WhatDr。Arnoldsaidofboysisequallytrueofmen-thatthe，differencebetweenoneboyandanotherconsistsnotsomuchin，talentasinenergy。Givenperseveranceandenergysoonbecomes，habitual。Providedtheduncehaspersistencyandapplicationhe，willinevitablyheadtheclevererfellowwithoutthosequalities。
Slowbutsurewinstherace。Itisperseverancethatexplainshow，thepositionofboysatschoolissooftenreversedinreallife;
anditiscurioustonotehowsomewhowerethensocleverhave，sincebecomesocommonplace;whilstothers，dullboys，ofwhom，nothingwasexpected，slowintheirfacultiesbutsureintheir，pace，haveassumedthepositionofleadersofmen。Theauthorof，thisbook，whenaboy，stoodinthesameclasswithoneofthe，greatestofdunces。Oneteacherafteranotherhadtriedhisskill，uponhimandfailed。Corporalpunishment，thefool’scap，coaxing，andearnestentreaty，provedalikefruitless。Sometimesthe，experimentwastriedofputtinghimatthetopofhisclass，andit，wascurioustonotetherapiditywithwhichhegravitatedtothe，inevitablebottom。Theyouthwasgivenupbyhisteachersasan，incorrigibledunce-oneofthempronouncinghimtobea，“stupendousbooby。”，Yet，slowthoughhewas，thisduncehadasort，ofdullenergyofpurposeinhim，whichgrewwithhismusclesand，hismanhood;and，strangetosay，whenheatlengthcametotake，partinthepracticalbusinessoflife，hewasfoundheadingmost，ofhisschoolcompanions，andeventuallyleftthegreaternumberof，themfarbehind。Thelasttimetheauthorheardofhim，hewas，chiefmagistrateofhisnativetown。
Thetortoiseintherightroadwillbeataracerinthewrong。It，mattersnotthoughayouthbeslow，ifhebebutdiligent。
Quicknessofpartsmayevenproveadefect，inasmuchastheboywho，learnsreadilywilloftenforgetasreadily;andalsobecausehe，findsnoneedofcultivatingthatqualityofapplicationand，perseverancewhichthesloweryouthiscompelledtoexercise，and，whichprovessovaluableanelementintheformationofevery，character。Davysaid“WhatIamIhavemademyself;“andthesame，holdstrueuniversally。
Toconclude：，thebestcultureisnotobtainedfromteacherswhen，atschoolorcollege，somuchasbyourowndiligentself-education，whenwehavebecomemen。Henceparentsneednotbeintoogreat，hastetoseetheirchildren’stalentsforcedintobloom。Letthem，watchandwaitpatiently，lettinggoodexampleandquiettraining，dotheirwork，andleavetheresttoProvidence。Letthemseeto，itthattheyouthisprovided，byfreeexerciseofhisbodily，powers，withafullstockofphysicalhealth;sethimfairlyonthe，roadofself-culture;carefullytrainhishabitsofapplicationand，perseverance;andashegrowsolder，iftherightstuffbeinhim，hewillbeenabledvigorouslyandeffectivelytocultivatehimself。
CHAPTERXII-EXAMPLE-MODELS
“Evertheirphantomsrisebeforeus，Ourloftierbrothers，butoneinblood;
Bybedandtabletheylordito’erus，Withlooksofbeautyandwordsofgood。”-JohnSterling。
“Childrenmaybestrangled，butDeedsnever;theyhavean，indestructiblelife，bothinandoutofourconsciousness。”-
GeorgeEliot。
“Thereisnoactionofmaninthislife，whichisnotthebeginning，ofsolongachainofconsequences，asthatnohumanprovidenceis，highenoughtogiveusaprospecttotheend。”-Thomasof，Malmesbury。
Exampleisoneofthemostpotentofinstructors，thoughitteaches，withoutatongue。Itisthepracticalschoolofmankind，working，byaction，whichisalwaysmoreforciblethanwords。Preceptmay，pointtoustheway，butitissilentcontinuousexample，conveyed，tousbyhabits，andlivingwithusinfact，thatcarriesusalong。
Goodadvicehasitsweight：，butwithouttheaccompanimentofa，goodexampleitisofcomparativelysmallinfluence;anditwillbe，foundthatthecommonsayingof“DoasIsay，notasIdo，“is，usuallyreversedintheactualexperienceoflife。
Allpersonsaremoreorlessapttolearnthroughtheeyerather，thantheear;and，whateverisseeninfact，makesafardeeper，impressionthananythingthatismerelyreadorheard。Thisis，especiallythecaseinearlyyouth，whentheeyeisthechiefinlet，ofknowledge。Whateverchildrenseetheyunconsciouslyimitate。
Theyinsensiblycometoresemblethosewhoareaboutthem-as，insectstakethecolouroftheleavestheyfeedon。Hencethevast，importanceofdomestictraining。Forwhatevermaybethe，efficiencyofschools，theexamplessetinourHomesmustalwaysbe，ofvastlygreaterinfluenceinformingthecharactersofourfuture，menandwomen。TheHomeisthecrystalofsociety-thenucleusof，nationalcharacter;andfromthatsource，beitpureortainted，issuethehabits，principlesandmaxims，whichgovernpublicas，wellasprivatelife。Thenationcomesfromthenursery。Public，opinionitselfisforthemostparttheoutgrowthofthehome;and，thebestphilanthropycomesfromthefireside。”Tolovethelittle，platoonwebelongtoinsociety，“saysBurke，“isthegermofall，publicaffections。”，Fromthislittlecentralspot，thehuman，sympathiesmayextendinaneverwideningcircle，untiltheworld，isembraced;for，thoughtruephilanthropy，likecharity，beginsat，home，assuredlyitdoesnotendthere。
Exampleinconduct，therefore，eveninapparentlytrivialmatters，isofnolightmoment，inasmuchasitisconstantlybecoming，inwovenwiththelivesofothers，andcontributingtoformtheir，naturesforbetterorforworse。Thecharactersofparentsare，thusconstantlyrepeatedintheirchildren;andtheactsof，affection，discipline，industry，andself-control，whichtheydaily，exemplify，liveandactwhenallelsewhichmayhavebeenlearned，throughtheearhaslongbeenforgotten。Henceawisemanwas，accustomedtospeakofhischildrenashis“futurestate。”，Even，themuteactionandunconsciouslookofaparentmaygiveastamp，tothecharacterwhichisnevereffaced;andwhocantellhowmuch，evilacthasbeenstayedbythethoughtofsomegoodparent，whose，memorytheirchildrenmaynotsullybythecommissionofan，unworthydeed，ortheindulgenceofanimpurethought？，Theveriest，triflesthusbecomeofimportanceininfluencingthecharactersof，men。”Akissfrommymother，“saidWest，“mademeapainter。”，It，isonthedirectionofsuchseemingtrifleswhenchildrenthatthe，futurehappinessandsuccessofmenmainlydepend。FowellBuxton，whenoccupyinganeminentandinfluentialstationinlife，wroteto，hismother，“Iconstantlyfeel，especiallyinactionandexertion，forothers，theeffectsofprinciplesearlyimplantedbyyouinmy，mind。”，Buxtonwasalsoaccustomedtorememberwithgratitudethe，obligationswhichheowedtoanilliterateman，agamekeeper，named，AbrahamPlastow，withwhomheplayed，androde，andsported-aman，whocouldneitherreadnorwrite，butwasfullofnaturalgood，senseandmother-wit。”Whatmadehimparticularlyvaluable，“says，Buxton，“werehisprinciplesofintegrityandhonour。Henever，saidordidathingintheabsenceofmymotherofwhichshewould，havedisapproved。Healwaysheldupthehigheststandardof，integrity，andfilledouryouthfulmindswithsentimentsaspure，andasgenerousascouldbefoundinthewritingsofSenecaor，Cicero。Suchwasmyfirstinstructor，and，Imustadd，mybest。”
LordLangdale，lookingbackupontheadmirableexamplesethimby，hismother，declared，“Ifthewholeworldwereputintoonescale，andmymotherintotheother，theworldwouldkickthebeam。”，Mrs。
SchimmelPenninck，inheroldage，wasaccustomedtocalltomind，thepersonalinfluenceexercisedbyhermotheruponthesociety，amidstwhichshemoved。Whensheenteredaroomithadtheeffect，ofimmediatelyraisingthetoneoftheconversation，andasif，purifyingthemoralatmosphere-allseemingtobreathemore，freely，andstandmoreerectly。”Inherpresence，“saysthe，daughter，“Ibecameforthetimetransformedintoanotherperson。”
Somuchdoesshemoralhealthdependuponthemoralatmospherethat，isbreathed，andsogreatistheinfluencedailyexercisedby，parentsovertheirchildrenbylivingalifebeforetheireyes，thatperhapsthebestsystemofparentalinstructionmightbe，summedupinthesetwowords：，“Improvethyself。”
Thereissomethingsolemnandawfulinthethoughtthatthereis，notanactdoneorawordutteredbyahumanbeingbutcarrieswith，itatrainofconsequences，theendofwhichwemaynevertrace。
Notonebut，toacertainextent，givesacolourtoourlife，and，insensiblyinfluencesthelivesofthoseaboutus。Thegooddeed，orwordwilllive，eventhoughwemaynotseeitfructify，butso，willthebad;andnopersonissoinsignificantastobesurethat，hisexamplewillnotdogoodontheonehand，orevilontheother。
Thespiritsofmendonotdie：，theystillliveandwalkabroad，amongus。ItwasafineandatruethoughtutteredbyMr。Disraeli，intheHouseofCommonsonthedeathofRichardCobden，that“he，wasoneofthosemenwho，thoughnotpresent，werestillmembersof，thatHouse，whowereindependentofdissolutions，ofthecaprices，ofconstituencies，andevenofthecourseoftime。”
Thereis，indeed，anessenceofimmortalityinthelifeofman，eveninthisworld。Noindividualintheuniversestandsalone;he，isacomponentpartofasystemofmutualdependencies;andbyhis，severalactsheeitherincreasesordiminishesthesumofhuman，goodnowandforever。Asthepresentisrootedinthepast，and，thelivesandexamplesofourforefathersstilltoagreatextent，influenceus，soarewebyourdailyactscontributingtoformthe，conditionandcharacterofthefuture。Manisafruitformedand，ripenedbythecultureofalltheforegoingcenturies;andthe，livinggenerationcontinuesthemagneticcurrentofactionand，exampledestinedtobindtheremotestpastwiththemostdistant，future。Noman’sactsdieutterly;andthoughhisbodymayresolve，intodustandair，hisgoodorhisbaddeedswillstillbebringing，forthfruitaftertheirkind，andinfluencingfuturegenerations，foralltimetocome。Itisinthismomentousandsolemnfactthat，thegreatperilandresponsibilityofhumanexistencelies。
Mr。Babbagehassopowerfullyexpressedthisideainanoble，passageinoneofhiswritingsthatwehereventuretoquotehis，words：，“Everyatom，“hesays，“impressedwithgoodorill，retains，atoncethemotionswhichphilosophersandsageshaveimpartedto，it，mixedandcombinedintenthousandwayswithallthatis，worthlessandbase;theairitselfisonevastlibrary，onwhose，pagesarewrittenFOREVERallthatmanhaseversaidorwhispered。
There，intheirimmutablebutunerringcharacters，mixedwiththe，earliestaswellasthelatestsighsofmortality，standforever，recordedvowsunredeemed，promisesunfulfilled;perpetuating，in，theunitedmovementsofeachparticle，thetestimonyofman’s，changefulwill。But，iftheairwebreatheisthenever-failing，historianofthesentimentswehaveuttered，earth，air，andocean，are，inlikemanner，theeternalwitnessesoftheactswehave，done;thesameprincipleoftheequalityofactionandreaction，appliestothem。Nomotionimpressedbynaturalcauses，orby，humanagency，iseverobliterated……IftheAlmightystampedon，thebrowofthefirstmurderertheindelibleandvisiblemarkof，hisguilt，Hehasalsoestablishedlawsbywhicheverysucceeding，criminalisnotlessirrevocablychainedtothetestimonyofhis，crime;foreveryatomofhismortalframe，throughwhateverchanges，itsseveredparticlesmaymigrate，willstillretainadheringto，it，througheverycombination，somemovementderivedfromthatvery，musculareffortbywhichthecrimeitselfwasperpetrated。”
Thus，everyactwedoorwordweutter，aswellaseveryactwe，witnessorwordwehear，carrieswithitaninfluencewhichextends，over，andgivesacolour，notonlytothewholeofourfuturelife，butmakesitselffeltuponthewholeframeofsociety。Wemaynot，andindeedcannot，possibly，tracetheinfluenceworkingitself，intoactioninitsvariousramificationsamongstourchildren，our，friends，orassociates;yetthereitisassuredly，workingonfor，ever。Andhereinliesthegreatsignificanceofsettingfortha，goodexample，-asilentteachingwhicheventhepoorestandleast，significantpersoncanpractiseinhisdailylife。Thereisnoone，sohumble，butthatheowestoothersthissimplebutpriceless，instruction。Eventhemeanestconditionmaythusbemadeuseful;
forthelightsetinalowplaceshinesasfaithfullyasthatset，uponahill。Everywhere，andunderalmostallcircumstances，howeverexternallyadverse-inmoorlandshielings，incottage，hamlets，intheclosealleysofgreattowns-thetruemanmay，grow。Hewhotillsaspaceofearthscarcebiggerthanisneeded，forhisgrave，mayworkasfaithfully，andtoasgoodpurpose，as，theheirtothousands。Thecommonestworkshopmaythusbeaschool，ofindustry，science，andgoodmorals，ontheonehand;orof，idleness，folly，anddepravity，ontheother。Italldependson，theindividualmen，andtheusetheymakeoftheopportunitiesfor，goodwhichofferthemselves。
