第10章

CHAPTERXVII 20。Whohasgatheredthe”embitteredones”[579]intoasinglesociety？Fortheyallhavethesameend，whichistemporalandearthlyhappiness。Thisistheirmotivefordoingeverything，althoughtheymayfluctuatewithinaninnumerablediversityofconcerns。Whobutthee，OLord，gatheredthemtogether，thouwhosaidst，”Letthewatersbegatheredtogetherintooneplaceandletthedrylandappear”——athirstforthee？Fortheseaalsoisthine，andthoumadestit，andthyhandsformedthedryland。[580] Foritisnotthebitternessofmen’swillsbutthegatheringtogetherofthewaterswhichiscalled”thesea”；yetthoudostcurbthewickedlustsofmen’ssoulsandfixtheirbounds:howfartheyareallowedtoadvance，andwheretheirwaveswillbebrokenagainsteachother——andthusthoumakestit”asea，”bytheprovidenceofthygovernanceofallthings。 21。Butasforthesoulsthatthirstaftertheeandwhoappearbeforethee——separatedfrom”thesocietyofthe[bitter] sea”byreasonoftheirdifferentends——thouwaterestthembyasecretandsweetspring，sothat”theearth”maybringforthherfruitand——thou，OLord，commandingit——oursoulsmaybudforthinworksofmercyaftertheirkind。[581]Thusweshallloveourneighborinministeringtohisbodilyneeds，forinthiswaythesoulhasseedinitselfafteritskindwheninourowninfirmityourcompassionreachesouttothereliefoftheneedy，helpingthemevenaswewoulddesiretobehelpedourselvesifwewereinsimilarneed。Thuswehelp，notonlyineasyproblems(asissignifiedby”theherbyieldingitsseed”)butalsointheofferingofourbeststrengthinaffordingthemtheaidofprotection(suchas”thetreebearingitsfruit”)。Thisistosay，weseektorescuehimwhoissufferinginjuryfromthehandsofthepowerful——furnishinghimwiththeshelteringprotectionwhichcomesfromthestrongarmofarighteousjudgment。[582] CHAPTERXVIII 22。Thus，OLord，thusIbeseechthee:letithappenasthouhastpreparedit，asthougivestjoyandthecapacityforjoy。 Lettruthspringupoutoftheearth，andletrighteousnesslookdownfromheaven，[583]andlettherebelightsinthefirmament。[584] Letusbreakourbreadwiththehungry，letusbringtheshelterlesspoortoourhouse；letusclothethenaked，andneverdespisethoseofourownflesh。[585]Seefromthefruitswhichspringforthfromtheearthhowgooditis。Thusletourtemporallightbreakforth，andletusfromeventhislowerleveloffruitfulactioncometothejoyofcontemplationandholdonhightheWordofLife。Andletusatlengthappearlike”lightsintheworld，”[586]cleavingtothefirmamentofthyScripture。 Forinitthoumakestitplaintoushowwemaydistinguishbetweenthingsintelligibleandthingstangible，asifbetweenthedayandthenight——andtodistinguishbetweensoulswhogivethemselvestothingsofthemindandothersabsorbedinthingsofsense。Thusitisthatnowthouartnotaloneinthesecretofthyjudgmentasthouwastbeforethefirmamentwasmade，andbeforethoudidstdividebetweenthelightandthedarkness。Butnowalsothyspiritualchildren，placedandrankedinthissamefirmament——thygracebeingthusmanifestthroughouttheworld—— mayshedlightupontheearth，andmaydividebetweenthedayandnight，andmaybeforthesignsofthetimes[587]；becauseoldthingshavepassedaway，and，lo，allthingsarebecomenew[588]； andbecauseoursalvationisnearerthanwhenwebelieved；andbecause”thenightisfarspentandthedayisathand”[589]；andbecause”thoucrownesttheyearwithblessing，”[590]sendingthelaborersintothyharvest，inwhichothershavelaboredinthesowingandsendinglaborersalsotomakenewsowingswhoseharvestshallnotbeuntiltheendoftime。Thusthoudostgranttheprayersofhimwhoseeks，andthoudostblesstheyearsoftherighteousman。ButthouartalwaystheSelfsame，andinthyyearswhichfailnotthoupreparestagranaryforourtransientyears。 Forbyaneternaldesignthouspreadesttheheavenlyblessingsontheearthintheirproperseasons。 23。For”toonethereisgivenbythySpiritthewordofwisdom”[591](whichresemblesthegreaterlight——whichisforthosewhosedelightisintheclearlightoftruth——asthelightwhichisgivenfortherulingoftheday[592])。ButtoanotherthewordofknowledgeisgivenbythesameSpirit(asitwere，the”lesserlight”)；toanother，faith；toanother，thegiftofhealing；toanother，thepowerofworkingmiracles；toanother，thegiftofprophecy；toanother，thediscerningofspirits；toanother，otherkindsoftongues——andallthesegiftsmaybecomparedto”thestars。”ForinthemalltheoneandselfsameSpiritisatwork，dividingtoeverymanhisownportion，asHewills，andmakingstarstoappearintheirbrightsplendorfortheprofitofsouls。Butthewordofknowledge，scientia，inwhichiscontainedallthemysteries[593]whichchangeintheirseasonslikethemoon；andalltheotherpromisesofgifts，whichwhencountedarelikethestars——allofthesefallshortofthatsplendorofWisdominwhichthedayrejoicesandareonlyfortherulingofthenight。Yettheyarenecessaryforthosetowhomthymostprudentservantcouldnotspeakastothespirituallymature，butonlyasiftocarnalmen——eventhoughhecouldspeakwisdomamongtheperfect。[594]Stillthenaturalman——asababeinChrist，andadrinkerofmilk，untilheisstrongenoughforsolidmeat，andhiseyeisabletolookintothesun——donotleavehiminalightlessnight。Instead，lethimbesatisfiedwiththelightofthemoonandthestars。Inthybookthoudostdiscussthesethingswithuswisely，ourGod——inthybook，whichisthy”firmament”——inorderthatwemaybeabletoviewallthingsinadmiringcontemplation，althoughthusfarwemustdosothroughsignsandseasonsandindaysandyears。 CHAPTERXIX 24。But，first，”washyourselvesandmakeyouclean；putawayiniquityfromyoursoulsandfrombeforemyeyes”[595]——sothat”thedryland”mayappear。”