Repairinghistatteredcassock，andwithnootherbaggagethanhis，breviary，heatoncestartedforLisbonandembarkedfortheEast。
TheshipinwhichhesetsailforGoahadtheGovernoronboard，withareinforcementofathousandmenforthegarrisonofthe，place。Thoughacabinwasplacedathisdisposal，Xavierslepton，deckthroughoutthevoyagewithhisheadonacoilofropes，messingwiththesailors。Byministeringtotheirwants，inventing，innocentsportsfortheiramusement，andattendingthemintheir，sickness，hewhollywontheirhearts，andtheyregardedhimwith，veneration。
ArrivedatGoa，Xavierwasshockedatthedepravityofthepeople，settlersaswellasnatives;fortheformerhadimportedthevices，withouttherestraintsofcivilization，andthelatterhadonly，beentooapttoimitatetheirbadexample。Passingalongthe，streetsofthecity，soundinghishandbellashewent，heimplored，thepeopletosendhimtheirchildrentobeinstructed。Heshortly，succeededincollectingalargenumberofscholars，whomhe，carefullytaughtdaybyday，atthesametimevisitingthesick，thelepers，andthewretchedofallclasses，withtheobjectof，assuagingtheirmiseries，andbringingthemtotheTruth。Nocry，ofhumansufferingwhichreachedhimwasdisregarded。Hearingof，thedegradationandmiseryofthepearlfishersofManaar，heset，outtovisitthem，andhisbellagainrangouttheinvitationof，mercy。Hebaptizedandhetaught，butthelatterhecouldonlydo，throughinterpreters。Hismosteloquentteachingwashis，ministrationtothewantsandthesufferingsofthewretched。
Onhewent，hishand-bellsoundingalongthecoastofComorin，amongthetownsandvillages，thetemplesandthebazaars，summoningthenativestogatherabouthimandbeinstructed。He，hadtranslationsmadeoftheCatechism，theApostles’Creed，the，Commandments，theLord’sPrayer，andsomeofthedevotionaloffices，oftheChurch。Committingthesetomemoryintheirowntonguehe，recitedthemtothechildren，untiltheyhadthembyheart;after，whichhesentthemforthtoteachthewordstotheirparentsand，neighbours。AtCapeComorin，heappointedthirtyteachers，who，underhimselfpresidedoverthirtyChristianChurches，thoughthe，Churcheswerebuthumble，inmostcasesconsistingonlyofa，cottagesurmountedbyacross。ThencehepassedtoTravancore，soundinghiswayfromvillagetovillage，baptizinguntilhishands，droppedwithweariness，andrepeatinghisformulasuntilhisvoice，becamealmostinaudible。Accordingtohisownaccount，thesuccess，ofhismissionsurpassedhishighestexpectations。Hispure，earnest，andbeautifullife，andtheirresistibleeloquenceofhis，deeds，madeconvertswhereverhewent;andbysheerforceof，sympathy，thosewhosawhimandlistenedtohiminsensiblycaughta，portionofhisardour。
Burdenedwiththethoughtthat“theharvestisgreatandthe，labourersarefew，“XaviernextsailedtoMalaccaandJapan，where，hefoundhimselfamongstentirelynewracesspeakingothertongues。
Themostthathecoulddoherewastoweepandpray，tosmooththe，pillowandwatchbythesick-bed，sometimessoakingthesleeveof，hissurpliceinwater，fromwhichtosqueezeoutafewdropsand，baptizethedying。Hopingallthings，andfearingnothing，this，valiantsoldierofthetruthwasborneonwardthroughoutbyfaith，andenergy。”Whateverformofdeathortorture，“saidhe，“awaits，me，Iamreadytosufferittenthousandtimesforthesalvationof，asinglesoul。”，Hebattledwithhunger，thirst，privationsand，dangersofallkinds，stillpursuinghismissionoflove，unresting，andunwearying。Atlength，afterelevenyears’labour，thisgreat，goodman，whilestrivingtofindawayintoChina，wasstricken，withfeverintheIslandofSanchian，andtherereceivedhiscrown，ofglory。Aheroofnoblermould，morepure，self-denying，and，courageous，hasprobablynevertrodthisearth。
OthermissionarieshavefollowedXavierinthesamefieldofwork，suchasSchwartz，Carey，andMarshmaninIndia;Gutzlaffand，MorrisoninChina;WilliamsintheSouthSeas;Campbell，Moffatt，andLivingstoneinAfrica。JohnWilliams，themartyrofErromanga，wasoriginallyapprenticedtoafurnishingironmonger。Though，consideredadullboy，hewashandyathistrade，inwhichhe，acquiredsomuchskillthathismasterusuallyentrustedhimwith，anyblacksmithsworkthatrequiredtheexerciseofmorethan，ordinarycare。Hewasalsofondofbell-hangingandother，employmentswhichtookhimawayfromtheshop。Acasualsermon，whichheheardgavehismindaseriousbias，andhebecamea，Sunday-schoolteacher。Thecauseofmissionshavingbeenbrought，underhisnoticeatsomeofhissociety’smeetings，hedetermined，todevotehimselftothiswork。Hisserviceswereacceptedbythe，LondonMissionarySociety;andhismasterallowedhimtoleavethe，ironmonger’sshopbeforetheexpiryofhisindentures。Theislands，ofthePacificOceanweretheprincipalsceneofhislabours-more，particularlyHuahineinTahiti，Raiatea，andRarotonga。Likethe，Apostlesheworkedwithhishands，-atblacksmithwork，gardening，shipbuilding;andheendeavouredtoteachtheislanderstheartof，civilisedlife，atthesametimethatheinstructedtheminthe，truthsofreligion。Itwasinthecourseofhisindefatigable，laboursthathewasmassacredbysavagesontheshoreofErromanga，-noneworthierthanhetowearthemartyr’scrown。
ThecareerofDr。Livingstoneisoneofthemostinterestingof，all。Hehastoldthestoryofhislifeinthatmodestand，unassumingmannerwhichissocharacteristicofthemanhimself。
HisancestorswerepoorbuthonestHighlanders，anditisrelated，ofoneofthem，renownedinhisdistrictforwisdomandprudence，thatwhenonhisdeath-bedhecalledhischildrenroundhimand，leftthemthesewords，theonlylegacyhehadtobequeath-“Inmy，life-time，“saidhe，“Ihavesearchedmostcarefullythroughall，thetraditionsIcouldfindofourfamily，andInevercould，discoverthattherewasadishonestmanamongourforefathers：，if，therefore，anyofyouoranyofyourchildrenshouldtaketo，dishonestways，itwillnotbebecauseitrunsinourblood;it，doesnotbelongtoyou：，Ileavethispreceptwithyou-Be，honest。”，AttheageoftenLivingstonewassenttoworkina，cottonfactorynearGlasgowasa“piecer。”，Withpartofhisfirst，week’swagesheboughtaLatingrammar，andbegantolearnthat，language，pursuingthestudyforyearsatanightschool。Hewould，situpconninghislessonstilltwelveorlater，whennotsentto，bedbyhismother，forhehadtobeupandatworkinthefactory，everymorningbysix。InthiswayheploddedthroughVirgiland，Horace，alsoreadingextensivelyallbooks，exceptingnovels，that，cameinhisway，butmoreespeciallyscientificworksandbooksof，travels。Heoccupiedhissparehours，whichwerebutfew，inthe，pursuitofbotany，scouringtheneighbourhoodtocollectplants。
Heevencarriedonhisreadingamidsttheroarofthefactory，machinery，soplacingthebookuponthespinningjennywhichhe，workedthathecouldcatchsentenceaftersentenceashepassedit。
Inthiswaytheperseveringyouthacquiredmuchusefulknowledge;
andashegrewolder，thedesirepossessedhimofbecominga，missionarytotheheathen。Withthisobjecthesethimselfto，obtainamedicaleducation，inorderthebettertobequalifiedfor，thework。Heaccordinglyeconomisedhisearnings，andsavedas，muchmoneyasenabledhimtosupporthimselfwhileattendingthe，MedicalandGreekclasses，aswellastheDivinityLectures，at，Glasgow，forseveralwinters，workingasacottonspinnerduring，theremainderofeachyear。Hethussupportedhimself，duringhis，collegecareer，entirelybyhisownearningsasafactoryworkman，neverhavingreceivedafarthingofhelpfromanyothersource。
“Lookingbacknow，“hehonestlysays，“atthatlifeoftoil，I
cannotbutfeelthankfulthatitformedsuchamaterialpartofmy，earlyeducation;and，wereitpossible，Ishouldliketobeginlife，overagaininthesamelowlystyle，andtopassthroughthesame，hardytraining。”，Atlengthhefinishedhismedicalcurriculum，wrotehisLatinthesis，passedhisexaminations，andwasadmitteda，licentiateoftheFacultyofPhysiciansandSurgeons。Atfirsthe，thoughtofgoingtoChina，butthewarthenwagingwiththat，countrypreventedhisfollowingouttheidea;andhavingoffered，hisservicestotheLondonMissionarySociety，hewasbythemsent，outtoAfrica，whichhereachedin1840。Hehadintendedto，proceedtoChinabyhisownefforts;andhesaystheonlypanghe，hadingoingtoAfricaatthechargeoftheLondonMissionary，Societywas，because“itwasnotquiteagreeabletooneaccustomed，toworkhisownwaytobecome，inamanner，dependentuponothers。”
ArrivedinAfricahesettoworkwithgreatzeal。Hecouldnot，brooktheideaofmerelyenteringuponthelaboursofothers，but，cutoutalargesphereofindependentwork，preparinghimselffor，itbyundertakingmanuallabourinbuildingandotherhandicraft，employment，inadditiontoteaching，which，hesays，“mademe，generallyasmuchexhaustedandunfitforstudyintheeveningsas，everIhadbeenwhenacotton-spinner。”，Whilstlabouringamongst，theBechuanas，hedugcanals，builthouses，cultivatedfields，rearedcattle，andtaughtthenativestoworkaswellasworship。
Whenhefirststartedwithapartyofthemonfootuponalong，journey，heoverheardtheirobservationsuponhisappearanceand，powers-“Heisnotstrong，“saidthey;“heisquiteslim，andonly，appearsstoutbecauseheputshimselfintothosebags(trowsers)：