Alifewellspent，acharacteruprightlysustained，isnoslight，legacytoleavetoone’schildren，andtotheworld;foritisthe，mosteloquentlessonofvirtueandtheseverestreproofofvice，whileitcontinuesanenduringsourceofthebestkindofriches。
Wellforthosewhocansay，asPopedid，inrejoindertothe，sarcasmofLordHervey，“Ithinkitenoughthatmyparents，suchas，theywere，nevercostmeablush，andthattheirson，suchashe，is，nevercostthematear。”
Itisnotenoughtotellotherswhattheyaretodo，buttoexhibit，theactualexampleofdoing。WhatMrs。ChisholmdescribedtoMrs。
Stoweasthesecretofhersuccess，appliestoalllife。”I
found，“shesaid，“thatifwewantanythingDONE，wemustgoto，workandDO，itisofnousemerelytotalk-nonewhatever。”，It，ispooreloquencethatonlyshowshowapersoncantalk。HadMrs。
Chisholmrestedsatisfiedwithlecturing，herproject，shewas，persuaded，wouldneverhavegotbeyondtheregionoftalk;butwhen，peoplesawwhatshewasdoingandhadactuallyaccomplished，they，fellinwithherviewsandcameforwardtohelpher。Hencethe，mostbeneficentworkerisnothewhosaysthemosteloquentthings，orevenwhothinksthemostloftily，buthewhodoesthemost，eloquentacts。
True-heartedpersons，eveninthehumbleststationinlife，whoare，energeticdoers，maythusgiveanimpulsetogoodworksoutofall，proportion，apparently，totheiractualstationinsociety。Thomas，Wrightmighthavetalkedaboutthereclamationofcriminals，and，JohnPoundsaboutthenecessityforRaggedSchools，andyetdone，nothing;insteadofwhichtheysimplysettoworkwithoutanyother，ideaintheirmindsthanthatofdoing，nottalking。Andhowthe，exampleofeventhepoorestmanmaytelluponsociety，hearwhat，Dr。Guthrie，theapostleoftheRaggedSchoolmovement，saysofthe，influencewhichtheexampleofJohnPounds，thehumblePortsmouth，cobbler，exerciseduponhisownworkingcareer：-
“TheinterestIhavebeenledtotakeinthiscauseisanexample，ofhow，inProvidence，aman’sdestiny-hiscourseoflife，like，thatofariver-maybedeterminedandaffectedbyverytrivial，circumstances。Itisrathercurious-atleastitisinteresting，tometoremember-thatitwasbyapictureIwasfirstledto，takeaninterestinraggedschools-byapictureinanold，obscure，decayingburghthatstandsontheshoresoftheFrithof，Forth，thebirthplaceofThomasChalmers。Iwenttoseethisplace，manyyearsago;and，goingintoaninnforrefreshment，Ifoundthe，roomcoveredwithpicturesofshepherdesseswiththeircrooks，and，sailorsinholidayattire，notparticularlyinteresting。Butabove，thechimney-piecetherewasalargeprint，morerespectablethan，itsneighbours，whichrepresentedacobbler’sroom。Thecobbler，wastherehimself，spectaclesonnose，anoldshoebetweenhis，knees-themassiveforeheadandfirmmouthindicatinggreat，determinationofcharacter，and，beneathhisbushyeyebrows，benevolencegleamedoutonanumberofpoorraggedboysandgirls，whostoodattheirlessonsroundthebusycobbler。Mycuriosity，wasawakened;andintheinscriptionIreadhowthisman，John，Pounds，acobblerinPortsmouth，takingpityonthemultitudeof，poorraggedchildrenleftbyministersandmagistrates，andladies，andgentlemen，togotoruinonthestreets-how，likeagood，shepherd，hegatheredinthesewretchedoutcasts-howhehad，trainedthemtoGodandtotheworld-andhow，whileearninghis，dailybreadbythesweatofhisbrow，hehadrescuedfrommisery，andsavedtosocietynotlessthanfivehundredofthesechildren。
Ifeltashamedofmyself。IfeltreprovedforthelittleIhad，done。Myfeelingsweretouched。Iwasastonishedatthisman’s，achievements;andIwellremember，intheenthusiasmofthemoment，sayingtomycompanion(andIhaveseeninmycoolerandcalmer，momentsnoreasonforunsayingthesaying)-’Thatmanisanhonour，tohumanity，anddeservesthetallestmonumenteverraisedwithin，theshoresofBritain。’，Itookupthatman’shistory，andIfound，itanimatedbythespiritofHimwho’hadcompassiononthe，multitude。’，JohnPoundswasaclevermanbesides;and，likePaul，ifhecouldnotwinapoorboyanyotherway，hewonhimbyart。
Hewouldbeseenchasingaraggedboyalongthequays，and，compellinghimtocometoschool，notbythepowerofapoliceman，butbythepowerofahotpotato。HeknewtheloveanIrishmanhad，forapotato;andJohnPoundsmightbeseenrunningholdingunder，theboy’snoseapotato，likeanIrishman，veryhot，andwitha，coatasraggedashimself。Whenthedaycomeswhenhonourwillbe，donetowhomhonourisdue，Icanfancythecrowdofthosewhose，famepoetshavesung，andtowhosememorymonumentshavebeen，raised，dividinglikethewave，and，passingthegreat，andthe，noble，andthemightyoftheland，thispoor，obscureoldman，steppingforwardandreceivingtheespecialnoticeofHimwhosaid，’Inasmuchasyedidittooneoftheleastofthese，yediditalso，toMe。’“
Theeducationofcharacterisverymuchaquestionofmodels;we，mouldourselvessounconsciouslyafterthecharacters，manners，habits，andopinionsofthosewhoareaboutus。Goodrulesmaydo，much，butgoodmodelsfarmore;forinthelatterwehave，instructioninaction-wisdomatwork。Goodadmonitionandbad，exampleonlybuildwithonehandtopulldownwiththeother。
Hencethevastimportanceofexercisinggreatcareintheselection，ofcompanions，especiallyinyouth。Thereisamagneticaffinity，inyoungpersonswhichinsensiblytendstoassimilatethemtoeach，other’slikeness。Mr。Edgeworthwassostronglyconvincedthat，fromsympathytheyinvoluntarilyimitatedorcaughtthetoneofthe，companytheyfrequented，thatheheldittobeofthemost，essentialimportancethattheyshouldbetaughttoselectthevery，bestmodels。”Nocompany，orgoodcompany，“washismotto。Lord，Collingwood，writingtoayoungfriend，said，“Holditasamaxim，thatyouhadbetterbealonethaninmeancompany。Letyour，companionsbesuchasyourself，orsuperior;fortheworthofaman，willalwaysberuledbythatofhiscompany。”，Itwasaremarkof，thefamousDr。Sydenhamthateverybodysometimeorotherwouldbe，thebetterortheworseforhavingbutspokentoagoodorabad，man。AsSirPeterLelymadeitarulenevertolookatabad，pictureifhecouldhelpit，believingthatwheneverhedidsohis，pencilcaughtataintfromit，so，whoeverchoosestogazeoften，uponadebasedspecimenofhumanityandtofrequenthissociety，cannothelpgraduallyassimilatinghimselftothatsortofmodel。
Itisthereforeadvisableforyoungmentoseekthefellowshipof，thegood，andalwaystoaimatahigherstandardthanthemselves。
FrancisHorner，speakingoftheadvantagestohimselfofdirect，personalintercoursewithhigh-minded，intelligentmen，said，“I
cannothesitatetodecidethatIhavederivedmoreintellectual，improvementfromthemthanfromallthebooksIhaveturnedover。”
LordShelburne(afterwardsMarquisofLansdowne)，whenayoungman，paidavisittothevenerableMalesherbes，andwassomuch，impressedbyit，thathesaid，-“Ihavetravelledmuch，butIhave，neverbeensoinfluencedbypersonalcontactwithanyman;andifI
everaccomplishanygoodinthecourseofmylife，Iamcertain，thattherecollectionofM。deMalesherbeswillanimatemysoul。”
SoFowellBuxtonwasalwaysreadytoacknowledgethepowerful，influenceexercisedupontheformationofhischaracterinearly，lifebytheexampleoftheGurneyfamily：，“Ithasgivenacolour，tomylife，“heusedtosay。SpeakingofhissuccessattheDublin，University，heconfessed，“Icanascribeittonothingbutmy，Earlhamvisits。”，ItwasfromtheGurneyshe“caughttheinfection“
ofself-improvement。
Contactwiththegoodneverfailstoimpartgood，andwecarryaway，withussomeoftheblessing，astravellers’garmentsretainthe，odouroftheflowersandshrubsthroughwhichtheyhavepassed。
ThosewhoknewthelateJohnSterlingintimately，havespokenof，thebeneficialinfluencewhichheexercisedonallwithwhomhe，cameintopersonalcontact。Manyowedtohimtheirfirstawakening，toahigherbeing;fromhimtheylearntwhattheywere，andwhat，theyoughttobe。Mr。Trenchsaysofhim：-“Itwasimpossibleto，comeincontactwithhisnoblenaturewithoutfeelingone’sselfin，somemeasureENNOBLEDandLIFTEDUP，asIeverfeltwhenIleft，him，intoahigherregionofobjectsandaimsthanthatinwhich，oneistemptedhabituallytodwell。”，Itisthusthatthenoble，characteralwaysacts;webecomeinsensiblyelevatedbyhim，and，cannothelpfeelingashedoesandacquiringthehabitoflooking，atthingsinthesamelight。Suchisthemagicalactionand，reactionofmindsuponeachother。
Artists，also，feelthemselveselevatedbycontactwithartists，greaterthanthemselves。ThusHaydn’sgeniuswasfirstfiredby，Handel。Hearinghimplay，Haydn’sardourformusicalcomposition，wasatonceexcited，andbutforthiscircumstance，hehimself，believedthathewouldneverhavewrittenthe’Creation。’，Speaking，ofHandel，hesaid，“Whenhechooses，hestrikeslikethe，thunderbolt;“andatanothertime，“Thereisnotanoteofhimbut，drawsblood。”，ScarlattiwasanotherofHandel’sardentadmirers，followinghimalloverItaly;afterwards，whenspeakingofthe，greatmaster，hewouldcrosshimselfintokenofadmiration。True，artistsneverfailgenerouslytorecogniseeachother’sgreatness。
ThusBeethoven’sadmirationforCherubiniwasregal：，andhe，ardentlyhailedthegeniusofSchubert：，“Truly，“saidhe，“in，Schubertdwellsadivinefire。”，WhenNorthcotewasamereyouthhe，hadsuchanadmirationforReynoldsthat，whenthegreatpainter，wasonceattendingapublicmeetingdowninDevonshire，theboy，pushedthroughthecrowd，andgotsonearReynoldsastotouchthe，skirtofhiscoat，“whichIdid，“saysNorthcote，“withgreat，satisfactiontomymind，“-atruetouchofyouthfulenthusiasmin，itsadmirationofgenius。
Theexampleofthebraveisaninspirationtothetimid，their，presencethrillingthrougheveryfibre。Hencethemiraclesof，valoursooftenperformedbyordinarymenundertheleadershipof，theheroic。Theveryrecollectionofthedeedsofthevaliant，stirsmen’sbloodlikethesoundofatrumpet。Ziskabequeathed，hisskintobeusedasadrumtoinspirethevalourofthe，Bohemians。WhenScanderbeg，princeofEpirus，wasdead，theTurks，wishedtopossesshisbones，thateachmightwearapiecenexthis，heart，hopingthustosecuresomeportionofthecouragehehad，displayedwhileliving，andwhichtheyhadsooftenexperiencedin，battle。WhenthegallantDouglas，bearingtheheartofBruceto，theHolyLand，sawoneofhisknightssurroundedandsorelypressed，bytheSaracens，hetookfromhisneckthesilvercasecontaining，thehero’sbequest，andthrowingitamidstthethickestpressof，hisfoes，cried，“Passfirstinfight，asthouwertwonttodo，and，Douglaswillfollowthee，ordie;“andsosaying，herushedforward，totheplacewhereitfell，andwasthereslain。
Thechiefuseofbiographyconsistsinthenoblemodelsof，characterinwhichitabounds。Ourgreatforefathersstilllive，amongusintherecordsoftheirlives，aswellasintheactsthey，havedone，whichlivealso;stillsitbyusattable，andholdus，bythehand;furnishingexamplesforourbenefit，whichwemay，stillstudy，admireandimitate。Indeed，whoeverhasleftbehind，himtherecordofanoblelife，hasbequeathedtoposterityan，enduringsourceofgood，foritservesasamodelforothersto，formthemselvesbyinalltimetocome;stillbreathingfreshlife，intomen，helpingthemtoreproducehislifeanew，andto，illustratehischaracterinotherforms。Henceabookcontaining，thelifeofatruemanisfullofpreciousseed。Itisastill，livingvoice;itisanintellect。TouseMilton’swords，“itis，thepreciouslife-bloodofamasterspirit，embalmedandtreasured，uponpurposetoalifebeyondlife。”，Suchabookneverceasesto，exerciseanelevatingandennoblinginfluence。But，aboveall，thereistheBookcontainingtheveryhighestExamplesetbeforeus，toshapeourlivesbyinthisworld-themostsuitableforallthe，necessitiesofourmindandheart-anexamplewhichwecanonly，followafaroffandfeelafter，“Likeplantsorvineswhichneversawthesun，Butdreamofhimandguesswherehemaybe，Anddotheirbesttoclimbandgettohim。”
Again，noyoungmancanrisefromtheperusalofsuchlivesas，thoseofBuxtonandArnold，withoutfeelinghismindandheartmade，better，andhisbestresolvesinvigorated。Suchbiographies，increaseaman’sself-reliancebydemonstratingwhatmencanbe，andwhattheycando;fortifyinghishopesandelevatinghisaims，inlife。Sometimesayoungmandiscovershimselfinabiography，asCorreggiofeltwithinhimtherisingsofgeniusoncontemplating，theworksofMichaelAngelo：，“AndItoo，amapainter，“he，exclaimed。SirSamuelRomilly，inhisautobiography，confessed，himselftohavebeenpowerfullyinfluencedbythelifeofthegreat，andnoble-mindedFrenchChancellorDaguesseau：-“Theworksof，Thomas，“sayshe，“hadfallenintomyhands，andIhadreadwith，admirationhis’ElogeofDaguesseau;’andthecareerofhonour，whichherepresentedthatillustriousmagistratetohaverun，excitedtoagreatdegreemyardourandambition，andopenedtomy，imaginationnewpathsofglory。”
