Butsobrilliantavictorydidnotintheleastdisturbhis，equanimity，oraffecttheperfecthonestyofhischaracter。
Shortlyafterthiseventtheopportunityoccurredforexhibiting，hisadmirablepracticalqualitiesasanadministrator。Placedin，commandofanimportantdistrictimmediatelyafterthecaptureof，Seringapatam，hisfirstobjectwastoestablishrigidorderand，disciplineamonghisownmen。Flushedwithvictory，thetroops，werefoundriotousanddisorderly。”Sendmetheprovostmarshal，“
saidhe，“andputhimundermyorders：，tillsomeofthemarauders，arehung，itisimpossibletoexpectorderorsafety。”，Thisrigid，severityofWellingtoninthefield，thoughitwasthedread，provedthesalvationofhistroopsinmanycampaigns。Hisnext，stepwastore-establishthemarketsandre-openthesourcesof，supply。GeneralHarriswrotetotheGovernor-general，strongly，commendingColonelWellesleyfortheperfectdisciplinehehad，established，andforhis“judiciousandmasterlyarrangementsin，respecttosupplies，whichopenedanabundantfreemarket，and，inspiredconfidenceintodealersofeverydescription。”，Thesame，closeattentionto，andmasteryofdetails，characterizedhim，throughouthisIndiancareer;anditisremarkablethatoneofhis，ablestdespatchestoLordClive，fullofpracticalinformationas，totheconductofthecampaign，waswrittenwhilstthecolumnhe，commandedwascrossingtheToombuddra，inthefaceofthevastly，superiorarmyofDhoondiah，postedontheoppositebank，andwhile，athousandmattersofthedeepestinterestwerepressinguponthe，commander’smind。Butitwasoneofhismostremarkable，characteristics，thustobeabletowithdrawhimselftemporarily，fromthebusinessimmediatelyinhand，andtobendhisfullpowers，upontheconsiderationofmatterstotallydistinct;eventhemost，difficultcircumstancesonsuchoccasionsfailingtoembarrassor，intimidatehim。
ReturnedtoEnglandwithareputationforgeneralship，SirArthur，Wellesleymetwithimmediateemployment。In1808acorpsof10，000
mendestinedtoliberatePortugalwasplacedunderhischarge。He，landed，fought，andwontwobattles，andsignedtheConventionof，Cintra。AfterthedeathofSirJohnMoorehewasentrustedwith，thecommandofanewexpeditiontoPortugal。ButWellingtonwas，fearfullyovermatchedthroughouthisPeninsularcampaigns。From，1809to1813heneverhadmorethan30，000Britishtroopsunderhis，command，atatimewhentherestoodopposedtohiminthePeninsula，some350，000French，mostlyveterans，ledbysomeofNapoleon’s，ablestgenerals。Howwashetocontendagainstsuchimmenseforces，withanyfairprospectofsuccess？，Hiscleardiscernmentand，strongcommonsensesoontaughthimthathemustadoptadifferent，policyfromthatoftheSpanishgenerals，whowereinvariably，beatenanddispersedwhenevertheyventuredtoofferbattleinthe，openplains。Heperceivedhehadyettocreatethearmythatwas，tocontendagainsttheFrenchwithanyreasonablechanceof，success。Accordingly，afterthebattleofTalaverain1809，when，hefoundhimselfencompassedonallsidesbysuperiorforcesof，French，heretiredintoPortugal，theretocarryoutthesettled，policyonwhichhehadbythistimedetermined。Itwas，to，organiseaPortuguesearmyunderBritishofficers，andteachthem，toactincombinationwithhisowntroops，inthemeantime，avoidingtheperilofadefeatbydecliningallengagements。He，wouldthus，heconceived，destroytheMORALEoftheFrench，who，couldnotexistwithoutvictories;andwhenhisarmywasripefor，action，andtheenemydemoralized，hewouldthenfalluponthem，withallhismight。
TheextraordinaryqualitiesdisplayedbyLordWellingtonthroughout，theseimmortalcampaigns，canonlybeappreciatedafteraperusal，ofhisdespatches，whichcontaintheunvarnishedtaleofthe，manifoldwaysandmeansbywhichhelaidthefoundationsofhis，success。Neverwasmanmoretriedbydifficultyandopposition，arisingnotlessfromtheimbecility，falsehoodsandintriguesof，theBritishGovernmentoftheday，thanfromtheselfishness，cowardice，andvanityofthepeoplehewenttosave。Itmay，indeed，besaidofhim，thathesustainedthewarinSpainbyhis，individualfirmnessandself-reliance，whichneverfailedhimeven，inthemidstofhisgreatdiscouragements。Hehadnotonlyto，fightNapoleon’sveterans，butalsotoholdinchecktheSpanish，juntasandthePortugueseregency。Hehadtheutmostdifficultyin，obtainingprovisionsandclothingforhistroops;anditwill，scarcelybecreditedthat，whileengagedwiththeenemyinthe，battleofTalavera，theSpaniards，whoranaway，felluponthe，baggageoftheBritisharmy，andtheruffiansactuallyplundered，it！，TheseandothervexationstheDukeborewithasublime，patienceandself-control，andheldonhiscourse，inthefaceof，ingratitude，treachery，andopposition，withindomitablefirmness。
Heneglectednothing，andattendedtoeveryimportantdetailof，businesshimself。Whenhefoundthatfoodforhistroopswasnot，tobeobtainedfromEngland，andthathemustrelyuponhisown，resourcesforfeedingthem，heforthwithcommencedbusinessasa，cornmerchantonalargescale，incopartnerywiththeBritish，MinisteratLisbon。Commissariatbillswerecreated，withwhich，grainwasboughtintheportsoftheMediterraneanandinSouth，America。Whenhehadthusfilledhismagazines，theoverpluswas，soldtothePortuguese，whoweregreatlyinwantofprovisions。He，leftnothingwhatevertochance，butprovidedforevery，contingency。Hegavehisattentiontotheminutestdetailsofthe，service;andwasaccustomedtoconcentratehiswholeenergies，from，timetotime，onsuchapparentlyignominiousmattersassoldiers’
shoes，camp-kettles，biscuitsandhorsefodder。Hismagnificent，businessqualitieswereeverywherefelt，andtherecanbenodoubt，that，bythecarewithwhichheprovidedforeverycontingency，and，thepersonalattentionwhichhegavetoeverydetail，helaidthe，foundationsofhisgreatsuccess。(26)，Bysuchmeanshe，transformedanarmyofrawleviesintothebestsoldiersinEurope，withwhomhedeclaredittobepossibletogoanywhereanddo，anything。
Wehavealreadyreferredtohisremarkablepowerofabstracting，himselffromthework，nomatterhowengrossing，immediatelyin，hand，andconcentratinghisenergiesuponthedetailsofsome，entirelydifferentbusiness。ThusNapierrelatesthatitwaswhile，hewaspreparingtofightthebattleofSalamancathathehadto，exposetotheMinistersathomethefutilityofrelyingupona，loan;itwasontheheightsofSanChristoval，onthefieldof，battleitself，thathedemonstratedtheabsurdityofattemptingto，establishaPortuguesebank;itwasinthetrenchesofBurgosthat，hedissectedFunchal’sschemeoffinance，andexposedthefollyof，attemptingthesaleofchurchproperty;andoneachoccasion，he，showedhimselfaswellacquaintedwiththesesubjectsaswiththe，minutestdetailinthemechanismofarmies。
Anotherfeatureinhischaracter，showingtheuprightmanof，business，washisthoroughhonesty。WhilstSoultransackedand，carriedawaywithhimfromSpainnumerouspicturesofgreatvalue，Wellingtondidnotappropriatetohimselfasinglefarthing’sworth，ofproperty。Everywherehepaidhisway，evenwhenintheenemy’s，country。WhenhehadcrossedtheFrenchfrontier，followedby，40，000Spaniards，whosoughtto“makefortunes“bypillageand，plunder，hefirstrebukedtheirofficers，andthen，findinghis，effortstorestrainthemunavailing，hesentthembackintotheir，owncountry。Itisaremarkablefact，that，eveninFrancethe，peasantryfledfromtheirowncountrymen，andcarriedtheir，valuableswithintheprotectionoftheBritishlines！，Atthevery，sametime，WellingtonwaswritinghometotheBritishMinistry，“We，areoverwhelmedwithdebts，andIcanscarcelystiroutofmyhouse，onaccountofpubliccreditorswaitingtodemandpaymentofwhatis，duetothem。”，JulesMaurel，inhisestimateoftheDuke’s，character，says，“Nothingcanbegranderormorenoblyoriginal，thanthisadmission。Thisoldsoldier，afterthirtyyears’
service，thisironmanandvictoriousgeneral，establishedinan，enemy’scountryattheheadofanimmensearmy，isafraidofhis，creditors！，Thisisakindoffearthathasseldomtroubledthe，mindofconquerorsandinvaders;andIdoubtiftheannalsofwar，couldpresentanythingcomparabletothissublimesimplicity。”，But，theDukehimself，hadthematterbeenputtohim，wouldmost，probablyhavedisclaimedanyintentionofactingevengrandlyor，noblyinthematter;merelyregardingthepunctualpaymentofhis，debtsasthebestandmosthonourablemodeofconductinghis，business。
Thetruthofthegoodoldmaxim，that“Honestyisthebestpolicy，“