hewillsoonknockup。”，Thiscausedthemissionary’sHighland，bloodtorise，andmadehimdespisethefatigueofkeepingthemall，atthetopoftheirspeedfordaystogether，untilheheardthem，expressingproperopinionsofhispedestrianpowers。Whathedid，inAfrica，andhowheworked，maybelearntfromhisown，’MissionaryTravels，’oneofthemostfascinatingbooksofitskind，thathaseverbeengiventothepublic。Oneofhislastknownacts，isthoroughlycharacteristicoftheman。The’Birkenhead’steam，launch，whichhetookoutwithhimtoAfrica，havingproveda，failure，hesenthomeordersfortheconstructionofanothervessel，atanestimatedcostof2000L。Thissumheproposedtodefrayout，ofthemeanswhichhehadsetasideforhischildrenarisingfrom，theprofitsofhisbooksoftravels。”Thechildrenmustmakeitup，themselves，“wasineffecthisexpressioninsendinghometheorder，fortheappropriationofthemoney。
ThecareerofJohnHowardwasthroughoutastrikingillustrationof，thesamepowerofpatientpurpose。Hissublimelifeprovedthat，evenphysicalweaknesscouldremovemountainsinthepursuitofan，endrecommendedbyduty。Theideaofamelioratingtheconditionof，prisonersengrossedhiswholethoughtsandpossessedhimlikea，passion;andnotoil，nordanger，norbodilysufferingcouldturn，himfromthatgreatobjectofhislife。Thoughamanofnogenius，andbutmoderatetalent，hisheartwaspureandhiswillwas，strong。Eveninhisowntimeheachievedaremarkabledegreeof，success;andhisinfluencedidnotdiewithhim，forithas，continuedpowerfullytoaffectnotonlythelegislationofEngland，butofallcivilisednations，downtothepresenthour。
JonasHanwaywasanotherofthemanypatientandperseveringmen，whohavemadeEnglandwhatitis-contentsimplytodowithenergy，theworktheyhavebeenappointedtodo，andgototheirrest，thankfullywhenitisdone-
“Leavingnomemorialbutaworld，Madebetterbytheirlives。”
Hewasbornin1712，atPortsmouth，wherehisfather，astorekeeper，inthedockyard，beingkilledbyanaccident，hewasleftanorphan，atanearlyage。HismotherremovedwithherchildrentoLondon，whereshehadthemputtoschool，andstruggledhardtobringthem，uprespectably。AtseventeenJonaswassenttoLisbontobe，apprenticedtoamerchant，wherehiscloseattentiontobusiness，hispunctuality，andhisstricthonourandintegrity，gainedfor，himtherespectandesteemofallwhoknewhim。Returningto，Londonin1743，heacceptedtheofferofapartnershipinan，EnglishmercantilehouseatSt。PetersburgengagedintheCaspian，trade，theninitsinfancy。HanwaywenttoRussiaforthepurpose，ofextendingthebusiness;andshortlyafterhisarrivalatthe，capitalhesetoutforPersia，withacaravanofEnglishbalesof，clothmakingtwentycarriageloads。AtAstracanhesailedfor，Astrabad，onthesouth-easternshoreoftheCaspian;buthehad，scarcelylandedhisbales，whenaninsurrectionbrokeout，his，goodswereseized，andthoughheafterwardsrecoveredtheprincipal，partofthem，thefruitsofhisenterprisewereinagreatmeasure，lost。Aplotwassetonfoottoseizehimselfandhisparty;sohe，tooktoseaand，afterencounteringgreatperils，reachedGhilanin，safety。Hisescapeonthisoccasiongavehimthefirstideaofthe，wordswhichheafterwardsadoptedasthemottoofhislife-“NEVER
DESPAIR。”，HeafterwardsresidedinSt。Petersburgforfiveyears，carryingonaprosperousbusiness。Butarelativehavinglefthim，someproperty，andhisownmeansbeingconsiderable，heleft，Russia，andarrivedinhisnativecountryin1755。Hisobjectin，returningtoEnglandwas，ashehimselfexpressedit，“toconsult，hisownhealth(whichwasextremelydelicate)，anddoasmuchgood，tohimselfandothersashewasable。”，Therestofhislifewas，spentindeedsofactivebenevolenceandusefulnesstohisfellow，men。Helivedinaquietstyle，inorderthathemightemploya，largershareofhisincomeinworksofbenevolence。Oneofthe，firstpublicimprovementstowhichhedevotedhimselfwasthatof，thehighwaysofthemetropolis，inwhichhesucceededtoalarge，extent。TherumourofaFrenchinvasionbeingprevalentin1755，Mr。Hanwayturnedhisattentiontothebestmodeofkeepingupthe，supplyofseamen。Hesummonedameetingofmerchantsand，shipownersattheRoyalExchange，andthereproposedtothemto，formthemselvesintoasocietyforfittingoutlandsmenvolunteers，andboys，toserveonboardtheking’sships。Theproposalwas，receivedwithenthusiasm：，asocietywasformed，andofficerswere，appointed，Mr。Hanwaydirectingitsentireoperations。Theresult，wastheestablishmentin1756ofTheMarineSociety，aninstitution，whichhasprovedofmuchnationaladvantage，andistothisdayof，greatandsubstantialutility。Withinsixyearsfromits，formation，5451boysand4787landsmenvolunteershadbeentrained，andfittedoutbythesocietyandaddedtothenavy，andtothis，dayitisinactiveoperation，about600poorboys，afteracareful，education，beingannuallyapprenticedassailors，principallyin，themerchantservice。
Mr。Hanwaydevotedtheotherportionsofhissparetimeto，improvingorestablishingimportantpublicinstitutionsinthe，metropolis。Fromanearlyperiodhetookanactiveinterestinthe，FoundlingHospital，whichhadbeenstartedbyThomasCorammany，yearsbefore，butwhich，byencouragingparentstoabandontheir，childrentothechargeofacharity，wasthreateningtodomore，harmthangood。Hedeterminedtotakestepstostemtheevil，enteringupontheworkinthefaceofthefashionablephilanthropy，ofthetime;butbyholdingtohispurposeheeventuallysucceeded，inbringingthecharitybacktoitsproperobjects;andtimeand，experiencehaveprovedthathewasright。TheMagdalenHospital，wasalsoestablishedinagreatmeasurethroughMr。Hanway’s，exertions。Buthismostlaboriousandperseveringeffortswerein，behalfoftheinfantparishpoor。Themiseryandneglectamidst，whichthechildrenoftheparishpoorthengrewup，andthe，mortalitywhichprevailedamongstthem，werefrightful;butthere，wasnofashionablemovementonfoottoabatethesuffering，asin，thecaseofthefoundlings。SoJonasHanwaysummonedhisenergies，tothetask。Aloneandunassistedhefirstascertainedbypersonal，inquirytheextentoftheevil。Heexploredthedwellingsofthe，poorestclassesinLondon，andvisitedthepoorhousesickwards，by，whichheascertainedthemanagementindetailofeveryworkhousein，andnearthemetropolis。HenextmadeajourneyintoFranceand，throughHolland，visitingthehousesforthereceptionofthepoor，andnotingwhateverhethoughtmightbeadoptedathomewith，advantage。Hewasthusemployedforfiveyears;andonhisreturn，toEnglandhepublishedtheresultsofhisobservations。The，consequencewasthatmanyoftheworkhouseswerereformedand，improved。In1761heobtainedanActobligingeveryLondonparish，tokeepanannualregisterofalltheinfantsreceived，discharged，anddead;andhetookcarethattheActshouldwork，forhehimself，superintendeditsworkingwithindefatigablewatchfulness。Hewent，aboutfromworkhousetoworkhouseinthemorning，andfromone，memberofparliamenttoanotherintheafternoon，fordayafter，day，andforyearafteryear，enduringeveryrebuff，answering，everyobjection，andaccommodatinghimselftoeveryhumour。At，length，afteraperseverancehardlytobeequalled，andafter，nearlytenyears’labour，heobtainedanotherAct，athissole，expense(7Geo。III。c。39)，directingthatallparishinfants，belongingtotheparisheswithinthebillsofmortalityshouldnot，benursedintheworkhouses，butbesenttonurseacertainnumber，ofmilesoutoftown，untiltheyweresixyearsold，underthecare，ofguardianstobeelectedtriennially。Thepoorpeoplecalled，this“theActforkeepingchildrenalive;“andtheregistersfor，theyearswhichfolloweditspassing，ascomparedwiththosewhich，precededit，showedthatthousandsofliveshadbeenpreserved，throughthejudiciousinterferenceofthisgoodandsensibleman。
WhereveraphilanthropicworkwastobedoneinLondon，besure，thatJonasHanway’shandwasinit。OneofthefirstActsforthe，protectionofchimney-sweepers’boyswasobtainedthroughhis，influence。AdestructivefireatMontreal，andanotherat，Bridgetown，Barbadoes，affordedhimtheopportunityforraisinga，timelysubscriptionforthereliefofthesufferers。Hisname，appearedineverylist，andhisdisinterestednessandsincerity，wereuniversallyrecognized。Buthewasnotsufferedtowastehis，littlefortuneentirelyintheserviceofothers。Fiveleading，citizensofLondon，headedbyMr。Hoare，thebanker，withoutMr。
Hanway’sknowledge，waitedonLordBute，thenprimeminister，ina，body，andinthenamesoftheirfellow-citizensrequestedthatsome，noticemightbetakenofthisgoodman’sdisinterestedservicesto，hiscountry。Theresultwas，hisappointmentshortlyafter，asone，ofthecommissionersforvictuallingthenavy。
TowardsthecloseofhislifeMr。Hanway’shealthbecamevery，feeble，andalthoughhefounditnecessarytoresignhisofficeat，theVictuallingBoard，hecouldnotbeidle;butlabouredatthe，establishmentofSundaySchools，-amovementtheninitsinfancy，-orinrelievingpoorblacks，manyofwhomwandereddestitute，aboutthestreetsofthemetropolis，-or，inalleviatingthe，sufferingsofsomeneglectedanddestituteclassofsociety。