Learntodowell，judgethefatherless，pleadforthewidow，”[596]thattheearthmaybringforththegreenherbforfoodandfruit-bearingtrees。”Andcome，letusreasontogether，saiththeLord”[597]——thattheremaybelightsinthefirmamentofheavenandthattheymayshineupontheearth。 TherewasthatrichmanwhoaskedofthegoodTeacherwhatheshoulddotoattaineternallife。LetthegoodTeacher(whomtherichmanthoughtamanandnothingmore)givehimananswer——heisgoodforheisGod。Lethimanswerhimthat，ifhewouldenterintolife，hemustkeepthecommandments:lethimputawayfromhimselfthebitternessofmaliceandwickedness；lethimnotkill，norcommitadultery，norsteal，norbearfalsewitness[598]—— that”thedryland”mayappearandbringforththehonoringoffathersandmothersandtheloveofneighbor。”Allthese，”hereplied，”Ihavekept。”Wheredosomanythornscomefrom，iftheearthisreallyfruitful？uprootthebrierpatchofavarice；”sellwhatyouhave，andbefilledwithfruitbygivingtothepoor，andyoushallhavetreasureinheaven；andfollow”theLordifyouwouldbeperfectandjoinedwiththoseinwhosemidsthespeakethwisdom——whoknowhowtogiverightlytothedayandtothenight——andyouwillalsounderstand，sothatforyoualsotheremaybelightsinthefirmamentofheaven——whichwillnotbethere，however，unlessyourheartistherealso。Andyourheartwillnotbethereunlessyourtreasureisthere，[599]asyouhaveheardfromthegoodTeacher。But”thebarrenearth”[600]wasgrieved，andthebrierschokedtheword。[601] 25。Butyou，Oelectpeople，setinthefirmamentoftheworld，[602]whohaveforsakenallthatyoumayfollowtheLord: followhimnow，andconfoundthemighty！Followhim，Obeautifulfeet，[603]andshineinthefirmament，thattheheavensmaydeclarehisglory，dividingthelightoftheperfectones[604]—— thoughnotyetsoperfectastheangels——fromthedarknessofthelittleones——whoareneverthelessnotutterlydespised。 Shineoveralltheearth，andletthedaybelightedbythesun，uttertheWordofwisdomtotheday(”dayuntodayuttersspeech”[605])andletthenight，lightedbythemoon，displaytheWordofknowledgetothenight。Themoonandthestarsgivelightforthenight；thenightdoesnotputthemout，andtheyillumineinitspropermode。Forlo，itisasifGodweresaying，”Lettherebelightsinthefirmamentoftheheaven”:andsuddenlytherecameasoundfromheaven，asifitwerearushingmightywind，andthereappearedcloventonguesoffire，andtheysatoneachofthem。[606]Andthentheyweremadetobelightsinthefirmamentofheaven，havingtheWordoflife。Runtoandfroeverywhere，youholyfires，youlovelyfires，foryouarethelightoftheworldandyouarenottobehidunderapeckmeasure。[607]Hetowhomyoucleaveisraisedonhigh，andhehathraisedyouonhigh。Runtoandfro；makeyourselvesknownamongallthenations！ CHAPTERXX 26。Alsolettheseaconceiveandbringforthyourworks，andletthewatersbearthemovingcreaturesthathavelife。[608] ForbyseparatingthepreciousfromthevileyouaremadethemouthofGod[609]bywhomhesaid，”Letthewatersbringforth。” Thisdoesnotrefertothelivingcreatureswhichtheearthbringsforth，buttothecreepingcreaturesthathavelifeandthefowlsthatflyovertheearth。For，bytheministryofthyholyones，thymysterieshavemadetheirwayamidthebuffetingbillowsoftheworld，toinstructthenationsinthyname，inthyBaptism。 Andamongthesethingsmanygreatandmarvelousworkshavebeenwrought，whichareanalogoustothehugewhales。Thewordsofthymessengershavegoneflyingovertheearth，highinthefirmamentofthyBookwhichisspreadoverthemastheauthoritybeneathwhichtheyaretoflywheresoevertheygo。For”thereisnospeechnorlanguagewheretheirvoiceisnotheard，”because”theirsoundhasgoneoutthroughalltheearth，andtheirwordstotheendoftheworld”[610]——andthisbecausethou，OLord，hastmultipliedthesethingsbythyblessing。 27。AmIspeakingfalsely？AmIminglingandconfoundingandnotrightlydistinguishingbetweentheknowledgeofthesethingsinthefirmamentofheavenandthosecorporealworksintheswellingseaandbeneaththefirmamentofheaven？Fortherearethosethings，theknowledgeofwhichissolidanddefined。Itdoesnotincreasefromgenerationtogenerationandthustheystand，asitwere，aslightsofwisdomandknowledge。Buttherearemanyandvariedphysicalprocessesthatmanifesttheseselfsameprinciples。Andthusonethinggrowingfromanotherismultipliedbythyblessing，OGod，whodostsorefreshoureasilyweariedmortalsensesthatinourmentalcognitionasinglethingmaybefiguredandsignifiedinmanydifferentwaysbydifferentbodilymotions。”Thewaters”havebroughtforththesemysteries，butonlyatthyword。Theneedsofthepeoplewhowerealientotheeternityofthytruthhavecalledthemforth，butonlyinthygospel，sinceitwasthese”waters”whichcastthemup——thewaterswhosestagnantbitternesswasthereasonwhytheycameforththroughthyWord。 28。Nowallthethingsthatthouhastmadearefair，andyet，lo，thouwhodidstmakeallthingsartinexpressiblyfairer。 AndifAdamhadnotfallenawayfromthee，thatbrackishsea—— thehumanrace——sodeeplyprying，soboisterouslyswelling，sorestlesslymoving，wouldneverhaveflowedforthfromhisbelly。 Thus，therewouldhavebeennoneedforthyministerstousecorporealandtangiblesignsinthemidstofmany”waters”inordertoshowforththeirmysticaldeedsandwords。ForthisisthewayIinterpretthephrases”creepingcreatures”and”flyingfowl。”Still，menwhohavebeeninstructedandinitiatedandmadedependentonthycorporealmysterieswouldnotbeabletoprofitfromthemifitwerenotthattheirsoulhasahigherlifeandunless，afterthewordofitsadmission，itdidnotlookbeyondtowarditsperfection。 CHAPTERXXI 29。