ThecareerofthelateWilliamJackson，authorof’TheDeliverance，ofIsrael，’anoratoriowhichhasbeensuccessfullyperformedin，theprincipaltownsofhisnativecountyofYork，furnishesan，interestingillustrationofthetriumphofperseveranceover，difficultiesinthepursuitofmusicalscience。Hewasthesonof，amilleratMasham，alittletownsituatedinthevalleyofthe，Yore，inthenorth-westcornerofYorkshire。Musicaltasteseems，tohavebeenhereditaryinthefamily，forhisfatherplayedthe，fifeinthebandoftheMashamVolunteers，andwasasingerinthe，parishchoir。Hisgrandfatheralsowasleadingsingerandringer，atMashamChurch;andoneoftheboy’searliestmusicaltreatswas，tobepresentatthebellpealingonSundaymornings。Duringthe，service，hiswonderwasstillmoreexcitedbytheorganist’s，performanceonthebarrel-organ，thedoorsofwhichwerethrown，openbehindtoletthesoundfullyintothechurch，bywhichthe，stops，pipes，barrels，staples，keyboard，andjacks，werefully，exposed，tothewondermentofthelittleboyssittinginthe，gallerybehind，andtononemorethanouryoungmusician。Ateight，yearsofagehebegantoplayuponhisfather’soldfife，which，however，wouldnotsoundD;buthismotherremediedthedifficulty，bybuyingforhimaone-keyedflute;andshortlyafter，agentleman，oftheneighbourhoodpresentedhimwithaflutewithfoursilver，keys。Astheboymadenoprogresswithhis“booklearning，“being，fonderofcricket，fives，andboxing，thanofhisschoollessons-
thevillageschoolmastergivinghimupas“abadjob“-hisparents，senthimofftoaschoolatPateleyBridge。Whiletherehefound，congenialsocietyinaclubofvillagechoralsingersatBrighouse，Gate，andwiththemhelearntthesol-fa-inggamutontheold，Englishplan。Hewasthuswelldrilledinthereadingofmusic，in，whichhesoonbecameaproficient。Hisprogressastonishedthe，club，andhereturnedhomefullofmusicalambition。Henowlearnt，toplayuponhisfather’soldpiano，butwithlittlemelodious，result;andhebecameeagertopossessafinger-organ，buthadno，meansofprocuringone。Aboutthistime，aneighbouringparish，clerkhadpurchased，foraninsignificantsum，asmalldisabled，barrel-organ，whichhadgonethecircuitofthenortherncounties，withashow。Theclerktriedtorevivethetonesofthe，instrument，butfailed;atlasthebethoughthimthathewouldtry，theskillofyoungJackson，whohadsucceededinmakingsome，alterationsandimprovementsinthehand-organoftheparish，church。Heaccordinglybroughtittothelad’shouseinadonkey，cart，andinashorttimetheinstrumentwasrepaired，andplayed，overitsoldtunesagain，greatlytotheowner’ssatisfaction。
Thethoughtnowhauntedtheyouththathecouldmakeabarrel-
organ，andhedeterminedtodoso。Hisfatherandhesettowork，andthoughwithoutpracticeincarpentering，yet，bydintofhard，labourandaftermanyfailures，theyatlastsucceeded;andan，organwasconstructedwhichplayedtentunesverydecently，andthe，instrumentwasgenerallyregardedasamarvelintheneighbourhood。
YoungJacksonwasnowfrequentlysentfortorepairoldchurch，organs，andtoputnewmusicuponthebarrelswhichheaddedto，them。Allthisheaccomplishedtothesatisfactionofhis，employers，afterwhichheproceededwiththeconstructionofa，four-stopfinger-organ，adaptingtoitthekeysofanold，harpsichord。Thishelearnttoplayupon，-studying’Callcott’s，ThoroughBass’intheevening，andworkingathistradeofamiller，duringtheday;occasionallyalsotrampingaboutthecountryasa，“cadger，“withanassandacart。Duringsummerheworkedinthe，fields，atturnip-time，hay-time，andharvest，butwasnever，withoutthesolaceofmusicinhisleisureeveninghours。Henext，triedhishandatmusicalcomposition，andtwelveofhisanthems，wereshowntothelateMr。Camidge，ofYork，as“theproductionof，amiller’sladoffourteen。”，Mr。Camidgewaspleasedwiththem，markedtheobjectionablepassages，andreturnedthemwiththe，encouragingremark，thattheydidtheyouthgreatcredit，andthat，hemust“goonwriting。”
AvillagebandhavingbeensetonfootatMasham，youngJackson，joinedit，andwasultimatelyappointedleader。Heplayedallthe，instrumentsbyturns，andthusacquiredaconsiderablepractical，knowledgeofhisart：，healsocomposednumeroustunesforthe，band。Anewfinger-organhavingbeenpresentedtotheparish，church，hewasappointedtheorganist。Henowgaveuphis，employmentasajourneymanmiller，andcommencedtallow-chandling，stillemployinghissparehoursinthestudyofmusic。In1839he，publishedhisfirstanthem-’Forjoyletfertilevalleyssing;’
andinthefollowingyearhegainedthefirstprizefromthe，HuddersfieldGleeClub，forhis’SistersoftheLea。’，Hisother，anthem’Godbemercifultous，’andthe103rdPsalm，writtenfora，doublechorusandorchestra，arewellknown。Inthemidstofthese，minorworks，Jacksonproceededwiththecompositionofhis，oratorio，-’TheDeliveranceofIsraelfromBabylon。’，Hispractice，was，tojotdownasketchoftheideasastheypresentedthemselves，tohismind，andtowritethemoutinscoreintheevenings，after，hehadlefthisworkinthecandle-shop。Hisoratoriowas，publishedinparts，inthecourseof1844-5，andhepublishedthe，lastchorusonhistwenty-ninthbirthday。Theworkwasexceedingly，wellreceived，andhasbeenfrequentlyperformedwithmuchsuccess，inthenortherntowns。Mr。Jacksoneventuallysettledasa，professorofmusicatBradford，wherehecontributedinnosmall，degreetothecultivationofthemusicaltasteofthattownandits，neighbourhood。Someyearssincehehadthehonourofleadinghis，finecompanyofBradfordchoralsingersbeforeHerMajestyat，BuckinghamPalace;onwhichoccasion，aswellasattheCrystal，Palace，somechoralpiecesofhiscomposition，wereperformedwith，greateffect。(22)
Suchisabriefoutlineofthecareerofaself-taughtmusician，whoselifeaffordsbutanotherillustrationofthepowerofself-
help，andtheforceofcourageandindustryinenablingamanto，surmountandovercomeearlydifficultiesandobstructionsofno，ordinarykind。
CHAPTERVII-INDUSTRYANDTHEPEERAGE
“Heeitherfearshisfatetoomuch，Orhisdesertsaresmall，Thatdaresnotputittothetouch，Togainorloseitall。”-MarquisofMontrose。
“Hehathputdownthemightyfromtheirseats;andexaltedthemof，lowdegree。”-St。Luke。
WehavealreadyreferredtosomeillustriousCommonersraisedfrom，humbletoelevatedpositionsbythepowerofapplicationand，industry;andwemightpointtoeventhePeerageitselfas，affordingequallyinstructiveexamples。OnereasonwhythePeerage，ofEnglandhassucceededsowellinholdingitsown，arisesfrom，thefactthat，unlikethepeeragesofothercountries，ithasbeen，fed，fromtimetotime，bythebestindustrialbloodofthecountry，-thevery“liver，heart，andbrainofBritain。”，Likethefabled，Antaeus，ithasbeeninvigoratedandrefreshedbytouchingits，motherearth，andminglingwiththatmostancientorderofnobility，-theworkingorder。
Thebloodofallmenflowsfromequallyremotesources;andthough，someareunabletotracetheirlinedirectlybeyondtheir，grandfathers，allareneverthelessjustifiedinplacingatthehead，oftheirpedigreethegreatprogenitorsoftherace，asLord，Chesterfielddidwhenhewrote，“ADAMDESTANHOPE-EVEDE
STANHOPE。”，Noclassiseverlongstationary。Themightyfall，and，thehumbleareexalted。Newfamiliestaketheplaceoftheold，whodisappearamongtheranksofthecommonpeople。Burke’s，’VicissitudesofFamilies’strikinglyexhibitthisriseandfallof，families，andshowthatthemisfortuneswhichovertaketherichand，noblearegreaterinproportionthanthosewhichoverwhelmthe，poor。Thisauthorpointsoutthatofthetwenty-fivebarons，selectedtoenforcetheobservanceofMagnaCharta，thereisnot，nowintheHouseofPeersasinglemaledescendant。Civilwarsand，rebellionsruinedmanyoftheoldnobilityanddispersedtheir，families。Yettheirdescendantsinmanycasessurvive，andareto，befoundamongtheranksofthepeople。Fullerwroteinhis，’Worthies，’that“somewhojustlyholdthesurnamesofBohuns，Mortimers，andPlantagenets，arehidintheheapofcommonmen。”
ThusBurkeshowsthattwoofthelinealdescendantsoftheEarlof，Kent，sixthsonofEdwardI。werediscoveredinabutcheranda，toll-gatherer;thatthegreatgrandsonofMargaretPlantagenet，daughteroftheDukeofClarance，sanktotheconditionofa，cobbleratNewport，inShropshire;andthatamongthelineal，descendantsoftheDukeofGloucester，sonofEdwardIII。wasthe，latesextonofStGeorge’s，HanoverSquare。Itisunderstoodthat，thelinealdescendantofSimondeMontfort，England’spremier，baron，isasaddlerinTooleyStreet。Oneofthedescendantsof，the“ProudPercys，“aclaimantofthetitleofDukeof，Northumberland，wasaDublintrunk-maker;andnotmanyyearssince，oneoftheclaimantsforthetitleofEarlofPerthpresented，himselfinthepersonofalabourerinaNorthumberlandcoal-pit。
HughMiller，whenworkingasastone-masonnearEdinburgh，was，servedbyahodman，whowasoneofthenumerousclaimantsforthe，earldomofCrauford-allthatwaswantedtoestablishhisclaim，beingamissingmarriagecertificate;andwhiletheworkwasgoing，on，thecryresoundedfromthewallsmanytimesintheday，of-
