asit，were，divineditsorganization。Hisknowledgeofthestratainthe，neighbourhoodofBathwassoaccurate，thatoneevening，when，diningatthehouseoftheRev。JosephTownsend，hedictatedtoMr。
Richardsonthedifferentstrataaccordingtotheirorderof，successionindescendingorder，twenty-threeinnumber，commencing，withthechalkanddescendingincontinuousseriesdowntothe，coal，belowwhichthestratawerenotthensufficientlydetermined。
Tothiswasaddedalistofthemoreremarkablefossilswhichhad，beengatheredintheseverallayersofrock。Thiswasprintedand，extensivelycirculatedin1801。
Henextdeterminedtotraceoutthestratathroughdistrictsas，remotefromBathashismeanswouldenablehimtoreach。Foryears，hejourneyedtoandfro，sometimesonfoot，sometimesonhorseback，ridingonthetopsofstagecoaches，oftenmakingupbynight-
travellingthetimehehadlostbyday，soasnottofailinhis，ordinarybusinessengagements。Whenhewasprofessionallycalled，awaytoanydistancefromhome-as，forinstance，whentravelling，fromBathtoHolkham，inNorfolk，todirecttheirrigationand，drainageofMr。Coke’slandinthatcounty-herodeonhorseback，makingfrequentdetoursfromtheroadtonotethegeological，featuresofthecountrywhichhetraversed。
Forseveralyearshewasthusengagedinhisjourneystodistant，quartersinEnglandandIreland，totheextentofupwardsoften，thousandmilesyearly;anditwasamidstthisincessantand，laborioustravelling，thathecontrivedtocommittopaperhis，fast-growinggeneralizationsonwhatherightlyregardedasanew，science。Noobservation，howsoevertrivialitmightappear，was，neglected，andnoopportunityofcollectingfreshfactswas，overlooked。Wheneverhecould，hepossessedhimselfofrecordsof，borings，naturalandartificialsections，drewthemtoaconstant，scaleofeightyardstotheinch，andcolouredthemup。Ofhis，keennessofobservationtakethefollowingillustration。When，makingoneofhisgeologicalexcursionsaboutthecountrynear，Woburn，ashewasdrawingneartothefootoftheDunstablechalk，hills，heobservedtohiscompanion，“Iftherebeanybrokenground，aboutthefootofthesehills，wemayfindSHARK’STEETH;“andthey，hadnotproceededfar，beforetheypickedupsixfromthewhite，bankofanewfence-ditch。Asheafterwardssaidofhimself，“The，habitofobservationcreptonme，gainedasettlementinmymind，becameaconstantassociateofmylife，andstartedupinactivity，atthefirstthoughtofajourney;sothatIgenerallywentoff，wellpreparedwithmaps，andsometimeswithcontemplationsonits，objects，oronthoseontheroad，reducedtowritingbeforeit，commenced。Mymindwas，therefore，likethecanvasofapainter，wellpreparedforthefirstandbestimpressions。”
Notwithstandinghiscourageousandindefatigableindustry，many，circumstancescontributedtopreventthepromisedpublicationof，WilliamSmith’s’MapoftheStrataofEnglandandWales，’andit，wasnotuntil1814thathewasenabled，bytheassistanceofsome，friends，togivetotheworldthefruitsofhistwentyyears’
incessantlabour。Toprosecutehisinquiries，andcollectthe，extensiveseriesoffactsandobservationsrequisiteforhis，purpose，hehadtoexpendthewholeoftheprofitsofhis，professionallaboursduringthatperiod;andheevensoldoffhis，smallpropertytoprovidethemeansofvisitingremoterpartsof，theisland。Meanwhilehehadenteredonaquarryingspeculation，nearBath，whichprovedunsuccessful，andhewasunderthe，necessityofsellinghisgeologicalcollection(whichwaspurchased，bytheBritishMuseum)，hisfurnitureandlibrary，reservingonly，hispapers，maps，andsections，whichwereuselesssavetohimself。
Heborehislossesandmisfortuneswithexemplaryfortitude;and，amidstall，hewentonworkingwithcheerfulcourageanduntiring，patience。HediedatNorthampton，inAugust，1839，whileonhis，waytoattendthemeetingoftheBritishAssociationatBirmingham。