Notwithstandinghisfamiliaritywithmiseryinallitsshapes，he，wasoneofthemostcheerfulofbeings;and，butforhis，cheerfulnesshecouldnever，withsodelicateaframe，havegot，throughsovastanamountofself-imposedwork。Hedreadednothing，somuchasinactivity。Thoughfragile，hewasboldand，indefatigable;andhismoralcouragewasofthefirstorder。It，mayberegardedasatrivialmattertomentionthathewasthe，firstwhoventuredtowalkthestreetsofLondonwithanumbrella，overhishead。ButletanymodernLondonmerchantventuretowalk，alongCornhillinapeakedChinesehat，andhewillfindittakes，somedegreeofmoralcouragetopersevereinit。Aftercarryingan，umbrellaforthirtyyears，Mr。Hanwaysawthearticleatlength，comeintogeneraluse。
Hanwaywasamanofstricthonour，truthfulness，andintegrity;and，everywordhesaidmightbereliedupon。Hehadsogreata，respect，amountingalmosttoareverence，forthecharacterofthe，honestmerchant，thatitwastheonlysubjectuponwhichhewas，everseducedintoaeulogium。Hestrictlypractisedwhathe，professed，andbothasamerchant，andafterwardsasacommissioner，forvictuallingthenavy，hisconductwaswithoutstain。Hewould，notaccepttheslightestfavourofanysortfromacontractor;and，whenanypresentwassenttohimwhilstattheVictuallingOffice，hewouldpolitelyreturnit，withtheintimationthat“hehadmade，itarulenottoacceptanythingfromanypersonengagedwiththe，office。”，Whenhefoundhispowersfailing，hepreparedfordeath，withasmuchcheerfulnessashewouldhavepreparedhimselffora，journeyintothecountry。Hesentroundandpaidallhis，tradesmen，tookleaveofhisfriends，arrangedhisaffairs，hadhis，personneatlydisposedof，andpartedwithlifeserenelyand，peacefullyinhis74thyear。Thepropertywhichheleftdidnot，amounttotwothousandpounds，and，ashehadnorelativeswho，wantedit，hedivideditamongstsundryorphansandpoorpersons，whomhehadbefriendedduringhislifetime。Such，inbrief，was，thebeautifullifeofJonasHanway，-ashonest，energetic，hard-
working，andtrue-heartedamanaseverlived。
ThelifeofGranvilleSharpisanotherstrikingexampleofthesame，powerofindividualenergy-apowerwhichwasafterwards，transfusedintothenoblebandofworkersinthecauseofSlavery，Abolition，prominentamongwhomwereClarkson，Wilberforce，Buxton，andBrougham。But，giantsthoughthesemenwereinthiscause，GranvilleSharpwasthefirst，andperhapsthegreatestofthem，all，inpointofperseverance，energy，andintrepidity。Hebegan，lifeasapprenticetoalinen-draperonTowerHill;but，leaving，thatbusinessafterhisapprenticeshipwasout，henextenteredas，aclerkintheOrdnanceOffice;anditwaswhileengagedinthat，humbleoccupationthathecarriedoninhissparehourstheworkof，NegroEmancipation。Hewasalways，evenwhenanapprentice，ready，toundertakeanyamountofvolunteerlabourwhereausefulpurpose，wastobeserved。Thus，whilelearningthelinen-draperybusiness，afellowapprenticewholodgedinthesamehouse，andwasa，Unitarian，ledhimintofrequentdiscussionsonreligioussubjects。
TheUnitarianyouthinsistedthatGranville’sTrinitarian，misconceptionofcertainpassagesofScripturearosefromhiswant，ofacquaintancewiththeGreektongue;onwhichheimmediatelyset，toworkinhiseveninghours，andshortlyacquiredanintimate，knowledgeofGreek。Asimilarcontroversywithanotherfellow-
apprentice，aJew，astotheinterpretationoftheprophecies，led，himinlikemannertoundertakeandovercomethedifficultiesof，Hebrew。
Butthecircumstancewhichgavethebiasanddirectiontothemain，laboursofhislifeoriginatedinhisgenerosityandbenevolence。
HisbrotherWilliam，asurgeoninMincingLane，gavegratuitous，advicetothepoor，andamongstthenumerousapplicantsforrelief，athissurgerywasapoorAfricannamedJonathanStrong。It，appearedthatthenegrohadbeenbrutallytreatedbyhismaster，a，BarbadoeslawyertheninLondon，andbecamelame，almostblind，and，unabletowork;onwhichhisowner，regardinghimasofnofurther，valueasachattel，cruellyturnedhimadriftintothestreetsto，starve。Thispoorman，amassofdisease，supportedhimselfby，beggingforatime，untilhefoundhiswaytoWilliamSharp，who，gavehimsomemedicine，andshortlyaftergothimadmittedtoSt。
Bartholomew’shospital，wherehewascured。Oncomingoutofthe，hospital，thetwobrotherssupportedthenegroinordertokeephim，offthestreets，buttheyhadnottheleastsuspicionatthetime，thatanyonehadaclaimuponhisperson。Theyevensucceededin，obtainingasituationforStrongwithanapothecary，inwhose，serviceheremainedfortwoyears;anditwaswhilehewas，attendinghismistressbehindahackneycoach，thathisformer，owner，theBarbadoeslawyer，recognizedhim，anddeterminedto，recoverpossessionoftheslave，againrenderedvaluablebythe，restorationofhishealth。ThelawyeremployedtwooftheLord，Mayor’sofficerstoapprehendStrong，andhewaslodgedinthe，Compter，untilhecouldbeshippedofftotheWestIndies。The，negro，bethinkinghiminhiscaptivityofthekindserviceswhich，GranvilleSharphadrenderedhiminhisgreatdistresssomeyears，before，despatchedalettertohimrequestinghishelp。Sharphad，forgottenthenameofStrong，buthesentamessengertomake，inquiries，whoreturnedsayingthatthekeepersdeniedhavingany，suchpersonintheircharge。Hissuspicionswereroused，andhe，wentforthwithtotheprison，andinsisteduponseeingJonathan，Strong。Hewasadmitted，andrecognizedthepoornegro，nowin，custodyasarecapturedslave。Mr。Sharpchargedthemasterofthe，prisonathisownperilnottodeliverupStrongtoanyperson，whatever，untilhehadbeencarriedbeforetheLordMayor，towhom，Sharpimmediatelywent，andobtainedasummonsagainstthose，personswhohadseizedandimprisonedStrongwithoutawarrant。
ThepartiesappearedbeforetheLordMayoraccordingly，andit，appearedfromtheproceedingsthatStrong’sformermasterhad，alreadysoldhimtoanewone，whoproducedthebillofsaleand，claimedthenegroashisproperty。Asnochargeofoffencewas，madeagainstStrong，andastheLordMayorwasincompetenttodeal，withthelegalquestionofStrong’slibertyorotherwise，he，dischargedhim，andtheslavefollowedhisbenefactoroutofcourt，noonedaringtotouchhim。Theman’sownerimmediatelygaveSharp，noticeofanactiontorecoverpossessionofhisnegroslave，of，whomhedeclaredhehadbeenrobbed。
Aboutthattime(1767)，thepersonallibertyoftheEnglishman，thoughcherishedasatheory，wassubjecttogrievous，infringements，andwasalmostdailyviolated。Theimpressmentof，menfortheseaservicewasconstantlypractised，and，besidesthe，press-gangs，therewereregularbandsofkidnappersemployedin，Londonandallthelargetownsofthekingdom，toseizemenforthe，EastIndiaCompany’sservice。Andwhenthemenwerenotwantedfor，India，theywereshippedofftotheplantersintheAmerican，colonies。Negroslaveswereopenlyadvertisedforsaleinthe，LondonandLiverpoolnewspapers。Rewardswereofferedfor，recoveringandsecuringfugitiveslaves，andconveyingthemdownto，certainspecifiedshipsintheriver。
ThepositionofthereputedslaveinEnglandwasundefinedand，doubtful。Thejudgmentswhichhadbeengiveninthecourtsoflaw，werefluctuatingandvarious，restingonnosettledprinciple。
Althoughitwasapopularbeliefthatnoslavecouldbreathein，England，therewerelegalmenofeminencewhoexpressedadirectly，contraryopinion。ThelawyerstowhomMr。Sharpresortedfor，advice，indefendinghimselfintheactionraisedagainsthimin，thecaseofJonathanStrong，generallyconcurredinthisview，and，hewasfurthertoldbyJonathanStrong’sowner，thattheeminent，LordChiefJusticeMansfield，andalltheleadingcounsel，were，decidedlyofopinionthattheslave，bycomingintoEngland，did，notbecomefree，butmightlegallybecompelledtoreturnagainto，theplantations。Suchinformationwouldhavecauseddespairina，mindlesscourageousandearnestthanthatofGranvilleSharp;but，itonlyservedtostimulatehisresolutiontofightthebattleof，thenegroes’freedom，atleastinEngland。”Forsaken，“hesaid，“bymyprofessionaldefenders，Iwascompelled，throughthewantof，regularlegalassistance，tomakeahopelessattemptatself-
defence，thoughIwastotallyunacquaintedeitherwiththepractice，ofthelaworthefoundationsofit，havingneveropenedalawbook，(excepttheBible)inmylife，untilthattime，whenImost，reluctantlyundertooktosearchtheindexesofalawlibrary，which，mybooksellerhadlatelypurchased。”
Thewholeofhistimeduringthedaywasoccupiedwiththebusiness，oftheordnancedepartment，whereheheldthemostlaboriouspost，intheoffice;hewasthereforeunderthenecessityofconducting，hisnewstudieslateatnightorearlyinthemorning。He，confessedthathewashimselfbecomingasortofslave。Writingto，aclericalfriendtoexcusehimselffordelayinreplyingtoa，letter，hesaid，“Iprofessmyselfentirelyincapableofholdinga，literarycorrespondence。WhatlittletimeIhavebeenabletosave，fromsleepatnight，andearlyinthemorning，hasbeennecessarily，employedintheexaminationofsomepointsoflaw，whichadmitted，ofnodelay，andyetrequiredthemostdiligentresearchesand，examinationinmystudy。”