Franklinwasaccustomedtoattributehisusefulnessandeminenceto，hishavingearlyreadCottonMather’s’EssaystodoGood’-abook，whichgrewoutofMather’sownlife。Andseehowgoodexample，drawsothermenafterit，andpropagatesitselfthroughfuture，generationsinalllands。ForSamuelDrewaversthatheframedhis，ownlife，andespeciallyhisbusinesshabits，afterthemodelleft，onrecordbyBenjaminFranklin。Thusitisimpossibletosaywhere，agoodexamplemaynotreach，orwhereitwillend，ifindeedit，haveanend。Hencetheadvantage，inliteratureasinlife，of，keepingthebestsociety，readingthebestbooks，andwisely，admiringandimitatingthebestthingswefindinthem。”In，literature，“saidLordDudley，“Iamfondofconfiningmyselfto，thebestcompany，whichconsistschieflyofmyoldacquaintance，withwhomIamdesirousofbecomingmoreintimate;andIsuspect，thatninetimesoutoftenitismoreprofitable，ifnotmore，agreeable，toreadanoldbookoveragain，thantoreadanewone，forthefirsttime。”
Sometimesabookcontaininganobleexemplaroflife，takenupat，random，merelywiththeobjectofreadingitasapastime，hasbeen，knowntocallforthenergieswhoseexistencehadnotbeforebeen，suspected。Alfieriwasfirstdrawnwithpassiontoliteratureby，reading’Plutarch’sLives。’，Loyola，whenasoldierservingatthe，siegeofPampeluna，andlaidupbyadangerouswoundinhisleg，askedforabooktodiverthisthoughts：，the’LivesoftheSaints’
wasbroughttohim，anditsperusalsoinflamedhismind，thathe，determinedthenceforthtodevotehimselftothefoundingofa，religiousorder。Luther，inlikemanner，wasinspiredtoundertake，thegreatlaboursofhislifebyaperusalofthe’Lifeand，WritingsofJohnHuss。’，Dr。Wolffwasstimulatedtoenteruponhis，missionarycareerbyreadingthe’LifeofFrancisXavier;’andthe，bookfiredhisyouthfulbosomwithapassionthemostsincereand，ardenttodevotehimselftotheenterpriseofhislife。William，Carey，also，gotthefirstideaofenteringuponhissublime，laboursasamissionaryfromaperusaloftheVoyagesofCaptain，Cook。
FrancisHornerwasaccustomedtonoteinhisdiaryandlettersthe，booksbywhichhewasmostimprovedandinfluenced。Amongstthese，wereCondorcet’s’ElogeofHaller，’SirJoshuaReynolds’
’Discourses，’thewritingsofBacon，and’Burnet’sAccountofSir，MatthewHale。’，Theperusalofthelast-mentionedbook-the，portraitofaprodigyoflabour-Hornersays，filledhimwith，enthusiasm。OfCondorcet’s’ElogeofHaller，’hesaid：，“Inever，risefromtheaccountofsuchmenwithoutasortofthrilling，palpitationaboutme，whichIknownotwhetherIshouldcall，admiration，ambition，ordespair。”，Andspeakingofthe，’Discourses’ofSirJoshuaReynolds，hesaid：，“Nexttothe，writingsofBacon，thereisnobookwhichhasmorepowerfully，impelledmetoself-culture。Heisoneofthefirstmenofgenius，whohascondescendedtoinformtheworldofthestepsbywhich，greatnessisattained。Theconfidencewithwhichheassertsthe，omnipotenceofhumanlabourhastheeffectoffamiliarisinghis，readerwiththeideathatgeniusisanacquisitionratherthana，gift;whilstwithallthereisblendedsonaturallyandeloquently，themostelevatedandpassionateadmirationofexcellence，that，uponthewholethereisnobookofamoreINFLAMMATORYeffect。”，It，isremarkablethatReynoldshimselfattributedhisfirstpassionate，impulsetowardsthestudyofart，toreadingRichardson’saccount，ofagreatpainter;andHaydonwasinlikemannerafterwards，inflamedtofollowthesamepursuitbyreadingofthecareerof，Reynolds。Thusthebraveandaspiringlifeofonemanlightsa，flameinthemindsofothersoflikefacultiesandimpulse;and，wherethereisequallyvigorouseffortslikedistinctionand，successwillalmostsurelyfollow。Thusthechainofexampleis，carrieddownthroughtimeinanendlesssuccessionoflinks，-
admirationexcitingimitation，andperpetuatingthetrue，aristocracyofgenius。
Oneofthemostvaluable，andoneofthemostinfectiousexamples，whichcanbesetbeforetheyoung，isthatofcheerfulworking。
Cheerfulnessgiveselasticitytothespirit。Spectresflybefore，it;difficultiescausenodespair，fortheyareencounteredwith，hope，andthemindacquiresthathappydispositiontoimprove，opportunitieswhichrarelyfailsofsuccess。Theferventspiritis，alwaysahealthyandhappyspirit;workingcheerfullyitself，and，stimulatingotherstowork。Itconfersadignityoneventhemost，ordinaryoccupations。Themosteffectivework，also，isusually，thefull-heartedwork-thatwhichpassesthroughthehandsorthe，headofhimwhoseheartisglad。Humewasaccustomedtosaythat，hewouldratherpossessacheerfuldisposition-inclinedalwaysto，lookatthebrightsideofthings-thanwithagloomymindtobe，themasterofanestateoftenthousandayear。GranvilleSharp，amidsthisindefatigablelaboursonbehalfoftheslave，solaced，himselfintheeveningsbytakingpartingleesandinstrumental，concertsathisbrother’shouse，singing，orplayingontheflute，theclarionetortheoboe;and，attheSundayeveningoratorios，whenHandelwasplayed，hebeatthekettle-drums。Healso，indulged，thoughsparingly，incaricaturedrawing。FowellBuxton，alsowasaneminentlycheerfulman;takingspecialpleasurein，fieldsports，inridingaboutthecountrywithhischildren，andin，mixinginalltheirdomesticamusements。
Inanothersphereofaction，Dr。Arnoldwasanobleandacheerful，worker，throwinghimselfintothegreatbusinessofhislife，the，trainingandteachingofyoungmen，withhiswholeheartandsoul。
Itisstatedinhisadmirablebiography，that“themostremarkable，thingintheLalehamcirclewasthewonderfulhealthinessoftone，whichprevailedthere。Itwasaplacewhereanewcomeratonce，feltthatagreatandearnestworkwasgoingforward。Everypupil，wasmadetofeelthattherewasaworkforhimtodo;thathis，happiness，aswellashisduty，layindoingthatworkwell。Hence，anindescribablezestwascommunicatedtoayoungman’sfeeling，aboutlife;astrangejoycameoverhimondiscerningthathehad，themeansofbeinguseful，andthusofbeinghappy;andadeep，respectandardentattachmentspranguptowardshimwhohadtaught，himthustovaluelifeandhisownself，andhisworkandmission，intheworld。Allthiswasfoundedonthebreadthand，comprehensivenessofArnold’scharacter，aswellasitsstriking，truthandreality;ontheunfeignedregardhehadforworkofall，kinds，andthesensehehadofitsvalue，bothforthecomplex，aggregateofsocietyandthegrowthandprotectionofthe，individual。Inallthistherewasnoexcitement;nopredilection，foroneclassofworkaboveanother;noenthusiasmforanyone-
sidedobject：，butahumble，profound，andmostreligious，consciousnessthatworkistheappointedcallingofmanonearth;
theendforwhichhisvariousfacultiesweregiven;theelementin，whichhisnatureisordainedtodevelopitself，andinwhichhis，progressiveadvancetowardsheavenistolie。”，Amongthemany，valuablementrainedforpubliclifeandusefulnessbyArnold，was，thegallantHodson，ofHodson’sHorse，who，writinghomefrom，India，manyyearsafter，thusspokeofhisreveredmaster：，“The，influenceheproducedhasbeenmostlastingandstrikinginits，effects。ItisfelteveninIndia;IcannotsaymorethanTHAT。”
Theusefulinfluencewhicharight-heartedmanofenergyand，industrymayexerciseamongsthisneighboursanddependants，and，accomplishforhiscountry，cannot，perhaps，bebetterillustrated，thanbythecareerofSirJohnSinclair;characterizedbytheAbbe，Gregoireas“themostindefatigablemaninEurope。”，Hewas，originallyacountrylaird，borntoaconsiderableestatesituated，nearJohno’Groat’sHouse，almostbeyondthebeatofcivilization，inabarewildcountryfrontingthestormyNorthSea。Hisfather，dyingwhilehewasayouthofsixteen，themanagementofthefamily，propertythusearlydevolveduponhim;andateighteenhebegana，courseofvigorousimprovementinthecountyofCaithness，which，eventuallyspreadalloverScotland。Agriculturethenwasina，mostbackwardstate;thefieldswereunenclosed，thelands，undrained;thesmallfarmersofCaithnessweresopoorthatthey，couldscarcelyaffordtokeepahorseorshelty;thehardworkwas，chieflydone，andtheburdensborne，bythewomen;andifacottier，lostahorseitwasnotunusualforhimtomarryawifeasthe，cheapestsubstitute。Thecountrywaswithoutroadsorbridges;and，droversdrivingtheircattlesouthhadtoswimtheriversalong，withtheirbeasts。ThechieftrackleadingintoCaithnesslay，alongahighshelfonamountainside，theroadbeingsomehundred，feetofclearperpendicularheightabovetheseawhichdashed，below。SirJohn，thoughamereyouth，determinedtomakeanew，roadoverthehillofBenCheilt，theoldlet-aloneproprietors，however，regardinghisschemewithincredulityandderision。But，hehimselflaidouttheroad，assembledsometwelvehundredworkmen，earlyonesummer’smorning，setthemsimultaneouslytowork，superintendingtheirlabours，andstimulatingthembyhispresence，andexample;andbeforenight，whathadbeenadangeroussheep，track，sixmilesinlength，hardlypassableforledhorses，was，madepracticableforwheel-carriagesasifbythepowerofmagic。
Itwasanadmirableexampleofenergyandwell-directedlabour，whichcouldnotfailtohaveamostsalutaryinfluenceuponthe，surroundingpopulation。Hethenproceededtomakemoreroads，to，erectmills，tobuildbridges，andtoencloseandcultivatethe，wastelands。Heintroducedimprovedmethodsofculture，and，regularrotationofcrops，distributingsmallpremiumstoencourage，industry;andhethussoonquickenedthewholeframeofsociety，withinreachofhisinfluence，andinfusedanentirelynewspirit，intothecultivatorsofthesoil。Frombeingoneofthemost，inaccessibledistrictsofthenorth-theveryULTIMATHULEof，civilization-Caithnessbecameapatterncountyforitsroads，its，agriculture，anditsfisheries。InSinclair’syouth，thepostwas，carriedbyarunneronlyonceaweek，andtheyoungbaronetthen，declaredthathewouldneverresttillacoachdrovedailyto，Thurso。Thepeopleoftheneighbourhoodcouldnotbelieveinany，suchthing，anditbecameaproverbinthecountytosayofan，utterlyimpossiblescheme，“Ou，ay，thatwillcometopasswhenSir，JohnseesthedailymailatThurso！”ButSirJohnlivedtoseehis，dreamrealized，andthedailymailestablishedtoThurso。
Thecircleofhisbenevolentoperationgraduallywidened。
Observingtheseriousdeteriorationwhichhadtakenplaceinthe，qualityofBritishwool，-oneofthestaplecommoditiesofthe，country，-heforthwith，thoughbutaprivateandlittle-known，countrygentleman，devotedhimselftoitsimprovement。Byhis，personalexertionsheestablishedtheBritishWoolSocietyforthe，purpose，andhimselfledthewaytopracticalimprovementby，importing800sheepfromallcountries，athisownexpense。The，resultwas，theintroductionintoScotlandofthecelebrated，Cheviotbreed。Sheepfarmersscoutedtheideaofsouthcountry，flocksbeingabletothriveinthefarnorth。ButSirJohn，persevered;andinafewyearstherewerenotfewerthan300，000
Cheviotsdiffusedoverthefournortherncountiesalone。Thevalue，ofallgrazinglandwasthusenormouslyincreased;andScotch，estates，whichbeforewerecomparativelyworthless，begantoyield，largerentals。
ReturnedbyCaithnesstoParliament，inwhichheremainedfor，thirtyyears，rarelymissingadivision，hispositiongavehim，fartheropportunitiesofusefulness，whichhedidnotneglectto，employ。Mr。Pitt，observinghisperseveringenergyinalluseful，publicprojects，sentforhimtoDowningStreet，andvoluntarily，proposedhisassistanceinanyobjecthemighthaveinview。
Anothermanmighthavethoughtofhimselfandhisownpromotion;
butSirJohncharacteristicallyreplied，thathedesirednofavour，forhimself，butintimatedthattherewardmostgratifyingtohis，feelingswouldbeMr。Pitt’sassistanceintheestablishmentofa，NationalBoardofAgriculture。ArthurYounglaidabetwiththe，baronetthathisschemewouldneverbeestablished，adding，“Your，BoardofAgriculturewillbeinthemoon！”Butvigorouslysetting，towork，herousedpublicattentiontothesubject，enlisteda，majorityofParliamentonhisside，andeventuallyestablishedthe，Board，ofwhichhewasappointedPresident。Theresultofits，actionneednotbedescribed，butthestimuluswhichitgaveto，agricultureandstock-raisingwasshortlyfeltthroughoutthewhole，UnitedKingdom，andtensofthousandsofacreswereredeemedfrom，barrennessbyitsoperation。Hewasequallyindefatigablein，encouragingtheestablishmentoffisheries;andthesuccessful，foundingofthesegreatbranchesofBritishindustryatThursoand，Wickwasmainlyduetohisexertions。Heurgedforlongyears，and，atlengthsucceededinobtainingtheenclosureofaharbourforthe，latterplace，whichisperhapsthegreatestandmostprosperous，fishingtownintheworld。