Andthus，inthyWord，itwasnotthedepthoftheseabut”theearth，”[611]separatedfromthebrackishnessofthewater，thatbroughtforth，not”thecreepingandtheflyingcreaturethathaslife，”but”thelivingsoul”itself！[612] Andnowthissoulnolongerhasneedofbaptism，astheheathenhad，orasitdidwhenitwascoveredwiththewaters—— andtherecanbenootherentranceintotheKingdomofHeaven，sincethouhastappointedthatbaptismshouldbetheentrance。 Nordoesitseekgreat，miraculousworksbywhichtobuttressfaith。Forsuchasouldoesnotrefusetobelieveunlessitseessignsandmarvels，nowthat”thefaithfulearth”isseparatedfrom”thewaters”ofthesea，whichhavebeenmadebitterbyinfidelity。Thus，forthem，”tonguesareforasign，nottothosewhobelievebuttothosewhodonotbelieve。”[613] Andtheearthwhichthouhastfoundedabovethewatersdoesnotstandinneedofthoseflyingcreatureswhichthewatersbroughtforthatthyword。Sendforththywordintoitbytheagencyofthymessengers。Forweonlytelloftheirworks，butitisthouwhodosttheworksinthem，sothattheymaybringforth”alivingsoul”intheearth。 Theearthbringsforth”thelivingsoul”because”theearth” isthecauseofsuchthingsbeingdonebythymessengers，justastheseawasthecauseoftheproductionofthecreepingcreatureshavinglifeandtheflyingfowlunderthefirmamentofheaven。”Theearth”nolongerneedsthem，althoughitfeedsontheFishwhichwastakenoutofthedeep，[614]setoutonthattablewhichthoupreparestinthepresenceofthosewhobelieve。Tothisendhewasraisedfromthedeep:thathemightfeed”thedryland。” And”thefowl，”eventhoughtheywerebredinthesea，willyetbemultipliedontheearth。Thepreachingofthefirstevangelistswascalledforthbyreasonofman’sinfidelity，butthefaithfulalsoareexhortedandblessedbytheminmanifoldways，daybyday。”Thelivingsoul”hasitsoriginfrom”theearth，”becauseonlytothefaithfulisthereanyprofitinrestrainingthemselvesfromtheloveofthisworld，sothattheirsoulmaylivetothee。 Thissoulwasdeadwhileitwaslivinginpleasures——inpleasuresthatbeardeathinthem——whereasthou，OLord，artthelivingdelightofthepureheart。 30。Now，therefore，letthyministersdotheirworkon”theearth”——notastheydidformerlyin”thewaters”ofinfidelity，whentheyhadtopreachandspeakbymiraclesandmysteriesandmysticalexpressions，inwhichignorance——themotherofwonder——givesthemanattentiveearbecauseofitsfearofoccultandstrangethings。ForthisistheentryintofaithforthesonsofAdamwhoareforgetfulofthee，whohidethemselvesfromthyface，andwhohavebecomeadarkenedabyss。Instead，letthyministersworkevenason”thedryland，”safefromthewhirlpoolsoftheabyss。Letthembeanexampleuntothefaithfulbylivingbeforethemandstirringthemuptoimitation。 Forinsuchasetting，menwillheed，notwiththemereintenttohear，butalsotoact。SeektheLordandyoursoulshalllive[615]and”theearth”maybringforth”thelivingsoul。” Benotconformedtothisworld；[616]separateyourselvesfromit。 Thesoullivesbyavoidingthosethingswhichbringdeathiftheyareloved。Restrainyourselvesfromtheunbridledwildnessofpride，fromtheindolentpassionsofluxury，andfromwhatisfalselycalledknowledge。[617]Thusmaythewildbeastbetamed，thecattlesubdued，andtheserpentmadeharmless。For，inallegory，thesefiguresarethemotionsofourmind:thatistosay，thehaughtinessofpride，thedelightoflust，andthepoisonofcuriosityaremotionsofthedeadsoul——notsodeadthatithaslostallmotion，butdeadbecauseithasdesertedthefountainoflife，andsohasbeentakenupbythistransitoryworldandconformedtoit。 31。ButthyWord，OGod，isafountainoflifeeternal，anditdoesnotpassaway。Therefore，thisdesertionisrestrainedbythyWordwhenitsaystous，”Benotconformedtothisworld，”totheendthat”theearth”maybringfortha”livingsoul”inthefountainoflife——asouldisciplinedbythyWord，bythyevangelists，bythefollowingofthefollowersofthyChrist。Forthisisthemeaningof”afterhiskind。”Amantendstofollowtheexampleofhisfriend。Thus，he[Paul]says，”BecomeasIam，becauseIhavebecomeasyouare。”[618] Thus，inthis”livingsoul”thereshallbegoodbeasts，actingmeekly。Forthouhastcommandedthis，saying:”Doyourworkinmeeknessandyoushallbelovedbyallmen。”[619]Andthecattlewillbegood，foriftheyeatmuchtheyshallnotsufferfromsatiety；andiftheydonoteatatalltheywillsuffernolack。Andtheserpentswillbegood，notpoisonoustodoharm，butonlycunningintheirwatchfulness——exploringonlyasmuchofthistemporalnatureasisnecessaryinorderthattheeternalnaturemay”beclearlyseen，understoodthroughthethingsthathavebeenmade。”[620]Foralltheseanimalswillobeyreasonwhen，havingbeenrestrainedfromtheirdeath-dealingways，theyliveandbecomegood。 CHAPTERXXII 32。Thus，OLord，ourGod，ourCreator，whenouraffectionshavebeenturnedfromtheloveoftheworld，inwhichwediedbylivingill；andwhenwebegantobe”alivingsoul”bylivingwell；andwhentheword，”Benotconformedtothisworld，”whichthoudidstspeakthroughthyapostle，hasbeenfulfilledinus，thenwillfollowwhatthoudidstimmediatelyaddwhenthousaidst，”Butbetransformedbytherenewingofyourmind。”[621]Thiswillnotnowbe”aftertheirkind，”asifwewerefollowingtheneighborwhowentbeforeus，orasifwewerelivingaftertheexampleofabetterman——forthoudidstnotsay，”Letmanbemadeafterhiskind，”butrather，”Letusmakemaninourownimageandourownlikeness，”[622]sothatthenwemaybeabletoprovewhatthywillis。 Thisiswhythyminister——begettingchildrenbythegospelsothathemightnotalwayshavethembabeswhomhewouldhavetofeedwithmilkandnurseaschildren——thisiswhyhesaid，”Betransformedbytherenewingofyourminds，thatyoumayprovewhatisthegoodandacceptableandperfectwillofGod。”