Mr。Sharpgaveupeveryleisuremomentthathecouldcommandduring，thenexttwoyears，totheclosestudyofthelawsofEngland，affectingpersonalliberty，-wadingthroughanimmensemassofdry，andrepulsiveliterature，andmakingextractsofallthemost，importantActsofParliament，decisionsofthecourts，andopinions，ofeminentlawyers，ashewentalong。Inthistediousand，protractedinquiryhehadnoinstructor，norassistant，nor，adviser。Hecouldnotfindasinglelawyerwhoseopinionwas，favourabletohisundertaking。Theresultsofhisinquirieswere，however，asgratifyingtohimself，astheyweresurprisingtothe，gentlemenofthelaw。”Godbethanked，“hewrote，“thereis，nothinginanyEnglishlaworstatute-atleastthatIamableto，findout-thatcanjustifytheenslavingofothers。”，Hehad，plantedhisfootfirm，andnowhedoubtednothing。Hedrewupthe，resultofhisstudiesinasummaryform;itwasaplain，clear，and，manlystatement，entitled，’OntheInjusticeofToleratingSlavery，inEngland;’andnumerouscopies，madebyhimself，werecirculated，byhimamongstthemosteminentlawyersofthetime。Strong’s，owner，findingthesortofmanhehadtodealwith，invented，variouspretextsfordeferringthesuitagainstSharp，andat，lengthofferedacompromise，whichwasrejected。Granvillewenton，circulatinghismanuscripttractamongthelawyers，untilatlength，thoseemployedagainstJonathanStrongweredeterredfrom，proceedingfurther，andtheresultwas，thattheplaintiffwas，compelledtopaytreblecostsfornotbringingforwardhisaction。
Thetractwasthenprintedin1769。
Inthemeantimeothercasesoccurredofthekidnappingofnegroes，inLondon，andtheirshipmenttotheWestIndiesforsale。
WhereverSharpcouldlayholdofanysuchcase，heatoncetook，proceedingstorescuethenegro。ThusthewifeofoneHylas，an，African，wasseized，anddespatchedtoBarbadoes;onwhichSharp，inthenameofHylas，institutedlegalproceedingsagainstthe，aggressor，obtainedaverdictwithdamages，andHylas’swifewas，broughtbacktoEnglandfree。
Anotherforciblecaptureofanegro，attendedwithgreatcruelty，havingoccurredin1770，heimmediatelysethimselfonthetrackof，theaggressors。AnAfrican，namedLewis，wasseizedonedarknight，bytwowatermenemployedbythepersonwhoclaimedthenegroashis，property，draggedintothewater，hoistedintoaboat，wherehewas，gagged，andhislimbsweretied;andthenrowingdownriver，they，puthimonboardashipboundforJamaica，wherehewastobesold，foraslaveuponhisarrivalintheisland。Thecriesofthepoor，negrohad，however，attractedtheattentionofsomeneighbours;one，ofwhomproceededdirecttoMr。GranvilleSharp，nowknownasthe，negro’sfriend，andinformedhimoftheoutrage。Sharpimmediately，gotawarranttobringbackLewis，andheproceededtoGravesend，butonarrivaltheretheshiphadsailedfortheDowns。Awritof，HabeasCorpuswasobtained，sentdowntoSpithead，andbeforethe，shipcouldleavetheshoresofEnglandthewritwasserved。The，slavewasfoundchainedtothemain-mastbathedintears，casting，mournfullooksonthelandfromwhichhewasabouttobetorn。He，wasimmediatelyliberated，broughtbacktoLondon，andawarrant，wasissuedagainsttheauthoroftheoutrage。Thepromptitudeof，head，heart，andhand，displayedbyMr。Sharpinthistransaction，couldscarcelyhavebeensurpassed，andyetheaccusedhimselfof，slowness。ThecasewastriedbeforeLordMansfield-whose，opinion，itwillberemembered，hadalreadybeenexpressedas，decidedlyopposedtothatentertainedbyGranvilleSharp。The，judge，however，avoidedbringingthequestiontoanissue，or，offeringanyopiniononthelegalquestionastotheslave’s，personallibertyorotherwise，butdischargedthenegrobecausethe，defendantcouldbringnoevidencethatLewiswasevennominallyhis，property。
ThequestionofthepersonallibertyofthenegroinEnglandwas，thereforestillundecided;butinthemeantimeMr。Sharpcontinued，steadyinhisbenevolentcourse，andbyhisindefatigableexertions，andpromptitudeofaction，manymorewereaddedtothelistofthe，rescued。AtlengththeimportantcaseofJamesSomersetoccurred;
acasewhichissaidtohavebeenselected，atthemutualdesireof，LordMansfieldandMr。Sharp，inordertobringthegreatquestion，involvedtoaclearlegalissue。Somersethadbeenbroughtto，Englandbyhismaster，andleftthere。Afterwardshismaster，soughttoapprehendhimandsendhimofftoJamaica，forsale。Mr。
Sharp，asusual，atoncetookthenegro’scaseinhand，and，employedcounseltodefendhim。LordMansfieldintimatedthatthe，casewasofsuchgeneralconcern，thatheshouldtaketheopinion，ofallthejudgesuponit。Mr。Sharpnowfeltthathewouldhave，tocontendwithalltheforcethatcouldbebroughtagainsthim，buthisresolutionwasinnowiseshaken。Fortunatelyforhim，in，thisseverestruggle，hisexertionshadalreadybeguntotell：
increasinginterestwastakeninthequestion，andmanyeminent，legalgentlemenopenlydeclaredthemselvestobeuponhisside。
Thecauseofpersonalliberty，nowatstake，wasfairlytried，beforeLordMansfield，assistedbythethreejustices，-andtried，onthebroadprincipleoftheessentialandconstitutionalrightof，everymaninEnglandtothelibertyofhisperson，unlessforfeited，bythelaw。Itisunnecessaryheretoenterintoanyaccountof，thisgreattrial;theargumentsextendedtoagreatlength，the，causebeingcarriedovertoanotherterm，-whenitwasadjourned，andre-adjourned，-butatlengthjudgmentwasgivenbyLord，Mansfield，inwhosepowerfulmindsogradualachangehadbeen，workedbytheargumentsofcounsel，basedmainlyonGranville，Sharp’stract，thathenowdeclaredthecourttobesoclearlyof，oneopinion，thattherewasnonecessityforreferringthecaseto，thetwelvejudges。Hethendeclaredthattheclaimofslavery，nevercanbesupported;thatthepowerclaimedneverwasinusein，England，noracknowledgedbythelaw;thereforethemanJames，Somersetmustbedischarged。BysecuringthisjudgmentGranville，SharpeffectuallyabolishedtheSlaveTradeuntilthencarriedon，openlyinthestreetsofLiverpoolandLondon。Buthealsofirmly，establishedthegloriousaxiom，thatassoonasanyslavesetshis，footonEnglishground，thatmomenthebecomesfree;andtherecan，benodoubtthatthisgreatdecisionofLordMansfieldwasmainly，owingtoMr。Sharp’sfirm，resolute，andintrepidprosecutionof，thecausefromthebeginningtotheend。
ItisunnecessaryfurthertofollowthecareerofGranvilleSharp。
Hecontinuedtolabourindefatigablyinallgoodworks。Hewas，instrumentalinfoundingthecolonyofSierraLeoneasanasylum，forrescuednegroes。Helabouredtoamelioratetheconditionof，thenativeIndiansintheAmericancolonies。Heagitatedthe，enlargementandextensionofthepoliticalrightsoftheEnglish，people;andheendeavouredtoeffecttheabolitionofthe，impressmentofseamen。GranvilleheldthattheBritishseamen，as，wellastheAfricannegro，wasentitledtotheprotectionofthe，law;andthatthefactofhischoosingaseafaringlifedidnotin，anywaycancelhisrightsandprivilegesasanEnglishman-first，amongstwhichherankedpersonalfreedom。Mr。Sharpalsolaboured，butineffectually，torestoreamitybetweenEnglandandher，coloniesinAmerica;andwhenthefratricidalwaroftheAmerican，Revolutionwasenteredon，hissenseofintegritywassoscrupulous，that，resolvingnotinanywaytobeconcernedinsounnaturala，business，heresignedhissituationattheOrdnanceOffice。
Tothelastheheldtothegreatobjectofhislife-theabolition，ofslavery。Tocarryonthiswork，andorganizetheeffortsofthe，growingfriendsofthecause，theSocietyfortheAbolitionof，Slaverywasfounded，andnewmen，inspiredbySharp’sexampleand，zeal，sprangforwardtohelphim。Hisenergybecametheirs，and，theself-sacrificingzealinwhichhehadsolonglabouredsingle-
handed，becameatlengthtransfusedintothenationitself。His，mantlefelluponClarkson，uponWilberforce，uponBrougham，and，uponBuxton，wholabouredashehaddone，withlikeenergyand，stedfastnessofpurpose，untilatlengthslaverywasabolished，throughouttheBritishdominions。Butthoughthenameslast，mentionedmaybemorefrequentlyidentifiedwiththetriumphof，thisgreatcause，thechiefmeritunquestionablybelongsto，GranvilleSharp。Hewasencouragedbynoneoftheworld’shuzzas，whenheentereduponhiswork。Hestoodalone，opposedtothe，opinionoftheablestlawyersandthemostrootedprejudicesofthe，times;andalonehefoughtout，byhissingleexertions，andathis，individualexpense，themostmemorablebattlefortheconstitution，ofthiscountryandthelibertiesofBritishsubjects，ofwhich，moderntimesaffordarecord。Whatfollowedwasmainlythe，consequenceofhisindefatigableconstancy。Helightedthetorch，whichkindledotherminds，anditwashandedonuntilthe，illuminationbecamecomplete。
BeforethedeathofGranvilleSharp，Clarksonhadalreadyturned，hisattentiontothequestionofNegroSlavery。Hehadeven，selecteditforthesubjectofacollegeEssay;andhismindbecame，sopossessedbyitthathecouldnotshakeitoff。Thespotis，pointedoutnearWade’sMill，inHertfordshire，where，alighting，fromhishorseoneday，hesatdowndisconsolateontheturfbythe，roadside，andafterlongthinking，determinedtodevotehimself，whollytothework。HetranslatedhisEssayfromLatininto，English，addedfreshillustrations，andpublishedit。Thenfellow，labourersgatheredroundhim。TheSocietyforAbolishingtheSlave，Trade，unknowntohim，hadalreadybeenformed，andwhenheheard，ofithejoinedit。Hesacrificedallhisprospectsinlifeto，prosecutethiscause。Wilberforcewasselectedtoleadin，parliament;butuponClarksonchieflydevolvedthelabourof，collectingandarrangingtheimmensemassofevidenceofferedin，supportoftheabolition。AremarkableinstanceofClarkson’s，sleuth-houndsortofperseverancemaybementioned。Theabettors，ofslavery，inthecourseoftheirdefenceofthesystem，maintainedthatonlysuchnegroesaswerecapturedinbattlewere，soldasslaves，andifnotsosold，thentheywerereservedfora，stillmorefrightfuldoomintheirowncountry。Clarksonknewof，theslave-huntsconductedbytheslave-traders，buthadno，witnessestoproveit。Wherewasonetobefound？，Accidentally，a，gentlemanwhomhemetononeofhisjourneysinformedhimofa，youngsailor，inwhosecompanyhehadbeenaboutayearbefore，who，hadbeenactuallyengagedinoneofsuchslave-huntingexpeditions。