SirJohnthrewhispersonalenergyintoeveryworkinwhichhe，engaged，rousingtheinert，stimulatingtheidle，encouragingthe，hopeful，andworkingwithall。WhenaFrenchinvasionwas，threatened，heofferedtoMr。Pitttoraisearegimentonhisown，estate，andhewasasgoodashisword。Hewentdowntothenorth，andraisedabattalionof600men，afterwardsincreasedto1000;
anditwasadmittedtobeoneofthefinestvolunteerregiments，everraised，inspiredthroughoutbyhisownnobleandpatriotic，spirit。WhilecommandingofficerofthecampatAberdeenheheld，theofficesofaDirectoroftheBankofScotland，Chairmanofthe，BritishWoolSociety，ProvostofWick，DirectoroftheBritish，FisherySociety，CommissionerforissuingExchequerBills，Member，ofParliamentforCaithness，andPresidentoftheBoardof，Agriculture。Amidstallthismultifariousandself-imposedwork，heevenfoundtimetowritebooks，enoughofthemselvesto，establishareputation。WhenMr。Rush，theAmericanAmbassador，arrivedinEngland，herelatesthatheinquiredofMr。Cokeof，Holkham，whatwasthebestworkonAgriculture，andwasreferredto，SirJohnSinclair’s;andwhenhefurtheraskedofMr。Vansittart，ChancelloroftheExchequer，whatwasthebestworkonBritish，Finance，hewasagainreferredtoaworkbySirJohnSinclair，his，’HistoryofthePublicRevenue。’，Butthegreatmonumentofhis，indefatigableindustry，aworkthatwouldhaveappalledothermen，butonlyservedtorouseandsustainhisenergy，washis，’StatisticalAccountofScotland，’intwenty-onevolumes，oneof，themostvaluablepracticalworkseverpublishedinanyageor，country。Amidahostofotherpursuitsitoccupiedhimnearly，eightyearsofhardlabour，duringwhichhereceived，andattended，to，upwardsof20，000lettersonthesubject。Itwasathoroughly，patrioticundertaking，fromwhichhederivednopersonaladvantage，whatever，beyondthehonourofhavingcompletedit。Thewholeof，theprofitswereassignedbyhimtotheSocietyfortheSonsofthe，ClergyinScotland。Thepublicationofthebookledtogreat，publicimprovements;itwasfollowedbytheimmediateabolitionof，severaloppressivefeudalrights，towhichitcalledattention;the，salariesofschoolmastersandclergymeninmanyparisheswere，increased;andanincreasedstimuluswasgiventoagriculture，throughoutScotland。SirJohnthenpubliclyofferedtoundertake，themuchgreaterlabourofcollectingandpublishingasimilar，StatisticalAccountofEngland;butunhappilythethenArchbishop，ofCanterburyrefusedtosanctionit，lestitshouldinterferewith，thetithesoftheclergy，andtheideawasabandoned。
Aremarkableillustrationofhisenergeticpromptitudewasthe，mannerinwhichheonceprovided，onagreatemergency，forthe，reliefofthemanufacturingdistricts。In1793thestagnation，producedbythewarledtoanunusualnumberofbankruptcies，and，manyofthefirsthousesinManchesterandGlasgowweretottering，notsomuchfromwantofproperty，butbecausetheusualsourcesof，tradeandcreditwereforthetimeclosedup。Aperiodofintense，distressamongstthelabouringclassesseemedimminent，whenSir，Johnurged，inParliament，thatExchequernotestotheamountof，fivemillionsshouldbeissuedimmediatelyasaloantosuch，merchantsascouldgivesecurity。Thissuggestionwasadopted，and，hisoffertocarryouthisplan，inconjunctionwithcertain，membersnamedbyhim，wasalsoaccepted。Thevotewaspassedlate，atnight，andearlynextmorningSirJohn，anticipatingthedelays，ofofficialismandredtape，proceededtobankersinthecity，and，borrowedofthem，onhisownpersonalsecurity，thesumof，70，000L。whichhedespatchedthesameeveningtothosemerchants，whowereinthemosturgentneedofassistance。PittmeetingSir，JohnintheHouse，expressedhisgreatregretthatthepressing，wantsofManchesterandGlasgowcouldnotbesuppliedsosoonas，wasdesirable，adding，“Themoneycannotberaisedforsomedays。”
“Itisalreadygone！itleftLondonbyto-night’smail！”wasSir，John’striumphantreply;andinafterwardsrelatingtheanecdotehe，added，withasmileofpleasure，“PittwasasmuchstartledasifI
hadstabbedhim。”，Tothelastthisgreat，goodmanworkedon，usefullyandcheerfully，settingagreatexampleforhisfamilyand，forhiscountry。Insolaboriouslyseekingothers’good，itmight，besaidthathefoundhisown-notwealth，forhisgenerosity，seriouslyimpairedhisprivatefortune，buthappiness，andself-
satisfaction，andthepeacethatpassesknowledge。Agreat，patriot，withmagnificentpowersofwork，henoblydidhisdutyto，hiscountry;yethewasnotneglectfulofhisownhouseholdand，home。Hissonsanddaughtersgrewuptohonourandusefulness;and，itwasoneoftheproudestthingsSirJohncouldsay，whenverging，onhiseightiethyear，thathehadlivedtoseesevensonsgrown，up，notoneofwhomhadincurredadebthecouldnotpay，orcaused，himasorrowthatcouldhavebeenavoided。
CHAPTERXIII-CHARACTER-THETRUEGENTLEMAN
“Forwhocanalwaysact？buthe，Towhomathousandmemoriescall，Notbeinglessbutmorethanall，Thegentlenessheseemedtobe，Butseemedthethinghewas，andjoined，Eachofficeofthesocialhour，Tonoblemanners，astheflower，Andnativegrowthofnoblemind;
Andthusheborewithoutabuse，ThegrandoldnameofGentleman。”-Tennyson。
“EsbildeteinTalentsichinderStille，SicheinCharakterindemStromderWelt。”-Goethe。
“Thatwhichraisesacountry，thatwhichstrengthensacountry，and，thatwhichdignifiesacountry，-thatwhichspreadsherpower，createshermoralinfluence，andmakesherrespectedandsubmitted，to，bendstheheartsofmillions，andbowsdowntheprideof，nationstoher-theinstrumentofobedience，thefountainof，supremacy，thetruethrone，crown，andsceptreofanation;-this，aristocracyisnotanaristocracyofblood，notanaristocracyof，fashion，notanaristocracyoftalentonly;itisanaristocracyof，Character。Thatisthetrueheraldryofman。”-TheTimes。
ThecrownandgloryoflifeisCharacter。Itisthenoblest，possessionofaman，constitutingarankinitself，andanestate，inthegeneralgoodwill;dignifyingeverystation，andexalting，everypositioninsociety。Itexercisesagreaterpowerthan，wealth，andsecuresallthehonourwithoutthejealousiesoffame。
Itcarrieswithitaninfluencewhichalwaystells;foritisthe，resultofprovedhonour，rectitude，andconsistency-qualities，which，perhapsmorethananyother，commandthegeneralconfidence，andrespectofmankind。
Characterishumannatureinitsbestform。Itismoralorder，embodiedintheindividual。Menofcharacterarenotonlythe，conscienceofsociety，butineverywell-governedStatetheyare，itsbestmotivepower;foritismoralqualitiesinthemainwhich，ruletheworld。Eveninwar，Napoleonsaidthemoralistothe，physicalastentoone。Thestrength，theindustry，andthe，civilisationofnations-alldependuponindividualcharacter;and，theveryfoundationsofcivilsecurityrestuponit。Lawsand，institutionsarebutitsoutgrowth。Inthejustbalanceofnature，individuals，nations，andraces，willobtainjustsomuchasthey，deserve，andnomore。Andaseffectfindsitscause，sosurely，doesqualityofcharacteramongstapeopleproduceitsbefitting，results。
Thoughamanhavecomparativelylittleculture，slenderabilities，andbutsmallwealth，yet，ifhischaracterbeofsterlingworth，hewillalwayscommandaninfluence，whetheritbeintheworkshop，thecounting-house，themart，orthesenate。Canningwiselywrote，in1801，“MyroadmustbethroughCharactertopower;Iwilltryno，othercourse;andIamsanguineenoughtobelievethatthiscourse，thoughnotperhapsthequickest，isthesurest。”，Youmayadmire，menofintellect;butsomethingmoreisnecessarybeforeyouwill，trustthem。HenceLordJohnRussellonceobservedinasentence，fulloftruth，“ItisthenatureofpartyinEnglandtoaskthe，assistanceofmenofgenius，buttofollowtheguidanceofmenof，character。”，Thiswasstrikinglyillustratedinthecareerofthe，lateFrancisHorner-amanofwhomSydneySmithsaidthattheTen，Commandmentswerestampeduponhiscountenance。”Thevaluableand，peculiarlight，“saysLordCockburn，“inwhichhishistoryis，calculatedtoinspireeveryright-mindedyouth，isthis。Hedied，attheageofthirty-eight;possessedofgreaterpublicinfluence，thananyotherprivateman;andadmired，beloved，trusted，and，deploredbyall，excepttheheartlessorthebase。Nogreater，homagewaseverpaidinParliamenttoanydeceasedmember。Nowlet，everyyoungmanask-howwasthisattained？，Byrank？，Hewasthe，sonofanEdinburghmerchant。Bywealth？，Neitherhe，noranyof，hisrelations，everhadasuperfluoussixpence。Byoffice？，He，heldbutone，andonlyforafewyears，ofnoinfluence，andwith，verylittlepay。Bytalents？，Hiswerenotsplendid，andhehadno，genius。Cautiousandslow，hisonlyambitionwastoberight。By，eloquence？，Hespokeincalm，goodtaste，withoutanyofthe，oratorythateitherterrifiesorseduces。Byanyfascinationof，manner？，Hiswasonlycorrectandagreeable。Bywhat，then，was，it？，Merelybysense，industry，goodprinciples，andagoodheart-
qualitieswhichnowell-constitutedmindneedeverdespairof，attaining。Itwastheforceofhischaracterthatraisedhim;and，thischaracternotimpresseduponhimbynature，butformed，outof，nopeculiarlyfineelements，byhimself。Thereweremanyinthe，HouseofCommonsoffargreaterabilityandeloquence。Butnoone，surpassedhiminthecombinationofanadequateportionofthese，withmoralworth。Hornerwasborntoshowwhatmoderatepowers，unaidedbyanythingwhateverexceptcultureandgoodness，may，achieve，evenwhenthesepowersaredisplayedamidstthe，competitionandjealousyofpubliclife。”
Franklin，also，attributedhissuccessasapublicman，nottohis，talentsorhispowersofspeaking-forthesewerebutmoderate-
buttohisknownintegrityofcharacter。Henceitwas，hesays，“thatIhadsomuchweightwithmyfellowcitizens。Iwasbuta，badspeaker，nevereloquent，subjecttomuchhesitationinmy，choiceofwords，hardlycorrectinlanguage，andyetIgenerally，carriedmypoint。”，Charactercreatesconfidenceinmeninhigh，stationaswellasinhumblelife。Itwassaidofthefirst，EmperorAlexanderofRussia，thathispersonalcharacterwas，equivalenttoaconstitution。DuringthewarsoftheFronde，MontaignewastheonlymanamongsttheFrenchgentrywhokepthis，castlegatesunbarred;anditwassaidofhim，thathispersonal，characterwasabetterprotectionforhimthanaregimentofhorse，wouldhavebeen。
Thatcharacterispower，istrueinamuchhighersensethanthat，knowledgeispower。Mindwithoutheart，intelligencewithout，conduct，clevernesswithoutgoodness，arepowersintheirway，but，theymaybepowersonlyformischief。Wemaybeinstructedor，amusedbythem;butitissometimesasdifficulttoadmirethemas，itwouldbetoadmirethedexterityofapickpocketorthe，horsemanshipofahighwayman。
Truthfulness，integrity，andgoodness-qualitiesthathangnoton，anyman’sbreath-formtheessenceofmanlycharacter，or，asone，ofouroldwritershasit，“thatinbredloyaltyuntoVirtuewhich，canserveherwithoutalivery。”，Hewhopossessesthesequalities，unitedwithstrengthofpurpose，carrieswithhimapowerwhichis，irresistible。Heisstrongtodogood，strongtoresistevil，and，strongtobearupunderdifficultyandmisfortune。WhenStephenof，Colonnafellintothehandsofhisbaseassailants，andtheyasked，himinderision，“Whereisnowyourfortress？”“Here，“washis，boldreply，placinghishanduponhisheart。Itisinmisfortune，thatthecharacteroftheuprightmanshinesforthwiththe，greatestlustre;andwhenallelsefails，hetakesstanduponhis，integrityandhiscourage。
TherulesofconductfollowedbyLordErskine-amanofsterling，independenceofprincipleandscrupulousadherencetotruth-are，worthyofbeingengravenoneveryyoungman’sheart。”Itwasa，firstcommandandcounselofmyearliestyouth，“hesaid，“always，todowhatmyconsciencetoldmetobeaduty，andtoleavethe，consequencetoGod。Ishallcarrywithmethememory，andItrust，thepractice，ofthisparentallessontothegrave。Ihave，hithertofollowedit，andIhavenoreasontocomplainthatmy，obediencetoithasbeenatemporalsacrifice。Ihavefoundit，on，thecontrary，theroadtoprosperityandwealth，andIshallpoint，outthesamepathtomychildrenfortheirpursuit。”
Everymanisboundtoaimatthepossessionofagoodcharacteras，oneofthehighestobjectsoflife。Theveryefforttosecureit，byworthymeanswillfurnishhimwithamotiveforexertion;and，hisideaofmanhood，inproportionasitiselevated，willsteady，andanimatehismotive。Itiswelltohaveahighstandardof，life，eventhoughwemaynotbeablealtogethertorealizeit。
“Theyouth，“saysMr。Disraeli，“whodoesnotlookupwilllook，down;andthespiritthatdoesnotsoarisdestinedperhapsto，grovel。”，GeorgeHerbertwiselywrites，“Pitchthybehaviourlow，thyprojectshigh，Soshallthouhumbleandmagnanimousbe。