isupheldbythedailyexperienceoflife;uprightnessand，integritybeingfoundassuccessfulinbusinessasineverything，else。AsHughMiller’sworthyuncleusedtoadvisehim，“Inall，yourdealingsgiveyourneighbourthecastofthebank-’good，measure，heapedup，andrunningover，’-andyouwillnotloseby，itintheend。”，Awell-knownbrewerofbeerattributedhissuccess，totheliberalitywithwhichheusedhismalt。Goinguptothevat，andtastingit，hewouldsay，“Stillratherpoor，mylads;giveit，anothercastofthemalt。”，Thebrewerputhischaracterintohis，beer，anditprovedgenerousaccordingly，obtainingareputationin，England，India，andthecolonies，whichlaidthefoundationofa，largefortune。Integrityofwordanddeedoughttobethevery，cornerstoneofallbusinesstransactions。Tothetradesman，the，merchant，andmanufacturer，itshouldbewhathonouristothe，soldier，andcharitytotheChristian。Inthehumblestcalling，therewillalwaysbefoundscopefortheexerciseofthis，uprightnessofcharacter。HughMillerspeaksofthemasonwith，whomheservedhisapprenticeship，asonewho“PUTHISCONSCIENCE
INTOEVERYSTONETHATHELAID。”，Sothetruemechanicwillpride，himselfuponthethoroughnessandsolidityofhiswork，andthe，high-mindedcontractoruponthehonestyofperformanceofhis，contractineveryparticular。Theuprightmanufacturerwillfind，notonlyhonourandreputation，butsubstantialsuccess，inthe，genuinenessofthearticlewhichheproduces，andthemerchantin，thehonestyofwhathesells，andthatitreallyiswhatitseems，tobe。BaronDupin，speakingofthegeneralprobityofEnglishmen，whichheheldtobeaprincipalcauseoftheirsuccess，observed，“Wemaysucceedforatimebyfraud，bysurprise，byviolence;but，wecansucceedpermanentlyonlybymeansdirectlyopposite。Itis，notalonethecourage，theintelligence，theactivity，ofthe，merchantandmanufacturerwhichmaintainthesuperiorityoftheir，productionsandthecharacteroftheircountry;itisfarmore，theirwisdom，theireconomy，and，aboveall，theirprobity。If，everintheBritishIslandstheusefulcitizenshouldlosethese，virtues，wemaybesurethat，forEngland，asforeveryother，country，thevesselsofadegeneratecommerce，repulsedfromevery，shore，wouldspeedilydisappearfromthoseseaswhosesurfacethey，nowcoverwiththetreasuresoftheuniverse，barteredforthe，treasuresoftheindustryofthethreekingdoms。”
Itmustbeadmitted，thatTradetriescharacterperhapsmore，severelythananyotherpursuitinlife。Itputstotheseverest，testshonesty，self-denial，justice，andtruthfulness;andmenof，businesswhopassthroughsuchtrialsunstainedareperhapsworthy，ofasgreathonourassoldierswhoprovetheircourageamidstthe，fireandperilsofbattle。And，tothecreditofthemultitudesof，menengagedinthevariousdepartmentsoftrade，wethinkitmust，beadmittedthatonthewholetheypassthroughtheirtrialsnobly。
Ifwereflectbutforamomentonthevastamountofwealthdaily，entrustedeventosubordinatepersons，whothemselvesprobablyearn，butabarecompetency-theloosecashwhichisconstantlypassing，throughthehandsofshopmen，agents，brokers，andclerksin，bankinghouses，-andnotehowcomparativelyfewarethebreaches，oftrustwhichoccuramidstallthistemptation，itwillprobably，beadmittedthatthissteadydailyhonestyofconductismost，honourabletohumannature，ifitdonoteventemptustobeproud，ofit。Thesametrustandconfidencereposedbymenofbusinessin，eachother，asimpliedbythesystemofCredit，whichismainly，basedupontheprincipleofhonour，wouldbesurprisingifitwere，notsomuchamatterofordinarypracticeinbusinesstransactions。
Dr。Chalmershaswellsaid，thattheimplicittrustwithwhich，merchantsareaccustomedtoconfideindistantagents，separated，fromthemperhapsbyhalftheglobe-oftenconsigningvastwealth，topersons，recommendedonlybytheircharacter，whomperhapsthey，haveneverseen-isprobablythefinestactofhomagewhichmen，canrendertooneanother。
Althoughcommonhonestyisstillhappilyintheascendantamongst，commonpeople，andthegeneralbusinesscommunityofEnglandis，stillsoundatheart，puttingtheirhonestcharacterintotheir，respectivecallings，-thereareunhappily，astherehavebeenin，alltimes，buttoomanyinstancesofflagrantdishonestyandfraud，exhibitedbytheunscrupulous，theover-speculative，andthe，intenselyselfishintheirhastetoberich。Therearetradesmen，whoadulterate，contractorswho“scamp，“manufacturerswhogiveus，shoddyinsteadofwool，“dressing“insteadofcotton，cast-iron，toolsinsteadofsteel，needleswithouteyes，razorsmadeonly“to，sell，“andswindledfabricsinmanyshapes。Butthesewemusthold，tobetheexceptionalcases，oflow-mindedandgraspingmen，who，thoughtheymaygainwealthwhichtheyprobablycannotenjoy，will，nevergainanhonestcharacter，norsecurethatwithoutwhich，wealthisnothing-aheartatpeace。”Theroguecozenednotme，buthisownconscience，“saidBishopLatimerofacutlerwhomade，himpaytwopenceforaknifenotworthapenny。Money，earnedby，screwing，cheating，andoverreaching，mayforatimedazzlethe，eyesoftheunthinking;butthebubblesblownbyunscrupulous，rogues，whenfull-blown，usuallyglitteronlytoburst。The，Sadleirs，DeanPauls，andRedpaths，forthemostpart，cometoa，sadendeveninthisworld;andthoughthesuccessfulswindlesof，othersmaynotbe“foundout，“andthegainsoftheirroguerymay，remainwiththem，itwillbeasacurseandnotasablessing。
Itispossiblethatthescrupulouslyhonestmanmaynotgrowrich，sofastastheunscrupulousanddishonestone;butthesuccesswill，beofatruerkind，earnedwithoutfraudorinjustice。Andeven，thoughamanshouldforatimebeunsuccessful，stillhemustbe，honest：，betterloseallandsavecharacter。Forcharacteris，itselfafortune;andifthehigh-principledmanwillbutholdon，hiswaycourageously，successwillsurelycome，-norwillthe，highestrewardofallbewithheldfromhim。Wordsworthwell，describesthe“HappyWarrior，“ashe，“Whocomprehendshistrust，andtothesame，Keepsfaithfulwithasinglenessofaim;
Andthereforedoesnotstoop，norlieinwait，Forwealth，orhonour，orforworldlystate;
Whomtheymustfollow，onwhoseheadmustfall，Likeshowersofmanna，iftheycomeatall。”
Asanexampleofthehigh-mindedmercantilemantrainedinupright，habitsofbusiness，anddistinguishedforjustice，truthfulness，andhonestyofdealinginallthings，thecareerofthewell-known，DavidBarclay，grandsonofRobertBarclay，ofUry，theauthorof，thecelebrated’ApologyfortheQuakers，’maybebrieflyreferred，to。Formanyyearshewastheheadofanextensivehousein，Cheapside，chieflyengagedintheAmericantrade;butlike，GranvilleSharp，heentertainedsostronganopinionagainstthe，warwithourAmericancolonies，thathedeterminedtoretire，altogetherfromthetrade。Whilstamerchant，hewasasmuch，distinguishedforhistalents，knowledge，integrity，andpower，as，heafterwardswasforhispatriotismandmunificentphilanthropy。
Hewasamirroroftruthfulnessandhonesty;and，asbecamethe，goodChristianandtruegentleman，hiswordwasalwaysheldtobe，asgoodashisbond。Hisposition，andhishighcharacter，induced，theMinistersofthedayonmanyoccasionstoseekhisadvice;and，whenexaminedbeforetheHouseofCommonsonthesubjectofthe，Americandispute，hisviewsweresoclearlyexpressed，andhis，advicewassostronglyjustifiedbythereasonsstatedbyhim，that，LordNorthpubliclyacknowledgedthathehadderivedmore，informationfromDavidBarclaythanfromallotherseastofTemple，Bar。Onretiringfrombusiness，itwasnottorestinluxurious，ease，buttoenteruponnewlaboursofusefulnessforothers。With，amplemeans，hefeltthathestillowedtosocietythedutyofa，goodexample。Hefoundedahouseofindustrynearhisresidenceat，Walthamstow，whichhesupportedataheavyoutlayforseveral，years，untilatlengthhesucceededinrenderingitasourceof，comfortaswellasindependencetothewell-disposedfamiliesof，thepoorinthatneighbourhood。WhenanestateinJamaicafellto，him，hedetermined，thoughatacostofsome10，000L。atonceto，givelibertytothewholeoftheslavesontheproperty。Hesent，outanagent，whohiredaship，andhehadthelittleslave，communitytransportedtooneofthefreeAmericanstates，where，theysettleddownandprospered。Mr。Barclayhadbeenassuredthat，thenegroesweretooignorantandtoobarbarousforfreedom，andit，wasthusthathedeterminedpracticallytodemonstratethefallacy，oftheassertion。Indealingwithhisaccumulatedsavings，hemade，himselftheexecutorofhisownwill，andinsteadofleavinga，largefortunetobedividedamonghisrelativesathisdeath，he，extendedtothemhismunificentaidduringhislife，watchedand，aidedthemintheirrespectivecareers，andthusnotonlylaidthe，foundation，butlivedtoseethematurity，ofsomeofthelargest，andmostprosperousbusinessconcernsinthemetropolis。We，believethattothisdaysomeofourmosteminentmerchants-such，astheGurneys，Hanburys，andBuxtons-areproudtoacknowledge，withgratitudetheobligationstheyowetoDavidBarclayforthe，meansoftheirfirstintroductiontolife，andforthebenefitsof，hiscounselandcountenanceintheearlystagesoftheircareer。
Suchamanstandsasamarkofthemercantilehonestyandintegrity，ofhiscountry，andisamodelandexampleformenofbusinessin，alltimetocome。