Thegentlemandidnotknowhisname，andcouldbutindefinitely，describehisperson。Hedidnotknowwherehewas，furtherthan，thathebelongedtoashipofwarinordinary，butatwhatporthe，couldnottell。Withthismereglimmeringofinformation，Clarkson，determinedtoproducethismanasawitness。Hevisitedpersonally，alltheseaporttownswhereshipsinordinarylay;boardedand，examinedeveryshipwithoutsuccess，untilhecametotheveryLAST
port，andfoundtheyoungman，hisprize，intheveryLASTship，thatremainedtobevisited。Theyoungmanprovedtobeoneofhis，mostvaluableandeffectivewitnesses。
DuringseveralyearsClarksonconductedacorrespondencewith，upwardsoffourhundredpersons，travellingmorethanthirty-five，thousandmilesduringthesametimeinsearchofevidence。Hewas，atlengthdisabledandexhaustedbyillness，broughtonbyhis，continuousexertions;buthewasnotbornefromthefielduntilhis，zealhadfullyawakenedthepublicmind，andexcitedtheardent，sympathiesofallgoodmenonbehalfoftheslave。
Afteryearsofprotractedstruggle，theslavetradewasabolished。
Butstillanothergreatachievementremainedtobeaccomplished-
theabolitionofslaveryitselfthroughouttheBritishdominions。
Andhereagaindeterminedenergywontheday。Oftheleadersin，thecause，nonewasmoredistinguishedthanFowellBuxton，whotook，thepositionformerlyoccupiedbyWilberforceintheHouseof，Commons。Buxtonwasadull，heavyboy，distinguishedforhis，strongself-will，whichfirstexhibiteditselfinviolent，domineering，andheadstrongobstinacy。Hisfatherdiedwhenhewas，achild;butfortunatelyhehadawisemother，whotrainedhiswill，withgreatcare，constraininghimtoobey，butencouragingthe，habitofdecidingandactingforhimselfinmatterswhichmight，safelybelefttohim。Hismotherbelievedthatastrongwill，directeduponworthyobjects，wasavaluablemanlyqualityif，properlyguided，andsheactedaccordingly。Whenothersabouther，commentedontheboy’sself-will，shewouldmerelysay，“Nevermind，-heisself-willednow-youwillseeitwillturnoutwellinthe，end。”，Fowelllearntverylittleatschool，andwasregardedasa，dunceandanidler。Hegototherboystodohisexercisesforhim，whileherompedandscrambledabout。Hereturnedhomeatfifteen，agreat，growing，awkwardlad，fondonlyofboating，shooting，riding，andfieldsports，-spendinghistimeprincipallywiththe，gamekeeper，amanpossessedofagoodheart，-anintelligent，observeroflifeandnature，thoughhecouldneitherreadnor，write。Buxtonhadexcellentrawmaterialinhim，buthewanted，culture，training，anddevelopment。Atthisjunctureofhislife，whenhishabitswerebeingformedforgoodorevil，hewashappily，thrownintothesocietyoftheGurneyfamily，distinguishedfor，theirfinesocialqualitiesnotlessthanfortheirintellectual，cultureandpublic-spiritedphilanthropy。Thisintercoursewith，theGurneys，heusedafterwardstosay，gavethecolouringtohis，life。Theyencouragedhiseffortsatself-culture;andwhenhe，wenttotheUniversityofDublinandgainedhighhonoursthere，the，animatingpassioninhismind，hesaid，“wastocarrybacktothem，theprizeswhichtheypromptedandenabledmetowin。”，Hemarried，oneofthedaughtersofthefamily，andstartedinlife，commencing，asaclerktohisunclesHanbury，theLondonbrewers。Hispowerof，will，whichmadehimsodifficulttodealwithasaboy，nowformed，thebackboneofhischaracter，andmadehimmostindefatigableand，energeticinwhateverheundertook。Hethrewhiswholestrength，andbulkrightdownuponhiswork;andthegreatgiant-“Elephant，Buxton“theycalledhim，forhestoodsomesixfeetfourinheight，-becameoneofthemostvigorousandpracticalofmen。”Icould，brew，“hesaid，“onehour，-domathematicsthenext，-andshoot，thenext，-andeachwithmywholesoul。”，Therewasinvincible，energyanddeterminationinwhateverhedid。Admittedapartner，hebecametheactivemanageroftheconcern;andthevastbusiness，whichheconductedfelthisinfluencethrougheveryfibre，and，prosperedfarbeyonditsprevioussuccess。Nordidheallowhis，mindtoliefallow，forhegavehiseveningsdiligentlytoself-
culture，studyinganddigestingBlackstone，Montesquieu，andsolid，commentariesonEnglishlaw。Hismaximsinreadingwere，“neverto，beginabookwithoutfinishingit;““nevertoconsiderabook，finisheduntilitismastered;“and“tostudyeverythingwiththe，wholemind。”
Whenonlythirty-two，Buxtonenteredparliament，andatonce，assumedthatpositionofinfluencethere，ofwhicheveryhonest，earnest，well-informedmanissecure，whoentersthatassemblyof，thefirstgentlemenintheworld。Theprincipalquestiontowhich，hedevotedhimselfwasthecompleteemancipationoftheslavesin，theBritishcolonies。Hehimselfusedtoattributetheinterest，whichheearlyfeltinthisquestiontotheinfluenceofPriscilla，Gurney，oneoftheEarlhamfamily，-awomanofafineintellect，andwarmheart，aboundinginillustriousvirtues。Whenonher，deathbed，in1821，sherepeatedlysentforBuxton，andurgedhim，“tomakethecauseoftheslavesthegreatobjectofhislife。”
Herlastactwastoattempttoreiteratethesolemncharge，andshe，expiredintheineffectualeffort。Buxtonneverforgother，counsel;henamedoneofhisdaughtersafterher;andonthedayon，whichshewasmarriedfromhishouse，onthe1stofAugust，1834，-
thedayofNegroemancipation-afterhisPriscillahadbeen，manumittedfromherfilialservice，andleftherfather’shomein，thecompanyofherhusband，Buxtonsatdownandthuswrotetoa，friend：，“Thebrideisjustgone;everythinghaspassedoffto，admiration;andTHEREISNOTASLAVEINTHEBRITISHCOLONIES！”
Buxtonwasnogenius-notagreatintellectualleadernor，discoverer，butmainlyanearnest，straightforward，resolute，energeticman。Indeed，hiswholecharacterismostforcibly，expressedinhisownwords，whicheveryyoungmanmightwellstamp，uponhissoul：，“ThelongerIlive，“saidhe，“themoreIam，certainthatthegreatdifferencebetweenmen，betweenthefeeble，andthepowerful，thegreatandtheinsignificant，isENERGY-
INVINCIBLEDETERMINATION-apurposeoncefixed，andthendeathor，victory！，Thatqualitywilldoanythingthatcanbedoneinthis，world;andnotalents，nocircumstances，noopportunities，will，makeatwo-leggedcreatureaManwithoutit。”
CHAPTERIX-MENOFBUSINESS
“Seestthouamandiligentinhisbusiness？heshallstandbefore，kings。”-ProverbsofSolomon。
“Thatmanisbutofthelowerpartoftheworldthatisnotbrought，uptobusinessandaffairs。”-OwenFeltham，Hazlitt，inoneofhiscleveressays，representsthemanof，businessasameansortofpersonputinago-cart，yokedtoa，tradeorprofession;allegingthatallhehastodois，nottogo，outofthebeatentrack，butmerelytolethisaffairstaketheir，owncourse。”Thegreatrequisite，“hesays，“fortheprosperous，managementofordinarybusinessisthewantofimagination，orof，anyideasbutthoseofcustomandinterestonthenarrowestscale。”
(24)，Butnothingcouldbemoreone-sided，andineffectuntrue，thansuchadefinition。Ofcourse，therearenarrow-mindedmenof，business，astherearenarrow-mindedscientificmen，literarymen，andlegislators;buttherearealsobusinessmenoflargeand，comprehensiveminds，capableofactionontheverylargestscale。
AsBurkesaidinhisspeechontheIndiaBill，heknewstatesmen，whowerepedlers，andmerchantswhoactedinthespiritof，statesmen。
Ifwetakeintoaccountthequalitiesnecessaryforthesuccessful，conductofanyimportantundertaking，-thatitrequiresspecial，aptitude，promptitudeofactiononemergencies，capacityfor，organizingthelaboursoftenoflargenumbersofmen，greattact，andknowledgeofhumannature，constantself-culture，andgrowing，experienceinthepracticalaffairsoflife，-itmust，wethink，beobviousthattheschoolofbusinessisbynomeanssonarrowas，somewriterswouldhaveusbelieve。Mr。Helpshadgonemuchnearer，thetruthwhenhesaidthatconsummatemenofbusinessareasrare，almostasgreatpoets，-rarer，perhaps，thanveritablesaintsand，martyrs。Indeed，ofnootherpursuitcanitsoemphaticallybe，said，asofthis，that“Businessmakesmen。”
Ithas，however，beenafavouritefallacywithduncesinalltimes，thatmenofgeniusareunfittedforbusiness，aswellasthat，businessoccupationsunfitmenforthepursuitsofgenius。The，unhappyyouthwhocommittedsuicideafewyearssincebecausehe，hadbeen“borntobeamanandcondemnedtobeagrocer，“provedby，theactthathissoulwasnotequaleventothedignityofgrocery。
Foritisnotthecallingthatdegradestheman，butthemanthat，degradesthecalling。Allworkthatbringshonestgainis，honourable，whetheritbeofhandormind。Thefingersmaybe，soiled，yettheheartremainpure;foritisnotmaterialsomuch，asmoraldirtthatdefiles-greedfarmorethangrime，andvice，thanverdigris。