[623] Thereforethoudidstnotsay，”Letmanbemade，”butrather，”Letusmakeman。”Andthoudidstnotsay，”Afterhiskind，”butafter”ourimage”and”likeness。”Indeed，itisonlywhenmanhasbeenrenewedinhismind，andcomestobeholdandapprehendthytruth，thathedoesnotneedanothermanashisdirector，toshowhimhowtoimitatehumanexamples。Instead，bythyguidance，heproveswhatisthygoodandacceptableandperfectwill。Andthoudostteachhim，nowthatheisabletounderstand，toseethetrinityoftheUnityandtheunityoftheTrinity。 Thisiswhythestatementintheplural，”Letusmakeman，” isalsoconnectedwiththestatementinthesingular，”AndGodmademan。”Thusitissaidintheplural，”Afterourlikeness，” andtheninthesingular，”AftertheimageofGod。”ManisthustransformedintheknowledgeofGod，accordingtotheimageofHimwhocreatedhim。Andnow，havingbeenmadespiritual，hejudgesallthings——thatis，allthingsthatareappropriatetobejudged——andhehimselfisjudgedofnoman。[624] CHAPTERXXIII 33。Nowthisphrase，”hejudgesallthings，”meansthatmanhasdominionoverthefishofthesea，andoverthefowloftheair，andoverallcattleandwildbeasts，andoveralltheearth，andovereverycreepingthingthatcreepsontheearth。Andhedoesthisbythepowerofreasoninhismindbywhichheperceives”thethingsoftheSpiritofGod。”[625]But，whenmanwasputinthishighoffice，hedidnotunderstandwhatwasinvolvedandthuswasreducedtothelevelofthebrutebeasts，andmadelikethem。[626] ThereforeinthyChurch，OourGod，bythegracethouhastgivenus——sincewearethyworkmanship，createdingoodworks(notonlythosewhoareinspiritualauthoritybutalsothosewhoarespirituallysubjecttothem)——thoumadestmanmaleandfemale。Hereallareequalinthyspiritualgracewhere，asfarassexisconcerned，thereisneithermalenorfemale，justasthereisneitherJewnorGreek，norbondnorfree。Spiritualmen，therefore，whetherthosewhoareinauthorityorthosewhoaresubjecttoauthority，judgespiritually。Theydonotjudgebythelightofthatspiritualknowledgewhichshinesinthefirmament，foritisinappropriateforthemtojudgebysosublimeanauthority。NordoesitbehoovethemtojudgeconcerningthyBookitself，althoughtherearesomethingsinitwhicharenotclear。 Instead，wesubmitourunderstandingtoitandbelievewithcertaintythatwhatishiddenfromoursightisstillrightlyandtrulyspoken。Inthisway，eventhoughamanisnowspiritualandrenewedbytheknowledgeofGodaccordingtotheimageofhimwhocreatedhim，hemustbeadoerofthelawratherthanitsjudge。[627]Neitherdoesthespiritualmanjudgeconcerningthatdivisionbetweenspiritualandcarnalmenwhichisknowntothyeyes，OGod，andwhichmaynot，asyet，bemademanifesttousbytheirexternalworks，sothatwemayknowthembytheirfruits； yetthou，OGod，knowestthemalreadyandthouhastdividedandcalledthemsecretly，beforethefirmamentwasmade。Nordoesaman，eventhoughheisspiritual，judgethedisorderedstateofsocietyinthisworld。Forwhatbusinessofhisisittojudgethosewhoarewithout，sincehecannotknowwhichofthemmaylateroncomeintothesweetnessofthygrace，andwhichofthemmaycontinueintheperpetualbitternessoftheirimpiety？ 34。Man，then，evenifhewasmadeafterthyownimage，didnotreceivethepowerofdominionoverthelightsofheaven，noroverthesecretheaven，noroverthedayandthenightwhichthoucalledstforthbeforethecreationoftheheaven，noroverthegatheringtogetherofthewaterswhichisthesea。Instead，hereceiveddominionoverthefishofthesea，andthefowlsoftheair；andoverallcattle，andalltheearth；andoverallcreepingthingswhichcreepontheearth。 Indeed，hejudgesandapproveswhathefindsrightanddisapproveswhathefindsamiss，whetherinthecelebrationofthosemysteriesbywhichareinitiatedthosewhomthymercyhastsoughtoutinthemidstofmanywaters；orinthatsacramentinwhichisexhibitedtheFishitself[628]which，beingraisedfromthedepths，thepious”earth”[629]feedsupon；or，inthesignsandsymbolsofwords，whicharesubjecttotheauthorityofthyBook——suchsignsasburstforthandsoundfromthemouth，asifitwere”flying”underthefirmament，interpreting，expounding，discoursing，disputing，blessing，invokingthee，sothatthepeoplemayanswer，”Amen。”[630]Thereasonthatallthesewordshavetobepronouncedvocallyisbecauseoftheabyssofthisworldandtheblindnessofourfleshinwhichthoughtscannotbeseendirectly，[631]buthavetobespokenaloudinourears。 Thus，althoughtheflyingfowlaremultipliedontheearth，theystilltaketheiroriginsfromthewaters。 Thespiritualmanalsojudgesbyapprovingwhatisrightandreprovingwhathefindsamissintheworksandmoralsofthefaithful，suchasintheiralmsgiving，whichissignifiedbythephrase，”Theearthbringingforthitsfruit。”Andhejudgesofthe”livingsoul，”whichisthenmadetolivebythediscipliningofheraffectionsinchastity，infasting，andinholymeditation。 Andhealsojudgesconcerningallthosethingswhichareperceivedbythebodilysenses。Foritcanbesaidthatheshouldjudgeinallmattersaboutwhichhealsohasthepowerofcorrection。 CHAPTERXXIV 35。Butwhatisthis；whatkindofmysteryisthis？Behold，OLord，thoudostblessmeninorderthattheymaybe”fruitfulandmultiply，andreplenishtheearth。”Inthisartthounotmakingasigntousthatwemayunderstandsomething[allegorically]？Whydidstthounotalsoblessthelight，whichthoucalledst”theday，”northefirmamentofheaven，northelights，northestars，northeearth，northesea？