“John，YearlCrauford，bringusanitherhodo’lime。”，OneofOliver，Cromwell’sgreatgrandsonswasagroceronSnowHill，andothersof，hisdescendantsdiedingreatpoverty。Manybaronsofproudnames，andtitleshaveperished，likethesloth，upontheirfamilytree，aftereatingupalltheleaves;whileothershavebeenovertakenby，adversitieswhichtheyhavebeenunabletoretrieve，andsunkat，lastintopovertyandobscurity。Sucharethemutabilitiesofrank，andfortune。
Thegreatbulkofourpeerageiscomparativelymodern，sofaras，thetitlesgo;butitisnotthelessnoblethatithasbeen，recruitedtosolargeanextentfromtheranksofhonourable，industry。Inoldentimes，thewealthandcommerceofLondon，conductedasitwasbyenergeticandenterprisingmen，wasa，prolificsourceofpeerages。Thus，theearldomofCornwalliswas，foundedbyThomasCornwallis，theCheapsidemerchant;thatofEssex，byWilliamCapel，thedraper;andthatofCravenbyWilliamCraven，themerchanttailor。ThemodernEarlofWarwickisnotdescended，fromthe“King-maker，“butfromWilliamGreville，thewoolstapler;
whilstthemoderndukesofNorthumberlandfindtheirhead，notin，thePercies，butinHughSmithson，arespectableLondonapothecary。
ThefoundersofthefamiliesofDartmouth，Radnor，Ducie，and，Pomfret，wererespectivelyaskinner，asilkmanufacturer，a，merchanttailor，andaCalaismerchant;whilstthefoundersofthe，peeragesofTankerville，Dormer，andCoventry，weremercers。The，ancestorsofEarlRomney，andLordDudleyandWard，weregoldsmiths，andjewellers;andLordDacreswasabankerinthereignofCharles，I。asLordOverstoneisinthatofQueenVictoria。Edward，Osborne，thefounderoftheDukedomofLeeds，wasapprenticeto，WilliamHewet，arichclothworkeronLondonBridge，whoseonly，daughterhecourageouslyrescuedfromdrowning，byleapingintothe，Thamesafterher，andeventuallymarried。Amongotherpeerages，foundedbytradearethoseofFitzwilliam，Leigh，Petre，Cowper，Darnley，Hill，andCarrington。ThefoundersofthehousesofFoley，andNormanbywereremarkablemeninmanyrespects，and，as，furnishingstrikingexamplesofenergyofcharacter，thestoryof，theirlivesisworthyofpreservation。
ThefatherofRichardFoley，thefounderofthefamily，wasasmall，yeomanlivingintheneighbourhoodofStourbridgeinthetimeof，CharlesI。Thatplacewasthenthecentreoftheironmanufacture，ofthemidlanddistricts，andRichardwasbroughtuptoworkatone，ofthebranchesofthetrade-thatofnail-making。Hewasthusa，dailyobserverofthegreatlabourandlossoftimecausedbythe，clumsyprocessthenadoptedfordividingtherodsofironinthe，manufactureofnails。ItappearedthattheStourbridgenailers，weregraduallylosingtheirtradeinconsequenceoftheimportation，ofnailsfromSweden，bywhichtheywereundersoldinthemarket。
ItbecameknownthattheSwedeswereenabledtomaketheirnailsso，muchcheaper，bytheuseofsplittingmillsandmachinery，which，hadcompletelysupersededthelaboriousprocessofpreparingthe，rodsfornail-makingthenpractisedinEngland。
RichardFoley，havingascertainedthismuch，determinedtomake，himselfmasterofthenewprocess。Hesuddenlydisappearedfrom，theneighbourhoodofStourbridge，andwasnotheardofforseveral，years。Nooneknewwhitherhehadgone，notevenhisownfamily;
forhehadnotinformedthemofhisintention，lestheshouldfail。
Hehadlittleornomoneyinhispocket，butcontrivedtogetto，Hull，whereheengagedhimselfonboardashipboundforaSwedish，port，andworkedhispassagethere。Theonlyarticleofproperty，whichhepossessedwashisfiddle，andonlandinginSwedenhe，beggedandfiddledhiswaytotheDannemoramines，nearUpsala。He，wasacapitalmusician，aswellasapleasantfellow，andsoon，ingratiatedhimselfwiththeiron-workers。Hewasreceivedinto，theworks，toeverypartofwhichhehadaccess;andheseizedthe，opportunitythusaffordedhimofstoringhismindwith，observations，andmastering，ashethought，themechanismofiron，splitting。Afteracontinuedstayforthispurpose，hesuddenly，disappearedfromamongsthiskindfriendstheminers-nooneknew，whither。
ReturnedtoEngland，hecommunicatedtheresultsofhisvoyageto，Mr。KnightandanotherpersonatStourbridge，whohadsufficient，confidenceinhimtoadvancetherequisitefundsforthepurposeof，erectingbuildingsandmachineryforsplittingironbythenew，process。Butwhensettowork，tothegreatvexationand，disappointmentofall，andespeciallyofRichardFoley，itwas，foundthatthemachinerywouldnotact-atalleventsitwouldnot，splitthebarsofiron。AgainFoleydisappeared。Itwasthought，thatshameandmortificationathisfailurehaddrivenhimawayfor，ever。Notso！，Foleyhaddeterminedtomasterthissecretofiron-
splitting，andhewouldyetdoit。Hehadagainsetoutfor，Sweden，accompaniedbyhisfiddleasbefore，andfoundhiswayto，theironworks，wherehewasjoyfullywelcomedbytheminers;and，tomakesureoftheirfiddler，theythistimelodgedhiminthe，verysplitting-millitself。Therewassuchanapparentabsenceof，intelligenceabouttheman，exceptinfiddle-playing，thatthe，minersentertainednosuspicionsastotheobjectoftheir，minstrel，whomtheythusenabledtoattaintheveryendandaimof，hislife。Henowcarefullyexaminedtheworks，andsoondiscovered，thecauseofhisfailure。Hemadedrawingsortracingsofthe，machineryaswellashecould，thoughthiswasabranchofart，quitenewtohim;andafterremainingattheplacelongenoughto，enablehimtoverifyhisobservations，andtoimpressthe，mechanicalarrangementsclearlyandvividlyonhismind，heagain，lefttheminers，reachedaSwedishport，andtookshipforEngland。
Amanofsuchpurposecouldnotbutsucceed。Arrivedamongsthis，surprisedfriends，henowcompletedhisarrangements，andthe，resultswereentirelysuccessful。Byhisskillandhisindustryhe，soonlaidthefoundationsofalargefortune，atthesametimethat，herestoredthebusinessofanextensivedistrict。Hehimself，continued，duringhislife，tocarryonhistrade，aidingand，encouragingallworksofbenevolenceinhisneighbourhood。He，foundedandendowedaschoolatStourbridge;andhissonThomas(a，greatbenefactorofKidderminster)，whowasHighSheriffof，Worcestershireinthetimeof“TheRump，“foundedandendowedan，hospital，stillinexistence，forthefreeeducationofchildrenat，OldSwinford。AlltheearlyFoleyswerePuritans。RichardBaxter，seemstohavebeenonfamiliarandintimatetermswithvarious，membersofthefamily，andmakesfrequentmentionoftheminhis，’LifeandTimes。’，ThomasFoley，whenappointedhighsheriffofthe，county，requestedBaxtertopreachthecustomarysermonbeforehim;
andBaxterinhis’Life’speaksofhimas“ofsojustandblameless，dealing，thatallmenheeverhadtodowithmagnifiedhisgreat，integrityandhonesty，whichwerequestionedbynone。”，Thefamily，wasennobledinthereignofCharlestheSecond。
WilliamPhipps，thefounderoftheMulgraveorNormanbyfamily，was，amanquiteasremarkableinhiswayasRichardFoley。Hisfather，wasagunsmith-arobustEnglishmansettledatWoolwich，inMaine，thenformingpartofourEnglishcoloniesinAmerica。Hewasborn，in1651，oneofafamilyofnotfewerthantwenty-sixchildren(of，whomtwenty-oneweresons)，whoseonlyfortunelayintheirstout，heartsandstrongarms。Williamseemstohavehadadashofthe，Danish-seabloodinhisveins，anddidnottakekindlytothequiet，lifeofashepherdinwhichhespenthisearlyyears。Bynature，boldandadventurous，helongedtobecomeasailorandroamthrough，theworld。Hesoughttojoinsomeship;butnotbeingabletofind，one，heapprenticedhimselftoashipbuilder，withwhomhe，thoroughlylearnthistrade，acquiringtheartsofreadingand，writingduringhisleisurehours。Havingcompletedhis，apprenticeshipandremovedtoBoston，hewooedandmarriedawidow，ofsomemeans，afterwhichhesetupalittleshipbuildingyardof，hisown，builtaship，and，puttingtoseainher，heengagedin，thelumbertrade，whichhecarriedoninaploddingandlaborious，wayforthespaceofabouttenyears。
Ithappenedthatoneday，whilstpassingthroughthecrooked，streetsofoldBoston，heoverheardsomesailorstalkingtoeach，otherofawreckwhichhadjusttakenplaceofftheBahamas;that，ofaSpanishship，supposedtohavemuchmoneyonboard。His，adventurousspiritwasatoncekindled，andgettingtogethera，likelycrewwithoutlossoftime，hesetsailfortheBahamas。The，wreckbeingwellin-shore，heeasilyfoundit，andsucceededin，recoveringagreatdealofitscargo，butverylittlemoney;and，theresultwas，thathebarelydefrayedhisexpenses。Hissuccess，hadbeensuch，however，astostimulatehisenterprisingspirit;
andwhenhewastoldofanotherandfarmorerichlyladenvessel，whichhadbeenwreckednearPortdelaPlatamorethanhalfa，centurybefore，heforthwithformedtheresolutionofraisingthe，wreck，oratalleventsoffishingupthetreasure。
Beingtoopoor，however，toundertakesuchanenterprisewithout，powerfulhelp，hesetsailforEnglandinthehopethathemight，thereobtainit。Thefameofhissuccessinraisingthewreckoff，theBahamashadalreadyprecededhim。Heapplieddirecttothe，Government。Byhisurgententhusiasm，hesucceededinovercoming，theusualinertiaofofficialminds;andCharlesII。eventually，placedathisdisposalthe“RoseAlgier，“ashipofeighteenguns，andninety-fivemen，appointinghimtothechiefcommand。