CHAPTERX-MONEY-ITSUSEANDABUSE
“Notfortohideitinahedge，Norforatrainattendant，Butforthegloriousprivilege，Ofbeingindependent。”-Burns。
“Neitheraborrowernoralenderbe：
Forloanoftlosesbothitselfandfriend;
Andborrowingdullstheedgeofhusbandry。”-Shakepeare。
Nevertreatmoneyaffairswithlevity-Moneyischaracter-Sir，E。L。BulwerLytton。
Howamanusesmoney-makesit，savesit，andspendsit-is，perhapsoneofthebesttestsofpracticalwisdom。Althoughmoney，oughtbynomeanstoberegardedasachiefendofman’slife，neitherisitatriflingmatter，tobeheldinphilosophic，contempt，representingasitdoestosolargeanextent，themeans，ofphysicalcomfortandsocialwell-being。Indeed，someofthe，finestqualitiesofhumannatureareintimatelyrelatedtothe，rightuseofmoney;suchasgenerosity，honesty，justice，andself-
sacrifice;aswellasthepracticalvirtuesofeconomyand，providence。Ontheotherhand，therearetheircounterpartsof，avarice，fraud，injustice，andselfishness，asdisplayedbythe，inordinateloversofgain;andthevicesofthriftlessness，extravagance，andimprovidence，onthepartofthosewhomisuseand，abusethemeansentrustedtothem。”Sothat，“asiswisely，observedbyHenryTaylorinhisthoughtful’NotesfromLife，’“a，rightmeasureandmanneringetting，saving，spending，giving，taking，lending，borrowing，andbequeathing，wouldalmostarguea，perfectman。”
Comfortinworldlycircumstancesisaconionwhicheverymanis，justifiedinstrivingtoattainbyallworthymeans。Itsecures，thatphysicalsatisfaction，whichisnecessaryforthecultureof，thebetterpartofhisnature;andenableshimtoprovideforthose，ofhisownhousehold，withoutwhich，saystheApostle，amanis，“worsethananinfidel。”，Noroughtthedutytobeanytheless，indifferenttous，thattherespectwhichourfellow-menentertain，forusinnoslightdegreedependsuponthemannerinwhichwe，exercisetheopportunitieswhichpresentthemselvesforour，honourableadvancementinlife。Theveryeffortrequiredtobe，madetosucceedinlifewiththisobject，isofitselfan，education;stimulatingaman’ssenseofself-respect，bringingout，hispracticalqualities，anddisciplininghimintheexerciseof，patience，perseverance，andsuchlikevirtues。Theprovidentand，carefulmanmustnecessarilybeathoughtfulman，forhelivesnot，merelyforthepresent，butwithprovidentforecastmakes，arrangementsforthefuture。Hemustalsobeatemperateman，and，exercisethevirtueofself-denial，thanwhichnothingissomuch，calculatedtogivestrengthtothecharacter。JohnSterlingsays，truly，that“theworsteducationwhichteachesselfdenial，is，betterthanthebestwhichteacheseverythingelse，andnotthat。”
TheRomansrightlyemployedthesameword(virtus)todesignate，courage，whichisinaphysicalsensewhattheotherisinamoral;
thehighestvirtueofallbeingvictoryoverourselves。
Hencethelessonofself-denial-thesacrificingofapresent，gratificationforafuturegood-isoneofthelastthatis，learnt。Thoseclasseswhichworkthehardestmightnaturallybe，expectedtovaluethemostthemoneywhichtheyearn。Yetthe，readinesswithwhichsomanyareaccustomedtoeatupanddrinkup，theirearningsastheygo，rendersthemtoagreatextenthelpless，anddependentuponthefrugal。Therearelargenumbersofpersons，amonguswho，thoughenjoyingsufficientmeansofcomfortand，independence，areoftenfoundtobebarelyaday’smarchaheadof，actualwantwhenatimeofpressureoccurs;andhenceagreatcause，ofsocialhelplessnessandsuffering。Ononeoccasionadeputation，waitedonLordJohnRussell，respectingthetaxationleviedonthe，workingclassesofthecountry，whenthenoblelordtookthe，opportunityofremarking，“YoumayrelyuponitthattheGovernment，ofthiscountrydurstnottaxtheworkingclassestoanythinglike，theextenttowhichtheytaxthemselvesintheirexpenditureupon，intoxicatingdrinksalone！”Ofallgreatpublicquestions，there，isperhapsnonemoreimportantthanthis，-nogreatworkofreform，callingmoreloudlyforlabourers。Butitmustbeadmittedthat，“self-denialandself-help“wouldmakeapoorrallyingcryforthe，hustings;anditistobefearedthatthepatriotismofthisday，hasbutlittleregardforsuchcommonthingsasindividualeconomy，andprovidence，althoughitisbythepracticeofsuchvirtuesonly，thatthegenuineindependenceoftheindustrialclassesistobe，secured。”Prudence，frugality，andgoodmanagement，“saidSamuel，Drew，thephilosophicalshoemaker，“areexcellentartistsfor，mendingbadtimes：，theyoccupybutlittleroominanydwelling，butwouldfurnishamoreeffectualremedyfortheevilsoflife，thananyReformBillthateverpassedtheHousesofParliament。”
Socratessaid，“Lethimthatwouldmovetheworldmovefirst，himself。”Orastheoldrhymeruns-
“Ifeveryonewouldsee，Tohisownreformation，Howveryeasily，Youmightreformanation。”
Itis，however，generallyfelttobeafareasierthingtoreform，theChurchandtheStatethantoreformtheleastofourownbad，habits;andinsuchmattersitisusuallyfoundmoreagreeableto，ourtastes，asitcertainlyisthecommonpractice，tobeginwith，ourneighboursratherthanwithourselves。
Anyclassofmenthatlivesfromhandtomouthwilleverbean，inferiorclass。Theywillnecessarilyremainimpotentand，helpless，hangingontotheskirtsofsociety，thesportoftimes，andseasons。Havingnorespectforthemselves，theywillfailin，securingtherespectofothers。Incommercialcrises，suchmen，mustinevitablygotothewall。Wantingthathusbandedpowerwhich，astoreofsavings，nomatterhowsmall，invariablygivesthem，theywillbeateveryman’smercy，and，ifpossessedofright，feelings，theycannotbutregardwithfearandtremblingthefuture，possiblefateoftheirwivesandchildren。”Theworld，“oncesaid，Mr。CobdentotheworkingmenofHuddersfield，“hasalwaysbeen，dividedintotwoclasses，-thosewhohavesaved，andthosewho，havespent-thethriftyandtheextravagant。Thebuildingofall，thehouses，themills，thebridges，andtheships，andthe，accomplishmentofallothergreatworkswhichhaverenderedman，civilizedandhappy，hasbeendonebythesavers，thethrifty;and，thosewhohavewastedtheirresourceshavealwaysbeentheir，slaves。IthasbeenthelawofnatureandofProvidencethatthis，shouldbeso;andIwereanimpostorifIpromisedanyclassthat，theywouldadvancethemselvesiftheywereimprovident，thoughtless，andidle。”
EquallysoundwastheadvicegivenbyMr。Brighttoanassemblyof，workingmenatRochdale，in1847，when，afterexpressinghisbelief，that，“sofarashonestywasconcerned，itwastobefoundin，prettyequalamountamongallclasses，“heusedthefollowing，words：-“Thereisonlyonewaythatissafeforanyman，orany，numberofmen，bywhichtheycanmaintaintheirpresentpositionif，itbeagoodone，orraisethemselvesaboveitifitbeabadone，-thatis，bythepracticeofthevirtuesofindustry，frugality，temperance，andhonesty。Thereisnoroyalroadbywhichmencan，raisethemselvesfromapositionwhichtheyfeeltobe，uncomfortableandunsatisfactory，asregardstheirmentalor，physicalcondition，exceptbythepracticeofthosevirtuesby，whichtheyfindnumbersamongstthemarecontinuallyadvancingand，betteringthemselves。”
Thereisnoreasonwhytheconditionoftheaverageworkmanshould，notbeauseful，honourable，respectable，andhappyone。Thewhole，bodyoftheworkingclassesmight，(withfewexceptions)beas，frugal，virtuous，well-informed，andwell-conditionedasmany，individualsofthesameclasshavealreadymadethemselves。What，somemenare，allwithoutdifficultymightbe。Employthesame，means，andthesameresultswillfollow。Thatthereshouldbea，classofmenwholivebytheirdailylabourineverystateisthe，ordinanceofGod，anddoubtlessisawiseandrighteousone;but，thatthisclassshouldbeotherwisethanfrugal，contented，intelligent，andhappy，isnotthedesignofProvidence，but，springssolelyfromtheweakness，self-indulgence，andperverseness，ofmanhimself。Thehealthyspiritofself-helpcreatedamongst，workingpeoplewouldmorethananyothermeasureservetoraise，themasaclass，andthis，notbypullingdownothers，butby，levellingthemuptoahigherandstilladvancingstandardof，religion，intelligence，andvirtue。”Allmoralphilosophy，“says，Montaigne，“isasapplicabletoacommonandprivatelifeastothe，mostsplendid。Everymancarriestheentireformofthehuman，conditionwithinhim。”
Whenamancastshisglanceforward，hewillfindthatthethree，chieftemporalcontingenciesforwhichhehastoprovidearewant，ofemployment，sickness，anddeath。Thetwofirsthemayescape，butthelastisinevitable。Itis，however，thedutyofthe，prudentmansotolive，andsotoarrange，thatthepressureof，suffering，ineventofeithercontingencyoccurring，shallbe，mitigatedtoasgreatanextentaspossible，notonlytohimself，butalsotothosewhoaredependentuponhimfortheircomfortand，subsistence。Viewedinthislightthehonestearningandthe，frugaluseofmoneyareofthegreatestimportance。Rightly，earned，itistherepresentativeofpatientindustryanduntiring，effort，oftemptationresisted，andhoperewarded;andrightly，used，itaffordsindicationsofprudence，forethoughtandself-