Sinknotinspirit;whoaimethatthesky，Shootshighermuchthanhethatmeansatree。”
Hewhohasahighstandardoflivingandthinkingwillcertainlydo，betterthanhewhohasnoneatall。”Pluckatagownofgold，“
saystheScotchproverb，“andyoumaygetasleeveo’t。”，Whoever，triesforthehighestresultscannotfailtoreachapointfarin，advanceofthatfromwhichhestarted;andthoughtheendattained，mayfallshortofthatproposed，still，theveryefforttorise，of，itselfcannotfailtoprovepermanentlybeneficial。
Therearemanycounterfeitsofcharacter，butthegenuinearticle，isdifficulttobemistaken。Some，knowingitsmoneyvalue，would，assumeitsdisguiseforthepurposeofimposingupontheunwary。
ColonelCharterissaidtoamandistinguishedforhishonesty，“I
wouldgiveathousandpoundsforyourgoodname。”，“Why？”“Because，Icouldmaketenthousandbyit，“wastheknave’sreply。
Integrityinwordanddeedisthebackboneofcharacter;andloyal，adherencetoveracityitsmostprominentcharacteristic。Oneof，thefinesttestimoniestothecharacterofthelateSirRobertPeel，wasthatbornebytheDukeofWellingtonintheHouseofLords，a，fewdaysafterthegreatstatesman’sdeath。”Yourlordships，“he，said，“mustallfeelthehighandhonourablecharacterofthelate，SirRobertPeel。Iwaslongconnectedwithhiminpubliclife。We，werebothinthecouncilsofourSovereigntogether，andIhadlong，thehonourtoenjoyhisprivatefriendship。Inallthecourseof，myacquaintancewithhimIneverknewamaninwhosetruthand，justiceIhadgreaterconfidence，orinwhomIsawamore，invariabledesiretopromotethepublicservice。Inthewhole，courseofmycommunicationwithhim，Ineverknewaninstancein，whichhedidnotshowthestrongestattachmenttotruth;andI
neversawinthewholecourseofmylifethesmallestreasonfor，suspectingthathestatedanythingwhichhedidnotfirmlybelieve，tobethefact。”，Andthishigh-mindedtruthfulnessofthe，statesmanwasnodoubtthesecretofnosmallpartofhisinfluence，andpower。
Thereisatruthfulnessinactionaswellasinwords，whichis，essentialtouprightnessofcharacter。Amanmustreallybewhat，heseemsorpurposestobe。WhenanAmericangentlemanwroteto，GranvilleSharp，thatfromrespectforhisgreatvirtueshehad，namedoneofhissonsafterhim，Sharpreplied：，“Imustrequest，youtoteachhimafavouritemaximofthefamilywhosenameyou，havegivenhim-ALWAYSENDEAVOURTOBEREALLYWHATYOUWOULDWISH
TOAPPEAR。Thismaxim，asmyfatherinformedme，wascarefullyand，humblypractisedbyHISfather，whosesincerity，asaplainand，honestman，therebybecametheprincipalfeatureofhischaracter，bothinpublicandprivatelife。”，Everymanwhorespectshimself，andvaluestherespectofothers，willcarryoutthemaximinact-
doinghonestlywhatheproposestodo-puttingthehighest，characterintohiswork，scampingnothing，butpridinghimselfupon，hisintegrityandconscientiousness。OnceCromwellsaidto，Bernard，-acleverbutsomewhatunscrupulouslawyer，“Iunderstand，thatyouhavelatelybeenvastlywaryinyourconduct;donotbe，tooconfidentofthis;subtletymaydeceiveyou，integritynever，will。”，Menwhoseactsareatdirectvariancewiththeirwords，commandnorespect，andwhattheysayhasbutlittleweight;even，truths，whenutteredbythem，seemtocomeblastedfromtheirlips。
Thetruecharacteractsrightly，whetherinsecretorinthesight，ofmen。Thatboywaswelltrainedwho，whenaskedwhyhedidnot，pocketsomepears，fornobodywastheretosee，replied，“Yes，therewas：，Iwastheretoseemyself;andIdon’tintendeverto，seemyselfdoadishonestthing。”-Thisisasimplebutnot，inappropriateillustrationofprinciple，orconscience，dominating，inthecharacter，andexercisinganobleprotectorateoverit;not，merelyapassiveinfluence，butanactivepowerregulatingthe，life。Suchaprinciplegoesonmouldingthecharacterhourlyand，daily，growingwithaforcethatoperateseverymoment。Without，thisdominatinginfluence，characterhasnoprotection，butis，constantlyliabletofallawaybeforetemptation;andeverysuch，temptationsuccumbedto，everyactofmeannessordishonesty，howeverslight，causesself-degradation。Itmattersnotwhether，theactbesuccessfulornot，discoveredorconcealed;theculprit，isnolongerthesame，butanotherperson;andheispursuedbya，secretuneasiness，byself-reproach，ortheworkingsofwhatwe，callconscience，whichistheinevitabledoomoftheguilty。
Andhereitmaybeobservedhowgreatlythecharactermaybe，strengthenedandsupportedbythecultivationofgoodhabits。Man，ithasbeensaid，isabundleofhabits;andhabitissecond，nature。Metastasioentertainedsostronganopinionastothe，powerofrepetitioninactandthought，thathesaid，“Allishabit，inmankind，evenvirtueitself。”，Butler，inhis’Analogy，’
impressestheimportanceofcarefulself-disciplineandfirm，resistancetotemptation，astendingtomakevirtuehabitual，so，thatatlengthitmaybecomemoreeasytobegoodthantogiveway，tosin。”Ashabitsbelongingtothebody，“hesays，“areproduced，byexternalacts，sohabitsofthemindareproducedbythe，executionofinwardpracticalpurposes，i。e。carryingtheminto，act，oractinguponthem-theprinciplesofobedience，veracity，justice，andcharity。”，Andagain，LordBroughamsays，when，enforcingtheimmenseimportanceoftrainingandexampleinyouth，“ItrusteverythingunderGodtohabit，onwhich，inallages，the，lawgiver，aswellastheschoolmaster，hasmainlyplacedhis，reliance;habit，whichmakeseverythingeasy，andcaststhe，difficultiesuponthedeviationfromawontedcourse。”，Thus，make，sobrietyahabit，andintemperancewillbehateful;makeprudencea，habit，andrecklessprofligacywillbecomerevoltingtoevery，principleofconductwhichregulatesthelifeoftheindividual。
Hencethenecessityforthegreatestcareandwatchfulnessagainst，theinroadofanyevilhabit;forthecharacterisalwaysweakest，atthatpointatwhichithasoncegivenway;anditislongbefore，aprinciplerestoredcanbecomesofirmasonethathasneverbeen，moved。ItisafineremarkofaRussianwriter，that“Habitsarea，necklaceofpearls：，untietheknot，andthewholeunthreads。”
Whereverformed，habitactsinvoluntarily，andwithouteffort;and，itisonlywhenyouopposeit，thatyoufindhowpowerfulithas，become。Whatisdoneonceandagain，soongivesfacilityand，proneness。Thehabitatfirstmayseemtohavenomorestrength，thanaspider’sweb;but，onceformed，itbindsaswithachainof，iron。Thesmalleventsoflife，takensingly，mayseemexceedingly，unimportant，likesnowthatfallssilently，flakebyflake;yet，accumulated，thesesnow-flakesformtheavalanche。
Self-respect，self-help，application，industry，integrity-allare，ofthenatureofhabits，notbeliefs。Principles，infact，arebut，thenameswhichweassigntohabits;fortheprinciplesarewords，butthehabitsarethethingsthemselves：，benefactorsortyrants，accordingastheyaregoodorevil。Itthushappensthataswe，growolder，aportionofourfreeactivityandindividuality，becomessuspendedinhabit;ouractionsbecomeofthenatureof，fate;andweareboundbythechainswhichwehavewovenaround，ourselves。
Itisindeedscarcelypossibletoover-estimatetheimportanceof，trainingtheyoungtovirtuoushabits。Inthemtheyarethe，easiestformed，andwhenformedtheylastforlife;likeletters，cutonthebarkofatreetheygrowandwidenwithage。”Trainup，achildinthewayheshouldgo，andwhenheisoldhewillnot，departfromit。”，Thebeginningholdswithinittheend;thefirst，startontheroadoflifedeterminesthedirectionandthe，destinationofthejourney;CEN’ESTQUELEPREMIERPASQUICOUTE。
“Remember，“saidLordCollingwoodtoayoungmanwhomheloved，“beforeyouarefive-and-twentyyoumustestablishacharacterthat，willserveyouallyourlife。”，Ashabitstrengthenswithage，and，characterbecomesformed，anyturningintoanewpathbecomesmore，andmoredifficult。Hence，itisoftenhardertounlearnthanto，learn;andforthisreasontheGrecianflute-playerwasjustified，whochargeddoublefeestothosepupilswhohadbeentaughtbyan，inferiormaster。Touprootanoldhabitissometimesamore，painfulthing，andvastlymoredifficult，thantowrenchouta，tooth。Tryandreformahabituallyindolent，orimprovident，or，drunkenperson，andinalargemajorityofcasesyouwillfail。
Forthehabitineachcasehaswounditselfinandthroughthelife，untilithasbecomeanintegralpartofit，andcannotbeuprooted。
Hence，asMr。Lynchobserves，“thewisesthabitofallisthehabit，ofcareintheformationofgoodhabits。”
Evenhappinessitselfmaybecomehabitual。Thereisahabitof，lookingatthebrightsideofthings，andalsooflookingatthe，darkside。Dr。Johnsonhassaidthatthehabitoflookingatthe，bestsideofathingisworthmoretoamanthanathousandpounds，ayear。Andwepossessthepower，toagreatextent，ofso，exercisingthewillastodirectthethoughtsuponobjects，calculatedtoyieldhappinessandimprovementratherthantheir，opposites。Inthiswaythehabitofhappythoughtmaybemadeto，springuplikeanyotherhabit。Andtobringupmenorwomenwith，agenialnatureofthissort，agoodtemper，andahappyframeof，mind，isperhapsofevenmoreimportance，inmanycases，thanto，perfecttheminmuchknowledgeandmanyaccomplishments。
Asdaylightcanbeseenthroughverysmallholes，solittlethings，willillustrateaperson’scharacter。Indeedcharacterconsistsin，littleacts，wellandhonourablyperformed;dailylifebeingthe，quarryfromwhichwebuilditup，andrough-hewthehabitswhich，formit。Oneofthemostmarkedtestsofcharacteristhemanner，inwhichweconductourselvestowardsothers。Agracefulbehaviour，towardssuperiors，inferiors，andequals，isaconstantsourceof，pleasure。Itpleasesothersbecauseitindicatesrespectfortheir，personality;butitgivestenfoldmorepleasuretoourselves。
Everymanmaytoalargeextentbeaself-educatoringood，behaviour，asineverythingelse;hecanbecivilandkind，ifhe，will，thoughhehavenotapennyinhispurse。Gentlenessin，societyislikethesilentinfluenceoflight，whichgivescolour，toallnature;itisfarmorepowerfulthanloudnessorforce，and，farmorefruitful。Itpushesitswayquietlyandpersistently，likethetiniestdaffodilinspring，whichraisestheclodand，thrustsitasidebythesimplepersistencyofgrowing。
Evenakindlookwillgivepleasureandconferhappiness。Inone，ofRobertsonofBrighton’sletters，hetellsofaladywhorelated，tohim“thedelight，thetearsofgratitude，whichshehad，witnessedinapoorgirltowhom，inpassing，Igaveakindlookon，goingoutofchurchonSunday。Whatalesson！，Howcheaply，happinesscanbegiven！，Whatopportunitieswemissofdoingan，angel’swork！，Irememberdoingit，fullofsadfeelings，passing，on，andthinkingnomoreaboutit;anditgaveanhour’ssunshine，toahumanlife，andlightenedtheloadoflifetoahumanheart，foratime！”(35)
Moralsandmanners，whichgivecolourtolife，areofmuchgreater，importancethanlaws，whicharebuttheirmanifestations。Thelaw，touchesushereandthere，butmannersareaboutuseverywhere，pervadingsocietyliketheairwebreathe。Goodmanners，aswe，callthem，areneithermorenorlessthangoodbehaviour;
consistingofcourtesyandkindness;benevolencebeingthe，preponderatingelementinallkindsofmutuallybeneficialand，pleasantintercourseamongsthumanbeings。”Civility，“saidLady，Montague，“costsnothingandbuyseverything。”，Thecheapestofall，thingsiskindness，itsexerciserequiringtheleastpossible，troubleandself-sacrifice。”Winhearts，“saidBurleightoQueen，Elizabeth，“andyouhaveallmen’sheartsandpurses。”，Ifwewould，onlyletnatureactkindly，freefromaffectationandartifice，the，resultsonsocialgoodhumourandhappinesswouldbeincalculable。
Thelittlecourtesieswhichformthesmallchangeoflife，may，separatelyappearoflittleintrinsicvalue，buttheyacquiretheir，importancefromrepetitionandaccumulation。Theyarelikethe，spareminutes，orthegroataday，whichproverbiallyproducesuch，momentousresultsinthecourseofatwelvemonth，orinalifetime。
Mannersaretheornamentofaction;andthereisawayofspeaking，akindword，orofdoingakindthing，whichgreatlyenhancestheir，value。Whatseemstobedonewithagrudge，orasanactof，condescension，isscarcelyacceptedasafavour。Yettherearemen，whopridethemselvesupontheirgruffness;andthoughtheymay，possessvirtueandcapacity，theirmannerisoftensuchasto，renderthemalmostinsupportable。Itisdifficulttolikeaman，who，thoughhemaynotpullyournose，habituallywoundsyourself-
respect，andtakesaprideinsayingdisagreeablethingstoyou。