PhippsthensetsailtofindtheSpanishshipandfishupthe，treasure。HereachedthecoastofHispaniolainsafety;buthowto，findthesunkenshipwasthegreatdifficulty。Thefactofthe，wreckwasmorethanfiftyyearsold;andPhippshadonlythe，traditionaryrumoursoftheeventtoworkupon。Therewasawide，coasttoexplore，andanoutspreadoceanwithoutanytracewhatever，oftheargosywhichlaysomewhereatitsbottom。Butthemanwas，stoutinheartandfullofhope。Hesethisseamentoworktodrag，alongthecoast，andforweekstheywentonfishingupsea-weed，shingle，andbitsofrock。Nooccupationcouldbemoretryingto，seamen，andtheybegantogrumbleonetoanother，andtowhisper，thatthemanincommandhadbroughtthemonafool’serrand。
Atlengththemurmurersgainedhead，andthemenbrokeintoopen，mutiny。Abodyofthemrushedonedayontothequarter-deck，and，demandedthatthevoyageshouldberelinquished。Phipps，however，wasnotamantobeintimidated;heseizedtheringleaders，and，senttheothersbacktotheirduty。Itbecamenecessarytobring，theshiptoanchorclosetoasmallislandforthepurposeof，repairs;and，tolightenher，thechiefpartofthestoreswas，landed。Discontentstillincreasingamongstthecrew，anewplot，waslaidamongstthemenonshoretoseizetheship，throwPhipps，overboard，andstartonapiraticalcruizeagainsttheSpaniardsin，theSouthSeas。Butitwasnecessarytosecuretheservicesofthe，chiefshipcarpenter，whowasconsequentlymadeprivytothepilot。
Thismanprovedfaithful，andatoncetoldthecaptainofhis，danger。Summoningabouthimthosewhomheknewtobeloyal，Phipps，hadtheship’sgunsloadedwhichcommandedtheshore，andordered，thebridgecommunicatingwiththevesseltobedrawnup。Whenthe，mutineersmadetheirappearance，thecaptainhailedthem，andtold，themenhewouldfireuponthemiftheyapproachedthestores，(stillonland)，-whentheydrewback;onwhichPhippshadthe，storesreshippedundercoverofhisguns。Themutineers，fearful，ofbeingleftuponthebarrenisland，threwdowntheirarmsand，imploredtobepermittedtoreturntotheirduty。Therequestwas，granted，andsuitableprecautionsweretakenagainstfuture，mischief。Phipps，however，tookthefirstopportunityoflanding，themutinouspartofthecrew，andengagingothermenintheir，places;but，bythetimethathecouldagainproceedactivelywith，hisexplorations，hefounditabsolutelynecessarytoproceedto，Englandforthepurposeofrepairingtheship。Hehadnow，however，gainedmorepreciseinformationastothespotwherethe，Spanishtreasureshiphadsunk;and，thoughasyetbaffled，hewas，moreconfidentthaneveroftheeventualsuccessofhisenterprise。
ReturnedtoLondon，Phippsreportedtheresultofhisvoyagetothe，Admiralty，whoprofessedtobepleasedwithhisexertions;buthe，hadbeenunsuccessful，andtheywouldnotentrusthimwithanother，king’sship。JamesII。wasnowonthethrone，andtheGovernment，wasintrouble;soPhippsandhisgoldenprojectappealedtothem，invain。Henexttriedtoraisetherequisitemeansbyapublic，subscription。Atfirsthewaslaughedat;buthisceaseless，importunityatlengthprevailed，andafterfouryears’dinningof，hisprojectintotheearsofthegreatandinfluential-during，whichtimehelivedinpoverty-heatlengthsucceeded。Acompany，wasformedintwentyshares，theDukeofAlbermarle，sonofGeneral，Monk，takingthechiefinterestinit，andsubscribingthe，principalpartofthenecessaryfundfortheprosecutionofthe，enterprise。
LikeFoley，Phippsprovedmorefortunateinhissecondvoyagethan，inhisfirst。TheshiparrivedwithoutaccidentatPortdela，Plata，intheneighbourhoodofthereefofrockssupposedtohave，beenthesceneofthewreck。Hisfirstobjectwastobuildastout，boatcapableofcarryingeightortenoars，inconstructingwhich，Phippsusedtheadzehimself。Itisalsosaidthatheconstructed，amachineforthepurposeofexploringthebottomofthesea，similartowhatisnowknownastheDivingBell。Suchamachine，wasfoundreferredtoinbooks，butPhippsknewlittleofbooks，andmaybesaidtohavere-inventedtheapparatusforhisownuse。
HealsoengagedIndiandivers，whosefeatsofdivingforpearls，andinsubmarineoperations，wereveryremarkable。Thetenderand，boathavingbeentakentothereef，themenweresettowork，the，divingbellwassunk，andthevariousmodesofdraggingthebottom，oftheseawereemployedcontinuouslyformanyweeks，butwithout，anyprospectofsuccess。Phipps，however，heldonvaliantly，hopingalmostagainsthope。Atlength，oneday，asailor，looking，overtheboat’ssidedownintotheclearwater，observedacurious，sea-plantgrowinginwhatappearedtobeacreviceoftherock;and，hecalleduponanIndiandivertogodownandfetchitforhim。On，theredmancomingupwiththeweed，hereportedthatanumberof，shipsgunswerelyinginthesameplace。Theintelligencewasat，firstreceivedwithincredulity，butonfurtherinvestigationit，provedtobecorrect。Searchwasmade，andpresentlyadivercame，upwithasolidbarofsilverinhisarms。WhenPhippswasshown，it，heexclaimed，“ThanksbetoGod！weareallmademen。”，Diving，bellanddiversnowwenttoworkwithawill，andinafewdays，treasurewasbroughtuptothevalueofabout300，000pounds，with，whichPhippssetsailforEngland。Onhisarrival，itwasurged，uponthekingthatheshouldseizetheshipanditscargo，under，thepretencethatPhipps，whensolicitinghisMajesty’spermission，hadnotgivenaccurateinformationrespectingthebusiness。But，thekingreplied，thatheknewPhippstobeanhonestman，andthat，heandhisfriendsshoulddividethewholetreasureamongstthem，eventhoughhehadreturnedwithdoublethevalue。Phipps’sshare，wasabout20，000pounds，andtheking，toshowhisapprovalofhis，energyandhonestyinconductingtheenterprise，conferreduponhim，thehonourofknighthood。HewasalsomadeHighSheriffofNew，England;andduringthetimeheheldtheoffice，hedidvaliant，serviceforthemothercountryandthecolonistsagainstthe，French，byexpeditionsagainstPortRoyalandQuebec。Healsoheld，thepostofGovernorofMassachusetts，fromwhichhereturnedto，England，anddiedinLondonin1695。
Phippsthroughoutthelatterpartofhiscareer，wasnotashamedto，alludetothelownessofhisorigin，anditwasmatterofhonest，pridetohimthathehadrisenfromtheconditionofcommonship，carpentertothehonoursofknighthoodandthegovernmentofa，province。Whenperplexedwithpublicbusiness，hewouldoften，declarethatitwouldbeeasierforhimtogobacktohisbroadaxe，again。Heleftbehindhimacharacterforprobity，honesty，patriotism，andcourage，whichiscertainlynottheleastnoble，inheritanceofthehouseofNormanby。
WilliamPetty，thefounderofthehouseofLansdowne，wasamanof，likeenergyandpublicusefulnessinhisday。Hewasthesonofa，clothierinhumblecircumstances，atRomsey，inHampshire，wherehe，wasbornin1623。Inhisboyhoodheobtainedatolerableeducation，atthegrammarschoolofhisnativetown;afterwhichhedetermined，toimprovehimselfbystudyattheUniversityofCaen，inNormandy。
Whilsttherehecontrivedtosupporthimselfunassistedbyhis，father，carryingonasortofsmallpedler’stradewith“alittle，stockofmerchandise。”，ReturningtoEngland，hehadhimselfbound，apprenticetoaseacaptain，who“drubbedhimwitharope’send“
forthebadnessofhissight。Heleftthenavyindisgust，taking，tothestudyofmedicine。WhenatParisheengagedindissection，duringwhichtimehealsodrewdiagramsforHobbes，whowasthen，writinghistreatiseonOptics。Hewasreducedtosuchpoverty，thathesubsistedfortwoorthreeweeksentirelyonwalnuts。But，againhebegantotradeinasmallway，turninganhonestpenny，andhewasenabledshortlytoreturntoEnglandwithmoneyinhis，pocket。Beingofaningeniousmechanicalturn，wefindhimtaking，outapatentforaletter-copyingmachine。Hebegantowriteupon，theartsandsciences，andpractisedchemistryandphysicwithsuch，successthathisreputationshortlybecameconsiderable。
Associatingwithmenofscience，theprojectofformingaSociety，foritsprosecutionwasdiscussed，andthefirstmeetingsofthe，infantRoyalSocietywereheldathislodgings。AtOxfordheacted，foratimeasdeputytotheanatomicalprofessorthere，whohada，greatrepugnancetodissection。In1652hisindustrywasrewarded，bytheappointmentofphysiciantothearmyinIreland，whitherhe，went;andwhilsttherehewasthemedicalattendantofthree，successivelords-lieutenant，Lambert，Fleetwood，andHenry，Cromwell。Largegrantsofforfeitedlandhavingbeenawardedto，thePuritansoldiery，Pettyobservedthatthelandswerevery，inaccuratelymeasured;andinthemidstofhismanyavocationshe，undertooktodotheworkhimself。Hisappointmentsbecameso，numerousandlucrativethathewaschargedbytheenviouswith，corruption，andremovedfromthemall;buthewasagaintakeninto，favourattheRestoration。
Pettywasamostindefatigablecontriver，inventor，andorganizer，ofindustry。Oneofhisinventionswasadouble-bottomedship，to，sailagainstwindandtide。Hepublishedtreatisesondyeing，on，navalphilosophy，onwoollenclothmanufacture，onpolitical，arithmetic，andmanyothersubjects。Hefoundedironworks，opened，leadmines，andcommencedapilchardfisheryandatimbertrade;in，themidstofwhichhefoundtimetotakepartinthediscussionsof，theRoyalSociety，towhichhelargelycontributed。Heleftan，amplefortunetohissons，theeldestofwhomwascreatedBaron，Shelburne。Hiswillwasacuriousdocument，singularly，illustrativeofhischaracter;containingadetailoftheprincipal，eventsofhislife，andthegradualadvancementofhisfortune。