Itisdifficulttospeakintermsoftoohighpraiseofthefirst，geologicalmapofEngland，whichweowetotheindustryofthis，courageousmanofscience。Anaccomplishedwritersaysofit，“It，wasaworksomasterlyinconceptionandsocorrectingeneral，outline，thatinprincipleitservedasabasisnotonlyforthe，productionoflatermapsoftheBritishIslands，butforgeological，mapsofallotherpartsoftheworld，wherevertheyhavebeen，undertaken。IntheapartmentsoftheGeologicalSocietySmith’s，mapmayyetbeseen-agreathistoricaldocument，oldandworn，callingforrenewalofitsfadedtints。Letanyoneconversant，withthesubjectcompareitwithlaterworksonasimilarscale，andhewillfindthatinallessentialfeaturesitwillnotsuffer，bythecomparison-theintricateanatomyoftheSilurianrocksof，WalesandthenorthofEnglandbyMurchisonandSedgwickbeingthe，chiefadditionsmadetohisgreatgeneralizations。”(20)，The，geniusoftheOxfordshiresurveyordidnotfailtobeduly，recognisedandhonouredbymenofscienceduringhislifetime。In，1831theGeologicalSocietyofLondonawardedtohimtheWollaston，medal，“inconsiderationofhisbeingagreatoriginaldiscoverer，inEnglishgeology，andespeciallyforhisbeingthefirstinthis，countrytodiscoverandtoteachtheidentificationofstrata，and，todeterminetheirsuccessionbymeansoftheirimbeddedfossils。”
WilliamSmith，inhissimple，earnestway，gainedforhimselfa，nameaslastingasthesciencehelovedsowell。Tousethewords，ofthewriterabovequoted，“Tillthemanneraswellasthefactof，thefirstappearanceofsuccessiveformsoflifeshallbesolved，itisnoteasytosurmisehowanydiscoverycanbemadeingeology，equalinvaluetothatwhichweowetothegeniusofWilliam，Smith。”
HughMillerwasamanoflikeobservantfaculties，whostudied，literatureaswellassciencewithzealandsuccess。Thebookin，whichhehastoldthestoryofhislife，(’MySchoolsand，Schoolmasters’)，isextremelyinteresting，andcalculatedtobe，eminentlyuseful。Itisthehistoryoftheformationofatruly，noblecharacterinthehumblestconditionoflife;andinculcates，mostpowerfullythelessonsofself-help，self-respect，andself-
dependence。WhileHughwasbutachild，hisfather，whowasa，sailor，wasdrownedatsea，andhewasbroughtupbyhiswidowed，mother。Hehadaschooltrainingafterasort，buthisbest，teachersweretheboyswithwhomheplayed，themenamongstwhomhe，worked，thefriendsandrelativeswithwhomhelived。Hereadmuch，andmiscellaneously，andpickedupoddsortsofknowledgefrommany，quarters，-fromworkmen，carpenters，fishermenandsailors，and，aboveall，fromtheoldbouldersstrewedalongtheshoresofthe，CromartyFrith。Withabighammerwhichhadbelongedtohisgreat-
grandfather，anoldbuccaneer，theboywentaboutchippingthe，stones，andaccumulatingspecimensofmica，porphyry，garnet，and，suchlike。Sometimeshehadadayinthewoods，andthere，too，theboy’sattentionwasexcitedbythepeculiargeological，curiositieswhichcameinhisway。Whilesearchingamongtherocks，onthebeach，hewassometimesasked，inirony，bythefarm，servantswhocametoloadtheircartswithsea-weed，whetherhe，“wasgettin’sillerinthestanes，“butwassounluckyasneverto，beabletoanswerintheaffirmative。Whenofasuitableagehe，wasapprenticedtothetradeofhischoice-thatofaworking，stonemason;andhebeganhislabouringcareerinaquarrylooking，outupontheCromartyFrith。Thisquarryprovedoneofhisbest，schools。Theremarkablegeologicalformationswhichitdisplayed，awakenedhiscuriosity。Thebarofdeep-redstonebeneath，andthe，barofpale-redclayabove，werenotedbytheyoungquarryman，who，eveninsuchunpromisingsubjectsfoundmatterforobservationand，reflection。Whereothermensawnothing，hedetectedanalogies，differences，andpeculiarities，whichsethima-thinking。He，simplykepthiseyesandhismindopen;wassober，diligent，and，persevering;andthiswasthesecretofhisintellectualgrowth。
Hiscuriositywasexcitedandkeptalivebythecuriousorganic，remains，principallyofoldandextinctspeciesoffishes，ferns，andammonites，whichwererevealedalongthecoastbythewashings，ofthewaves，orwereexposedbythestrokeofhismason’shammer。