Imightreply，OourGod，thatthouincreatingusafterthyownimage——Imightreplythatthoudidstwilltobestowthisgiftofblessinguponmanalone，ifthouhadstnotsimilarlyblessedthefishesandthewhales，sothattheytooshouldbefruitfulandmultiplyandreplenishthewatersofthesea；andalsothefowls，sothattheyshouldbemultipliedontheearth。Inlikefashion，Imightsaythatthisblessingproperlybelongedonlytosuchcreaturesasarepropagatedfromtheirownkind，ifIcouldfinditgivenalsoasablessingtotrees，andplants，andthebeastsoftheearth。Butthis”increaseandmultiply”wasnotsaidtoplantsortreesorbeastsorserpents——althoughallofthese，alongwithfishesandbirdsandmen，doactuallyincreasebypropagationandsopreservetheirspecies。 36。What，then，shallIsay，OTruth，OmyLife:thatitwasidlyandvainlysaid？Surelynotthis，OFatherofpiety；farbeitfromaservantofthyWordtosayanythinglikethis！ButifI donotunderstandwhatthoumeanestbythatphrase，letthosewhoarebetterthanI——thatis，thosemoreintelligentthanI—— interpretitbetter，inthedegreethatthouhastgiveneachofustheabilitytounderstand。 Butletalsomyconfessionbepleasinginthyeyes，forI confesstotheethatIbelieve，OLord，thatthouhastnotspokenthusinvain。NorwillIbesilentastowhatmyreadinghassuggestedtome。Foritisvalid，andIdonotseeanythingtopreventmefromthusinterpretingthefigurativesayingsinthybooks。ForIknowthatathingthatisunderstoodinonlyonewayinthemindmaybeexpressedinmanydifferentwaysbythebody； andIknowthatathingthathasonlyonemannerofexpressionthroughthebodymaybeunderstoodinthemindinmanydifferentways。Forconsiderthissingleexample——theloveofGodandofourneighbor——byhowmanydifferentmysteriesandcountlesslanguages，and，ineachlanguage，byhowmanydifferentwaysofspeaking，thisissignifiedcorporeally！Insimilarfashion，the”youngfish”in”thewaters”increaseandmultiply。Ontheotherhand，whoeveryouarewhoreadsthis，observeandbeholdwhatScripturedeclares，andhowthevoicepronouncesit_inonlyoneway_，”InthebeginningGodcreatedheavenandearth。”[632]Isthisnotunderstoodinmanydifferentwaysbydifferentkindsoftrueinterpretationswhichdonotinvolvethedeceitoferror？ Thustheoffspringofmenarefruitfulanddomultiply。[633] 37。If，then，weconsiderthenatureofthings，intheirstrictlyliteralsense，andnotallegorically，thephrase，”Befruitfulandmultiply，”appliestoallthingsthatarebegottenbyseed。Butifwetreatthesewordsfiguratively，asIjudgethattheScriptureintendedthemtobe——sinceitcannotbefornothingthatthisblessingisattributedonlytotheoffspringofmarinelifeandman——thenwediscoverthatthecharacteristicoffecunditybelongsalsotothespiritualandphysicalcreations(whicharesignifiedby”heavenandearth”)，andalsoinrighteousandunrighteoussouls(whicharesignifiedby”lightanddarkness”)andinthesacredwritersthroughwhomthelawisuttered(whoaresignifiedby”thefirmamentestablishedbetweenthewatersandthewaters”)；andintheearthlycommonwealthstillsteepedintheirbitterness(whichissignifiedby”thesea”)；andinthezealofholysouls(signifiedby”thedryland”)；andtheworksofmercydoneinthispresentlife(signifiedby”theseed- bearingherbsandfruit-bearingtrees”)；andinspiritualgiftswhichshineoutforouredification(signifiedby”thelightsofheaven”)；andtohumanaffectionsruledbytemperance(signifiedby”thelivingsoul”)。Inalltheseinstanceswemeetwithmultiplicityandfertilityandincrease；buttheparticularwayinwhich”Befruitfulandmultiply”canbeexemplifieddifferswidely。Thusasinglecategorymayincludemanythings，andwecannotdiscoverthemexceptthroughtheirsignsdisplayedcorporeallyandbythethingsbeingexcogitatedbythemind。 Wethusinterpretthephrase，”Thegenerationofthewaters，” asreferringtothecorporeallyexpressedsigns[offecundity]，sincetheyaremadenecessarybythedegreeofourinvolvementintheflesh。Butthepowerofhumangenerationreferstotheprocessofmentalconception；thisweseeinthefruitfulnessofreason。Therefore，webelievethattobothofthesetwokindsithasbeensaidbythee，OLord，”Befruitfulandmultiply。”Inthisblessing，Irecognizethatthouhastgrantedusthefacultyandpowernotonlytoexpresswhatweunderstandbyasingleideainmanydifferentwaysbutalsotounderstandinmanywayswhatwefindexpressedobscurelyinasinglestatement。Thusthewatersoftheseaarereplenished，andtheirwavesaresymbolsofdiversemeanings。Andthusalsotheearthisalsoreplenishedwithhumanoffspring。Itsdrynessisthesymbolofitsthirstfortruth，andofthefactthatreasonrulesoverit。 CHAPTERXXV 38。Ialsodesiretosay，OmyLordGod，whatthefollowingScripturesuggeststome。Indeed，Iwillspeakwithoutfear，forIwillspeakthetruth，asthouinspirestmetoknowwhatthoudostwillthatIshouldsayconcerningthesewords。ForIdonotbelieveIcanspeakthetruthbyanyotherinspirationthanthine，sincethouarttheTruth，andeverymanaliar。[634]Hence，hethatspeaksalie，speaksoutofhimself。Therefore，ifIamtospeakthetruth，Imustspeakofthytruth。 Behold，thouhastgivenusforourfoodeveryseed-bearingherbonthefaceoftheearth，andalltreesthatbearinthemselvesseedoftheirownkind；andnottousonly，buttoallthefowlsoftheairandthebeastsofthefieldandallcreepingthings。[635]Still，thouhastnotgiventhesethingstothefishesandgreatwhales。Wehavesaidthatbythesefruitsoftheearththeworksofmercyweresignifiedandfiguredforthinanallegory:thus，fromthefruitfulearth，thingsareprovidedforthenecessitiesoflife。Suchan”earth”wasthegodlyOnesiphorus，towhosehousethougavestmercybecauseheoftenrefreshedPaulandwasnotashamedofhisbonds。[636]ThiswasalsothewayofthebrethrenfromMacedonia，whoboresuchfruitandsuppliedtohimwhathelacked。