Hissentimentsonpauperismarecharacteristic：，“Asforlegacies，forthepoor，“saidhe，“Iamatastand;asforbeggarsbytrade，andelection，Igivethemnothing;asforimpotentsbythehandof，God，thepublicoughttomaintainthem;asforthosewhohavebeen，bredtonocallingnorestate，theyshouldbeputupontheir，kindred;“……”whereforeIamcontentedthatIhaveassistedall，mypoorrelations，andputmanyintoawayofgettingtheirown，bread;havelabouredinpublicworks;andbyinventionshavesought，outrealobjectsofcharity;andIdoherebyconjureallwho，partakeofmyestate，fromtimetotime，todothesameattheir，peril。Neverthelesstoanswercustom，andtotakethesurerside，Igive20L。tothemostwantingoftheparishwhereinIdie。”，He，wasinterredinthefineoldNormanchurchofRomsey-thetown，whereinhewasbornapoorman’sson-andonthesouthsideofthe，choirisstilltobeseenaplainslab，withtheinscription，cut，byanilliterateworkman，“HereLayesSirWilliamPetty。”
Anotherfamily，ennobledbyinventionandtradeinourownday，is，thatofStruttofBelper。Theirpatentofnobilitywasvirtually，securedbyJedediahStruttin1758，whenheinventedhismachine，formakingribbedstockings，andtherebylaidthefoundationsofa，fortunewhichthesubsequentbearersofthenamehavelargely，increasedandnoblyemployed。ThefatherofJedediahwasafarmer，andmalster，whodidbutlittlefortheeducationofhischildren;
yettheyallprospered。Jedediahwasthesecondson，andwhena，boyassistedhisfatherintheworkofthefarm。Atanearlyage，heexhibitedatasteformechanics，andintroducedseveral，improvementsintherudeagriculturalimplementsoftheperiod。On，thedeathofhisunclehesucceededtoafarmatBlackwall，near，Normanton，longinthetenancyofthefamily，andshortlyafterhe，marriedMissWollatt，thedaughterofaDerbyhosier。Having，learnedfromhiswife’sbrotherthatvariousunsuccessfulattempts，hadbeenmadetomanufactureribbed-stockings，heproceededto，studythesubjectwithaviewtoeffectwhatothershadfailedin，accomplishing。Heaccordinglyobtainedastocking-frame，andafter，masteringitsconstructionandmodeofaction，heproceededto，introducenewcombinations，bymeansofwhichhesucceededin，effectingavariationintheplainlooped-workoftheframe，and，wastherebyenabledtoturnout“ribbed“hosiery。Havingsecureda，patentfortheimprovedmachine，heremovedtoDerby，andthere，enteredlargelyonthemanufactureofribbed-stockings，inwhichhe，wasverysuccessful。HeafterwardsjoinedArkwright，ofthemerits，ofwhoseinventionhefullysatisfiedhimself，andfoundthemeans，ofsecuringhispatent，aswellaserectingalargecotton-millat，Cranford，inDerbyshire。Aftertheexpiryofthepartnershipwith，Arkwright，theStruttserectedextensivecotton-millsatMilford，nearBelper，whichworthilygivesitstitletothepresentheadof，thefamily。Thesonsofthefounderwere，liketheirfather，distinguishedfortheirmechanicalability。ThusWilliamStrutt，theeldest，issaidtohaveinventedaself-actingmule，the，successofwhichwasonlypreventedbythemechanicalskillofthat，daybeingunequaltoitsmanufacture。Edward，thesonofWilliam，wasamanofeminentmechanicalgenius，havingearlydiscoveredthe，principleofsuspension-wheelsforcarriages：，hehadawheelbarrow，andtwocartsmadeontheprinciple，whichwereusedonhisfarm，nearBelper。ItmaybeaddedthattheStruttshavethroughoutbeen，distinguishedfortheirnobleemploymentofthewealthwhichtheir，industryandskillhavebroughtthem;thattheyhavesoughtinall，waystoimprovethemoralandsocialconditionofthework-people，intheiremployment;andthattheyhavebeenliberaldonorsin，everygoodcause-ofwhichthepresentation，byMr。JosephStrutt，ofthebeautifulparkorArboretumatDerby，asagifttothe，townspeopleforever，affordsonlyoneofmanyillustrations。The，concludingwordsoftheshortaddresswhichhedeliveredon，presentingthisvaluablegiftareworthyofbeingquotedand，remembered：-“Asthesunhasshonebrightlyonmethroughlife，it，wouldbeungratefulinmenottoemployaportionofthefortuneI
possessinpromotingthewelfareofthoseamongstwhomIlive，and，bywhoseindustryIhavebeenaidedinitsorganisation。”
Nolessindustryandenergyhavebeendisplayedbythemanybrave，men，bothinpresentandpasttimes，whohaveearnedthepeerageby，theirvalouronlandandatsea。Nottomentiontheolderfeudal，lords，whosetenuredependeduponmilitaryservice，andwhoso，oftenledthevanoftheEnglisharmiesingreatnational，encounters，wemaypointtoNelson，St。Vincent，andLyons-to，Wellington，Hill，Hardinge，Clyde，andmanymoreinrecenttimes，whohavenoblyearnedtheirrankbytheirdistinguishedservices。
Butploddingindustryhasfaroftenerworkeditswaytothepeerage，bythehonourablepursuitofthelegalprofession，thanbyany，other。NofewerthanseventyBritishpeerages，includingtwo，dukedoms，havebeenfoundedbysuccessfullawyers。Mansfieldand，Erskinewere，itistrue，ofnoblefamily;butthelatterusedto，thankGodthatoutofhisownfamilyhedidnotknowalord。(23)
Theotherswere，forthemostpart，thesonsofattorneys，grocers，clergymen，merchants，andhardworkingmembersofthemiddleclass。
OutofthisprofessionhavesprungthepeeragesofHowardand，Cavendish，thefirstpeersofbothfamilieshavingbeenjudges;
thoseofAylesford，Ellenborough，Guildford，Shaftesbury，Hardwicke，Cardigan，Clarendon，Camden，Ellesmere，Rosslyn;and，othersnearerourownday，suchasTenterden，Eldon，Brougham，Denman，Truro，Lyndhurst，St。Leonards，Cranworth，Campbell，and，Chelmsford。
LordLyndhurst’sfatherwasaportraitpainter，andthatofSt。
LeonardsaperfumerandhairdresserinBurlingtonStreet。Young，EdwardSugdenwasoriginallyanerrand-boyintheofficeofthe，lateMr。Groom，ofHenriettaStreet，CavendishSquare，a，certificatedconveyancer;anditwastherethatthefutureLord，ChancellorofIrelandobtainedhisfirstnotionsoflaw。The，originofthelateLordTenterdenwasperhapsthehumblestofall，norwasheashamedofit;forhefeltthattheindustry，study，and，application，bymeansofwhichheachievedhiseminentposition，wereentirelyduetohimself。Itisrelatedofhim，thatonone，occasionhetookhissonCharlestoalittleshed，thenstanding，oppositethewesternfrontofCanterburyCathedral，andpointingit，outtohim，said，“Charles，youseethislittleshop;Ihave，broughtyouhereonpurposetoshowityou。Inthatshopyour，grandfatherusedtoshaveforapenny：，thatistheproudest，reflectionofmylife。”，Whenaboy，LordTenterdenwasasingerin，theCathedral，anditisacuriouscircumstancethathis，destinationinlifewaschangedbyadisappointment。Whenheand，Mr。JusticeRichardsweregoingtheHomeCircuittogether，they，wenttoserviceinthecathedral;andonRichardscommendingthe，voiceofasingingmaninthechoir，LordTenterdensaid，“Ah！that，istheonlymanIeverenvied！，Whenatschoolinthistown，we，werecandidatesforachorister’splace，andheobtainedit。”
Notlessremarkablewastherisetothesamedistinguishedoffice，ofLordChiefJustice，oftheruggedKenyonandtherobust，Ellenborough;norwashealessnotablemanwhorecentlyheldthe，sameoffice-theastuteLordCampbell，lateLordChancellorof，England，sonofaparishministerinFifeshire。Formanyyearshe，workedhardasareporterforthepress，whilediligentlypreparing，himselfforthepracticeofhisprofession。Itissaidofhim，thatatthebeginningofhiscareer，hewasaccustomedtowalkfrom，countytowntocountytownwhenoncircuit，beingasyettoopoor，toaffordtheluxuryofposting。Butstepbystepheroseslowly，butsurelytothateminenceanddistinctionwhicheverfollowa，careerofindustryhonourablyandenergeticallypursued，inthe，legal，asineveryotherprofession。
TherehavebeenotherillustriousinstancesofLordsChancellors，whohaveploddedupthesteepoffameandhonourwithequalenergy，andsuccess。ThecareerofthelateLordEldonisperhapsoneof，themostremarkableexamples。HewasthesonofaNewcastlecoal-
fitter;amischievousratherthanastudiousboy;agreat，scapegraceatschool，andthesubjectofmanyterriblethrashings，-fororchard-robbingwasoneofthefavouriteexploitsofthe，futureLordChancellor。Hisfatherfirstthoughtofputtinghim，apprenticetoagrocer，andafterwardshadalmostmadeuphismind，tobringhimuptohisowntradeofacoal-fitter。Butbythis，timehiseldestsonWilliam(afterwardsLordStowell)whohad，gainedascholarshipatOxford，wrotetohisfather，“SendJackup，tome，Icandobetterforhim。”，JohnwassentuptoOxford，accordingly，where，byhisbrother’sinfluenceandhisown，application，hesucceededinobtainingafellowship。Butwhenat，homeduringthevacation，hewassounfortunate-orratherso，fortunate，astheissueproved-astofallinlove;andrunning，acrosstheBorderwithhiselopedbride，hemarried，andashis，friendsthought，ruinedhimselfforlife。Hehadneitherhousenor，homewhenhemarried，andhadnotyetearnedapenny。Helosthis，fellowship，andatthesametimeshuthimselfoutfrompreferment，intheChurch，forwhichhehadbeendestined。Heaccordingly，turnedhisattentiontothestudyofthelaw。Toafriendhe，wrote，“Ihavemarriedrashly;butitismydeterminationtowork，hardtoprovideforthewomanIlove。”