denial-thetruebasisofmanlycharacter。Thoughmoney，representsacrowdofobjectswithoutanyrealworthorutility，it，alsorepresentsmanythingsofgreatvalue;notonlyfood，clothing，andhouseholdsatisfaction，butpersonalself-respectand，independence。Thusastoreofsavingsistotheworkingmanasa，barricadeagainstwant;itsecureshimafooting，andenableshim，towait，itmaybeincheerfulnessandhope，untilbetterdayscome，round。Theveryendeavourtogainafirmerpositionintheworld，hasacertaindignityinit，andtendstomakeamanstrongerand，better。Atalleventsitgiveshimgreaterfreedomofaction，and，enableshimtohusbandhisstrengthforfutureeffort。
Butthemanwhoisalwayshoveringonthevergeofwantisina，statenotfarremovedfromthatofslavery。Heisinnosensehis，ownmaster，butisinconstantperiloffallingunderthebondage，ofothers，andacceptingthetermswhichtheydictatetohim。He，cannothelpbeing，inameasure，servile，forhedaresnotlookthe，worldboldlyintheface;andinadversetimeshemustlookeither，toalmsorthepoor’srates。Ifworkfailshimaltogether，hehas，notthemeansofmovingtoanotherfieldofemployment;heisfixed，tohisparishlikealimpettoitsrock，andcanneithermigrate，noremigrate。
Tosecureindependence，thepracticeofsimpleeconomyisallthat，isnecessary。Economyrequiresneithersuperiorcouragenor，eminentvirtue;itissatisfiedwithordinaryenergy，andthe，capacityofaverageminds。Economy，atbottom，isbutthespirit，oforderappliedintheadministrationofdomesticaffairs：，it，meansmanagement，regularity，prudence，andtheavoidanceofwaste。
ThespiritofeconomywasexpressedbyourDivineMasterinthe，words’Gatherupthefragmentsthatremain，sothatnothingmaybe，lost。’，Hisomnipotencedidnotdisdainthesmallthingsoflife;
andevenwhilerevealingHisinfinitepowertothemultitude，he，taughtthepregnantlessonofcarefulnessofwhichallstandso，muchinneed。
Economyalsomeansthepowerofresistingpresentgratificationfor，thepurposeofsecuringafuturegood，andinthislightit，representstheascendancyofreasonovertheanimalinstincts。It，isaltogetherdifferentfrompenuriousness：，foritiseconomythat，canalwaysbestaffordtobegenerous。Itdoesnotmakemoneyan，idol，butregardsitasausefulagent。AsDeanSwiftobserves，“wemustcarrymoneyinthehead，notintheheart。”，Economymay，bestyledthedaughterofPrudence，thesisterofTemperance，and，themotherofLiberty。Itisevidentlyconservative-conservative，ofcharacter，ofdomestichappiness，andsocialwell-being。Itis，inshort，theexhibitionofself-helpinoneofitsbestforms。
FrancisHorner’sfathergavehimthisadviceonenteringlife：-
“WhilstIwishyoutobecomfortableineveryrespect，Icannottoo，stronglyinculcateeconomy。Itisanecessaryvirtuetoall;and，howevertheshallowpartofmankindmaydespiseit，itcertainly，leadstoindependence，whichisagrandobjecttoeverymanofa，highspirit。”，Burns’lines，quotedattheheadofthischapter，containtherightidea;butunhappilyhisstrainofsongwashigher，thanhispractice;hisidealbetterthanhishabit。Whenlaidon，hisdeath-bedhewrotetoafriend，“Alas！Clarke，Ibegintofeel，theworst。Burns’poorwidow，andhalfadozenofhisdearlittle，oneshelplessorphans;-thereIamweakasawoman’stear。Enough，ofthis;-’tishalfmydisease。”
Everymanoughtsotocontriveastolivewithinhismeans。This，practiceisoftheveryessenceofhonesty。Forifamandonot，managehonestlytolivewithinhisownmeans，hemustnecessarily，belivingdishonestlyuponthemeansofsomebodyelse。Thosewho，arecarelessaboutpersonalexpenditure，andconsidermerelytheir，owngratification，withoutregardforthecomfortofothers，generallyfindouttherealusesofmoneywhenitistoolate。
Thoughbynaturegenerous，thesethriftlesspersonsareoften，drivenintheendtodoveryshabbythings。Theywastetheirmoney，astheydotheirtime;drawbillsuponthefuture;anticipatetheir，earnings;andarethusunderthenecessityofdraggingafterthema，loadofdebtsandobligationswhichseriouslyaffecttheiraction，asfreeandindependentmen。
ItwasamaximofLordBacon，thatwhenitwasnecessaryto，economize，itwasbettertolookafterpettysavingsthanto，descendtopettygettings。Theloosecashwhichmanypersonsthrow，awayuselessly，andworse，wouldoftenformabasisoffortuneand，independenceforlife。Thesewastersaretheirownworstenemies，thoughgenerallyfoundamongsttheranksofthosewhorailatthe，injusticeof“theworld。”，Butifamanwillnotbehisownfriend，howcanheexpectthatotherswill？，Orderlymenofmoderatemeans，havealwayssomethingleftintheirpocketstohelpothers;whereas，yourprodigalandcarelessfellowswhospendallneverfindan，opportunityforhelpinganybody。Itispooreconomy，however，to，beascrub。Narrowmindednessinlivingandindealingisgenerally，short-sighted，andleadstofailure。Thepennysoul，itissaid，nevercametotwopence。Generosityandliberality，likehonesty，provethebestpolicyafterall。ThoughJenkinson，inthe’Vicar，ofWakefield，’cheatedhiskind-heartedneighbourFlamboroughin，onewayoranothereveryyear，“Flamborough，“saidhe，“hasbeen，regularlygrowinginriches，whileIhavecometopovertyanda，gaol。”，Andpracticallifeaboundsincasesofbrilliantresults，fromacourseofgenerousandhonestpolicy。
Theproverbsaysthat“anemptybagcannotstandupright;“neither，canamanwhoisindebt。Itisalsodifficultforamanwhoisin，debttobetruthful;henceitissaidthatlyingridesondebt’s，back。Thedebtorhastoframeexcusestohiscreditorfor，postponingpaymentofthemoneyheoweshim;andprobablyalsoto，contrivefalsehoods。Itiseasyenoughforamanwhowillexercise，ahealthyresolution，toavoidincurringthefirstobligation;but，thefacilitywithwhichthathasbeenincurredoftenbecomesa，temptationtoasecond;andverysoontheunfortunateborrower，becomessoentangledthatnolateexertionofindustrycansethim，free。Thefirststepindebtislikethefirststepinfalsehood;
almostinvolvingthenecessityofproceedinginthesamecourse，debtfollowingdebt，asliefollowslie。Haydon，thepainter，datedhisdeclinefromthedayonwhichhefirstborrowedmoney。
Herealizedthetruthoftheproverb，“Whogoesa-borrowing，goes，a-sorrowing。”，Thesignificantentryinhisdiaryis：，“Herebegan，debtandobligation，outofwhichIhaveneverbeenandnevershall，beextricatedaslongasIlive。”，HisAutobiographyshowsbuttoo，painfullyhowembarrassmentinmoneymattersproducespoignant，distressofmind，utterincapacityforwork，andconstantly，recurringhumiliations。Thewrittenadvicewhichhegavetoa，youthwhenenteringthenavywasasfollows：，“Neverpurchaseany，enjoymentifitcannotbeprocuredwithoutborrowingofothers。
Neverborrowmoney：，itisdegrading。Idonotsayneverlend，but，neverlendifbylendingyourenderyourselfunabletopaywhatyou，owe;butunderanycircumstancesneverborrow。”，Fichte，thepoor，student，refusedtoacceptevenpresentsfromhisstillpoorer，parents。
Dr。Johnsonheldthatearlydebtisruin。Hiswordsonthesubject，areweighty，andworthyofbeingheldinremembrance。”Donot，“
saidhe，“accustomyourselftoconsiderdebtonlyasan，inconvenience;youwillfinditacalamity。Povertytakesawayso，manymeansofdoinggood，andproducessomuchinabilitytoresist，evil，bothnaturalandmoral，thatitisbyallvirtuousmeansto，beavoided……Letitbeyourfirstcare，then，nottobeinany，man’sdebt。Resolvenottobepoor;whateveryouhavespendless。
Povertyisagreatenemytohumanhappiness;itcertainlydestroys，liberty，anditmakessomevirtuesimpracticableandothers，extremelydifficult。Frugalityisnotonlythebasisofquiet，but，ofbeneficence。Nomancanhelpothersthatwantshelphimself;we，musthaveenoughbeforewehavetospare。”
Itistheboundendutyofeverymantolookhisaffairsinthe，face，andtokeepanaccountofhisincomingsandoutgoingsin，moneymatters。Theexerciseofalittlesimplearithmeticinthis，waywillbefoundofgreatvalue。Prudencerequiresthatweshall，pitchourscaleoflivingadegreebelowourmeans，ratherthanup，tothem;butthiscanonlybedonebycarryingoutfaithfullya，planoflivingbywhichbothendsmaybemadetomeet。JohnLocke，stronglyadvisedthiscourse：，“Nothing，“saidhe，“islikelierto，keepamanwithincompassthanhavingconstantlybeforehiseyes，thestateofhisaffairsinaregularcourseofaccount。”，TheDuke，ofWellingtonkeptanaccuratedetailedaccountofallthemoneys，receivedandexpendedbyhim。”Imakeapoint，“saidhetoMr。