Butnoticehowhegrievesforcertain”trees，”whichdidnotgivehimthefruitthatwasdue，whenhesaid，”Atmyfirstanswernomanstoodwithme，butallmenforsookme:IprayGod，thatitbenotlaiduptotheircharge。”[637]Forweowe”fruits”tothosewhoministerspiritualdoctrinetousthroughtheirunderstandingofthedivinemysteries。Weowethesetothemasmen。Weowethesefruits，also，to”thelivingsouls”sincetheyofferthemselvesasexamplesforusintheirowncontinence。And，finally，weowethemlikewiseto”theflyingcreatures”becauseoftheirblessingswhicharemultipliedontheearth，for”theirsoundhasgoneforthintoalltheearth。”[638] CHAPTERXXVI 39。Thosewhofindtheirjoyinitarefedbythese”fruits”；butthosewhosegodistheirbellyfindnojoyinthem。 Forinthosewhoofferthesefruits，itisnotthefruititselfthatmatters，butthespiritinwhichtheygivethem。Therefore，hewhoservesGodandnothisownbellymayrejoiceinthem，andI plainlyseewhy。Iseeit，andIrejoicewithhimgreatly。Forhe[Paul]hadreceivedfromthePhilippiansthethingstheyhadsentbyEpaphroditus；yetIseewhyherejoiced。Hewasfedbywhathefoundhisjoyin；for，speakingtruly，hesays，”IrejoiceintheLordgreatly，thatnowatthelastyourcareofmehasflourishedagain，inwhichyouwereoncesocareful，butithadbecomeawearinesstoyou。[639]ThesePhilippians，intheirextendedperiodofwearinessinwell-doing，hadbecomeweakandwere，sotosay，driedup；theywerenolongerbringingforththefruitsofgoodworks。AndnowPaulrejoicesinthem——andnotjustforhimselfalone——becausetheywereflourishingagaininministeringtohisneeds。Thereforeheadds:”Idonotspeakinrespectofmywant，forIhavelearnedinwhatsoeverstateIamtherewithtobecontent。Iknowbothhowtobeabasedandhowtoabound；everywhereandinallthingsIaminstructedbothtobefullandtobehungry，bothtoaboundandtosufferneed。IcandoallthingsthroughChristwhostrengthenethme。”[640] 40。Wheredoyoufindjoyinallthings，OgreatPaul？Whatisthecauseofyourjoy？Onwhatdoyoufeed，Oman，renewednowintheknowledgeofGodaftertheimageofhimwhocreatedyou，O livingsoulofsuchgreatcontinence——Otonguelikeawingedbird，speakingmysteries？Whatfoodisowedsuchcreatures；whatisitthatfeedsyou？Itisjoy！Forhearwhatfollows:”Nevertheless，youhavedonewellinthatyouhavesharedwithmeinmyaffliction。”[641]Thisiswhathefindshisjoyin；thisiswhathefeedson。Theyhavedonewell，notmerelybecausehisneedhadbeenrelieved——forhesaystothem，”YouhaveopenedmyheartwhenIwasindistress”——butbecauseheknewbothhowtoaboundandhowtosufferneed，intheewhodidststrengthenhim。 Andsohesaid，”You[Philippians]knowalsothatinthebeginningofthegospel，whenIdepartedfromMacedonia，nochurchsharedwithmeinregardtogivingandreceiving，exceptyouonly。ForeveninThessalonicayousenttimeandtimeagain，accordingtomyneed。”[642]Henowfindshisjoyinthefactthattheyhavereturnedonceagaintothesegoodworks，andheismadegladthattheyareflourishingagain，asafruitfulfieldwhenitrecoversitsfertility。 41。Wasitonaccountofhisownneedsalonethathesaid，”Youhavesentmegiftsaccordingtomyneeds？”Doeshefindjoyinthat？Certainlynotforthatalone。Buthowdoweknowthis？ Weknowitbecausehehimselfadds，”NotbecauseIdesireagift，butbecauseIdesirefruit。”[643] NowIhavelearnedfromthee，OmyGod，howtodistinguishbetweentheterms”gift”and”fruit。”A”gift”isthethingitself，givenbyonewhobestowslife’snecessitiesonanother—— suchasmoney，food，drink，clothing，shelter，andaid。But”thefruit”isthegoodandrightwillofthegiver。ForthegoodTeachernotonlysaid，”Hethatreceivesaprophet，”butheadded，”Inthenameofaprophet。”Andhedidnotsayonly，”Hewhoreceivesarighteousman，”butadded，”Inthenameofarighteousman。”[644]Thus，surely，theformershallreceivetherewardofaprophet；thelatter，thatofarighteousman。Nordidhesayonly，”Whoevershallgiveacupofcoldwatertooneoftheselittleonestodrink，”butadded，”Inthenameofadisciple”；andconcluded，”TrulyItellyouheshallnotlosehisreward。”The”gift”involvesreceivingaprophet，receivingarighteousman，handingacupofcoldwatertoadisciple:butthe”fruit”istodoallthisinthenameofaprophet，inthenameofarighteousman，inthenameofadisciple。Elijahwasfedbythewidowwith”fruit，”forsheknewthatshewasfeedingamanofGodandthisiswhyshefedhim。Buthewasfedbytheravenwitha”gift。” TheinnermanofElijahwasnotfedbythis”gift，”butonlytheouterman，whichotherwisemighthaveperishedfromthelackofsuchfood。 CHAPTERXXVII 42。ThereforeIwillspeakbeforethee，OLord，whatistrue，inorderthattheuninstructed[645]andtheinfidels，whorequirethemysteriesofinitiationandgreatworksofmiracles—— whichwebelievearesignifiedbythephrase，”Fishesandgreatwhales”——maybehelpedinbeinggained[fortheChurch]whentheyendeavortoprovidethatthyservantsarerefreshedinbody，orotherwiseaidedinthispresentlife。Fortheydonotreallyknowwhythisshouldbedone，andtowhatend。Thustheformerdonotfeedthelatter，andthelatterdonotfeedtheformer；forneitherdotheformeroffertheir”gifts”throughaholyandrightintent，nordotheothersrejoiceinthegiftsofthosewhodonotasyetseethe”fruit。”Foritisonthe”fruit”thatthemindisfed，andbywhichitisgladdened。And，therefore，fishesandwhalesarenotfedonsuchfoodastheearthalonebringsforthwhentheyhavebeenseparatedanddividedfromthebitternessof”thewaters”ofthesea。 CHAPTERXXVIII 43。Andthou，OGod，didstseeeverythingthatthouhadstmadeand，behold，itwasverygood。[646]Wealsoseethewholecreationand，behold，itisallverygood。Ineachseparatekindofthywork，whenthoudidstsay，”Letthembemade，”andtheyweremade，thoudidstseethatitwasgood。