Thegreatesthavenotdisdainedtolabourhonestlyandusefullyfor，aliving，thoughatthesametimeaimingafterhigherthings。
Thales，thefirstofthesevensages，Solon，thesecondfounderof，Athens，andHyperates，themathematician，werealltraders。Plato，calledtheDivinebyreasonoftheexcellenceofhiswisdom，defrayedhistravellingexpensesinEgyptbytheprofitsderived，fromtheoilwhichhesoldduringhisjourney。Spinozamaintained，himselfbypolishingglasseswhilehepursuedhisphilosophical，investigations。Linnaeus，thegreatbotanist，prosecutedhis，studieswhilehammeringleatherandmakingshoes。Shakespearewas，asuccessfulmanagerofatheatre-perhapspridinghimselfmore，uponhispracticalqualitiesinthatcapacitythanonhiswriting，ofplaysandpoetry。PopewasofopinionthatShakespeare’s，principalobjectincultivatingliteraturewastosecureanhonest，independence。Indeedheseemstohavebeenaltogetherindifferent，toliteraryreputation。Itisnotknownthathesuperintendedthe，publicationofasingleplay，orevensanctionedtheprintingof，one;andthechronologyofhiswritingsisstillamystery。Itis，certain，however，thatheprosperedinhisbusiness，andrealized，sufficienttoenablehimtoretireuponacompetencytohisnative，townofStratford-upon-Avon。
Chaucerwasinearlylifeasoldier，andafterwardsaneffective，CommissionerofCustoms，andInspectorofWoodsandCrownLands。
SpencerwasSecretarytotheLordDeputyofIreland，wasafterwards，SheriffofCork，andissaidtohavebeenshrewdandattentivein，mattersofbusiness。Milton，originallyaschoolmaster，was，elevatedtothepostofSecretarytotheCouncilofStateduring，theCommonwealth;andtheextantOrder-bookoftheCouncil，aswell，asmanyofMilton’sletterswhicharepreserved，giveabundant，evidenceofhisactivityandusefulnessinthatoffice。SirIsaac，NewtonprovedhimselfanefficientMasteroftheMint;thenew，coinageof1694havingbeencarriedonunderhisimmediatepersonal，superintendence。Cowperpridedhimselfuponhisbusiness，punctuality，thoughheconfessedthathe“neverknewapoet，except，himself，whowaspunctualinanything。”，Butagainstthiswemay，setthelivesofWordsworthandScott-theformeradistributorof，stamps，thelatteraclerktotheCourtofSession，-bothofwhom，thoughgreatpoets，wereeminentlypunctualandpracticalmenof，business。DavidRicardo，amidsttheoccupationsofhisdaily，businessasaLondonstock-jobber，inconductingwhichheacquired，anamplefortune，wasabletoconcentratehisminduponhis，favouritesubject-onwhichhewasenabledtothrowgreatlight-
theprinciplesofpoliticaleconomy;forheunitedinhimselfthe，sagaciouscommercialmanandtheprofoundphilosopher。Baily，the，eminentastronomer，wasanotherstockbroker;andAllen，the，chemist，wasasilkmanufacturer。
Wehaveabundantillustrations，inourownday，ofthefactthat，thehighestintellectualpowerisnotincompatiblewiththeactive，andefficientperformanceofroutineduties。Grote，thegreat，historianofGreece，wasaLondonbanker。Anditisnotlongsince，JohnStuartMill，oneofourgreatestlivingthinkers，retiredfrom，theExaminer’sdepartmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，carryingwith，himtheadmirationandesteemofhisfellowofficers，noton，accountofhishighviewsofphilosophy，butbecauseofthehigh，standardofefficiencywhichhehadestablishedinhisoffice，and，thethoroughlysatisfactorymannerinwhichhehadconductedthe，businessofhisdepartment。
Thepathofsuccessinbusinessisusuallythepathofcommon，sense。Patientlabourandapplicationareasnecessaryhereasin，theacquisitionofknowledgeorthepursuitofscience。Theold，Greekssaid，“tobecomeanablemaninanyprofession，threethings，arenecessary-nature，study，andpractice。”，Inbusiness，practice，wiselyanddiligentlyimproved，isthegreatsecretof，success。Somemaymakewhatarecalled“luckyhits，“butlike，moneyearnedbygambling，such“hits“mayonlyservetolureoneto，ruin。Baconwasaccustomedtosaythatitwasinbusinessasin，ways-thenearestwaywascommonlythefoulest，andthatifaman，wouldgothefairestwayhemustgosomewhatabout。Thejourney，mayoccupyalongertime，butthepleasureofthelabourinvolved，byit，andtheenjoymentoftheresultsproduced，willbemore，genuineandunalloyed。Tohaveadailyappointedtaskofeven，commondrudgerytodomakestherestoflifefeelallthesweeter。
ThefableofthelaboursofHerculesisthetypeofallhumandoing，andsuccess。Everyyouthshouldbemadetofeelthathishappiness，andwell-doinginlifemustnecessarilyrelymainlyonhimselfand，theexerciseofhisownenergies，ratherthanuponthehelpand，patronageofothers。ThelateLordMelbourneembodiedapieceof，usefuladviceinaletterwhichhewrotetoLordJohnRussell，in，replytoanapplicationforaprovisionforoneofMoorethepoet’s，sons：，“MydearJohn，“hesaid，“IreturnyouMoore’sletter。I
shallbereadytodowhatyoulikeaboutitwhenwehavethemeans。
IthinkwhateverisdoneshouldbedoneforMoorehimself。Thisis，moredistinct，direct，andintelligible。Makingasmallprovision，foryoungmenishardlyjustifiable;anditisofallthingsthe，mostprejudicialtothemselves。Theythinkwhattheyhavemuch，largerthanitreallyis;andtheymakenoexertion。Theyoung，shouldneverhearanylanguagebutthis：，’Youhaveyourownwayto，make，anditdependsuponyourownexertionswhetheryoustarveor，not。’，Believeme，&c。MELBOURNE。”
Practicalindustry，wiselyandvigorouslyapplied，alwaysproduces，itsdueeffects。Itcarriesamanonward，bringsouthis，individualcharacter，andstimulatestheactionofothers。Allmay，notriseequally，yeteach，onthewhole，verymuchaccordingto，hisdeserts。”Thoughallcannotliveonthepiazza，“astheTuscan，proverbhasit，“everyonemayfeelthesun。”
Onthewhole，itisnotgoodthathumannatureshouldhavetheroad，oflifemadetooeasy。Bettertobeunderthenecessityofworking，hardandfaringmeanly，thantohaveeverythingdonereadytoour，handandapillowofdowntoreposeupon。Indeed，tostartinlife，withcomparativelysmallmeansseemssonecessaryasastimulusto，work，thatitmayalmostbesetdownasoneoftheconditions，essentialtosuccessinlife。Hence，aneminentjudge，whenasked，whatcontributedmosttosuccessatthebar，replied，“Somesucceed，bygreattalent，somebyhighconnexions，somebymiracle，butthe，majoritybycommencingwithoutashilling。”
Wehaveheardofanarchitectofconsiderableaccomplishments，-a，manwhohadimprovedhimselfbylongstudy，andtravelinthe，classicallandsoftheEast，-whocamehometocommencethe，practiceofhisprofession。Hedeterminedtobeginanywhere，providedhecouldbeemployed;andheaccordinglyundertooka，businessconnectedwithdilapidations，-oneofthelowestand，leastremunerativedepartmentsofthearchitect’scalling。Buthe，hadthegoodsensenottobeabovehistrade，andhehadthe，resolutiontoworkhiswayupward，sothatheonlygotafair，start。OnehotdayinJulyafriendfoundhimsittingastrideofa，houseroofoccupiedwithhisdilapidationbusiness。Drawinghis，handacrosshisperspiringcountenance，heexclaimed，“Here’sa，prettybusinessforamanwhohasbeenalloverGreece！”However，hedidhiswork，suchasitwas，thoroughlyandwell;hepersevered，untilheadvancedbydegreestomoreremunerativebranchesof，employment，andeventuallyherosetothehighestwalksofhis，profession。
Thenecessityoflabourmay，indeed，beregardedasthemainroot，andspringofallthatwecallprogressinindividuals，and，civilizationinnations;anditisdoubtfulwhetheranyheavier，cursecouldbeimposedonmanthanthecompletegratificationof，allhiswisheswithouteffortonhispart，leavingnothingforhis，hopes，desiresorstruggles。Thefeelingthatlifeisdestituteof，anymotiveornecessityforaction，mustbeofallothersthemost，distressingandinsupportabletoarationalbeing。TheMarquisde，SpinolaaskingSirHoraceVerewhathisbrotherdiedof，SirHorace，replied，“Hedied，Sir，ofhavingnothingtodo。”，“Alas！”said，Spinola，“thatisenoughtokillanygeneralofusall。”
Thosewhofailinlifearehoweververyapttoassumeatoneof，injuredinnocence，andconcludetoohastilythateverybody，exceptingthemselveshashadahandintheirpersonalmisfortunes。
Aneminentwriterlatelypublishedabook，inwhichhedescribed，hisnumerousfailuresinbusiness，naivelyadmitting，atthesame，time，thathewasignorantofthemultiplicationtable;andhecame，totheconclusionthattherealcauseofhisill-successinlife，wasthemoney-worshippingspiritoftheage。Lamartinealsodid，nothesitatetoprofesshiscontemptforarithmetic;but，hadit，beenless，probablyweshouldnothavewitnessedtheunseemly，spectacleoftheadmirersofthatdistinguishedpersonageengaged，incollectingsubscriptionsforhissupportinhisoldage。