Thereareotherswhoaredreadfullycondescending，andcannotavoid，seizinguponeverysmallopportunityofmakingtheirgreatness，felt。WhenAbernethywascanvassingfortheofficeofsurgeonto，St。BartholomewHospital，hecalleduponsuchaperson-arich，grocer，oneofthegovernors。Thegreatmanbehindthecounter，seeingthegreatsurgeonenter，immediatelyassumedthegrandair，towardsthesupposedsuppliantforhisvote。”Ipresume，Sir，you，wantmyvoteandinterestatthismomentousepochofyourlife？”
Abernethy，whohatedhumbugs，andfeltnettledatthetone，replied：，“No，Idon’t：，Iwantapennyworthoffigs;come，look，sharpandwrapthemup;Iwanttobeoff！”
Thecultivationofmanner-thoughinexcessitisfoppishand，foolish-ishighlynecessaryinapersonwhohasoccasionto，negociatewithothersinmattersofbusiness。Affabilityandgood，breedingmayevenberegardedasessentialtothesuccessofaman，inanyeminentstationandenlargedsphereoflife;forthewantof，ithasnotunfrequentlybeenfoundinagreatmeasuretoneutralise，theresultsofmuchindustry，integrity，andhonestyofcharacter。
Thereare，nodoubt，afewstrongtolerantmindswhichcanbear，withdefectsandangularitiesofmanner，andlookonlytothemore，genuinequalities;buttheworldatlargeisnotsoforbearant，and，cannothelpformingitsjudgmentsandlikingsmainlyaccordingto，outwardconduct。
Anothermodeofdisplayingtruepolitenessisconsiderationforthe，opinionsofothers。Ithasbeensaidofdogmatism，thatitisonly，puppyismcometoitsfullgrowth;andcertainlytheworstformthis，qualitycanassume，isthatofopinionativenessandarrogance。Let，menagreetodiffer，and，whentheydodiffer，bearandforbear。
Principlesandopinionsmaybemaintainedwithperfectsuavity，withoutcomingtoblowsorutteringhardwords;andthereare，circumstancesinwhichwordsareblows，andinflictwoundsfarless，easytoheal。Asbearinguponthispoint，wequoteaninstructive，littleparablespokensometimesincebyanitinerantpreacherof，theEvangelicalAllianceonthebordersofWales：-“AsIwasgoing，tothehills，“saidhe，“earlyonemistymorning，Isawsomething，movingonamountainside，sostrangelookingthatItookitfora，monster。WhenIcamenearertoitIfounditwasaman。WhenI
cameuptohimIfoundhewasmybrother。”
Theinbredpolitenesswhichspringsfromright-heartednessand，kindlyfeelings，isofnoexclusiverankorstation。Themechanic，whoworksatthebenchmaypossessit，aswellastheclergymanor，thepeer。Itisbynomeansanecessaryconditionoflabourthat，itshould，inanyrespect，beeitherroughorcoarse。The，politenessandrefinementwhichdistinguishallclassesofthe，peopleinmanycontinentalcountriesshowthatthosequalities，mightbecomeourstoo-asdoubtlesstheywillbecomewith，increasedcultureandmoregeneralsocialintercourse-without，sacrificinganyofourmoregenuinequalitiesasmen。Fromthe，highesttothelowest，therichesttothepoorest，tonorankor，conditioninlifehasnaturedeniedherhighestboon-thegreat，heart。Thereneveryetexistedagentlemanbutwaslordofagreat，heart。Andthismayexhibititselfunderthehoddengreyofthe，peasantaswellasunderthelacedcoatofthenoble。RobertBurns，wasoncetakentotaskbyayoungEdinburghblood，withwhomhewas，walking，forrecognisinganhonestfarmerintheopenstreet。”Why，youfantasticgomeral，“exclaimedBurns，“itwasnotthegreat，coat，thesconebonnet，andthesaunders-boothosethatIspoketo，butTHEMANthatwasinthem;andtheman，sir，fortrueworth，wouldweighdownyouandme，andtenmoresuch，anyday。”，There，maybeahomelinessinexternals，whichmayseemvulgartothose，whocannotdiscerntheheartbeneath;but，totheright-minded，characterwillalwayshaveitsclearinsignia。
WilliamandCharlesGrantwerethesonsofafarmerinInverness-
shire，whomasuddenfloodstrippedofeverything，eventothevery，soilwhichhetilled。Thefarmerandhissons，withtheworld，beforethemwheretochoose，madetheirwaysouthwardinsearchof，employmentuntiltheyarrivedintheneighbourhoodofBuryin，Lancashire。FromthecrownofthehillnearWalmesleythey，surveyedthewideextentofcountrywhichlaybeforethem，the，riverIrwellmakingitscircuitouscoursethroughthevalley。They，wereutterstrangersintheneighbourhood，andknewnotwhichway，toturn。Todecidetheircoursetheyputupastick，andagreedto，pursuethedirectioninwhichitfell。Thustheirdecisionwas，made，andtheyjourneyedonaccordinglyuntiltheyreachedthe，villageofRamsbotham，notfardistant。Theyfoundemploymentina，print-work，inwhichWilliamservedhisapprenticeship;andthey，commandedthemselvestotheiremployersbytheirdiligence，sobriety，andstrictintegrity。Theyploddedon，risingfromone，stationtoanother，untilatlengththetwomenthemselvesbecame，employers，andaftermanylongyearsofindustry，enterprise，and，benevolence，theybecamerich，honoured，andrespectedbyallwho，knewthem。Theircotton-millsandprint-worksgaveemploymenttoa，largepopulation。Theirwell-directeddiligencemadethevalley，teemwithactivity，joy，health，andopulence。Outoftheir，abundantwealththeygaveliberallytoallworthyobjects，erecting，churches，foundingschools，andinallwayspromotingthewell-
beingoftheclassofworking-menfromwhichtheyhadsprung。They，afterwardserected，onthetopofthehillaboveWalmesley，alofty，towerincommemorationoftheearlyeventintheirhistorywhich，haddeterminedtheplaceoftheirsettlement。ThebrothersGrant，becamewidelycelebratedfortheirbenevolenceandtheirvarious，goodness，anditissaidthatMr。Dickenshadtheminhismind’s，eyewhendelineatingthecharacterofthebrothersCheeryble。One，amongstmanyanecdotesofasimilarkindmaybecitedtoshowthat，thecharacterwasbynomeansexaggerated。AManchester，warehousemanpublishedanexceedinglyscurrilouspamphletagainst，thefirmofGrantBrothers，holdinguptheelderpartnerto，ridiculeas“BillyButton。”，Williamwasinformedbysomeoneof，thenatureofthepamphlet，andhisobservationwasthattheman，wouldlivetorepentofit。”Oh！”saidthelibeller，wheninformed，oftheremark，“hethinksthatsometimeorotherIshallbeinhis，debt;butIwilltakegoodcareofthat。”，Ithappens，however，thatmeninbusinessdonotalwaysforeseewhoshallbetheir，creditor，anditsoturnedoutthattheGrants’libellerbecamea，bankrupt，andcouldnotcompletehiscertificateandbeginbusiness，againwithoutobtainingtheirsignature。Itseemedtohima，hopelesscasetocalluponthatfirmforanyfavour，butthe，pressingclaimsofhisfamilyforcedhimtomaketheapplication。
Heappearedbeforethemanwhomhehadridiculedas“BillyButton“
accordingly。Hetoldhistaleandproducedhiscertificate。”You，wroteapamphletagainstusonce？”saidMr。Grant。Thesupplicant，expectedtoseehisdocumentthrownintothefire;insteadofwhich，Grantsignedthenameofthefirm，andthuscompletedthenecessary，certificate。”Wemakeitarule，“saidhe，handingitback，“never，torefusesigningthecertificateofanhonesttradesman，andwe，haveneverheardthatyouwereanythingelse。”，Thetearsstarted，intotheman’seyes。”Ah，“continuedMr。Grant，“youseemysaying，wastrue，thatyouwouldlivetorepentwritingthatpamphlet。I
didnotmeanitasathreat-Ionlymeantthatsomedayyouwould，knowusbetter，andrepenthavingtriedtoinjureus。”，“Ido，I
do，indeed，repentit。”，“Well，well，youknowusnow。Buthowdo，yougeton-whatareyougoingtodo？”Thepoormanstatedthat，hehadfriendswhowouldassisthimwhenhiscertificatewas，obtained。”Buthowareyouoffinthemeantime？”Theanswerwas，that，havinggivenupeveryfarthingtohiscreditors，hehadbeen，compelledtostinthisfamilyineventhecommonnecessariesof，life，thathemightbeenabledtopayforhiscertificate。”My，goodfellow，thiswillneverdo;yourwifeandfamilymustnot，sufferinthisway;bekindenoughtotakethisten-poundnoteto，yourwifefromme：，there，there，now-don’tcry，itwillbeall，wellwithyouyet;keepupyourspirits，settoworklikeaman，andyouwillraiseyourheadamongthebestofusyet。”，The，overpoweredmanendeavouredwithchokingutterancetoexpresshis，gratitude，butinvain;andputtinghishandtohisface，hewent，outoftheroomsobbinglikeachild。
TheTrueGentlemanisonewhosenaturehasbeenfashionedafterthe，highestmodels。Itisagrandoldname，thatofGentleman，andhas，beenrecognizedasarankandpowerinallstagesofsociety。”The，GentlemanisalwaystheGentleman，“saidtheoldFrenchGeneralto，hisregimentofScottishgentryatRousillon，“andinvariably，proveshimselfsuchinneedandindanger。”，Topossessthis，characterisadignityofitself，commandingtheinstinctivehomage，ofeverygenerousmind，andthosewhowillnotbowtotitularrank，willyetdohomagetothegentleman。Hisqualitiesdependnotupon，fashionormanners，butuponmoralworth-notonpersonal，possessions，butonpersonalqualities。ThePsalmistbriefly，describeshimasone“thatwalkethuprightly，andworketh，righteousness，andspeakeththetruthinhisheart。”
Thegentlemaniseminentlydistinguishedforhisself-respect。He，valueshischaracter，-notsomuchofitonlyascanbeseenof，others，butasheseesithimself;havingregardfortheapproval，ofhisinwardmonitor。And，asherespectshimself，so，bythe，samelaw，doesherespectothers。Humanityissacredinhiseyes：
andthenceproceedpolitenessandforbearance，kindnessand，charity。ItisrelatedofLordEdwardFitzgeraldthat，while，travellinginCanada，incompanywiththeIndians，hewasshocked，bythesightofapoorsquawtrudgingalongladenwithher，husband’strappings，whilethechiefhimselfwalkedon，unencumbered。LordEdwardatoncerelievedthesquawofherpack，byplacingituponhisownshoulders，-abeautifulinstanceof，whattheFrenchcallPOLITESSEDECOEUR-theinbredpolitenessof，thetruegentleman。
Thetruegentlemanhasakeensenseofhonour，-scrupulously，avoidingmeanactions。Hisstandardofprobityinwordandaction，ishigh。Hedoesnotshuffleorprevaricate，dodgeorskulk;but，ishonest，upright，andstraightforward。Hislawisrectitude-
actioninrightlines。WhenhesaysYES，itisalaw：，andhe，darestosaythevaliantNOatthefittingseason。Thegentleman，willnotbebribed;onlythelow-mindedandunprincipledwillsell，themselvestothosewhoareinterestedinbuyingthem。Whenthe，uprightJonasHanwayofficiatedascommissionerinthevictualling，department，hedeclinedtoreceiveapresentofanykindfroma，contractor;refusingthustobebiassedintheperformanceofhis，publicduty。Afinetraitofthesamekindistobenotedinthe，lifeoftheDukeofWellington。Shortlyafterthebattleof，Assaye，onemorningthePrimeMinisteroftheCourtofHyderabad，waiteduponhimforthepurposeofprivatelyascertainingwhat，territoryandwhatadvantageshadbeenreservedforhismasterin，thetreatyofpeacebetweentheMahrattaprincesandtheNizam。To，obtainthisinformationtheministerofferedthegeneralavery，largesum-considerablyabove100，000L。Lookingathimquietly，forafewseconds，SirArthursaid，“Itappears，then，thatyouare，capableofkeepingasecret？”“Yes，certainly，“repliedthe，minister。”THENSOAMI，“saidtheEnglishgeneral，smiling，and，bowedtheministerout。ItwastoWellington’sgreathonour，that，thoughuniformlysuccessfulinIndia，andwiththepowerofearning，insuchmodesasthisenormouswealth，hedidnotaddafarthingto，hisfortune，andreturnedtoEnglandacomparativelypoorman。
Asimilarsensitivenessandhigh-mindednesscharacterisedhisnoble，relative，theMarquisofWellesley，who，ononeoccasion，positivelyrefusedapresentof100，000L。proposedtobegivenhim，bytheDirectorsoftheEastIndiaCompanyontheconquestof，Mysore。”Itisnotnecessary，“saidhe，“formetoalludetothe，independenceofmycharacter，andtheproperdignityattachingto，myoffice;otherreasonsbesidestheseimportantconsiderations，leadmetodeclinethistestimony，whichisnotsuitabletome。I
THINKOFNOTHINGBUTOURARMY。Ishouldbemuchdistressedto，curtailtheshareofthosebravesoldiers。”，AndtheMarquis’s，resolutiontorefusethepresentremainedunalterable。
SirCharlesNapierexhibitedthesamenobleself-denialinthe，courseofhisIndiancareer。Herejectedallthecostlygifts，whichbarbaricprinceswerereadytolayathisfeet，andsaidwith，truth，“CertainlyIcouldhavegot30，000L。sincemycomingto，Scinde，butmyhandsdonotwantwashingyet。Ourdearfather’s，swordwhichIworeinbothbattles(MeaneeandHyderabad)is，unstained。”
Richesandrankhavenonecessaryconnexionwithgenuine，gentlemanlyqualities。Thepoormanmaybeatruegentleman，-in，spiritandindailylife。Hemaybehonest，truthful，upright，polite，temperate，courageous，self-respecting，andself-helping，-