Ihavecountedseventimeswhereitiswrittenthatthoudidstseewhatthouhadstmadewas”good。”Andthereistheeighthtimewhenthoudidstsee_all_ thingsthatthouhadstmadeand，behold，theywerenotonlygoodbutalso_very_good；fortheywerenowseenasatotality。 Individuallytheywereonlygood；buttakenasatotalitytheywerebothgoodandverygood。Beautifulbodiesexpressthistruth；forabodywhichconsistsofseveralparts，eachofwhichisbeautiful，isitselffarmorebeautifulthananyofitsindividualpartsseparately，bywhosewell-orderedunionthewholeiscompletedeventhoughthesepartsareseparatelybeautiful。 CHAPTERXXIX 44。AndIlookedattentivelytofindwhetheritwassevenoreighttimesthatthoudidstseethyworksweregood，whentheywerepleasingtothee，butIfoundthattherewasno”time”inthyseeingwhichwouldhelpmetounderstandinwhatsensethouhadstlookedsomany”times”atwhatthouhadstmade。AndIsaid:”O Lord，isnotthisthyScripturetrue，sincethouarttrue，andthytruthdothsetitforth？Why，then，dostthousaytomethatinthyseeingtherearenotimes，whilethisScripturetellsmethatwhatthoumadesteachdaythoudidstseetobegood；andwhenI countedthemIfoundhowmany’times’？”Tothesethings，thoudidstreplytome，forthouartmyGod，andthoudostspeaktothyservantwithastrongvoiceinhisinnerear，mydeafness，andcrying:”Oman，whatmyScripturesays，Isay。Butitspeaksintermsoftime，whereastimedoesnotaffectmyWord——myWordwhichexistscoeternallywithmyself。ThusthethingsyouseethroughmySpirit，Isee；justaswhatyousaythroughmySpirit，Isay。Butwhileyouseethosethingsintime，Idonotseethemintime；andwhenyouspeakthosethingsintime，Idonotspeakthemintime。” CHAPTERXXX 45。AndIheardthis，OLordmyGod，anddrankupadropofsweetnessfromthytruth，andunderstoodthattherearesomementowhomthyworksaredispleasing，whosaythatmanyofthemthoudidstmakeunderthecompulsionofnecessity——suchasthepatternoftheheavensandthecoursesofthestars——andthatthoudidstnotmakethemoutofwhatwasthine，butthattheywerealreadycreatedelsewhereandfromothersources。Itwasthus[theysay]thatthoudidstcollectandfashionandweavethemtogether，asiffromthyconqueredenemiesthoudidstraiseupthewallsoftheuniverse；sothat，builtintotherampartsofthebuilding，theymightnotbeableasecondtimetorebelagainstthee。And，evenofotherthings，theysaythatthoudidstneithermakethemnorarrangethem——forexample，allfleshandalltheverysmalllivingcreatures，andallthingsfastenedtotheearthbytheirroots。But[theysay]ahostilemindandanaliennature——notcreatedbytheeandineverywaycontrarytothee——begotandframedallthesethingsinthenetherpartsoftheworld。[647] Theywhospeakthusaremad[insani]，sincetheydonotseethyworksthroughthySpirit，norrecognizetheeinthem。 CHAPTERXXXI 46。ButforthosewhoseethesethingsthroughthySpirit，itisthouwhoseesttheminthem。When，therefore，theyseethatthesethingsaregood，itisthouwhoseestthattheyaregood； andwhatsoeverthingsarepleasingbecauseofthee，itisthouwhodostgiveuspleasureinthosethings。ThosethingswhichpleaseusthroughthySpiritarepleasingtotheeinus。”Forwhatmanknowsthethingsofamanexceptthespiritofamanwhichisinhim？Evenso，nomanknowsthethingsofGod，buttheSpiritofGod。Nowwehavenotreceivedthespiritoftheworld，buttheSpiritofGod，thatwemightknowthethingsthatarefreelygiventousfromGod。”[648]AndIamadmonishedtosay:”Yes，truly。 NomanknowsthethingsofGod，buttheSpiritofGod:buthow，then，dowealsoknowwhatthingsaregivenusbyGod？”Theanswerisgivenme:”BecauseweknowthesethingsbyhisSpirit； fornooneknowsbuttheSpiritofGod。”ButjustasitistrulysaidtothosewhoweretospeakthroughtheSpiritofGod，”Itisnotyouwhospeak，”soitisalsotrulysaidtothemwhoknowthroughtheSpiritofGod，”Itisnotyouyourselveswhoknow，” andjustasrightlyitmaybesaidtothosewhoperceivethroughtheSpiritofGodthatathingisgood；itisnottheywhosee，butGodwhoseeththatitisgood。 Itis，therefore，onethingtothinklikethemenwhojudgesomethingtobebadwhenitisgood，asdothosewhomwehavealreadymentioned。Itisquiteanotherthingthatamanshouldseeasgoodwhatisgood——asisthecasewithmanywhomthycreationpleasesbecauseitisgood，yetwhatpleasestheminitisnotthee，andsotheywouldprefertofindtheirjoyinthycreaturesratherthantofindtheirjoyinthee。Itisstillanotherthingthatwhenamanseesathingtobegood，Godshouldseeinhimthatitisgood——thattrulyhemaybelovedinwhathehathmade，hewhocannotbelovedexceptthroughtheHolySpiritwhichhehathgivenus:”BecausetheloveofGodisshedabroadinourheartsbytheHolySpiritwhoisgiventous。”[649] Itisbyhimthatweseewhateverweseetobegoodinanydegree，sinceitisfromhim，whodothnotexistinanyparticulardegreebutwhosimplyiswhatheis。[650] CHAPTERXXXII 47。Thanksbetothee，OLord！Weseetheheavenandtheearth，eitherthecorporealpart——higherandlower——orthespiritualandphysicalcreation。Andweseethelightmadeanddividedfromthedarknessfortheadornmentoftheseparts，fromwhichtheuniversalmassoftheworldortheuniversalcreationisconstituted。Weseethefirmamentofheaven，eithertheoriginal”body”oftheworldbetweenthespiritual(higher)watersandthecorporeal(lower)waters[651]ortheexpanseofair——whichisalsocalled”heaven”——throughwhichthefowlsofheavenwander，betweenthewaterswhichmoveincloudsabovethemandwhichdropdownindewonclearnights，andthosewaterswhichareheavyandflowalongtheearth。Weseethewatersgatheredtogetherinthevastplainsofthesea；andthedryland，firstbareandthenformed，soastobevisibleandwell-ordered；andthesoilofherbsandtrees。