Heneverlostsightofthesubject;butwentonaccumulating，observationsandcomparingformations，untilatlength，manyyears，afterwards，whennolongeraworkingmason，hegavetotheworld，hishighlyinterestingworkontheOldRedSandstone，whichatonce，establishedhisreputationasascientificgeologist。Butthis，workwasthefruitoflongyearsofpatientobservationand，research。Ashemodestlystatesinhisautobiography，“theonly，merittowhichIlayclaiminthecaseisthatofpatientresearch，-ameritinwhichwhoeverwillsmayrivalorsurpassme;andthis，humblefacultyofpatience，whenrightlydeveloped，mayleadto，moreextraordinarydevelopmentsofideathanevengeniusitself。”
ThelateJohnBrown，theeminentEnglishgeologist，was，like，Miller，astonemasoninhisearlylife，servinganapprenticeship，tothetradeatColchester，andafterwardsworkingasajourneyman，masonatNorwich。Hebeganbusinessasabuilderonhisown，accountatColchester，wherebyfrugalityandindustryhesecureda，competency。Itwaswhileworkingathistradethathisattention，wasfirstdrawntothestudyoffossilsandshells;andhe，proceededtomakeacollectionofthem，whichafterwardsgrewinto，oneofthefinestinEngland。Hisresearchesalongthecoastsof，Essex，Kent，andSussexbroughttolightsomemagnificentremains，oftheelephantandrhinoceros，themostvaluableofwhichwere，presentedbyhimtotheBritishMuseum。Duringthelastfewyears，ofhislifehedevotedconsiderableattentiontothestudyofthe，Foraminiferainchalk，respectingwhichhemadeseveralinteresting，discoveries。Hislifewasuseful，happy，andhonoured;andhedied，atStanway，inEssex，inNovember1859，attheripeageofeighty，years。
Notlongago，SirRoderickMurchisondiscoveredatThurso，inthe，farnorthofScotland，aprofoundgeologist，inthepersonofa，bakerthere，namedRobertDick。WhenSirRoderickcalleduponhim，atthebakehouseinwhichhebakedandearnedhisbread，Robert，Dickdelineatedtohim，bymeansofflourupontheboard，the，geographicalfeaturesandgeologicalphenomenaofhisnative，county，pointingouttheimperfectionsintheexistingmaps，which，hehadascertainedbytravellingoverthecountryinhisleisure，hours。Onfurtherinquiry，SirRoderickascertainedthatthe，humbleindividualbeforehimwasnotonlyacapitalbakerand，geologist，butafirst-ratebotanist。”Ifound，“saidthe，PresidentoftheGeographicalSociety，“tomygreathumiliation，thatthebakerknewinfinitelymoreofbotanicalscience，ay，ten，timesmore，thanIdid;andthattherewereonlysometwentyor，thirtyspecimensofflowerswhichhehadnotcollected。Somehe，hadobtainedaspresents，somehehadpurchased，butthegreater，portionhadbeenaccumulatedbyhisindustry，inhisnativecounty，ofCaithness;andthespecimenswereallarrangedinthemost，beautifulorder，withtheirscientificnamesaffixed。”
SirRoderickMurchisonhimselfisanillustriousfollowerofthese，andkindredbranchesofscience。Awriterinthe’Quarterly，Review’citeshimasa“singularinstanceofamanwho，having，passedtheearlypartofhislifeasasoldier，neverhavinghad，theadvantage，ordisadvantageasthecasemighthavebeen，ofa，scientifictraining，insteadofremainingafox-huntingcountry，gentleman，hassucceededbyhisownnativevigourandsagacity，untiringindustryandzeal，inmakingforhimselfascientific，reputationthatisaswideasitislikelytobelasting。Hetook，firstofallanunexploredanddifficultdistrictathome，and，by，thelabourofmanyyears，examineditsrock-formations，classed，theminnaturalgroups，assignedtoeachitscharacteristic，assemblageoffossils，andwasthefirsttodeciphertwogreat，chaptersintheworld’sgeologicalhistory，whichmustalways，henceforthcarryhisnameontheirtitle-page。Notonlyso，buthe，appliedtheknowledgethusacquiredtothedissectionoflarge，districts，bothathomeandabroad，soastobecomethegeological，discovererofgreatcountrieswhichhadformerlybeen’terrae，incognitae。’“ButSirRoderickMurchisonisnotmerelya，geologist。Hisindefatigablelaboursinmanybranchesofknowledge，havecontributedtorenderhimamongthemostaccomplishedand，completeofscientificmen。
CHAPTERVI-WORKERSINART
“Ifwhatshoneafarsogrand，Turntonothinginthyhand，Onagain;thevirtuelies，In，struggle，nottheprize。”-R。M。Milnes。