thatis，beatruegentleman。Thepoormanwitharichspiritis，inallwayssuperiortotherichmanwithapoorspirit。Toborrow，St。Paul’swords，theformerisas“havingnothing，yetpossessing，allthings，“whiletheother，thoughpossessingallthings，has，nothing。Thefirsthopeseverything，andfearsnothing;thelast，hopesnothing，andfearseverything。Onlythepoorinspiritare，reallypoor。Hewhohaslostall，butretainshiscourage，cheerfulness，hope，virtue，andself-respect，isstillrich。For，suchaman，theworldis，asitwere，heldintrust;hisspirit，dominatingoveritsgrossercares，hecanstillwalkerect，atrue，gentleman。
Occasionally，thebraveandgentlecharactermaybefoundunderthe，humblestgarb。Hereisanoldillustration，butafineone。Once，onatime，whentheAdigesuddenlyoverfloweditsbanks，thebridge，ofVeronawascarriedaway，withtheexceptionofthecentrearch，onwhichstoodahouse，whoseinhabitantssupplicatedhelpfromthe，windows，whilethefoundationswerevisiblygivingway。”Iwill，giveahundredFrenchlouis，“saidtheCountSpolverini，whostood，by，“toanypersonwhowillventuretodelivertheseunfortunate，people。”，Ayoungpeasantcameforthfromthecrowd，seizedaboat，andpushedintothestream。Hegainedthepier，receivedthewhole，familyintotheboat，andmadefortheshore，wherehelandedthem，insafety。”Hereisyourmoney，mybraveyoungfellow，“saidthe，count。”No，“wastheansweroftheyoungman，“Idonotsellmy，life;givethemoneytothispoorfamily，whohaveneedofit。”
Herespokethetruespiritofthegentleman，thoughhewasbutin，thegarbofapeasant。
NotlesstouchingwastheheroicconductofapartyofDealboatmen，inrescuingthecrewofacollier-brigintheDownsbutashort，timeago。(36)，Asuddenstormwhichsetinfromthenorth-east，droveseveralshipsfromtheiranchors，anditbeinglowwater，one，ofthemstruckthegroundataconsiderabledistancefromthe，shore，whentheseamadeacleanbreachoverher。Therewasnota，vestigeofhopeforthevessel，suchwasthefuryofthewindand，theviolenceofthewaves。Therewasnothingtotempttheboatmen，onshoretorisktheirlivesinsavingeithershiporcrew，fornot，afarthingofsalvagewastobelookedfor。Butthedaring，intrepidityoftheDealboatmenwasnotwantingatthiscritical，moment。NosoonerhadthebriggroundedthanSimonPritchard，one，ofthemanypersonsassembledalongthebeach，threwoffhiscoat，andcalledout，“Whowillcomewithmeandtrytosavethatcrew？”
Instantlytwentymensprangforward，with“Iwill，““andI。”，But，sevenonlywerewanted;andrunningdownagalleypuntintothe，surf，theyleapedinanddashedthroughthebreakers，amidstthe，cheersofthoseonshore。Howtheboatlivedinsuchaseaseemed，amiracle;butinafewminutes，impelledbythestrongarmsof，thesegallantmen，sheflewonandreachedthestrandedship，“catchingheronthetopofawave“;andinlessthanaquarterof，anhourfromthetimetheboatlefttheshore，thesixmenwho，composedthecrewofthecollierwerelandedsafeonWalmerBeach。
Anoblerinstanceofindomitablecourageanddisinterestedheroism，onthepartoftheDealboatmen-bravethoughtheyarealways，knowntobe-perhapscannotbecited;andwehavepleasureinhere，placingitonrecord。
Mr。Turnbull，inhisworkon’Austria，’relatesananecdoteofthe，lateEmperorFrancis，inillustrationofthemannerinwhichthe，Governmentofthatcountryhasbeenindebted，foritsholduponthe，people，tothepersonalqualitiesofitsprinces。”Atthetime，whenthecholerawasragingatVienna，theemperor，withanaide-
de-camp，wasstrollingaboutthestreetsofthecityandsuburbs，whenacorpsewasdraggedpastonalitterunaccompaniedbya，singlemourner。Theunusualcircumstanceattractedhisattention，andhelearnt，oninquiry，thatthedeceasedwasapoorpersonwho，haddiedofcholera，andthattherelativeshadnotventuredon，whatwasthenconsideredtheverydangerousofficeofattendingthe，bodytothegrave。’Then，’saidFrancis，’wewillsupplytheir，place，fornoneofmypoorpeopleshouldgotothegravewithout，thatlastmarkofrespect;’andhefollowedthebodytothedistant，placeofinterment，and，bare-headed，stoodtoseeeveryriteand，observancerespectfullyperformed。”
Finethoughthisillustrationmaybeofthequalitiesofthe，gentleman，wecanmatchitbyanotherequallygood，oftwoEnglish，navviesinParis，asrelatedinamorningpaperafewyearsago。
“OnedayahearsewasobservedascendingthesteepRuedeClichyon，itswaytoMontmartre，bearingacoffinofpoplarwoodwithits，coldcorpse。Notasoulfollowed-noteventhelivingdogofthe，deadman，ifhehadone。Thedaywasrainyanddismal;passersby，liftedthehatasisusualwhenafuneralpasses，andthatwasall。
AtlengthitpassedtwoEnglishnavvies，whofoundthemselvesin，ParisontheirwayfromSpain。Arightfeelingspokefrombeneath，theirsergejackets。’Poorwretch！’saidtheonetotheother，’no，onefollowshim;letustwofollow！’，Andthetwotookofftheir，hats，andwalkedbare-headedafterthecorpseofastrangertothe，cemeteryofMontmartre。”
Aboveall，thegentlemanistruthful。Hefeelsthattruthisthe，“summitofbeing，“andthesoulofrectitudeinhumanaffairs。
LordChesterfielddeclaredthatTruthmadethesuccessofa，gentleman。TheDukeofWellington，writingtoKellerman，onthe，subjectofprisonersonparole，whenopposedtothatgeneralinthe，peninsula，toldhimthatiftherewasonethingonwhichanEnglish，officerpridedhimselfmorethananother，exceptinghiscourage，it，washistruthfulness。”WhenEnglishofficers，“saidhe，“have，giventheirparoleofhonournottoescape，besuretheywillnot，breakit。Believeme-trusttotheirword;thewordofanEnglish，officerisasurerguaranteethanthevigilanceofsentinels。”
Truecourageandgentlenessgohandinhand。Thebravemanis，generousandforbearant，neverunforgivingandcruel。Itwas，finelysaidofSirJohnFranklinbyhisfriendParry，that“hewas，amanwhoneverturnedhisbackuponadanger，yetofthat，tendernessthathewouldnotbrushawayamosquito。”，Afinetrait，ofcharacter-trulygentle，andworthyofthespiritofBayard-
wasdisplayedbyaFrenchofficerinthecavalrycombatofElBodon，inSpain。HehadraisedhisswordtostrikeSirFeltonHarvey，but，perceivinghisantagonisthadonlyonearm，heinstantlystopped，broughtdownhisswordbeforeSirFeltonintheusualsalute，and，rodepast。TothismaybeaddedanobleandgentledeedofNey，duringthesamePeninsularWar。CharlesNapierwastakenprisoner，atCorunna，desperatelywounded;andhisfriendsathomedidnot，knowwhetherhewasaliveordead。Aspecialmessengerwassent，outfromEnglandwithafrigatetoascertainhisfate。Baron，Clouetreceivedtheflag，andinformedNeyofthearrival。”Let，theprisonerseehisfriends，“saidNey，“andtellthemheiswell，andwelltreated。”，Clouetlingered，andNeyasked，smiling，“what，morehewanted“？，“Hehasanoldmother，awidow，andblind。”，“Has，he？thenlethimgohimselfandtellherheisalive。”，Asthe，exchangeofprisonersbetweenthecountrieswasnotthenallowed，NeyknewthatheriskedthedispleasureoftheEmperorbysetting，theyoungofficeratliberty;butNapoleonapprovedthegenerous，act。
Notwithstandingthewailwhichweoccasionallyhearforthe，chivalrythatisgone，ourownagehaswitnesseddeedsofbravery，andgentleness-ofheroicself-denialandmanlytenderness-which，areunsurpassedinhistory。Theeventsofthelastfewyearshave，shownthatourcountrymenareasyetanundegeneraterace。Onthe，bleakplateauofSebastopol，inthedrippingperiloustrenchesof，thattwelvemonth’sleaguer，menofallclassesprovedthemselves，worthyofthenobleinheritanceofcharacterwhichtheir，forefathershavebequeathedtothem。Butitwasinthehourofthe，greattrialinIndiathatthequalitiesofourcountrymenshone，forththebrightest。ThemarchofNeillonCawnpore，ofHavelock，onLucknow-officersandmenalikeurgedonbythehopeof，rescuingthewomenandthechildren-areeventswhichthewhole，historyofchivalrycannotequal。Outram’sconducttoHavelock，in，resigningtohim，thoughhisinferiorofficer，thehonourof，leadingtheattackonLucknow，wasatraitworthyofSydney，and，alonejustifiesthetitlewhichhasbeenawardedtohimof，“the，BayardofIndia。”，ThedeathofHenryLawrence-thatbraveand，gentlespirit-hislastwordsbeforedying，“Lettherebenofuss，aboutme;letmebeburiedWITHTHEMEN，“-theanxioussolicitude，ofSirColinCampbelltorescuethebeleagueredofLucknow，andto，conducthislongtrainofwomenandchildrenbynightfromthence，toCawnpore，whichhereachedamidsttheallbutoverpowering，assaultoftheenemy，-thecarewithwhichheledthemacrossthe，perilousbridge，neverceasinghischargeoverthemuntilhehad，seenthepreciousconvoysafeontheroadtoAllahabad，andthen，burstupontheGwaliorcontingentlikeathunder-clap;-such，thingsmakeusfeelproudofourcountrymenandinspirethe，convictionthatthebestandpurestglowofchivalryisnotdead，butvigorouslylivesamongusyet。
Eventhecommonsoldiersprovedthemselvesgentlemenundertheir，trials。AtAgra，wheresomanypoorfellowshadbeenscorchedand，woundedintheirencounterwiththeenemy，theywerebroughtinto，thefort，andtenderlynursedbytheladies;andtherough，gallant，fellowsprovedgentleasanychildren。Duringtheweeksthatthe，ladieswatchedovertheircharge，neverawordwassaidbyany，soldierthatcouldshocktheearofthegentlest。Andwhenallwas，over-whenthemortally-woundedhaddied，andthesickandmaimed，whosurvivedwereabletodemonstratetheirgratitude-they，invitedtheirnursesandthechiefpeopleofAgratoan，entertainmentinthebeautifulgardensoftheTaj，where，amidst，flowersandmusic，theroughveterans，allscarredandmutilatedas，theywere，stooduptothanktheirgentlecountrywomenwhohad，clothedandfedthem，andministeredtotheirwantsduringtheir，timeofsoredistress。InthehospitalsatScutari，too，many，woundedandsickblessedthekindEnglishladieswhonursedthem;
andnothingcanbefinerthanthethoughtofthepoorsufferers，unabletorestthroughpain，blessingtheshadowofFlorence，Nightingaleasitfellupontheirpillowinthenightwatches。
ThewreckoftheBIRKENHEADoffthecoastofAfricaonthe27thof，February，1852，affordsanothermemorableillustrationofthe，chivalrousspiritofcommonmenactinginthisnineteenthcentury，ofwhichanyagemightbeproud。Thevesselwassteamingalongthe，Africancoastwith472menand166womenandchildrenonboard。
ThemenbelongedtoseveralregimentsthenservingattheCape，and，consistedprincipallyofrecruitswhohadbeenonlyashorttimein，theservice。Attwoo’clockinthemorning，whileallwereasleep，below，theshipstruckwithviolenceuponahiddenrockwhich，penetratedherbottom;anditwasatoncefeltthatshemustgo，down。Therollofthedrumscalledthesoldierstoarmsonthe，upperdeck，andthemenmusteredasifonparade。Thewordwas，passedtoSAVETHEWOMENANDCHILDREN;andthehelplesscreatures，werebroughtfrombelow，mostlyundressed，andhandedsilentlyinto，theboats。Whentheyhadalllefttheship’sside，thecommander，ofthevesselthoughtlesslycalledout，“Allthosethatcanswim，jumpoverboardandmakefortheboats。”，ButCaptainWright，ofthe，91stHighlanders，said，“No！ifyoudothat，THEBOATSWITHTHE
WOMENMUSTBESWAMPED;“andthebravemenstoodmotionless。There，wasnoboatremaining，andnohopeofsafety;butnotaheart，quailed;nooneflinchedfromhisdutyinthattryingmoment。
“Therewasnotamurmurnoracryamongstthem，“saidCaptain，Wright，asurvivor，“untilthevesselmadeherfinalplunge。”，Down，wenttheship，anddownwenttheheroicband，firingAFEUDEJOIE
astheysankbeneaththewaves。Gloryandhonourtothegentleand，thebrave！，Theexamplesofsuchmenneverdie，but，liketheir，memories，areimmortal。
Therearemanytestsbywhichagentlemanmaybeknown;butthere，isonethatneverfails-HowdoesheEXERCISEPOWERoverthose，subordinatetohim？，Howdoesheconducthimselftowardswomenand，children？，Howdoestheofficertreathismen，theemployerhis，servants，themasterhispupils，andmanineverystationthosewho，areweakerthanhimself？，Thediscretion，forbearance，and，kindliness，withwhichpowerinsuchcasesisused，mayindeedbe，regardedasthecrucialtestofgentlemanlycharacter。WhenLa，Mottewasonedaypassingthroughacrowd，heaccidentallytrod，uponthefootofayoungfellow，whoforthwithstruckhimonthe，face：，“Ah，sire，“saidLaMotte，“youwillsurelybesorryfor，whatyouhavedone，whenyouknowthatIAMBLIND。”，Hewhobullies，thosewhoarenotinapositiontoresistmaybeasnob，butcannot，beagentleman。Hewhotyrannizesovertheweakandhelplessmay，beacoward，butnotrueman。Thetyrant，ithasbeensaid，isbut，aslaveturnedinsideout。Strength，andtheconsciousnessof，strength，inaright-heartedman，impartsanoblenesstohis，character;buthewillbemostcarefulhowheusesit;for，“Itisexcellent，Tohaveagiant’sstrength;butitistyrannous，Touseitlikeagiant。”
Gentlenessisindeedthebesttestofgentlemanliness。A
considerationforthefeelingsofothers，forhisinferiorsand，dependantsaswellashisequals，andrespectfortheirself-