Again，someconsiderthemselvesborntoillluck，andmakeuptheir，mindsthattheworldinvariablygoesagainstthemwithoutanyfault，ontheirownpart。Wehaveheardofapersonofthissort，who，wentsofarastodeclarehisbeliefthatifhehadbeenahatter，peoplewouldhavebeenbornwithoutheads！，Thereishowevera，RussianproverbwhichsaysthatMisfortuneisnextdoorto，Stupidity;anditwilloftenbefoundthatmenwhoareconstantly，lamentingtheirluck，areinsomewayorotherreapingthe，consequencesoftheirownneglect，mismanagement，improvidence，or，wantofapplication。Dr。Johnson，whocameuptoLondonwitha，singleguineainhispocket，andwhoonceaccuratelydescribed，himselfinhissignaturetoaletteraddressedtoanoblelord，as，IMPRANSUS，orDinnerless，hashonestlysaid，“Allthecomplaints，whicharemadeoftheworldareunjust;Ineverknewamanofmerit，neglected;itwasgenerallybyhisownfaultthathefailedof，success。”
WashingtonIrying，theAmericanauthor，heldlikeviews。”Asfor，thetalk，“saidhe，“aboutmodestmeritbeingneglected，itistoo，oftenacant，bywhichindolentandirresolutemenseektolay，theirwantofsuccessatthedoorofthepublic。Modestmeritis，however，tooapttobeinactive，ornegligent，oruninstructed，merit。Wellmaturedandwelldisciplinedtalentisalwayssureof，amarket，provideditexertsitself;butitmustnotcowerathome，andexpecttobesoughtfor。Thereisagooddealofcanttoo，aboutthesuccessofforwardandimpudentmen，whilemenof，retiringwortharepassedoverwithneglect。Butitusually，happensthatthoseforwardmenhavethatvaluablequalityof，promptnessandactivitywithoutwhichworthisamereinoperative，property。Abarkingdogisoftenmoreusefulthanasleeping，lion。”
Attention，application，accuracy，method，punctuality，and，despatch，aretheprincipalqualitiesrequiredfortheefficient，conductofbusinessofanysort。These，atfirstsight，mayappear，tobesmallmatters;andyettheyareofessentialimportanceto，humanhappiness，well-being，andusefulness。Theyarelittle，things，itistrue;buthumanlifeismadeupofcomparative，trifles。Itistherepetitionoflittleactswhichconstitutenot，onlythesumofhumancharacter，butwhichdeterminethecharacter，ofnations。Andwheremenornationshavebrokendown，itwill，almostinvariablybefoundthatneglectoflittlethingswasthe，rockonwhichtheysplit。Everyhumanbeinghasdutiestobe，performed，and，therefore，hasneedofcultivatingthecapacityfor，doingthem;whetherthesphereofactionbethemanagementofa，household，theconductofatradeorprofession，orthegovernment，ofanation。
Theexampleswehavealreadygivenofgreatworkersinvarious，branchesofindustry，art，andscience，renderitunnecessary，furthertoenforcetheimportanceofperseveringapplicationinany，departmentoflife。Itistheresultofevery-dayexperiencethat，steadyattentiontomattersofdetailliesattherootofhuman，progress;andthatdiligence，aboveall，isthemotherofgood，luck。Accuracyisalsoofmuchimportance，andaninvariablemark，ofgoodtraininginaman。Accuracyinobservation，accuracyin，speech，accuracyinthetransactionofaffairs。Whatisdonein，businessmustbewelldone;foritisbettertoaccomplish，perfectlyasmallamountofwork，thantohalf-dotentimesas，much。Awisemanusedtosay，“Stayalittle，thatwemaymakean，endthesooner。”
Toolittleattention，however，ispaidtothishighlyimportant，qualityofaccuracy。Asamaneminentinpracticalsciencelately，observedtous，“ItisastonishinghowfewpeopleIhavemetwith，inthecourseofmyexperience，whocanDEFINEAFACTaccurately。”
Yetinbusinessaffairs，itisthemannerinwhichevensmall，mattersaretransacted，thatoftendecidesmenfororagainstyou。
Withvirtue，capacity，andgoodconductinotherrespects，the，personwhoishabituallyinaccuratecannotbetrusted;hisworkhas，tobegoneoveragain;andhethuscausesaninfinityofannoyance，vexation，andtrouble。
ItwasoneofthecharacteristicqualitiesofCharlesJamesFox，thathewasthoroughlypains-takinginallthathedid。When，appointedSecretaryofState，beingpiquedatsomeobservationas，tohisbadwriting，heactuallytookawriting-master，andwrote，copieslikeaschoolboyuntilhehadsufficientlyimprovedhimself。
Thoughacorpulentman，hewaswonderfullyactiveatpickingupcut，tennisballs，andwhenaskedhowhecontrivedtodoso，he，playfullyreplied，“BecauseIamaverypains-takingman。”，The，sameaccuracyintriflingmatterswasdisplayedbyhiminthingsof，greaterimportance;andheacquiredhisreputation，likethe，painter，by“neglectingnothing。”
Methodisessential，andenablesalargeramountofworktobegot，throughwithsatisfaction。”Method，“saidtheReverendRichard，Cecil，“islikepackingthingsinabox;agoodpackerwillgetin，halfasmuchagainasabadone。”，Cecil’sdespatchofbusinesswas，extraordinary，hismaximbeing，“Theshortestwaytodomanythings，istodoonlyonethingatonce;“andheneverleftathingundone，withaviewofrecurringtoitataperiodofmoreleisure。When，businesspressed，heratherchosetoencroachonhishoursofmeals，andrestthanomitanypartofhiswork。DeWitt’smaximwaslike，Cecil’s：，“Onethingatatime。”，“If，“saidhe，“Ihaveany，necessarydespatchestomake，Ithinkofnothingelsetilltheyare，finished;ifanydomesticaffairsrequiremyattention，Igive，myselfwhollyuptothemtilltheyaresetinorder。”
AFrenchminister，whowasalikeremarkableforhisdespatchof，businessandhisconstantattendanceatplacesofamusement，being，askedhowhecontrivedtocombinebothobjects，replied，“Simplyby，neverpostponingtillto-morrowwhatshouldbedoneto-day。”，Lord，BroughamhassaidthatacertainEnglishstatesmanreversedthe，process，andthathismaximwas，nevertotransactto-daywhat，couldbepostponedtillto-morrow。Unhappily，suchisthepractice，ofmanybesidesthatminister，alreadyalmostforgotten;the，practiceisthatoftheindolentandtheunsuccessful。Suchmen，too，areapttorelyuponagents，whoarenotalwaystoberelied，upon。Importantaffairsmustbeattendedtoinperson。”Ifyou，wantyourbusinessdone，“saystheproverb，“goanddoit;ifyou，don’twantitdone，sendsomeoneelse。”
Anindolentcountrygentlemanhadafreeholdestateproducingabout，fivehundreda-year。Becominginvolvedindebt，hesoldhalfthe，estate，andlettheremaindertoanindustriousfarmerfortwenty，years。Abouttheendofthetermthefarmercalledtopayhis，rent，andaskedtheownerwhetherhewouldsellthefarm。”Will，YOUbuyit？”askedtheowner，surprised。”Yes，ifwecanagree，abouttheprice。”，“Thatisexceedinglystrange，“observedthe，gentleman;“pray，tellmehowithappensthat，whileIcouldnot，liveupontwiceasmuchlandforwhichIpaidnorent，youare，regularlypayingmetwohundreda-yearforyourfarm，andareable，inafewyears，topurchaseit。”，“Thereasonisplain，“wasthe，reply;“yousatstillandsaidGO，IgotupandsaidCOME;youlaid，inbedandenjoyedyourestate，Iroseinthemorningandmindedmy，business。”
SirWalterScott，writingtoayouthwhohadobtainedasituation，andaskedforhisadvice，gavehiminreplythissoundcounsel：
“Bewareofstumblingoverapropensitywhicheasilybesetsyoufrom，nothavingyourtimefullyemployed-Imeanwhatthewomencall，DAWDLING。Yourmottomustbe，HOCAGE。Doinstantlywhateveris，tobedone，andtakethehoursofrecreationafterbusiness，never，beforeit。Whenaregimentisundermarch，therearisoften，thrownintoconfusionbecausethefrontdonotmovesteadilyand，withoutinterruption。Itisthesamewithbusiness。Ifthatwhich，isfirstinhandisnotinstantly，steadily，andregularly，despatched，otherthingsaccumulatebehind，tillaffairsbeginto，pressallatonce，andnohumanbraincanstandtheconfusion。”
Promptitudeinactionmaybestimulatedbyadueconsiderationof，thevalueoftime。AnItalianphilosopherwasaccustomedtocall，timehisestate：，anestatewhichproducesnothingofvaluewithout，cultivation，but，dulyimproved，neverfailstorecompensethe，laboursofthediligentworker。Allowedtoliewaste，theproduct，willbeonlynoxiousweedsandviciousgrowthsofallkinds。One，oftheminorusesofsteadyemploymentis，thatitkeepsoneoutof，mischief，fortrulyanidlebrainisthedevil’sworkshop，anda，lazymanthedevil’sbolster。Tobeoccupiedistobepossessedas，byatenant，whereastobeidleistobeempty;andwhenthedoors，oftheimaginationareopened，temptationfindsareadyaccess，and，evilthoughtscometroopingin。Itisobservedatsea，thatmen，areneversomuchdisposedtogrumbleandmutinyaswhenleast，employed。Henceanoldcaptain，whentherewasnothingelsetodo，wouldissuetheorderto“scourtheanchor！”
MenofbusinessareaccustomedtoquotethemaximthatTimeis，money;butitismore;theproperimprovementofitisself-
culture，self-improvement，andgrowthofcharacter。Anhourwasted，dailyontriflesorinindolence，would，ifdevotedtoself-
improvement，makeanignorantmanwiseinafewyears，andemployed，ingoodworks，wouldmakehislifefruitful，anddeathaharvestof，worthydeeds。Fifteenminutesadaydevotedtoself-improvement，willbefeltattheendoftheyear。Goodthoughtsandcarefully，gatheredexperiencetakeupnoroom，andmaybecarriedaboutas，ourcompanionseverywhere，withoutcostorincumbrance。An，economicaluseoftimeisthetruemodeofsecuringleisure：，it，enablesustogetthroughbusinessandcarryitforward，insteadof，beingdrivenbyit。Ontheotherhand，themiscalculationoftime，involvesusinperpetualhurry，confusion，anddifficulties;and，lifebecomesamereshuffleofexpedients，usuallyfollowedby，disaster。Nelsononcesaid，“Ioweallmysuccessinlifeto，havingbeenalwaysaquarterofanhourbeforemytime。”