JohnScottcameuptoLondon，andtookasmallhouseinCursitor，Lane，wherehesettleddowntothestudyofthelaw。Heworked，withgreatdiligenceandresolution;risingatfoureverymorning，andstudyingtilllateatnight，bindingawettowelroundhishead，tokeephimselfawake。Toopoortostudyunderaspecialpleader，hecopiedoutthreefoliovolumesfromamanuscriptcollectionof，precedents。Longafter，whenLordChancellor，passingdown，CursitorLaneoneday，hesaidtohissecretary，“Herewasmyfirst，perch：，manyatimedoIrecollectcomingdownthisstreetwith，sixpenceinmyhandtobuyspratsforsupper。”，Whenatlength，calledtothebar，hewaitedlongforemployment。Hisfirstyear’s，earningsamountedtoonlynineshillings。Forfouryearshe，assiduouslyattendedtheLondonCourtsandtheNorthernCircuit，withlittlebettersuccess。Eveninhisnativetown，heseldomhad，otherthanpaupercasestodefend。Theresultswereindeedso，discouraging，thathehadalmostdeterminedtorelinquishhis，chanceofLondonbusiness，andsettledowninsomeprovincialtown，asacountrybarrister。HisbrotherWilliamwrotehome，“Business，isdullwithpoorJack，verydullindeed！”Butashehadescaped，beingagrocer，acoal-fitter，andacountryparsonsodidhealso，escapebeingacountrylawyer。
AnopportunityatlengthoccurredwhichenabledJohnScottto，exhibitthelargelegalknowledgewhichhehadsolaboriously，acquired。Inacaseinwhichhewasengaged，heurgedalegal，pointagainstthewishesbothoftheattorneyandclientwho，employedhim。TheMasteroftheRollsdecidedagainsthim，buton，anappealtotheHouseofLords，LordThurlowreversedthedecision，ontheverypointthatScotthadurged。OnleavingtheHousethat，day，asolicitortappedhimontheshoulderandsaid，“Youngman，yourbreadandbutter’scutforlife。”，Andtheprophecyproveda，trueone。LordMansfieldusedtosaythatheknewnointerval，betweennobusinessand3000L。a-year，andScottmighthavetold，thesamestory;forsorapidwashisprogress，thatin1783，when，onlythirty-two，hewasappointedKing’sCounsel，wasatthehead，oftheNorthernCircuit，andsatinParliamentfortheboroughof，Weobley。Itwasinthedullbutunflinchingdrudgeryoftheearly，partofhiscareerthathelaidthefoundationofhisfuture，success。Hewonhisspursbyperseverance，knowledge，andability，diligentlycultivated。Hewassuccessivelyappointedtothe，officesofsolicitorandattorney-general，androsesteadily，upwardstothehighestofficethattheCrownhadtobestow-that，ofLordChancellorofEngland，whichheheldforaquarterofa，century。
HenryBickerstethwasthesonofasurgeonatKirkbyLonsdale，in，Westmoreland，andwashimselfeducatedtothatprofession。Asa，studentatEdinburgh，hedistinguishedhimselfbythesteadiness，withwhichheworked，andtheapplicationwhichhedevotedtothe，scienceofmedicine。ReturnedtoKirkbyLonsdale，hetookan，activepartinhisfather’spractice;buthehadnolikingforthe，profession，andgrewdiscontentedwiththeobscurityofacountry，town。Hewenton，nevertheless，diligentlyimprovinghimself，and，engagedonspeculationsinthehigherbranchesofphysiology。In，conformitywithhisownwish，hisfatherconsentedtosendhimto，Cambridge，whereitwashisintentiontotakeamedicaldegreewith，theviewofpractisinginthemetropolis。Closeapplicationtohis，studies，however，threwhimoutofhealth，andwithaviewtore-
establishinghisstrengthheacceptedtheappointmentoftravelling，physiciantoLordOxford。WhileabroadhemasteredItalian，and，acquiredagreatadmirationforItalianliterature，butnogreater，likingformedicinethanbefore。Onthecontrary，hedeterminedto，abandonit;butreturningtoCambridge，hetookhisdegree;and，thatheworkedhardmaybeinferredfromthefactthathewas，seniorwranglerofhisyear。Disappointedinhisdesiretoenter，thearmy，heturnedtothebar，andenteredastudentoftheInner，Temple。Heworkedashardatlawashehaddoneatmedicine。
Writingtohisfather，hesaid，“Everybodysaystome，’Youare，certainofsuccessintheend-onlypersevere;’andthoughIdon’t，wellunderstandhowthisistohappen，Itrytobelieveitasmuch，asIcan，andIshallnotfailtodoeverythinginmypower。”，At，twenty-eighthewascalledtothebar，andhadeverystepinlife，yettomake。Hismeanswerestraitened，andheliveduponthe，contributionsofhisfriends。Foryearshestudiedandwaited。
Stillnobusinesscame。Hestintedhimselfinrecreation，in，clothes，andeveninthenecessariesoflife;strugglingon，indefatigablythroughall。Writinghome，he“confessedthathe，hardlyknewhowheshouldbeabletostruggleontillhehadfair，timeandopportunitytoestablishhimself。”，Afterthreeyears’
waiting，stillwithoutsuccess，hewrotetohisfriendsthatrather，thanbeaburdenuponthemlonger，hewaswillingtogivethe，matterupandreturntoCambridge，“wherehewassureofsupport，andsomeprofit。”，Thefriendsathomesenthimanothersmall，remittance，andhepersevered。Businessgraduallycamein。
Acquittinghimselfcreditablyinsmallmatters，hewasatlength，entrustedwithcasesofgreaterimportance。Hewasamanwhonever，missedanopportunity，norallowedalegitimatechanceof，improvementtoescapehim。Hisunflinchingindustrysoonbeganto，telluponhisfortunes;afewmoreyearsandhewasnotonly，enabledtodowithoutassistancefromhome，buthewasina，positiontopaybackwithinterestthedebtswhichhehadincurred。
Thecloudshaddispersed，andtheaftercareerofHenryBickersteth，wasoneofhonour，ofemolument，andofdistinguishedfame。He，endedhiscareerasMasteroftheRolls，sittingintheHouseof，PeersasBaronLangdale。Hislifeaffordsonlyanother，illustrationofthepowerofpatience，perseverance，and，conscientiousworking，inelevatingthecharacterofthe，individual，andcrowninghislabourswiththemostcomplete，success。
Suchareafewofthedistinguishedmenwhohavehonourablyworked，theirwaytothehighestposition，andwontherichestrewardsof，theirprofession，bythediligentexerciseofqualitiesinmany，respectsofanordinarycharacter，butmadepotentbytheforceof，applicationandindustry。
CHAPTERVIII-ENERGYANDCOURAGE
“Acoeurvaillantriend’impossible。”-JacquesCoeur。
“DenMuthigengehortdieWelt。”-GermanProverb。
“Ineveryworkthathebegan……hediditwithallhisheart，andprospered。”-II。Chron。XXXI。21。
ThereisafamousspeechrecordedofanoldNorseman，thoroughly，characteristicoftheTeuton。”Ibelieveneitherinidolsnor，demons，“saidhe，“Iputmysoletrustinmyownstrengthofbody，andsoul。”，Theancientcrestofapickaxewiththemottoof，“EitherIwillfindawayormakeone，“wasanexpressionofthe，samesturdyindependencewhichtothisdaydistinguishesthe，descendantsoftheNorthmen。Indeednothingcouldbemore，characteristicoftheScandinavianmythology，thanthatithada，godwithahammer。Aman’scharacterisseeninsmallmatters;and，fromevensoslightatestasthemodeinwhichamanwieldsa，hammer，hisenergymayinsomemeasurebeinferred。Thusan，eminentFrenchmanhitoffinasinglephrasethecharacteristic，qualityoftheinhabitantsofaparticulardistrict，inwhicha，friendofhisproposedtosettleandbuyland。”Beware，“saidhe，“ofmakingapurchasethere;Iknowthemenofthatdepartment;the，pupilswhocomefromittoourveterinaryschoolatParisDONOR
STRIKEHARDUPONTHEANVIL;theywantenergy;andyouwillnotget，asatisfactoryreturnonanycapitalyoumayinvestthere。”，Afine，andjustappreciationofcharacter，indicatingthethoughtful，observer;andstrikinglyillustrativeofthefactthatitisthe，energyoftheindividualmenthatgivesstrengthtoaState，and，confersavalueevenupontheverysoilwhichtheycultivate。As，theFrenchproverbhasit：，“Tantvautl’homme，tantvautsa，terre。”
Thecultivationofthisqualityisofthegreatestimportance;
resolutedeterminationinthepursuitofworthyobjectsbeingthe，foundationofalltruegreatnessofcharacter。Energyenablesa，mantoforcehiswaythroughirksomedrudgeryanddrydetails，and，carrieshimonwardandupwardineverystationinlife。It，accomplishesmorethangenius，withnotone-halfthedisappointment，andperil。Itisnoteminenttalentthatisrequiredtoensure，successinanypursuit，somuchaspurpose，-notmerelythepower，toachieve，butthewilltolabourenergeticallyandperseveringly。
Henceenergyofwillmaybedefinedtobetheverycentralpowerof，characterinaman-inaword，itistheManhimself。Itgives，impulsetohiseveryaction，andsoultoeveryeffort。Truehope，isbasedonit，-anditishopethatgivestherealperfumeto，life。ThereisafineheraldicmottoonabrokenhelmetinBattle，Abbey，“L’espoirestmaforce，“whichmightbethemottoofevery，man’slife。”Woeuntohimthatisfainthearted，“saysthesonof，Sirach。Thereis，indeed，noblessingequaltothepossessionofa，stoutheart。Evenifamanfailinhisefforts，itwillbea，satisfactiontohimtoenjoytheconsciousnessofhavingdonehis，best。Inhumblelifenothingcanbemorecheeringandbeautiful，thantoseeamancombatingsufferingbypatience，triumphingin，hisintegrity，andwho，whenhisfeetarebleedingandhislimbs，failinghim，stillwalksuponhiscourage。