“Excelle，ettuvivras。”-Joubert。
Excellenceinart，asineverythingelse，canonlybeachievedby，dintofpainstakinglabour。
Thereisnothinglessaccidentalthanthepaintingofafine，pictureorthechisellingofanoblestatue。Everyskilledtouch，oftheartist’sbrushorchisel，thoughguidedbygenius，isthe，productofunremittingstudy。
SirJoshuaReynoldswassuchabelieverintheforceofindustry，thatheheldthatartisticexcellence，“howeverexpressedby，genius，taste，orthegiftofheaven，maybeacquired。”，Writingto，Barryhesaid，“Whoeverisresolvedtoexcelinpainting，orindeed，anyotherart，mustbringallhismindtobearuponthatoneobject，fromthemomentthatherisestillhegoestobed。”，Andonanother，occasionhesaid，“Thosewhoareresolvedtoexcelmustgototheir，work，willingorunwilling，morning，noon，andnight：，theywill，finditnoplay，butveryhardlabour。”，Butalthoughdiligent，applicationisnodoubtabsolutelynecessaryfortheachievementof，thehighestdistinctioninart，itisequallytruethatwithoutthe，inborngenius，noamountofmereindustry，howeverwellapplied，willmakeanartist。Thegiftcomesbynature，butisperfectedby，self-culture，whichisofmoreavailthanalltheimparted，educationoftheschools。
Someofthegreatestartistshavehadtoforcetheirwayupwardin，thefaceofpovertyandmanifoldobstructions。Illustrious，instanceswillatonceflashuponthereader’smind。Claude，Lorraine，thepastrycook;Tintoretto，thedyer;thetwo，Caravaggios，theoneacolour-grinder，theotheramortar-carrier，attheVatican;SalvatorRosa，theassociateofbandits;Giotto，thepeasantboy;Zingaro，thegipsy;Cavedone，turnedoutofdoors，tobegbyhisfather;Canova，thestone-cutter;these，andmany，otherwell-knownartists，succeededinachievingdistinctionby，severestudyandlabour，undercircumstancesthemostadverse。
Norhavethemostdistinguishedartistsofourowncountrybeen，borninapositionoflifemorethanordinarilyfavourabletothe，cultureofartisticgenius。GainsboroughandBaconwerethesons，ofcloth-workers;BarrywasanIrishsailorboy，andMaclisea，banker’sapprenticeatCork;OpieandRomney，likeInigoJones，werecarpenters;WestwasthesonofasmallQuakerfarmerin，Pennsylvania;Northcotewasawatchmaker，Jacksonatailor，and，Ettyaprinter;Reynolds，Wilson，andWilkie，werethesonsof，clergymen;Lawrencewasthesonofapublican，andTurnerofa，barber。Severalofourpainters，itistrue，originallyhadsome，connectionwithart，thoughinaveryhumbleway，-suchas，Flaxman，whosefathersoldplastercasts;Bird，whoornamentedtea-
trays;Martin，whowasacoach-painter;WrightandGilpin，whowere，ship-painters;Chantrey，whowasacarverandgilder;andDavid，Cox，Stanfield，andRoberts，whowerescene-painters。
Itwasnotbyluckoraccidentthatthesemenachieveddistinction，butbysheerindustryandhardwork。Thoughsomeachievedwealth，yetthiswasrarely，ifever，therulingmotive。Indeed，nomere，loveofmoneycouldsustaintheeffortsoftheartistinhisearly，careerofself-denialandapplication。Thepleasureofthepursuit，hasalwaysbeenitsbestreward;thewealthwhichfollowedbutan，accident。Manynoble-mindedartistshavepreferredfollowingthe，bentoftheirgenius，tochafferingwiththepublicforterms。
SpagnolettoverifiedinhislifethebeautifulfictionofXenophon，andafterhehadacquiredthemeansofluxury，preferred，withdrawinghimselffromtheirinfluence，andvoluntarilyreturned，topovertyandlabour。WhenMichaelAngelowasaskedhisopinion，respectingaworkwhichapainterhadtakengreatpainstoexhibit，forprofit，hesaid，“Ithinkthathewillbeapoorfellowsolong，asheshowssuchanextremeeagernesstobecomerich。”