respect，willpervadethetruegentleman’swholeconduct。Hewill，ratherhimselfsufferasmallinjury，thanbyanuncharitable，constructionofanother’sbehaviour，incurtheriskofcommittinga，greatwrong。Hewillbeforbearantoftheweaknesses，the，failings，andtheerrors，ofthosewhoseadvantagesinlifehave，notbeenequaltohisown。Hewillbemercifuleventohisbeast。
Hewillnotboastofhiswealth，orhisstrength，orhisgifts。He，willnotbepuffedupbysuccess，orundulydepressedbyfailure。
Hewillnotobtrudehisviewsonothers，butspeakhismindfreely，whenoccasioncallsforit。Hewillnotconferfavourswitha，patronizingair。SirWalterScottoncesaidofLordLothian，“He，isamanfromwhomonemayreceiveafavour，andthat’ssayinga，greatdealinthesedays。”
LordChathamhassaidthatthegentlemanischaracterisedbyhis，sacrificeofselfandpreferenceofotherstohimselfinthelittle，dailyoccurrencesoflife。Inillustrationofthisrulingspirit，ofconsideratenessinanoblecharacter，wemaycitetheanecdote，ofthegallantSirRalphAbercromby，ofwhomitisrelated，that，whenmortallywoundedinthebattleofAboukir，hewascarriedina，litteronboardthe’Foudroyant;’and，toeasehispain，a，soldier’sblanketwasplacedunderhishead，fromwhichhe，experiencedconsiderablerelief。Heaskedwhatitwas。”It’sonly，asoldier’sblanket，“wasthereply。”WHOSEblanketisit？”said，he，halfliftinghimselfup。”Onlyoneofthemen’s。”，“Iwishto，knowthenameofthemanwhoseblanketthisis。”，“ItisDuncan，Roy’s，ofthe42nd，SirRalph。”，“ThenseethatDuncanRoygetshis，blanketthisverynight。”(37)Eventoeasehisdyingagonythe，generalwouldnotdeprivetheprivatesoldierofhisblanketfor，onenight。Theincidentisasgoodinitswayasthatofthedying，Sydneyhandinghiscupofwatertotheprivatesoldieronthefield，ofZutphen。
ThequaintoldFullersumsupinafewwordsthecharacterofthe，truegentlemanandmanofactionindescribingthatofthegreat，admiral，SirFrancisDrake：，“Chasteinhislife，justinhis，dealings，trueofhisword;mercifultothosethatwereunderhim，andhatingnothingsomuchasidlenesse;inmattersespeciallyof，moment，hewasneverwonttorelyonothermen’scare，howtrusty，orskilfulsoevertheymightseemtobe，but，alwayscontemning，danger，andrefusingnotoyl，hewaswonthimselftobeone，(whoeverwasasecond)ateveryturn，wherecourage，skill，or，industry，wastobeemployed。”
Footnotes：
(1)，NapoleonIII。’LifeofCaesar。’
(2)，Soultreceivedbutlittleeducationinhisyouth，andlearnt，nexttonogeographyuntilhebecameforeignministerofFrance，whenthestudyofthisbranchofknowledgeissaidtohavegiven，himthegreatestpleasure-’OEuvres，&c。d’Alexisde，Tocqueville。ParG。deBeaumont。’，Paris，1861。I。52
(3)，’OEuvresetCorrespondanceinedited’AlexisdeTocqueville。
ParGustavedeBeaumont。’，I。398。
(4)，“Ihaveseen，“saidhe，“ahundredtimesinthecourseofmy，life，aweakmanexhibitgenuinepublicvirtue，becausesupported，byawifewhosustainedhintinhiscourse，notsomuchbyadvising，himtosuchandsuchacts，asbyexercisingastrengthening，influenceoverthemannerinwhichdutyorevenambitionwastobe，regarded。Muchoftener，however，itmustbeconfessed，haveIseen，privateanddomesticlifegraduallytransformamantowhomnature，hadgivengenerosity，disinterestedness，andevensomecapacityfor，greatness，intoanambitious，mean-spirited，vulgar，andselfish，creaturewho，inmattersrelatingtohiscountry，endedby，consideringthemonlyinsofarastheyrenderedhisownparticular，conditionmorecomfortableandeasy。”-’OEuvresdeTocqueville。’
II。349。
(5)，Sincetheoriginalpublicationofthisbook，theauthorhasin，anotherwork，’TheLivesofBoultonandWatt，’endeavouredto，portrayingreaterdetailthecharacterandachievementsofthese，tworemarkablemen。
(6)，Thefollowingentry，whichoccursintheaccountofmonies，disbursedbytheburgessesofSheffieldin1573[？]issupposedby，sometorefertotheinventorofthestockingframe：-“Itemgyven，toWillm-Lee，apooreschollerinSheafield，towardsthesettyng，himtotheUniversitieofChambrydge，andbuyinghimbookesand，otherfurnyture[whichmoneywasafterwardsreturned]xiiiiiii，[13s。4d。]。”-Hunter，’HistoryofHallamshire，’141。
(7)，’HistoryoftheFrameworkKnitters。’
(8)，Thereare，however，otheranddifferentaccounts。Oneisto，theeffectthatLeesetaboutstudyingthecontrivanceofthe，stocking-loomforthepurposeoflesseningthelabourofayoung，country-girltowhomhewasattached，whoseoccupationwas，knitting;another，thatbeingmarriedandpoor，hiswifewasunder，thenecessityofcontributingtotheirjointsupportbyknitting;
andthatLee，whilewatchingthemotionofhiswife’sfingers，conceivedtheideaofimitatingtheirmovementsbyamachine。The，latterstoryseemstohavebeeninventedbyAaronHill，Esq。in，his’AccountoftheRiseandProgressoftheBeechOil，manufacture，’London，1715;buthisstatementisaltogether，unreliable。ThushemakesLeetohavebeenaFellowofacollege，atOxford，fromwhichhewasexpelledformarryinganinnkeeper’s，daughter;whilstLeeneitherstudiedatOxford，normarriedthere，norwasaFellowofanycollege;andheconcludesbyallegingthat，theresultofhisinventionwasto“makeLeeandhisfamilyhappy;“
whereastheinventionbroughthimonlyaheritageofmisery，andhe，diedabroaddestitute。
(9)，Blackner，’HistoryofNottingham。’，Theauthoradds，“Wehave，information，handeddownindirectsuccessionfromfathertoson，thatitwasnottilllateintheseventeenthcenturythatoneman，couldmanagetheworkingofaframe。Themanwhowasconsidered，theworkmanemployedalabourer，whostoodbehindtheframetowork，theslurandpressingmotions;buttheapplicationoftraddlesand，ofthefeeteventuallyrenderedthelabourunnecessary。”
(10)，Palissy’sownwordsare：-“Leboism’ayantfailli，jefus，contraintbruslerlesestapes(etaies)quisoustenoyentlestailles，demonjardin，lesquellesestantbruslees，jefusconstraint，bruslerlestablesetplancherdelamaison，afindefairefondre，lasecondecomposition。J’estoisenunetelleangoissequejene，scauroisdire：，carj’estoistouttarietdesecheecausedulabeur，etdelachaleurdufourneau;ilyavoitplusd’unmoisquema，chemisen’avoitseichesurmoy，encorespourmeconsoleronse，moquoitdemoy，etmesmeceuxquimedevoientsecouriralloient，crierparlavillequejefaisoisbruslerleplancher：，etpartel，moyenl’onmefaisoitperdremoncreditetm’estimoit-onestrefol。
Lesautresdisoientquejecherchoisefairelafaussemonnoye，qui，estoitunmalquimefaisoitseichersurlespieds;etm’enallois，parlesruestoutbaissecommeunhommehonteux：，……personnene，mesecouroit：，Maisaucontraireilssemocquoyentdemoy，en，disant：，Illuyappartientbiendemourirdefaim，parcequ’il，delaissesonmestier。Toutescesnouvellesvenoyentames，aureillesquandjepassoisparlarue。”，’OEuvresCompletesde，Palissy。Paris，1844;’Del’ArtdeTerre，p。315。
(11)，“Toutescesfautesm’ontcauseuntellasseurettristesse，d’esprit，qu’auparavantquej’ayerendumesemauxfusibleeun，mesmedegredefeu，j’aycuideentrerjusqueselaportedu，sepulchre：，aussienmetravaillantetelsaffairesjemesuis，trouvel’espacedeplussedixanssifortescouleenmapersonne，qu’iln’yavoitaucuneformenyapparencedebosseauxbrasnyaux，jambes：，ainsestoyentmesditesjambestoutesd’unevenue：，de，sortequelesliensdequoyj’attachoismesbasdechausses，estoyent，soudainquejecheminois，surlestalonsavecleresidu，demeschausses。”-’OEuvres，319-20。
(12)，AtthesaleofMr。Bernal’sarticlesofvertuinLondonafew，yearssince，oneofPalissy’ssmalldishes，12inchesindiameter，withalizardinthecentre，soldfor162L。
(13)，Withinthelastfewmonths，Mr。CharlesRead，agentleman，curiousinmattersofProtestantantiquarianisminFrance，has，discoveredoneoftheovensinwhichPalissybakedhischefs-
d’oeuvre。Severalmouldsoffaces，plants，animals，&c。weredug，upinagoodstateofpreservation，bearinghiswell-knownstamp。
ItissituatedunderthegalleryoftheLouvre，inthePlacedu，Carrousel。
(14)，D’Aubigne，’HistoireUniverselle。’，Thehistorianadds，“Voyezl’impudencedecebilistre！vousdiriezqu’ilauroitluce，versdeSeneque：，’Onnepeutcontraindreceluiquisaitmourir：
QUIMORISCIT，coginescit。’“
(15)，ThesubjectofPalissy’slifeandlabourshasbeenablyand，elaboratelytreatedbyProfessorMorleyinhiswell-knownwork。In，theabovebriefnarrativewehaveforthemostpartfollowed，Palissy’sownaccountofhisexperimentsasgiveninhis’Artde，Terre。’
(16)，“AlmightyGod，thegreatCreator，Haschangedagoldmakertoapotter。”
(17)，ThewholeoftheChineseandJapaneseporcelainwasformerly，knownasIndianporcelain-probablybecauseitwasfirstbrought，bythePortuguesefromIndiatoEurope，afterthediscoveryofthe，CapeofGoodHopebyVascodaGama。
(18)，’Wedgwood：，anAddressdeliveredatBurslem，Oct。26th，1863。’，BytheRightHon。W。E。Gladstone，M。P。
(19)，ItwascharacteristicofMr。Hume，that，duringhis，professionalvoyagesbetweenEnglandandIndia，heshould，diligentlyapplyhissparetimetothestudyofnavigationand，seamanship;andmanyyearsafter，itprovedofusetohimina，remarkablemanner。In1825，whenonhispassagefromLondonto，Leithbyasailingsmack，thevesselhadscarcelyclearedthemouth，oftheThameswhenasuddenstormcameon，shewasdrivenoutof，hercourse，and，inthedarknessofthenight，shestruckonthe，GoodwinSands。Thecaptain，losinghispresenceofmind，seemed，incapableofgivingcoherentorders，anditisprobablethatthe，vesselwouldhavebecomeatotalwreck，hadnotoneofthe，passengerssuddenlytakenthecommandanddirectedtheworkingof，theship，himselftakingthehelmwhilethedangerlasted。The，vesselwassaved，andthestrangerwasMr。Hume。
(20)，’SaturdayReview，’July3rd，1858。
(21)，Mrs。Grote’s’MemoiroftheLifeofAryScheffer，’p。67。
(22)，Whilethesheetsofthisrevisededitionarepassingthrough，thepress，theannouncementappearsinthelocalpapersofthe，deathofMr。Jacksonattheageoffifty。Hislastwork，completed，shortlybeforehisdeath，wasacantata，entitled’ThePraiseof，Music。’，Theaboveparticularsofhisearlylifewerecommunicated，byhimselftotheauthorseveralyearssince，whilehewasstill，carryingonhisbusinessofatallow-chandleratMasham。
(23)，Mansfieldowednothingtohisnoblerelations，whowerepoor，anduninfluential。Hissuccesswasthelegitimateandlogical，resultofthemeanswhichhesedulouslyemployedtosecureit。
WhenaboyherodeupfromScotlandtoLondononapony-taking，twomonthstomakethejourney。Afteracourseofschooland，college，heenteredupontheprofessionofthelaw，andhecloseda，careerofpatientandceaselesslabourasLordChiefJusticeof，England-thefunctionsofwhichheisuniversallyadmittedtohave，performedwithunsurpassedability，justice，andhonour。
(24)，On’ThoughtandAction。’
(25)，’CorrespondancedeNapoleonIer。’publieeparordrede，l’EmpereurNapoleonIII，Paris，1864。
(26)，TherecentlypublishedcorrespondenceofNapoleonwithhis，brotherJoseph，andtheMemoirsoftheDukeofRagusa，abundantly，confirmthisview。TheDukeoverthrewNapoleon’sgeneralsbythe，superiorityofhisroutine。Heusedtosaythat，ifheknew，anythingatall，heknewhowtofeedanarmy。
(27)，Hisoldgardener。Collingwood’sfavouriteamusementwas，gardening。ShortlyafterthebattleofTrafalgarabrotheradmiral，calleduponhim，and，aftersearchingforhislordshipalloverthe，garden，heatlastdiscoveredhim，witholdScott，inthebottomof，adeeptrenchwhichtheywerebusilyemployedindigging。
(28)，Articleinthe’Times。’
(29)，’Self-Development：，anAddresstoStudents，’byGeorgeRoss，M。D。pp。1-20，reprintedfromthe’MedicalCircular。’，This，address，towhichweacknowledgeourobligations，containsmany，admirablethoughtsonself-culture，isthoroughlyhealthyinits，tone，andwelldeservesrepublicationinanenlargedform。
(30)，’SaturdayReview。’
(31)，Seetheadmirableandwell-knownbook，’ThePursuitof，KnowledgeunderDifficulties。’
(32)，LateProfessorofMoralPhilosophyatSt。Andrew’s。
(33)，Awriterinthe’EdinburghReview’(July，1859)observesthat，“theDuke’stalentsseemnevertohavedevelopedthemselvesuntil，someactiveandpracticalfieldfortheirdisplaywasplaced，immediatelybeforehim。HewaslongdescribedbyhisSpartan，mother，whothoughthimadunce，asonly’foodforpowder。’，He，gainednosortofdistinction，eitheratEtonorattheFrench，MilitaryCollegeofAngers。”，Itisnotimprobablethata，competitiveexamination，atthisday，mighthaveexcludedhimfrom，thearmy。
(34)，Correspondentof’TheTimes，’11thJune，1863。
(35)，Robertson’s’LifeandLetters，’i。258。
(36)，Onthe11thJanuary，1866。
(37)，Brown’s’HoraeSubsecivae。’
End