Merewishesanddesiresbutengenderasortofgreensicknessin，youngminds，unlesstheyarepromptlyembodiedinactanddeed。It，willnotavailmerelytowaitassomanydo，“untilBluchercomes，up，“buttheymuststruggleonandpersevereinthemeantime，as，Wellingtondid。Thegoodpurposeonceformedmustbecarriedout，withalacrityandwithoutswerving。Inmostconditionsoflife，drudgeryandtoilaretobecheerfullyenduredasthebestandmost，wholesomediscipline。”Inlife，“saidAryScheffer，“nothingbears，fruitexceptbylabourofmindorbody。Tostriveandstillstrive，-suchislife;andinthisrespectmineisfulfilled;butIdare，tosay，withjustpride，thatnothinghasevershakenmycourage。
Withastrongsoul，andanobleaim，onecandowhatonewills，morallyspeaking。”
HughMillersaidtheonlyschoolinwhichhewasproperlytaught，was“thatworld-wideschoolinwhichtoilandhardshiparethe，severebutnobleteachers。”，Hewhoallowshisapplicationto，falter，orshirkshisworkonfrivolouspretexts，isonthesure，roadtoultimatefailure。Letanytaskbeundertakenasathing，notpossibletobeevaded，anditwillsooncometobeperformed，withalacrityandcheerfulness。CharlesIX。ofSwedenwasafirm，believerinthepowerofwill，eveninyouth。Layinghishandon，theheadofhisyoungestsonwhenengagedonadifficulttask，he，exclaimed，“HeSHALLdoit！heSHALLdoit！”Thehabitof，applicationbecomeseasyintime，likeeveryotherhabit。Thus，personswithcomparativelymoderatepowerswillaccomplishmuch，if，theyapplythemselveswhollyandindefatigablytoonethingata，time。FowellBuxtonplacedhisconfidenceinordinarymeansand，extraordinaryapplication;realizingthescripturalinjunction，“Whatsoeverthyhandfindethtodo，doitwithallthymight;“and，heattributedhisownsuccessinlifetohispracticeof“beinga，wholemantoonethingatatime。”
Nothingthatisofrealworthcanbeachievedwithoutcourageous，working。Manoweshisgrowthchieflytothatactivestrivingof，thewill，thatencounterwithdifficulty，whichwecalleffort;and，itisastonishingtofindhowoftenresultsapparently，impracticablearethusmadepossible。Anintenseanticipation，itselftransformspossibilityintoreality;ourdesiresbeingoften，buttheprecursorsofthethingswhichwearecapableof，performing。Onthecontrary，thetimidandhesitatingfind，everythingimpossible，chieflybecauseitseemsso。Itisrelated，ofayoungFrenchofficer，thatheusedtowalkabouthisapartment，exclaiming，“IWILLbeMarshalofFranceandagreatgeneral。”，His，ardentdesirewasthepresentimentofhissuccess;fortheyoung，officerdidbecomeadistinguishedcommander，andhediedaMarshal，ofFrance。
Mr。Walker，authorofthe’Original，’hadsogreatafaithinthe，powerofwill，thathesaysononeoccasionheDETERMINEDtobe，well，andhewasso。Thismayansweronce;but，thoughsaferto，followthanmanyprescriptions，itwillnotalwayssucceed。The，powerofmindoverbodyisnodoubtgreat，butitmaybestrained，untilthephysicalpowerbreaksdownaltogether。Itisrelatedof，MuleyMoluc，theMoorishleader，that，whenlyingill，almostworn，outbyanincurabledisease，abattletookplacebetweenhistroops，andthePortuguese;when，startingfromhislitteratthegreat，crisisofthefight，heralliedhisarmy，ledthemtovictory，and，instantlyafterwardssankexhaustedandexpired。
Itiswill，-forceofpurpose，-thatenablesamantodoorbe，whateverhesetshismindonbeingordoing。Aholymanwas，accustomedtosay，“Whateveryouwish，thatyouare：，forsuchis，theforceofourwill，joinedtotheDivine，thatwhateverwewish，tobe，seriously，andwithatrueintention，thatwebecome。No，oneardentlywishestobesubmissive，patient，modest，orliberal，whodoesnotbecomewhathewishes。”，Thestoryistoldofa，workingcarpenter，whowasobservedonedayplaningamagistrate’s，benchwhichhewasrepairing，withmorethanusualcarefulness;and，whenaskedthereason，hereplied，“BecauseIwishtomakeiteasy，againstthetimewhenIcometosituponitmyself。”，And，singularlyenough，themanactuallylivedtosituponthatvery，benchasamagistrate。
Whatevertheoreticalconclusionslogiciansmayhaveformedasto，thefreedomofthewill，eachindividualfeelsthatpracticallyhe，isfreetochoosebetweengoodandevil-thatheisnotasamere，strawthrownuponthewatertomarkthedirectionofthecurrent，butthathehaswithinhimthepowerofastrongswimmer，andis，capableofstrikingoutforhimself，ofbuffetingwiththewaves，anddirectingtoagreatextenthisownindependentcourse。There，isnoabsoluteconstraintuponourvolitions，andwefeelandknow，thatwearenotbound，asbyaspell，withreferencetoour，actions。Itwouldparalyzealldesireofexcellencewereweto，thinkotherwise。Theentirebusinessandconductoflife，withits，domesticrules，itssocialarrangements，anditspublic，institutions，proceeduponthepracticalconvictionthatthewill，isfree。Withoutthiswherewouldberesponsibility？-andwhat，theadvantageofteaching，advising，preaching，reproof，and，correction？，Whatweretheuseoflaws，wereitnottheuniversal，belief，asitistheuniversalfact，thatmenobeythemornot，verymuchastheyindividuallydetermine？，Ineverymomentofour，life，conscienceisproclaimingthatourwillisfree。Itisthe，onlythingthatiswhollyours，anditrestssolelywithourselves，individually，whetherwegiveittherightorthewrongdirection。
Ourhabitsorourtemptationsarenotourmasters，butweofthem。
Eveninyielding，consciencetellsuswemightresist;andthat，werewedeterminedtomasterthem，therewouldnotberequiredfor，thatpurposeastrongerresolutionthanweknowourselvestobe，capableofexercising。
“Youarenowattheage，“saidLamennaisonce，addressingagay，youth，“atwhichadecisionmustbeformedbyyou;alittlelater，andyoumayhavetogroanwithinthetombwhichyouyourselfhave，dug，withoutthepowerofrollingawaythestone。Thatwhichthe，easiestbecomesahabitinusisthewill。Learnthentowill，stronglyanddecisively;thusfixyourfloatinglife，andleaveit，nolongertobecarriedhitherandthither，likeawitheredleaf，byeverywindthatblows。”
Buxtonheldtheconvictionthatayoungmanmightbeverymuchwhat，hepleased，providedheformedastrongresolutionandheldtoit。
Writingtooneofhissons，hesaidtohim，“Youarenowatthat，periodoflife，inwhichyoumustmakeaturntotherightorthe，left。Youmustnowgiveproofsofprinciple，determination，and，strengthofmind;oryoumustsinkintoidleness，andacquirethe，habitsandcharacterofadesultory，ineffectiveyoungman;andif，onceyoufalltothatpoint，youwillfinditnoeasymatterto，riseagain。Iamsurethatayoungmanmaybeverymuchwhathe，pleases。Inmyowncaseitwasso……Muchofmyhappiness，and，allmyprosperityinlife，haveresultedfromthechangeImadeat，yourage。Ifyouseriouslyresolvetobeenergeticand，industrious，dependuponitthatyouwillforyourwholelifehave，reasontorejoicethatyouwerewiseenoughtoformandtoactupon，thatdetermination。”，Aswill，consideredwithoutregardto，direction，issimplyconstancy，firmness，perseverance，itwillbe，obviousthateverythingdependsuponrightdirectionandmotives。
Directedtowardstheenjoymentofthesenses，thestrongwillmay，beademon，andtheintellectmerelyitsdebasedslave;but，directedtowardsgood，thestrongwillisaking，andtheintellect，theministerofman’shighestwell-being。
“Wherethereisawillthereisaway，“isanoldandtruesaying。
Hewhoresolvesupondoingathing，bythatveryresolutionoften，scalesthebarrierstoit，andsecuresitsachievement。Tothink，weareable，isalmosttobeso-todetermineuponattainmentis，frequentlyattainmentitself。Thus，earnestresolutionhasoften，seemedtohaveaboutitalmostasavourofomnipotence。The，strengthofSuwarrow’scharacterlayinhispowerofwilling，and，likemostresolutepersons，hepreacheditupasasystem。”You，canonlyhalfwill，“hewouldsaytopeoplewhofailed。Like，RichelieuandNapoleon，hewouldhavetheword“impossible“
banishedfromthedictionary。”Idon’tknow，““Ican’t，“and，“impossible，“werewordswhichhedetestedaboveallothers。
“Learn！，Do！，Try！”hewouldexclaim。Hisbiographerhassaidof，him，thathefurnishedaremarkableillustrationofwhatmaybe，effectedbytheenergeticdevelopmentandexerciseoffaculties，thegermsofwhichatleastareineveryhumanheart。
OneofNapoleon’sfavouritemaximswas，“Thetruestwisdomisa，resolutedetermination。”，Hislife，beyondmostothers，vividly，showedwhatapowerfulandunscrupulouswillcouldaccomplish。He，threwhiswholeforceofbodyandminddirectuponhiswork。
Imbecilerulersandthenationstheygovernedwentdownbeforehim，insuccession。HewastoldthattheAlpsstoodinthewayofhis，armies-“ThereshallbenoAlps，“hesaid，andtheroadacrossthe，Simplonwasconstructed，throughadistrictformerlyalmost，inaccessible。”Impossible，“saidhe，“isawordonlytobefound，inthedictionaryoffools。”，Hewasamanwhotoiledterribly;
sometimesemployingandexhaustingfoursecretariesatatime。He，sparednoone，notevenhimself。Hisinfluenceinspiredothermen，andputanewlifeintothem。”Imademygeneralsoutofmud，“he，said。Butallwasofnoavail;forNapoleon’sintenseselfishness，washisruin，andtheruinofFrance，whichheleftapreyto，anarchy。Hislifetaughtthelessonthatpower，however，energeticallywielded，withoutbeneficence，isfataltoits，possessoranditssubjects;andthatknowledge，orknowingness，withoutgoodness，isbuttheincarnateprincipleofEvil。