Sometakenothoughtofthevalueofmoneyuntiltheyhavecometo，anendofit，andmanydothesamewiththeirtime。Thehoursare，allowedtoflowbyunemployed，andthen，whenlifeisfastwaning，theybethinkthemselvesofthedutyofmakingawiseruseofit。
Butthehabitoflistlessnessandidlenessmayalreadyhavebecome，confirmed，andtheyareunabletobreakthebondswithwhichthey，havepermittedthemselvestobecomebound。Lostwealthmaybe，replacedbyindustry，lostknowledgebystudy，losthealthby，temperanceormedicine，butlosttimeisgoneforever。
Aproperconsiderationofthevalueoftime，willalsoinspire，habitsofpunctuality。”Punctuality，“saidLouisXIV。“isthe，politenessofkings。”，Itisalsothedutyofgentlemen，andthe，necessityofmenofbusiness。Nothingbegetsconfidenceinaman，soonerthanthepracticeofthisvirtue，andnothingshakes，confidencesoonerthanthewantofit。Hewhoholdstohis，appointmentanddoesnotkeepyouwaitingforhim，showsthathe，hasregardforyourtimeaswellasforhisown。Thuspunctuality，isoneofthemodesbywhichwetestifyourpersonalrespectfor，thosewhomwearecalledupontomeetinthebusinessoflife。It，isalsoconscientiousnessinameasure;foranappointmentisa，contract，expressorimplied，andhewhodoesnotkeepitbreaks，faith，aswellasdishonestlyusesotherpeople’stime，andthus，inevitablylosescharacter。Wenaturallycometotheconclusion，thatthepersonwhoiscarelessabouttimewillbecarelessabout，business，andthatheisnottheonetobetrustedwiththe，transactionofmattersofimportance。WhenWashington’ssecretary，excusedhimselfforthelatenessofhisattendanceandlaidthe，blameuponhiswatch，hismasterquietlysaid，“Thenyoumustget，anotherwatch，orIanothersecretary。”
Thepersonwhoisnegligentoftimeanditsemploymentisusually，foundtobeageneraldisturberofothers’peaceandserenity。It，waswittilysaidbyLordChesterfieldoftheoldDukeofNewcastle，-“HisGracelosesanhourinthemorning，andislookingforit，alltherestoftheday。”，Everybodywithwhomtheunpunctualman，hastodoisthrownfromtimetotimeintoastateoffever：，heis，systematicallylate;regularonlyinhisirregularity。Heconducts，hisdawdlingasifuponsystem;arrivesathisappointmentafter，time;getstotherailwaystationafterthetrainhasstarted;
postshisletterwhentheboxhasclosed。Thusbusinessisthrown，intoconfusion，andeverybodyconcernedisputoutoftemper。It，willgenerallybefoundthatthemenwhoarethushabituallybehind，timeareashabituallybehindsuccess;andtheworldgenerally，caststhemasidetoswelltheranksofthegrumblersandthe，railersagainstfortune。
Inadditiontotheordinaryworkingqualitiesthebusinessmanof，thehighestclassrequiresquickperceptionandfirmnessinthe，executionofhisplans。Tactisalsoimportant;andthoughthisis，partlythegiftofnature，itisyetcapableofbeingcultivated，anddevelopedbyobservationandexperience。Menofthisquality，arequicktoseetherightmodeofaction，andiftheyhave，decisionofpurpose，areprompttocarryouttheirundertakingsto，asuccessfulissue。Thesequalitiesareespeciallyvaluable，and，indeedindispensable，inthosewhodirecttheactionofothermen，onalargescale，asforinstance，inthecaseofthecommanderof，anarmyinthefield。Itisnotmerelynecessarythatthegeneral，shouldbegreatasawarriorbutalsoasamanofbusiness。He，mustpossessgreattact，muchknowledgeofcharacter，andability，toorganizethemovementsofalargemassofmen，whomhehasto，feed，clothe，andfurnishwithwhatevermaybenecessaryinorder，thattheymaykeepthefieldandwinbattles。Intheserespects，NapoleonandWellingtonwerebothfirst-ratemenofbusiness。
ThoughNapoleonhadanimmenselovefordetails，hehadalsoa，vividpowerofimagination，whichenabledhimtolookalong，extendedlinesofaction，anddealwiththosedetailsonalarge，scale，withjudgmentandrapidity。Hepossessedsuchknowledgeof，characterasenabledhimtoselect，almostunerringly，thebest，agentsfortheexecutionofhisdesigns。Buthetrustedaslittle，aspossibletoagentsinmattersofgreatmoment，onwhich，importantresultsdepended。Thisfeatureinhischaracteris，illustratedinaremarkabledegreebythe’Napoleon，Correspondence，’nowincourseofpublication，andparticularlyby，thecontentsofthe15thvolume，(25)whichincludetheletters，orders，anddespatches，writtenbytheEmperoratFinkenstein，a，littlechateauonthefrontierofPolandintheyear1807，shortly，afterthevictoryofEylau。
TheFrencharmywasthenlyingencampedalongtheriverPassarge，withtheRussiansbeforethem，theAustriansontheirrightflank，andtheconqueredPrussiansintheirrear。Alonglineof，communicationshadtobemaintainedwithFrance，throughahostile，country;butsocarefully，andwithsuchforesightwasthis，providedfor，thatitissaidNapoleonnevermissedapost。The，movementsofarmies，thebringingupofreinforcementsfromremote，pointsinFrance，Spain，Italy，andGermany，theopeningofcanals，andthelevellingofroadstoenabletheproduceofPolandand，Prussiatobereadilytransportedtohisencampments，hadhis，unceasingattention，downtotheminutestdetails。Wefindhim，directingwherehorsesweretobeobtained，makingarrangementsfor，anadequatesupplyofsaddles，orderingshoesforthesoldiers，and，specifyingthenumberofrationsofbread，biscuit，andspirits，thatweretobebroughttocamp，orstoredinmagazinesfortheuse，ofthetroops。AtthesametimewefindhimwritingtoParis，givingdirectionsforthereorganizationoftheFrenchCollege，devisingaschemeofpubliceducation，dictatingbulletinsand，articlesforthe’Moniteur，’revisingthedetailsofthebudgets，givinginstructionstoarchitectsastoalterationstobemadeat，theTuileriesandtheChurchoftheMadelaine，throwingan，occasionalsarcasmatMadamedeStaelandtheParisianjournals，interferingtoputdownasquabbleattheGrandOpera，carryingon，acorrespondencewiththeSultanofTurkeyandtheSchahofPersia，sothatwhilehisbodywasatFinkenstein，hismindseemedtobe，workingatahundreddifferentplacesinParis，inEurope，and，throughouttheworld。
WefindhiminoneletteraskingNeyifhehasdulyreceivedthe，musketswhichhavebeensenthim;inanotherhegivesdirectionsto，PrinceJeromeastotheshirts，greatcoats，clothes，shoes，shakos，andarms，tobeservedouttotheWurtemburgregiments;againhe，pressesCambacerestoforwardtothearmyadoublestockofcorn-
“TheIFSandtheBUTS，“saidhe，“areatpresentoutofseason，and，aboveallitmustbedonewithspeed。”，ThenheinformsDaruthat，thearmywantshirts，andthattheydon’tcometohand。ToMassena，hewrites，“Letmeknowifyourbiscuitandbreadarrangementsare，yetcompleted。”，TotheGrandduedeBerg，hegivesdirectionsas，totheaccoutrementsofthecuirassiers-“Theycomplainthatthe，menwantsabres;sendanofficertoobtainthematPosen。Itis，alsosaidtheywanthelmets;orderthattheybemadeatEbling……Itisnotbysleepingthatonecanaccomplishanything。”，Thusno，pointofdetailwasneglected，andtheenergiesofallwere，stimulatedintoactionwithextraordinarypower。Thoughmanyof，theEmperor’sdayswereoccupiedbyinspectionsofhistroops，-in，thecourseofwhichhesometimesrodefromthirtytofortyleagues，aday，-andbyreviews，receptions，andaffairsofstate，leaving，butlittletimeforbusinessmatters，heneglectednothingonthat，account;butdevotedthegreaterpartofhisnights，when，necessary，toexaminingbudgets，dictatingdispatches，and，attendingtothethousandmattersofdetailintheorganizationand，workingoftheImperialGovernment;themachineryofwhichwasfor，themostpartconcentratedinhisownhead。
LikeNapoleon，theDukeofWellingtonwasafirst-ratemanof，business;anditisnotperhapssayingtoomuchtoaverthatitwas，innosmalldegreebecauseofhispossessionofabusinessfaculty，amountingtogenius，thattheDukeneverlostabattle。
Whileasubaltern，hebecamedissatisfiedwiththeslownessofhis，promotion，andhavingpassedfromtheinfantrytothecavalry，twice，andbackagain，withoutadvancement，heappliedtoLord，Camden，thenViceroyofIreland，foremploymentintheRevenueor，TreasuryBoard。Hadhesucceeded，nodoubthewouldhavemadea，first-rateheadofadepartment，ashewouldhavemadeafirst-rate，merchantormanufacturer。Buthisapplicationfailed，andhe，remainedwiththearmytobecomethegreatestofBritishgenerals。
TheDukebeganhisactivemilitarycareerundertheDukeofYork，andGeneralWalmoden，inFlandersandHolland，wherehelearnt，amidstmisfortunesanddefeats，howbadbusinessarrangementsand，badgeneralshipservetoruintheMORALEofanarmy。Tenyears，afterenteringthearmywefindhimacolonelinIndia，reportedby，hissuperiorsasanofficerofindefatigableenergyand，application。Heenteredintotheminutestdetailsoftheservice，andsoughttoraisethedisciplineofhismentothehighest，standard。”TheregimentofColonelWellesley，“wroteGeneral，Harrisin1799，“isamodelregiment;onthescoreofsoldierly，bearing，discipline，instruction，andorderlybehaviouritisabove，allpraise。”，Thusqualifyinghimselfforpostsofgreater，confidence，hewasshortlyafternominatedgovernorofthecapital，ofMysore。InthewarwiththeMahrattashewasfirstcalledupon，totryhishandatgeneralship;andatthirty-fourhewonthe，memorablebattleofAssaye，withanarmycomposedof1500British，and5000sepoys，over20，000Mahrattainfantryand30，000cavalry。