Gleig，“ofpayingmyownbills，andIadviseeveryonetodothe，same;formerlyIusedtotrustaconfidentialservanttopaythem，butIwascuredofthatfollybyreceivingonemorning，tomygreat，surprise，dunsofayearortwo’sstanding。Thefellowhad，speculatedwithmymoney，andleftmybillsunpaid。”，Talkingof，debthisremarkwas，“Itmakesaslaveofaman。Ihaveoften，knownwhatitwastobeinwantofmoney，butInevergotinto，debt。”，WashingtonwasasparticularasWellingtonwas，inmatters，ofbusinessdetail;anditisaremarkablefact，thathedidnot，disdaintoscrutinizethesmallestoutgoingsofhishousehold-
determinedashewastolivehonestlywithinhismeans-evenwhile，holdingthehighofficeofPresidentoftheAmericanUnion。
AdmiralJervis，EarlSt。Vincent，hastoldthestoryofhisearly，struggles，and，amongstotherthings，ofhisdeterminationtokeep，outofdebt。”Myfatherhadaverylargefamily，“saidhe，“with，limitedmeans。Hegavemetwentypoundsatstarting，andthatwas，allheevergaveme。AfterIhadbeenaconsiderabletimeatthe，station[atsea]，Idrewfortwentymore，butthebillcameback，protested。Iwasmortifiedatthisrebuke，andmadeapromise，whichIhaveeverkept，thatIwouldneverdrawanotherbill，withoutacertaintyofitsbeingpaid。Iimmediatelychangedmy，modeofliving，quittedmymess，livedalone，andtookupthe，ship’sallowance，whichIfoundquitesufficient;washedandmended，myownclothes;madeapairoftrousersoutofthetickingofmy，bed;andhavingbythesemeanssavedasmuchmoneyaswouldredeem，myhonour，Itookupmybill，andfromthattimetothisIhave，takencaretokeepwithinmymeans。”，Jervisforsixyearsendured，pinchingprivation，butpreservedhisintegrity，studiedhis，professionwithsuccess，andgraduallyandsteadilyrosebymerit，andbraverytothehighestrank。
Mr。HumehitthemarkwhenheoncestatedintheHouseofCommons-
thoughhiswordswerefollowedby“laughter“-thatthetoneof，livinginEnglandisaltogethertoohigh。Middle-classpeopleare，tooapttoliveuptotheirincomes，ifnotbeyondthem：，affecting，adegreeof“style“whichismostunhealthyinitseffectsupon，societyatlarge。Thereisanambitiontobringupboysas，gentlemen，orrather“genteel“men;thoughtheresultfrequently，is，onlytomakethemgents。Theyacquireatastefordress，style，luxuries，andamusements，whichcanneverformanysolid，foundationformanlyorgentlemanlycharacter;andtheresultis，thatwehaveavastnumberofgingerbreadyounggentrythrownupon，theworld，whoremindoneoftheabandonedhullssometimespicked，upatsea，withonlyamonkeyonboard。
Thereisadreadfulambitionabroadforbeing“genteel。”，Wekeep，upappearances，toooftenattheexpenseofhonesty;and，thoughwe，maynotberich，yetwemustseemtobeso。Wemustbe，“respectable，“thoughonlyinthemeanestsense-inmerevulgar，outwardshow。Wehavenotthecouragetogopatientlyonwardin，theconditionoflifeinwhichithaspleasedGodtocallus;but，mustneedsliveinsomefashionablestatetowhichweridiculously，pleasetocallourselves，andalltogratifythevanityofthat，unsubstantialgenteelworldofwhichweformapart。Thereisa，constantstruggleandpressureforfrontseatsinthesocial，amphitheatre;inthemidstofwhichallnobleself-denyingresolve，istroddendown，andmanyfinenaturesareinevitablycrushedto，death。Whatwaste，whatmisery，whatbankruptcy，comefromall，thisambitiontodazzleotherswiththeglareofapparentworldly，success，weneednotdescribe。Themischievousresultsshow，themselvesinathousandways-intherankfraudscommittedbymen，whodaretobedishonest，butdonotdaretoseempoor;andinthe，desperatedashesatfortune，inwhichthepityisnotsomuchfor，thosewhofail，asforthehundredsofinnocentfamilieswhoareso，ofteninvolvedintheirruin。
ThelateSirCharlesNapier，intakingleaveofhiscommandin，India，didaboldandhonestthinginpublishinghisstrong，protest，embodiedinhislastGeneralOrdertotheofficersofthe，Indianarmy，againstthe“fast“lifeledbysomanyyoungofficers，inthatservice，involvingtheminignominiousobligations。Sir，Charlesstronglyurged，inthatfamousdocument-whathadalmost，beenlostsightofthat“honestyisinseparablefromthecharacter，ofathorough-bredgentleman;“andthat“todrinkunpaid-for，champagneandunpaid-forbeer，andtorideunpaid-forhorses，isto，beacheat，andnotagentleman。”，Menwholivedbeyondtheirmeans，andweresummoned，oftenbytheirownservants，beforeCourtsof，Requestsfordebtscontractedinextravagantliving，mightbe，officersbyvirtueoftheircommissions，buttheywerenot，gentlemen。Thehabitofbeingconstantlyindebt，theCommander-
in-chiefheld，mademengrowcalloustotheproperfeelingsofa，gentleman。Itwasnotenoughthatanofficershouldbeableto，fight：，thatanybull-dogcoulddo。Butdidheholdhisword，inviolate？-didhepayhisdebts？，Thesewereamongthepointsof，honourwhich，heinsisted，illuminatedthetruegentleman’sand，soldier’scareer。AsBayardwasofold，sowouldSirCharles，NapierhaveallBritishofficerstobe。Heknewthemtobe，“withoutfear，“buthewouldalsohavethem“withoutreproach。”
Thereare，however，manygallantyoungfellows，bothinIndiaand，athome，capableofmountingabreachonanemergencyamidst，belchingfire，andofperformingthemostdesperatedeedsof，valour，whoneverthelesscannotorwillnotexercisethemoral，couragenecessarytoenablethemtoresistapettytemptation，presentedtotheirsenses。Theycannotuttertheirvaliant“No，“
or“Ican’taffordit，“totheinvitationsofpleasureandself-
enjoyment;andtheyarefoundreadytobravedeathratherthanthe，ridiculeoftheircompanions。
Theyoungman，ashepassesthroughlife，advancesthroughalong，lineoftemptersrangedoneithersideofhim;andtheinevitable，effectofyielding，isdegradationinagreateroralessdegree。
Contactwiththemtendsinsensiblytodrawawayfromhimsome，portionofthedivineelectricelementwithwhichhisnatureis，charged;andhisonlymodeofresistingthemistoutterandtoact，outhis“no“manfullyandresolutely。Hemustdecideatonce，not，waitingtodeliberateandbalancereasons;fortheyouth，like“the，womanwhodeliberates，islost。”，Manydeliberate，without，deciding;but“nottoresolve，IStoresolve。”，Aperfectknowledge，ofmanisintheprayer，“Leadusnotintotemptation。”，But，temptationwillcometotrytheyoungman’sstrength;andonce，yieldedto，thepowertoresistgrowsweakerandweaker。Yield，once，andaportionofvirtuehasgone。Resistmanfully，andthe，firstdecisionwillgivestrengthforlife;repeated，itwill，becomeahabit。Itisintheoutworksofthehabitsformedin，earlylifethattherealstrengthofthedefencemustlie;forit，hasbeenwiselyordained，thatthemachineryofmoralexistence，shouldbecarriedonprincipallythroughthemediumofthehabits，soastosavethewearandtearofthegreatprincipleswithin。It，isgoodhabits，whichinsinuatethemselvesintothethousand，inconsiderableactsoflife，thatreallyconstitutebyfarthe，greaterpartofman’smoralconduct。
HughMillerhastoldhow，byanactofyouthfuldecision，hesaved，himselffromoneofthestrongtemptationssopeculiartoalifeof，toil。Whenemployedasamason，itwasusualforhisfellow-
workmentohaveanoccasionaltreatofdrink，andonedaytwo，glassesofwhiskyfelltohisshare，whichheswallowed。Whenhe，reachedhome，hefound，onopeninghisfavouritebook-’Bacon’s，Essays’-thatthelettersdancedbeforehiseyes，andthathe，couldnolongermasterthesense。”Thecondition，“hesays，“into，whichIhadbroughtmyselfwas，Ifelt，oneofdegradation。Ihad，sunk，bymyownact，forthetime，toalowerlevelofintelligence，thanthatonwhichitwasmyprivilegetobeplaced;andthoughthe，statecouldhavebeennoveryfavourableoneforforminga，resolution，IinthathourdeterminedthatIshouldneveragain，sacrificemycapacityofintellectualenjoymenttoadrinking，usage;and，withGod’shelp，Iwasenabledtoholdbythe，determination。”，Itissuchdecisionsasthisthatoftenformthe，turning-pointsinaman’slife，andfurnishthefoundationofhis，futurecharacter。Andthisrock，onwhichHughMillermighthave，beenwrecked，ifhehadnotattherightmomentputforthhismoral，strengthtostrikeawayfromit，isonethatyouthandmanhood，alikeneedtobeconstantlyontheirguardagainst。Itisabout，oneoftheworstandmostdeadly，aswellasextravagant，temptationswhichlieinthewayofyouth。SirWalterScottused，tosaythat“ofallvicesdrinkingisthemostincompatiblewith，greatness。”，Notonlyso，butitisincompatiblewitheconomy，decency，health，andhonestliving。Whenayouthcannotrestrain，hemustabstain。Dr。Johnson’scaseisthecaseofmany。Hesaid，referringtohisownhabits，“Sir，Icanabstain;butIcan’tbe，moderate。”