LikeSirJoshuaReynolds，MichaelAngelowasagreatbelieverin，theforceoflabour;andheheldthattherewasnothingwhichthe，imaginationconceived，thatcouldnotbeembodiedinmarble，ifthe，handweremadevigorouslytoobeythemind。Hewashimselfoneof，themostindefatigableofworkers;andheattributedhispowerof，studyingforagreaternumberofhoursthanmostofhis，contemporaries，tohissparehabitsofliving。Alittlebreadand，winewasallherequiredforthechiefpartofthedaywhen，employedathiswork;andveryfrequentlyheroseinthemiddleof，thenighttoresumehislabours。Ontheseoccasions，itwashis，practicetofixthecandle，bythelightofwhichhechiselled，on，thesummitofapaste-boardcapwhichhewore。Sometimeshewas，tooweariedtoundress，andhesleptinhisclothes，readyto，springtohisworksosoonasrefreshedbysleep。Hehada，favouritedeviceofanoldmaninago-cart，withanhour-glass，uponitbearingtheinscription，ANCORAIMPARO！，StillIam，learning。
Titian，also，wasanindefatigableworker。Hiscelebrated“Pietro，Martire“waseightyearsinhand，andhis“LastSupper“seven。In，hislettertoCharlesV。hesaid，“IsendyourMajestythe’Last，Supper’afterworkingatitalmostdailyforsevenyears-DOPO
SETTEANNILAVORANDOVIQUASICONTINUAMENTE。”，Fewthinkofthe，patientlabourandlongtraininginvolvedinthegreatestworksof，theartist。Theyseemeasyandquicklyaccomplished，yetwithhow，greatdifficultyhasthiseasebeenacquired。”Youchargemefifty，sequins，“saidtheVenetiannoblemantothesculptor，“forabust，thatcostyouonlytendays’labour。”，“Youforget，“saidthe，artist，“thatIhavebeenthirtyyearslearningtomakethatbust，intendays。”，OncewhenDomenichinowasblamedforhisslownessin，finishingapicturewhichwasbespoken，hemadeanswer，“Iam，continuallypaintingitwithinmyself。”，Itwaseminently，characteristicoftheindustryofthelateSirAugustusCallcott，thathemadenotfewerthanfortyseparatesketchesinthe，compositionofhisfamouspictureof“Rochester。”，Thisconstant，repetitionisoneofthemainconditionsofsuccessinart，asin，lifeitself。
Nomatterhowgenerousnaturehasbeeninbestowingthegiftof，genius，thepursuitofartisneverthelessalongandcontinuous，labour。Manyartistshavebeenprecocious，butwithoutdiligence，theirprecocitywouldhavecometonothing。Theanecdoterelated，ofWestiswellknown。Whenonlysevenyearsold，struckwiththe，beautyofthesleepinginfantofhiseldestsisterwhilstwatching，byitscradle，herantoseeksomepaperandforthwithdrewits，portraitinredandblackink。Thelittleincidentrevealedthe，artistinhim，anditwasfoundimpossibletodrawhimfromhis，bent。Westmighthavebeenagreaterpainter，hadhenotbeen，injuredbytooearlysuccess：，hisfame，thoughgreat，wasnot，purchasedbystudy，trials，anddifficulties，andithasnotbeen，enduring。
RichardWilson，whenamerechild，indulgedhimselfwithtracing，figuresofmenandanimalsonthewallsofhisfather’shouse，with，aburntstick。Hefirstdirectedhisattentiontoportrait，painting;butwheninItaly，callingonedayatthehouseof，Zucarelli，andgrowingwearywithwaiting，hebeganpaintingthe，sceneonwhichhisfriend’schamberwindowlooked。WhenZucarelli，arrived，hewassocharmedwiththepicture，thatheaskedif，Wilsonhadnotstudiedlandscape，towhichherepliedthathehad，not。”Then，Iadviseyou，“saidtheother，“totry;foryouare，sureofgreatsuccess。”，Wilsonadoptedtheadvice，studiedand，workedhard，andbecameourfirstgreatEnglishlandscapepainter。
SirJoshuaReynolds，whenaboy，forgothislessons，andtook，pleasureonlyindrawing，forwhichhisfatherwasaccustomedto，rebukehim。Theboywasdestinedfortheprofessionofphysic，but，hisstronginstinctforartcouldnotberepressed，andhebecamea，painter。Gainsboroughwentsketching，whenaschoolboy，inthe，woodsofSudbury;andattwelvehewasaconfirmedartist：，hewas，akeenobserverandahardworker，-nopicturesquefeatureofany，scenehehadoncelookedupon，escapinghisdiligentpencil。
WilliamBlake，ahosier’sson，employedhimselfindrawingdesigns，onthebacksofhisfather’sshop-bills，andmakingsketchesonthe，counter。EdwardBird，whenachildonlythreeorfouryearsold，wouldmountachairanddrawfiguresonthewalls，whichhecalled，FrenchandEnglishsoldiers。Aboxofcolourswaspurchasedfor，him，andhisfather，desirousofturninghisloveofartto，account，puthimapprenticetoamakeroftea-trays！，Outofthis，tradehegraduallyraisedhimself，bystudyandlabour，totherank，ofaRoyalAcademician。