OurownWellingtonwasafargreaterman。Notlessresolute，firm，andpersistent，butmoreself-denying，conscientious，andtruly，patriotic。Napoleon’saimwas“Glory;“Wellington’swatchword，likeNelson’s，was“Duty。”，Theformerword，itissaid，doesnot，onceoccurinhisdespatches;thelatteroften，butnever，accompaniedbyanyhigh-soundingprofessions。Thegreatest，difficultiescouldneitherembarrassnorintimidateWellington;his，energyinvariablyrisinginproportiontotheobstaclestobe，surmounted。Thepatience，thefirmness，theresolution，withwhich，heborethroughthemaddeningvexationsandgiganticdifficulties，ofthePeninsularcampaigns，is，perhaps，oneofthesublimest，thingstobefoundinhistory。InSpain，Wellingtonnotonly，exhibitedthegeniusofthegeneral，butthecomprehensivewisdom，ofthestatesman。Thoughhisnaturaltemperwasirritableinthe，extreme，hishighsenseofdutyenabledhimtorestrainit;andto，thoseabouthimhispatienceseemedabsolutelyinexhaustible。His，greatcharacterstandsuntarnishedbyambition，byavarice，orany，lowpassion。Thoughamanofpowerfulindividuality，heyet，displayedagreatvarietyofendowment。TheequalofNapoleonin，generalship，hewasasprompt，vigorous，anddaringasClive;as，wiseastatesmanasCromwell;andaspureandhigh-mindedas，Washington。ThegreatWellingtonleftbehindhimanenduring，reputation，foundedontoilsomecampaignswonbyskilful，combination，byfortitudewhichnothingcouldexhaust，bysublime，daring，andperhapsbystillsublimerpatience。
Energyusuallydisplaysitselfinpromptitudeanddecision。When，LedyardthetravellerwasaskedbytheAfricanAssociationwhenhe，wouldbereadytosetoutforAfrica，heimmediatelyanswered，“To-
morrowmorning。”，Blucher’spromptitudeobtainedforhimthe，cognomenof“MarshalForwards“throughoutthePrussianarmy。When，JohnJervis，afterwardsEarlSt。Vincent，wasaskedwhenhewould，bereadytojoinhisship，hereplied，“Directly。”，AndwhenSir，ColinCampbell，appointedtothecommandoftheIndianarmy，was，askedwhenhecouldsetout，hisanswerwas，“To-morrow，“-an，earnestofhissubsequentsuccess。Foritisrapiddecision，anda，similarpromptitudeinaction，suchastakinginstantadvantageof，anenemy’smistakes，thatsooftenwinsbattles。”AtArcola，“said，Napoleon，“Iwonthebattlewithtwenty-fivehorsemen。Iseizeda，momentoflassitude，gaveeverymanatrumpet，andgainedtheday，withthishandful。Twoarmiesaretwobodieswhichmeetand，endeavourtofrighteneachother：，amomentofpanicoccurs，and，THATMOMENTmustbeturnedtoadvantage。”，“Everymomentlost，“
saidheatanothertime，“givesanopportunityformisfortune;“and，hedeclaredthathebeattheAustriansbecausetheyneverknewthe，valueoftime：，whiletheydawdled，heoverthrewthem。
Indiahas，duringthelastcentury，beenagreatfieldforthe，displayofBritishenergy。FromClivetoHavelockandClydethere，isalongandhonourablerollofdistinguishednamesinIndian，legislationandwarfare，-suchasWellesley，Metcalfe，Outram，Edwardes，andtheLawrences。Anothergreatbutsulliednameis，thatofWarrenHastings-amanofdauntlesswillandindefatigable，industry。Hisfamilywasancientandillustrious;buttheir，vicissitudesoffortuneandill-requitedloyaltyinthecauseof，theStuarts，broughtthemtopoverty，andthefamilyestateat，Daylesford，ofwhichtheyhadbeenlordsofthemanorforhundreds，ofyears，atlengthpassedfromtheirhands。ThelastHastingsof，Daylesfordhad，however，presentedtheparishlivingtohissecond，son;anditwasinhishouse，manyyearslater，thatWarren，Hastings，hisgrandson，wasborn。Theboylearnthislettersat，thevillageschool，onthesamebenchwiththechildrenofthe，peasantry。Heplayedinthefieldswhichhisfathershadowned;
andwhattheloyalandbraveHastingsofDaylesfordHADbeen，was，everintheboy’sthoughts。Hisyoungambitionwasfired，andit，issaidthatonesummer’sday，whenonlysevenyearsold，ashe，laidhimdownonthebankofthestreamwhichflowedthroughthe，domain，heformedinhismindtheresolutionthathewouldyet，recoverpossessionofthefamilylands。Itwastheromanticvision，ofaboy;yethelivedtorealizeit。Thedreambecameapassion，rootedinhisverylife;andhepursuedhisdeterminationthrough，youthuptomanhood，withthatcalmbutindomitableforceofwill，whichwasthemoststrikingpeculiarityofhischaracter。The，orphanboybecameoneofthemostpowerfulmenofhistime;he，retrievedthefortunesofhisline;boughtbacktheoldestate，and，rebuiltthefamilymansion。”When，underatropicalsun，“says，Macaulay，“heruledfiftymillionsofAsiatics，hishopes，amidst，allthecaresofwar，finance，andlegislation，stillpointedto，Daylesford。Andwhenhislongpubliclife，sosingularlychequered，withgoodandevil，withgloryandobloquy，hadatlengthclosed，forever，itwastoDaylesfordthatheretiredtodie。”
SirCharlesNapierwasanotherIndianleaderofextraordinary，courageanddetermination。Heoncesaidofthedifficultieswith，whichhewassurroundedinoneofhiscampaigns，“Theyonlymakemy，feetgodeeperintotheground。”，HisbattleofMeeaneewasoneof，themostextraordinaryfeatsinhistory。With2000men，ofwhom，only400wereEuropeans，heencounteredanarmyof35，000hardyand，well-armedBeloochees。Itwasanact，apparently，ofthemost，daringtemerity，butthegeneralhadfaithinhimselfandinhis，men。HechargedtheBeloochcentreupahighbankwhichformed，theirrampartinfront，andforthreemortalhoursthebattle，raged。Eachmanofthatsmallforce，inspiredbythechief，became，forthetimeahero。TheBeloochees，thoughtwentytoone，were，drivenback，butwiththeirfacestothefoe。Itisthissortof，pluck，tenacity，anddeterminedperseverancewhichwinssoldiers’
battles，and，indeed，everybattle。Itistheonenecknearerthat，winstheraceandshowstheblood;itistheonemarchmorethat，winsthecampaign;thefiveminutes’morepersistentcouragethat，winsthefight。Thoughyourforcebelessthananother’s，you，equalandoutmasteryouropponentifyoucontinueitlongerand，concentrateitmore。ThereplyoftheSpartanfather，whosaidto，hisson，whencomplainingthathisswordwastooshort，“Addastep，toit，“isapplicabletoeverythinginlife。
Napiertooktherightmethodofinspiringhismenwithhisown，heroicspirit。Heworkedashardasanyprivateintheranks。
“Thegreatartofcommanding，“hesaid，“istotakeafairshareof，thework。Themanwholeadsanarmycannotsucceedunlesshis，wholemindisthrownintohiswork。Themoretrouble，themore，labourmustbegiven;themoredanger，themorepluckmustbe，shown，tillallisoverpowered。”，Ayoungofficerwhoaccompanied，himinhiscampaignintheCutcheeHills，oncesaid，“WhenIsee，thatoldmanincessantlyonhishorse，howcanIbeidlewhoam，youngandstrong？，Iwouldgointoaloadedcannon’smouthifhe，orderedme。”，Thisremark，whenrepeatedtoNapier，hesaidwas，amplerewardforhistoils。Theanecdoteofhisinterviewwiththe，Indianjugglerstrikinglyillustrateshiscoolcourageaswellas，hisremarkablesimplicityandhonestyofcharacter。Onone，occasion，aftertheIndianbattles，afamousjugglervisitedthe，campandperformedhisfeatsbeforetheGeneral，hisfamily，and，staff。Amongotherperformances，thismancutintwowithastroke，ofhisswordalimeorlemonplacedinthehandofhisassistant。
Napierthoughttherewassomecollusionbetweenthejugglerandhis，retainer。Todividebyasweepoftheswordonaman’shandso，smallanobjectwithouttouchingthefleshhebelievedtobe，impossible，thoughasimilarincidentisrelatedbyScottinhis，romanceofthe’Talisman。’，Todeterminethepoint，theGeneral，offeredhisownhandfortheexperiment，andhestretchedouthis，rightarm。Thejugglerlookedattentivelyatthehand，andsaidhe，wouldnotmakethetrial。”IthoughtIwouldfindyouout！”
exclaimedNapier。”Butstop，“addedtheother，“letmeseeyour，lefthand。”，Thelefthandwassubmitted，andthemanthensaid，firmly，“IfyouwillholdyourarmsteadyIwillperformthefeat。”
“Butwhythelefthandandnottheright？”“Becausetherighthand，ishollowinthecentre，andthereisariskofcuttingoffthe，thumb;theleftishigh，andthedangerwillbeless。”，Napierwas，startled。”Igotfrightened，“hesaid;“Isawitwasanactual，featofdelicateswordsmanship，andifIhadnotabusedthemanas，Ididbeforemystaff，andchallengedhimtothetrial，Ihonestly，acknowledgeIwouldhaveretiredfromtheencounter。However，I
putthelimeonmyhand，andheldoutmyarmsteadily。Thejuggler，balancedhimself，and，withaswiftstrokecutthelimeintwo，pieces。Ifelttheedgeoftheswordonmyhandasifacold，threadhadbeendrawnacrossit。Somuch(headded)forthebrave，swordsmenofIndia，whomourfinefellowsdefeatedatMeeanee。”
TherecentterriblestruggleinIndiahasservedtobringout，perhapsmoreprominentlythananypreviouseventinourhistory，thedeterminedenergyandself-relianceofthenationalcharacter。