Buttowrestlevigorouslyandsuccessfullywithanyvicioushabit，wemustnotmerelybesatisfiedwithcontendingonthelowground，ofworldlyprudence，thoughthatisofuse，buttakestandupona，highermoralelevation。Mechanicalaids，suchaspledges，maybe，ofservicetosome，butthegreatthingistosetupahigh，standardofthinkingandacting，andendeavourtostrengthenand，purifytheprinciplesaswellastoreformthehabits。Forthis，purposeayouthmuststudyhimself，watchhissteps，andcompare，histhoughtsandactswithhisrule。Themoreknowledgeofhimself，hegains，themorehumblewillhebe，andperhapstheless，confidentinhisownstrength。Butthedisciplinewillbealways，foundmostvaluablewhichisacquiredbyresistingsmallpresent，gratificationstosecureaprospectivegreaterandhigherone。It，isthenoblestworkinself-education-for，“Realglory，Springsfromthesilentconquestofourselves，Andwithoutthattheconquerorisnought，Butthefirstslave。”
Manypopularbookshavebeenwrittenforthepurposeof，communicatingtothepublicthegrandsecretofmakingmoney。But，thereisnosecretwhateveraboutit，astheproverbsofevery，nationabundantlytestify。”Takecareofthepenniesandthe，poundswilltakecareofthemselves。”，“Diligenceisthemotherof，goodluck。”，“Nopainsnogains。”，“Nosweatnosweet。”，“Workand，thoushalthave。”，“Theworldishiswhohaspatienceand，industry。”，“Bettergotobedsupperlessthanriseindebt。”，Such，arespecimensoftheproverbialphilosophy，embodyingthehoarded，experienceofmanygenerations，astothebestmeansofthrivingin，theworld。Theywerecurrentinpeople’smouthslongbeforebooks，wereinvented;andlikeotherpopularproverbstheywerethefirst，codesofpopularmorals。Moreovertheyhavestoodthetestof，time，andtheexperienceofeverydaystillbearswitnesstotheir，accuracy，force，andsoundness。TheproverbsofSolomonarefull，ofwisdomastotheforceofindustry，andtheuseandabuseof，money：-“Hethatisslothfulinworkisbrothertohimthatisa，greatwaster。”，“Gototheant，thousluggard;considerherways，andbewise。”，Poverty，saysthepreacher，shallcomeuponthe，idler，“asonethattravelleth，andwantasanarmedman;“butof，theindustriousandupright，“thehandofthediligentmaketh，rich。”，“Thedrunkardandthegluttonshallcometopoverty;and，drowsinessshallclotheamanwithrags。”，“Seestthouaman，diligentinhisbusiness？heshallstandbeforekings。”，Butabove，all，“Itisbettertogetwisdomthangold;forwisdomisbetter，thanrubies，andallthethingsthatmaybedesiredarenottobe，comparedtoit。”
Simpleindustryandthriftwillgofartowardsmakinganypersonof，ordinaryworkingfacultycomparativelyindependentinhismeans。
Evenaworkingmanmaybeso，providedhewillcarefullyhusband，hisresources，andwatchthelittleoutletsofuselessexpenditure。
Apennyisaverysmallmatter，yetthecomfortofthousandsof，familiesdependsupontheproperspendingandsavingofpennies。
Ifamanallowsthelittlepennies，theresultsofhishardwork，toslipoutofhisfingers-sometothebeershop，somethisway，andsomethat-hewillfindthathislifeislittleraisedabove，oneofmereanimaldrudgery。Ontheotherhand，ifhetakecareof，thepennies-puttingsomeweeklyintoabenefitsocietyoran，insurancefund，othersintoasavings’bank，andconfidingtherest，tohiswifetobecarefullylaidout，withaviewtothe，comfortablemaintenanceandeducationofhisfamily-hewillsoon，findthatthisattentiontosmallmatterswillabundantlyrepay，him，inincreasingmeans，growingcomfortathome，andamind，comparativelyfreefromfearsastothefuture。Andifaworking，manhavehighambitionandpossessrichnessinspirit，-akindof，wealthwhichfartranscendsallmereworldlypossessions-hemay，notonlyhelphimself，butbeaprofitablehelperofothersinhis，paththroughlife。Thatthisisnoimpossiblethingevenfora，commonlabourerinaworkshop，maybeillustratedbytheremarkable，careerofThomasWrightofManchester，whonotonlyattemptedbut，succeededinthereclamationofmanycriminalswhileworkingfor，weeklywagesinafoundry。
AccidentfirstdirectedThomasWright’sattentiontothedifficulty，encounteredbyliberatedconvictsinreturningtohabitsofhonest，industry。Hismindwasshortlypossessedbythesubject;andto，remedytheevilbecamethepurposeofhislife。Thoughheworked，fromsixinthemorningtillsixatnight，stilltherewereleisure，minutesthathecouldcallhisown-moreespeciallyhisSundays-
andtheseheemployedintheserviceofconvictedcriminals;a，classthenfarmoreneglectedthantheyarenow。Butafewminutes，aday，wellemployed，caneffectagreatdeal;anditwillscarcely，becredited，thatintenyearsthisworkingman，bysteadfastly，holdingtohispurpose，succeededinrescuingnotfewerthanthree，hundredfelonsfromcontinuanceinalifeofvillany！，Hecameto，beregardedasthemoralphysicianoftheManchesterOldBailey;
andwheretheChaplainandallothersfailed，ThomasWrightoften，succeeded。Childrenhethusrestoredreformedtotheirparents;
sonsanddaughtersotherwiselost，totheirhomes;andmanya，returnedconvictdidhecontrivetosettledowntohonestand，industriouspursuits。Thetaskwasbynomeanseasy。Itrequired，money，time，energy，prudence，andaboveall，character，andthe，confidencewhichcharacterinvariablyinspires。Themost，remarkablecircumstancewasthatWrightrelievedmanyofthesepoor，outcastsoutofthecomparativelysmallwagesearnedbyhimat，foundrywork。Hedidallthisonanincomewhichdidnotaverage，duringhisworkingcareer，100L。perannum;andyet，whilehewas，abletobestowsubstantialaidoncriminals，towhomheowedno，morethantheserviceofkindnesswhicheveryhumanbeingowesto，another，healsomaintainedhisfamilyincomfort，andwas，by，frugalityandcarefulness，enabledtolaybyastoreofsavings，againsthisapproachingoldage。Everyweekheapportionedhis，incomewithdeliberatecare;somuchfortheindispensable，necessariesoffoodandclothing，somuchforthelandlord，somuch，fortheschoolmaster，somuchforthepoorandneedy;andthelines，ofdistributionwereresolutelyobserved。Bysuchmeansdidthis，humbleworkmanpursuehisgreatwork，withtheresultswehaveso，brieflydescribed。Indeed，hiscareeraffordsoneofthemost，remarkableandstrikingillustrationsoftheforceofpurposeina，man，ofthemightofsmallmeanscarefullyandsedulouslyapplied，and，aboveall，ofthepowerwhichanenergeticandupright，characterinvariablyexercisesuponthelivesandconductof，others。
Thereisnodiscredit，buthonour，ineveryrightwalkofindustry，whetheritbeintillingtheground，makingtools，weavingfabrics，orsellingtheproductsbehindacounter。Ayouthmayhandlea，yard-stick，ormeasureapieceofribbon;andtherewillbeno，discreditindoingso，unlessheallowshismindtohavenohigher，rangethanthestickandribbon;tobeasshortastheone，andas，narrowastheother。”LetnotthoseblushwhoHAVE，“saidFuller，“butthosewhoHAVENOTalawfulcalling。”，AndBishopHallsaid，“Sweetisthedestinyofalltrades，whetherofthebroworofthe，mind。”，Menwhohaveraisedthemselvesfromahumblecalling，need，notbeashamed，butratheroughttobeproudofthedifficulties，theyhavesurmounted。AnAmericanPresident，whenaskedwhatwas，hiscoat-of-arms，rememberingthathehadbeenahewerofwoodin，hisyouth，replied，“Apairofshirtsleeves。”，AFrenchdoctor，oncetauntedFlechier，BishopofNismes，whohadbeenatallow-
chandlerinhisyouth，withthemeannessofhisorigin，towhich，Flechierreplied，“Ifyouhadbeenborninthesameconditionthat，Iwas，youwouldstillhavebeenbutamakerofcandles。”
Nothingismorecommonthanenergyinmoney-making，quite，independentofanyhigherobjectthanitsaccumulation。Amanwho，devoteshimselftothispursuit，bodyandsoul，canscarcelyfail，tobecomerich。Verylittlebrainswilldo;spendlessthanyou，earn;addguineatoguinea;scrapeandsave;andthepileofgold，willgraduallyrise。Osterwald，theParisianbanker，beganlifea，poorman。Hewasaccustomedeveryeveningtodrinkapintofbeer，forsupperatatavernwhichhevisited，duringwhichhecollected，andpocketedallthecorksthathecouldlayhishandson。In，eightyearshehadcollectedasmanycorksassoldforeightlouis，d’ors。Withthatsumhelaidthefoundationsofhisfortune-
gainedmostlybystock-jobbing;leavingathisdeathsomethree，millionsoffrancs。JohnFosterhascitedastrikingillustration，ofwhatthiskindofdeterminationwilldoinmoney-making。A
youngmanwhoranthroughhispatrimony，spendingitinprofligacy，wasatlengthreducedtoutterwantanddespair。Herushedoutof，hishouseintendingtoputanendtohislife，andstoppedon，arrivingataneminenceoverlookingwhatwereoncehisestates。He，satdown，ruminatedforatime，androsewiththedetermination，thathewouldrecoverthem。Hereturnedtothestreets，sawaload，ofcoalswhichhadbeenshotoutofacartontothepavement，beforeahouse，offeredtocarrythemin，andwasemployed。He，thusearnedafewpence，requestedsomemeatanddrinkasa，gratuity，whichwasgivenhim，andthepennieswerelaidby。
Pursuingthismeniallabour，heearnedandsavedmorepennies;