AlthoughEnglishofficialismmayoftendriftstupidlyintogigantic，blunders，themenofthenationgenerallycontrivetoworktheir，wayoutofthemwithaheroismalmostapproachingthesublime。In，May，1857，whentherevoltburstuponIndialikeathunder-clap，theBritishforceshadbeenallowedtodwindletotheirextreme，minimum，andwerescatteredoverawideextentofcountry，manyof，theminremotecantonments。TheBengalregiments，oneafter，another，roseagainsttheirofficers，brokeaway，andrushedto，Delhi。Provinceafterprovincewaslappedinmutinyandrebellion;
andthecryforhelprosefromeasttowest。Everywherethe，Englishstoodatbayinsmalldetachments，beleagueredand，surrounded，apparentlyincapableofresistance。Theirdiscomfiture，seemedsocomplete，andtheutterruinoftheBritishcausein，Indiasocertain，thatitmightbesaidofthemthen，asithad，beensaidbefore，“TheseEnglishneverknowwhentheyarebeaten。”
Accordingtorule，theyoughtthenandtheretohavesuccumbedto，inevitablefate。
Whiletheissueofthemutinystillappeareduncertain，Holkar，one，ofthenativeprinces，consultedhisastrologerforinformation。
Thereplywas，“IfalltheEuropeanssaveoneareslain，thatone，willremaintofightandreconquer。”，Intheirverydarkestmoment，-evenwhere，asatLucknow，amerehandfulofBritishsoldiers，civilians，andwomen，heldoutamidstacityandprovinceinarms，againstthem-therewasnowordofdespair，nothoughtof，surrender。Thoughcutofffromallcommunicationwiththeir，friendsformonths，andnotknowingwhetherIndiawaslostorheld，theyneverceasedtohaveperfectfaithinthecourageand，devotednessoftheircountrymen。Theyknewthatwhileabodyof，menofEnglishraceheldtogetherinIndia，theywouldnotbeleft，unheededtoperish。Theyneverdreamtofanyotherissuebut，retrievaloftheirmisfortuneandultimatetriumph;andifthe，worstcametotheworst，theycouldbutfallattheirpost，anddie，intheperformanceoftheirduty。Needweremindthereaderofthe，namesofHavelock，Inglis，Neill，andOutram-menoftrulyheroic，mould-ofeachofwhomitmightwithtruthbesaidthathehadthe，heartofachevalier，thesoulofabeliever，andthetemperament，ofamartyr。Montalemberthassaidofthemthat“theydohonourto，thehumanrace。”，Butthroughoutthatterribletrialalmostall，provedequallygreat-women，civiliansandsoldiers-fromthe，generaldownthroughallgradestotheprivateandbugleman。The，menwerenotpicked：，theybelongedtothesameordinarypeople，whomwedailymeetathome-inthestreets，inworkshops，inthe，fields，atclubs;yetwhensuddendisasterfelluponthem，eachand，alldisplayedawealthofpersonalresourcesandenergy，andbecame，asitwereindividuallyheroic。”Notoneofthem，“says，Montalembert，“shrankortrembled-all，militaryandcivilians，youngandold，generalsandsoldiers，resisted，fought，and，perishedwithacoolnessandintrepiditywhichneverfaltered。It，isinthiscircumstancethatshinesouttheimmensevalueofpublic，education，whichinvitestheEnglishmanfromhisyouthtomakeuse，ofhisstrengthandhisliberty，toassociate，resist，fear，nothing，tobeastonishedatnothing，andtosavehimself，byhis，ownsoleexertions，fromeverysorestraitinlife。”
IthasbeensaidthatDelhiwastakenandIndiasavedbythe，personalcharacterofSirJohnLawrence。Theverynameof，“Lawrence“representedpowerintheNorth-WestProvinces。His，standardofduty，zeal，andpersonaleffort，wasofthehighest;
andeverymanwhoservedunderhimseemedtobeinspiredbyhis，spirit。Itwasdeclaredofhimthathischaracteralonewasworth，anarmy。ThesamemightbesaidofhisbrotherSirHenry，who，organisedthePunjaubforcethattooksoprominentapartinthe，captureofDelhi。Bothbrothersinspiredthosewhowereaboutthem，withperfectloveandconfidence。Bothpossessedthatqualityof，tenderness，whichisoneofthetrueelementsoftheheroic，character。Bothlivedamongstthepeople，andpowerfully，influencedthemforgood。AboveallasCol。Edwardessays，“they，drewmodelsonyoungfellows’minds，whichtheywentforthand，copiedintheirseveraladministrations：，theysketchedaFAITH，andbegotaSCHOOL，whicharebothlivingthingsatthisday。”，Sir，JohnLawrencehadbyhissidesuchmenasMontgomery，Nicholson，Cotton，andEdwardes，asprompt，decisive，andhigh-souledas，himself。JohnNicholsonwasoneofthefinest，manliest，and，noblestofmen-“everyinchahakim，“thenativessaidofhim-“a，towerofstrength，“ashewascharacterisedbyLordDalhousie。In，whatevercapacityheactedhewasgreat，becauseheactedwithhis，wholestrengthandsoul。Abrotherhoodoffakeers-borneawayby，theirenthusiasticadmirationoftheman-evenbegantheworship，ofNikkilSeyn：，hehadsomeofthempunishedfortheirfolly，but，theycontinuedtheirworshipnevertheless。Ofhissustainedenergy，andpersistencyanillustrationmaybecitedinhispursuitofthe，55thSepoymutineers，whenhewasinthesaddlefortwenty，consecutivehours，andtravelledmorethanseventymiles。Whenthe，enemysetuptheirstandardatDelhi，LawrenceandMontgomery，relyingonthesupportofthepeopleofthePunjaub，andcompelling，theiradmirationandconfidence，strainedeverynervetokeeptheir，ownprovinceinperfectorder，whilsttheyhurledeveryavailable，soldier，EuropeanandSikh，againstthatcity。SirJohnwroteto，thecommander-in-chiefto“hangontotherebels’nosesbefore，Delhi，“whilethetroopspressedonbyforcedmarchesunder，Nicholson，“thetrampofwhosewar-horsemightbeheardmilesoff，“
aswasafterwardssaidofhimbyaroughSikhwhoweptoverhis，grave。
ThesiegeandstormingofDelhiwasthemostillustriousevent，whichoccurredinthecourseofthatgiganticstruggle，although，theleaguerofLucknow，duringwhichthemerestskeletonofa，Britishregiment-the32nd-heldout，undertheheroicInglis，forsixmonthsagainsttwohundredthousandarmedenemies，has，perhapsexcitedmoreintenseinterest。AtDelhi，too，theBritish，werereallythebesieged，thoughostensiblythebesiegers;they，wereamerehandfulofmen“intheopen“-notmorethan3，700
bayonets，Europeanandnative-andtheywereassailedfromdayto，daybyanarmyofrebelsnumberingatonetimeasmanyas75，000
men，trainedtoEuropeandisciplinebyEnglishofficers，and，suppliedwithallbutexhaustlessmunitionsofwar。Theheroic，littlebandsatdownbeforethecityundertheburningraysofa，tropicalsun。Death，wounds，andfeverfailedtoturnthemfrom，theirpurpose。Thirtytimestheywereattackedbyoverwhelming，numbers，andthirtytimesdidtheydrivebacktheenemybehind，theirdefences。AsCaptainHodson-himselfoneofthebravest，there-hassaid，“Iventuretoaverthatnoothernationinthe，worldwouldhaveremainedhere，oravoideddefeatiftheyhad，attemptedtodoso。”，Neverforaninstantdidtheseheroesfalter，attheirwork;withsublimeendurancetheyheldon，foughton，and，neverrelaxeduntil，dashingthroughthe“imminentdeadlybreach，“
theplacewaswon，andtheBritishflagwasagainunfurledonthe，wallsofDelhi。Allweregreat-privates，officers，andgenerals。
Commonsoldierswhohadbeeninuredtoalifeofhardship，and，youngofficerswhohadbeennursedinluxurioushomes，alikeproved，theirmanhood，andemergedfromthatterribletrialwithequal，honour。ThenativestrengthandsoundnessoftheEnglishrace，and，ofmanlyEnglishtraininganddiscipline，werenevermore，powerfullyexhibited;anditwasthereemphaticallyprovedthatthe，MenofEnglandare，afterall，itsgreatestproducts。Aterrible，pricewaspaidforthisgreatchapterinourhistory，butifthose，whosurvive，andthosewhocomeafter，profitbythelessonand，example，itmaynothavebeenpurchasedattoogreatacost。
ButnotlessenergyandcouragehavebeendisplayedinIndiaand，theEastbymenofvariousnations，inotherlinesofactionmore，peacefulandbeneficentthanthatofwar。Andwhiletheheroesof，theswordareremembered，theheroesofthegospeloughtnottobe，forgotten。FromXaviertoMartynandWilliams，therehasbeena，successionofillustriousmissionarylabourers，workinginaspirit，ofsublimeself-sacrifice，withoutanythoughtofworldlyhonour，inspiredsolelybythehopeofseekingoutandrescuingthelost，andfallenoftheirrace。Borneupbyinvinciblecourageand，never-failingpatience，thesemenhaveenduredprivations，braved，dangers，walkedthroughpestilence，andbornealltoils，fatigues，andsufferings，yetheldontheirwayrejoicing，gloryingevenin，martyrdomitself。Oftheseoneofthefirstandmostillustrious，wasFrancisXavier。Bornofnoblelineage，andwithpleasure，power，andhonourwithinhisreach，heprovedbyhislifethat，therearehigherobjectsintheworldthanrank，andnobler，aspirationsthantheaccumulationofwealth。Hewasatrue，gentlemaninmannersandsentiment;brave，honourable，generous;
easilyled，yetcapableofleading;easilypersuaded，yethimself，persuasive;amostpatient，resoluteandenergeticman。Attheage，oftwenty-twohewasearninghislivingasapublicteacherof，philosophyattheUniversityofParis。ThereXavierbecamethe，intimatefriendandassociateofLoyola，andshortlyafterwardshe，conductedthepilgrimageofthefirstlittlebandofproselytesto，Rome。
WhenJohnIII。ofPortugalresolvedtoplantChristianityinthe，Indianterritoriessubjecttohisinfluence，Bobadillawasfirst，selectedashismissionary;butbeingdisabledbyillness，itwas，foundnecessarytomakeanotherselection，andXavierwaschosen。