accumulatedsufficienttoenablehimtopurchasesomecattle，the，valueofwhichheunderstood，andthesehesoldtoadvantage。He，proceededbydegreestoundertakelargertransactions，untilat，lengthhebecamerich。Theresultwas，thathemorethanrecovered，hispossessions，anddiedaninveteratemiser。Whenhewasburied，mereearthwenttoearth。Withanoblerspirit，thesame，determinationmighthaveenabledsuchamantobeabenefactorto，othersaswellastohimself。Butthelifeanditsendinthis，casewerealikesordid。
Toprovideforothersandforourowncomfortandindependencein，oldage，ishonourable，andgreatlytobecommended;buttohoard，formerewealth’ssakeisthecharacteristicofthenarrow-souled，andthemiserly。Itisagainstthegrowthofthishabitof，inordinatesavingthatthewisemanneedsmostcarefullytoguard，himself：，else，whatinyouthwassimpleeconomy，mayinoldage，growintoavarice，andwhatwasadutyintheonecase，maybecome，aviceintheother。ItistheLOVEofmoney-notmoneyitself-
whichis“therootofevil，“-alovewhichnarrowsandcontracts，thesoul，andclosesitagainstgenerouslifeandaction。Hence，SirWalterScottmakesoneofhischaractersdeclarethat“the，pennysillerslewmoresoulsthanthenakedswordslewbodies。”，It，isoneofthedefectsofbusinesstooexclusivelyfollowed，thatit，insensiblytendstoamechanismofcharacter。Thebusinessman，getsintoarut，andoftendoesnotlookbeyondit。Ifhelives，forhimselfonly，hebecomesapttoregardotherhumanbeingsonly，insofarastheyministertohisends。Takealeaffromsuch，men’sledgerandyouhavetheirlife。
Worldlysuccess，measuredbytheaccumulationofmoney，isnodoubt，averydazzlingthing;andallmenarenaturallymoreorlessthe，admirersofworldlysuccess。Butthoughmenofpersevering，sharp，dexterous，andunscrupuloushabits，everonthewatchtopush，opportunities，mayanddo“geton“intheworld，yetitisquite，possiblethattheymaynotpossesstheslightestelevationof，character，noraparticleofrealgoodness。Hewhorecognizesno，higherlogicthanthatoftheshilling，maybecomeaveryrichman，andyetremainallthewhileanexceedinglypoorcreature。For，richesarenoproofwhateverofmoralworth;andtheirglitter，oftenservesonlytodrawattentiontotheworthlessnessoftheir，possessor，asthelightoftheglowwormrevealsthegrub。
Themannerinwhichmanyallowthemselvestobesacrificedtotheir，loveofwealthremindsoneofthecupidityofthemonkey-that，caricatureofourspecies。InAlgiers，theKabylepeasantattaches，agourd，wellfixed，toatree，andplaceswithinitsomerice。
Thegourdhasanopeningmerelysufficienttoadmitthemonkey’s，paw。Thecreaturecomestothetreebynight，insertshispaw，and，graspshisbooty。Hetriestodrawitback，butitisclenched，andhehasnotthewisdomtounclenchit。Sotherehestandstill，morning，whenheiscaught，lookingasfoolishasmaybe，though，withtheprizeinhisgrasp。Themoralofthislittlestoryis，capableofaveryextensiveapplicationinlife。
Thepowerofmoneyisonthewholeover-estimated。Thegreatest，thingswhichhavebeendonefortheworldhavenotbeen，accomplishedbyrichmen，norbysubscriptionlists，butbymen，generallyofsmallpecuniarymeans。Christianitywaspropagated，overhalftheworldbymenofthepoorestclass;andthegreatest，thinkers，discoverers，inventors，andartists，havebeenmenof，moderatewealth，manyofthemlittleraisedabovetheconditionof，manuallabourersinpointofworldlycircumstances。Anditwill，alwaysbeso。Richesareofteneranimpedimentthanastimulusto，action;andinmanycasestheyarequiteasmuchamisfortuneasa，blessing。Theyouthwhoinheritswealthisapttohavelifemade，tooeasyforhim，andhesoongrowssatedwithit，becausehehas，nothinglefttodesire。Havingnospecialobjecttostrugglefor，hefindstimehangheavyonhishands;heremainsmorallyand，spirituallyasleep;andhispositioninsocietyisoftennohigher，thanthatofapolypusoverwhichthetidefloats。
“Hisonlylabouristokillthetime，Andlabourdireitis，andwearywoe。”
Yettherichman，inspiredbyarightspirit，willspurnidleness，asunmanly;andifhebethinkhimselfoftheresponsibilitieswhich，attachtothepossessionofwealthandpropertyhewillfeelevena，highercalltoworkthanmenofhumblerlot。This，however，must，beadmittedtobebynomeansthepracticeoflife。Thegolden，meanofAgur’sperfectprayeris，perhaps，thebestlotofall，did，webutknowit：，“Givemeneitherpovertynorriches;feedmewith，foodconvenientforme。”，ThelateJosephBrotherton，M。P。lefta，finemottotoberecordeduponhismonumentinthePeelParkat，Manchester，-thedeclarationinhiscasebeingstrictlytrue：，“My，richnessconsistednotinthegreatnessofmypossessions，butin，thesmallnessofmywants。”，Herosefromthehumbleststation，thatofafactoryboy，toaneminentpositionofusefulness，bythe，simpleexerciseofhomelyhonesty，industry，punctuality，andself-
denial。Downtothecloseofhislife，whennotattending，Parliament，hediddutyasministerinasmallchapelinManchester，towhichhewasattached;andinallthingshemadeitappear，to，thosewhoknewhiminprivatelife，thatthegloryhesoughtwas，NOT“tobeseenofmen，“ortoexcitetheirpraise，buttoearnthe，consciousnessofdischargingtheevery-daydutiesoflife，downto，thesmallestandhumblestofthem，inanhonest，upright，truthful，andlovingspirit。
“Respectability，“initsbestsense，isgood。Therespectableman，isoneworthyofregard，literallyworthturningtolookat。But，therespectabilitythatconsistsinmerelykeepingupappearances，isnotworthlookingatinanysense。Farbetterandmore，respectableisthegoodpoormanthanthebadrichone-betterthe，humblesilentmanthantheagreeablewell-appointedroguewhokeeps，hisgig。Awellbalancedandwell-storedmind，alifefullof，usefulpurpose，whateverthepositionoccupiedinitmaybe，isof，fargreaterimportancethanaverageworldlyrespectability。The，highestobjectoflifewetaketobe，toformamanlycharacter，andtoworkoutthebestdevelopmentpossible，ofbodyandspirit-
ofmind，conscience，heart，andsoul。Thisistheend：，allelse，oughttoberegardedbutasthemeans。Accordingly，thatisnot，themostsuccessfullifeinwhichamangetsthemostpleasure，the，mostmoney，themostpowerorplace，honourorfame;butthatin，whichamangetsthemostmanhood，andperformsthegreatestamount，ofusefulworkandofhumanduty。Moneyispowerafteritssort，itistrue;butintelligence，publicspirit，andmoralvirtue，are，powerstoo，andfarnoblerones。”Letotherspleadforpensions，“
wroteLordCollingwoodtoafriend;“Icanberichwithoutmoney，byendeavouringtobesuperiortoeverythingpoor。Iwouldhavemy，servicestomycountryunstainedbyanyinterestedmotive;andold，Scott(27)andIcangooninourcabbage-gardenwithoutmuch，greaterexpensethanformerly。”，Onanotheroccasionhesaid，“I
havemotivesformyconductwhichIwouldnotgiveinexchangefor，ahundredpensions。”
Themakingofafortunemaynodoubtenablesomepeopleto“enter，society，“asitiscalled;buttobeesteemedthere，theymust，possessqualitiesofmind，manners，orheart，elsetheyaremerely，richpeople，nothingmore。Therearemen“insociety“now，asrich，asCroesus，whohavenoconsiderationextendedtowardsthem，and，elicitnorespect。Forwhy？，Theyarebutasmoney-bags：，their，onlypowerisintheirtill。Themenofmarkinsociety-the，guidesandrulersofopinion-thereallysuccessfulandusefulmen，-arenotnecessarilyrichmen;butmenofsterlingcharacter，of，disciplinedexperience，andofmoralexcellence。Eventhepoor，man，likeThomasWright，thoughhepossessbutlittleofthis，world’sgoods，may，intheenjoymentofacultivatednature，of，opportunitiesusedandnotabused，ofalifespenttothebestof，hismeansandability，lookdown，withouttheslightestfeelingof，envy，uponthepersonofmereworldlysuccess，themanofmoney-
bagsandacres。
CHAPTERXI-SELF-CULTURE-FACILITIESANDDIFFICULTIES
“Everypersonhastwoeducations，onewhichhereceivesfrom，others，andone，moreimportant，whichhegivestohimself。”-
Gibbon。
“Isthereonewhomdifficultiesdishearten-whobendstothe，storm？，Hewilldolittle。Isthereonewhowillconquer？，That，kindofmanneverfails。”-JohnHunter。
“Thewiseandactiveconquerdifficulties，Bydaringtoattemptthem：，slothandfolly，Shiverandshrinkatsightoftoilanddanger，AndMAKEtheimpossibilitytheyfear。”-Rowe。
“Thebestpartofeveryman’seducation，“saidSirWalterScott，“isthatwhichhegivestohimself。”，ThelateSirBenjaminBrodie，delightedtorememberthissaying，andheusedtocongratulate，himselfonthefactthatprofessionallyhewasself-taught。But，thisisnecessarilythecasewithallmenwhohaveacquired，distinctioninletters，science，orart。Theeducationreceivedat，schoolorcollegeisbutabeginning，andisvaluablemainly，inasmuchasittrainsthemindandhabituatesittocontinuous，applicationandstudy。Thatwhichisputintousbyothersis，alwaysfarlessoursthanthatwhichweacquirebyourowndiligent，andperseveringeffort。Knowledgeconqueredbylabourbecomesa，possession-apropertyentirelyourown。Agreatervividnessand，permanencyofimpressionissecured;andfactsthusacquiredbecome，registeredinthemindinawaythatmereimpartedinformationcan，nevereffect。Thiskindofself-culturealsocallsforthpowerand，cultivatesstrength。Thesolutionofoneproblemhelpsthemastery，ofanother;andthusknowledgeiscarriedintofaculty。Ourown，activeeffortistheessentialthing;andnofacilities，nobooks，noteachers，noamountoflessonslearntbyrotewillenableusto，dispensewithit。
Thebestteachershavebeenthereadiesttorecognizethe，importanceofself-culture，andofstimulatingthestudentto，acquireknowledgebytheactiveexerciseofhisownfaculties。
TheyhavereliedmoreuponTRAININGthanupontelling，andsought，tomaketheirpupilsthemselvesactivepartiestotheworkinwhich，theywereengaged;thusmakingteachingsomethingfarhigherthan，themerepassivereceptionofthescrapsanddetailsofknowledge。
ThiswasthespiritinwhichthegreatDr。Arnoldworked;hestrove，toteachhispupilstorelyuponthemselves，anddeveloptheir，powersbytheirownactiveefforts，himselfmerelyguiding，directing，stimulating，andencouragingthem。”Iwouldfar，rather，“hesaid，“sendaboytoVanDiemen’sLand，wherehemust，workforhisbread，thansendhimtoOxfordtoliveinluxury，withoutanydesireinhismindtoavailhimselfofhisadvantages。”
“Iftherebeonethingonearth，“heobservedonanotheroccasion，“whichistrulyadmirable，itistoseeGod’swisdomblessingan，inferiorityofnaturalpowers，whentheyhavebeenhonestly，truly，andzealouslycultivated。”，Speakingofapupilofthischaracter，hesaid，“Iwouldstandtothatmanhatinhand。”，OnceatLaleham，whenteachingaratherdullboy，Arnoldspokesomewhatsharplyto，him，onwhichthepupillookedupinhisfaceandsaid，“Whydoyou，speakangrily，sir？INDEED，IamdoingthebestIcan。”，Years，afterwards，Arnoldusedtotellthestorytohischildren，and，added，“Ineverfeltsomuchinmylife-thatlookandthatspeech，Ihaveneverforgotten。”
Fromthenumerousinstancesalreadycitedofmenofhumblestation，whohaverisentodistinctioninscienceandliterature，itwillbe，obviousthatlabourisbynomeansincompatiblewiththehighest，intellectualculture。Workinmoderationishealthy，aswellas，agreeabletothehumanconstitution。Workeducatesthebody，as，studyeducatesthemind;andthatisthebeststateofsocietyin，whichthereissomeworkforeveryman’sleisure，andsomeleisure，foreveryman’swork。Eventheleisureclassesareinameasure，compelledtowork，sometimesasarelieffromENNUI，butinmost，casestogratifyaninstinctwhichtheycannotresist。Somego，foxhuntingintheEnglishcounties，othersgrouse-shootingonthe，Scotchhills，whilemanywanderawayeverysummertoclimb，mountainsinSwitzerland。Hencetheboating，running，cricketing，andathleticsportsofthepublicschools，inwhichouryoungmen，atthesametimesohealthfullycultivatetheirstrengthbothof，mindandbody。ItissaidthattheDukeofWellington，whenonce，lookingonattheboysengagedintheirsportsintheplay-ground，atEton，wherehehadspentmanyofhisownyoungerdays，madethe，remark，“ItwastherethatthebattleofWaterloowaswon！”
DanielMalthusurgedhissonwhenatcollegetobemostdiligentin，thecultivationofknowledge，buthealsoenjoinedhimtopursue，manlysportsasthebestmeansofkeepingupthefullworkingpower，ofhismind，aswellasofenjoyingthepleasuresofintellect。
“Everykindofknowledge，“saidhe，“everyacquaintancewithnature，andart，willamuseandstrengthenyourmind，andIamperfectly，pleasedthatcricketshoulddothesamebyyourarmsandlegs;I
lovetoseeyouexcelinexercisesofthebody，andIthinkmyself，thatthebetterhalf，andmuchthemostagreeablepart，ofthe，pleasuresofthemindisbestenjoyedwhileoneisuponone’s，legs。”，Butastillmoreimportantuseofactiveemploymentisthat，referredtobythegreatdivine，JeremyTaylor。”Avoididleness，“
hesays，“andfillupallthespacesofthytimewithsevereand，usefulemployment;forlusteasilycreepsinatthoseemptinesses，wherethesoulisunemployedandthebodyisatease;fornoeasy，healthful，idlepersonwaseverchasteifhecouldbetempted;but，ofallemploymentsbodilylabouristhemostuseful，andofthe，greatestbenefitfordrivingawaythedevil。”
Practicalsuccessinlifedependsmoreuponphysicalhealththanis，generallyimagined。Hodson，ofHodson’sHorse，writinghometoa，friendinEngland，said，“Ibelieve，ifIgetonwellinIndia，it，willbeowing，physicallyspeaking，toasounddigestion。”，The，capacityforcontinuousworkinginanycallingmustnecessarily，dependinagreatmeasureuponthis;andhencethenecessityfor，attendingtohealth，evenasameansofintellectuallabour。Itis，perhapstotheneglectofphysicalexercisethatwefindamongst，studentssofrequentatendencytowardsdiscontent，unhappiness，inaction，andreverie，-displayingitselfincontemptforreal，lifeanddisgustatthebeatentracksofmen，-atendencywhichin，EnglandhasbeencalledByronism，andinGermanyWertherism。Dr。
ChanningnotedthesamegrowthinAmerica，whichledhimtomake，theremark，that“toomanyofouryoungmengrowupinaschoolof，despair。”，Theonlyremedyforthisgreen-sicknessinyouthis，physicalexercise-action，work，andbodilyoccupation。
Theuseofearlylabourinself-imposedmechanicalemploymentsmay，beillustratedbytheboyhoodofSirIsaacNewton。Thougha，comparativelydullscholar，hewasveryassiduousintheuseofhis，saw，hammer，andhatchet-“knockingandhammeringinhislodging，room“-makingmodelsofwindmills，carriages，andmachinesofall，sorts;andashegrewolder，hetookdelightinmakinglittle，tablesandcupboardsforhisfriends。Smeaton，Watt，and，Stephenson，wereequallyhandywithtoolswhenmereboys;andbut，forsuchkindofself-cultureintheiryouth，itisdoubtful，whethertheywouldhaveaccomplishedsomuchintheirmanhood。
Suchwasalsotheearlytrainingofthegreatinventorsand，mechanicsdescribedintheprecedingpages，whosecontrivanceand，intelligencewerepracticallytrainedbytheconstantuseoftheir，handsinearlylife。Evenwheremenbelongingtothemanuallabour，classhaverisenaboveit，andbecomemorepurelyintellectual，labourers，theyhavefoundtheadvantagesoftheirearlytraining，intheirlaterpursuits。ElihuBurrittsayshefoundhardlabour，NECESSARYtoenablehimtostudywitheffect;andmorethanoncehe，gaveupschool-teachingandstudy，and，takingtohisleather-apron，again，wentbacktohisblacksmith’sforgeandanvilforhishealth，ofbodyandmind’ssake。
Thetrainingofyoungmenintheuseoftoolswould，atthesame，timethatiteducatedthemin“commonthings，“teachthemtheuse，oftheirhandsandarms，familiarizethemwithhealthywork，exercisetheirfacultiesuponthingstangibleandactual，givethem，somepracticalacquaintancewithmechanics，imparttothemthe，abilityofbeinguseful，andimplantinthemthehabitof，perseveringphysicaleffort。Thisisanadvantagewhichthe，workingclasses，strictlysocalled，certainlypossessoverthe，leisureclasses，-thattheyareinearlylifeunderthenecessity，ofapplyingthemselveslaboriouslytosomemechanicalpursuitor，other，-thusacquiringmanualdexterityandtheuseoftheir，physicalpowers。Thechiefdisadvantageattachedtothecallingof，thelaboriousclassesis，notthattheyareemployedinphysical，work，butthattheyaretooexclusivelysoemployed，oftentothe，neglectoftheirmoralandintellectualfaculties。Whilethe，youthsoftheleisureclasses，havingbeentaughttoassociate，labourwithservility，haveshunnedit，andbeenallowedtogrowup，practicallyignorant，thepoorerclasses，confiningthemselves，withinthecircleoftheirlaboriouscallings，havebeenallowedto，growupinalargeproportionofcasesabsolutelyilliterate。It，seemspossible，however，toavoidboththeseevilsbycombining，physicaltrainingorphysicalworkwithintellectualculture：，and，therearevarioussignsabroadwhichseemtomarkthegradual，adoptionofthishealthiersystemofeducation。
Thesuccessofevenprofessionalmendependsinnoslightdegreeon，theirphysicalhealth;andapublicwriterhasgonesofarasto，saythat“thegreatnessofourgreatmenisquiteasmuchabodily，affairasamentalone。”(28)，Ahealthybreathingapparatusisas，indispensabletothesuccessfullawyerorpoliticianasawell-
culturedintellect。Thethoroughaerationofthebloodbyfree，exposuretoalargebreathingsurfaceinthelungs，isnecessaryto，maintainthatfullvitalpoweronwhichthevigorousworkingofthe，braininsolargeameasuredepends。Thelawyerhastoclimbthe，heightsofhisprofessionthroughcloseandheatedcourts，andthe，politicalleaderhastobearthefatigueandexcitementoflongand，anxiousdebatesinacrowdedHouse。Hencethelawyerinfull，practiceandtheparliamentaryleaderinfullworkarecalledupon，todisplaypowersofphysicalenduranceandactivityevenmore，extraordinarythanthoseoftheintellect，-suchpowersashave，beenexhibitedinsoremarkableadegreebyBrougham，Lyndhurst，andCampbell;byPeel，Graham，andPalmerston-allfull-chested，men。