Weseethelightshiningfromabove——thesuntoservetheday，themoonandthestarstogivecheerinthenight；andweseebyallthesethattheintervalsoftimearemarkedandnoted。Weseeoneverysidethewateryelements，fruitfulwithfishes，beasts，andbirds——andwenoticethatthedensityoftheatmospherewhichsupportstheflightsofbirdsisincreasedbytheevaporationofthewaters。Weseethefaceoftheearth，repletewithearthlycreatures；andman，createdinthyimageandlikeness，intheveryimageandlikenessofthee——thatis，havingthepowerofreasonandunderstanding——byvirtueofwhichhehasbeensetoverallirrationalcreatures。Andjustasthereisinhissouloneelementwhichcontrolsbyitspowerofreflectionandanotherwhichhasbeenmadesubjectsothatitshouldobey，soalso，physically，thewomanwasmadefortheman； for，althoughshehadalikenatureofrationalintelligenceinthemind，stillinthesexofherbodysheshouldbesimilarlysubjecttothesexofherhusband，astheappetiteofactionissubjectedtothedeliberationofthemindinordertoconceivetherulesofrightaction。Thesethingswesee，andeachofthemisgood；andthewholeisverygood！ CHAPTERXXXIII 48。Letthyworkspraisethee，thatwemaylovethee；andletuslovetheethatthyworksmaypraisethee——thoseworkswhichhaveabeginningandanendintime——arisingandasetting，agrowthandadecay，aformandaprivation。Thus，theyhavetheirsuccessionsofmorningandevening，partlyhidden，partlyplain。Fortheyweremadefromnothingbythee，andnotfromthyself，andnotfromanymatterthatisnotthine，orthatwascreatedbeforehand。Theywerecreatedfromconcreatedmatter——thatis，matterthatwascreatedbytheeatthesametimethatthoudidstformitsformlessness，withoutanyintervaloftime。 Yet，sincethematterofheavenandearthisonethingandtheformofheavenandearthisanotherthing，thoudidstcreatematteroutofabsolutelynothing(deomninonihilo)，buttheformoftheworldthoudidstformfromformlessmatter(deinformimateria)。Butbothweredoneatthesametime，sothatformfollowedmatterwithnodelayinginterval。 CHAPTERXXXIV 49。Wehavealsoexploredthequestionofwhatthoudidstdesiretofigureforth，bothinthecreationandinthedescriptionofthingsinthisparticularorder。Andwehaveseenthatthingstakenseparatelyaregood，andallthingstakentogetherareverygood，bothinheavenandearth。AndwehaveseenthatthiswaswroughtthroughthyWord，thyonlySon，theheadandthebodyoftheChurch，anditsignifiesthypredestinationbeforealltimes，withoutmorningandevening。Butwhen，intime，thoudidstbegintounfoldthethingsdestinedbeforetime，sothatthoumightestmakehiddenthingsmanifestandmightestreorderourdisorders——sinceoursinswereoverusandwehadsunkintoprofounddarknessawayfromthee，andthygoodSpiritwasmovingoverustohelpusindueseason——thoudidstjustifytheungodlyandalsodidstdividethemfromthewicked； andthoumadesttheauthorityofthyBookafirmamentbetweenthoseabovewhowouldbeamenabletotheeandthosebeneathwhowouldbesubjecttothem。Andthoudidstgatherthesocietyofunbelievers[652]intoaconspiracy，inorderthatthezealofthefaithfulmightbecomemanifestandthattheymightbringforthworksofmercyuntothee，givingtheirearthlyrichestothepoortoobtainheavenlyriches。Thenthoudidstkindlethelightsinthefirmament，whicharethyholyones，whohavetheWordofLifeandwhoshinewithanexaltedauthority，warrantedtothembytheirspiritualgifts。Andthen，fortheinstructionoftheunbelievingnations，thoudidstoutofphysicalmatterproducethemysteriesandthevisiblemiraclesandthesoundsofwordsinharmonywiththefirmamentofthyBook，throughwhichthefaithfulshouldbeblessed。Afterthisthoudidstform”thelivingsoul” ofthefaithful，throughtheorderingoftheirpassionsbythestrengthofcontinence。Andthenthoudidstrenew，afterthyimageandlikeness，themindwhichisfaithfultotheealone，whichneedstoimitatenohumanauthority。Thus，thoudidstsubordinaterationalactiontothehigherexcellenceofintelligence，asthewomanissubordinatetotheman。Finally，inallthyministrieswhichwereneededtoperfectthefaithfulinthislife，thoudidstwillthatthesesamefaithfulonesshouldthemselvesbringforthgoodthings，profitablefortheirtemporaluseandfruitfulforthelifetocome。Weseeallthesethings，andtheyareverygood，becausethouseestthemthusinus——thouwhohastgivenusthySpirit，bywhichwemayseethemsoandlovetheeinthem。 CHAPTERXXXV 50。OLordGod，grantusthypeace——forthouhastgivenusallthings。Grantusthepeaceofquietness，thepeaceoftheSabbath，thepeacewithoutanevening。Allthismostbeautifularrayofthings，allsoverygood，willpassawaywhenalltheircoursesarefinished——forinthemthereisbothmorningandevening。 51。Buttheseventhdayiswithoutanevening，andithasnosetting，forthouhastsanctifieditwithaneverlastingduration。 Afterallthyworksofcreation，whichwereverygood，thoudidstrestontheseventhday，althoughthouhadstcreatedthemallinunbrokenrest——andthissothatthevoiceofthyBookmightspeaktouswiththepriorassurancethatafterourworks——andtheyalsoareverygoodbecausethouhastgiventhemtous——wemayfindourrestintheeintheSabbathoflifeeternal。[653] CHAPTERXXXVII 52。Forthenalsothoushaltsorestinusasnowthouworkestinus；and，thus，thatwillbethyrestthroughus，asthesearethyworksthroughus。Butthou，OLord，workestevermoreandartalwaysatrest。Thouseestnotintime，thoumovestnotintime，thourestestnotintime。Andyetthoumakestallthosethingswhichareseenintime——indeed，theverytimesthemselves——andeverythingthatproceedsinandfromtime。 CHAPTERXXXVIII 53。Wecanseeallthosethingswhichthouhastmadebecausetheyare——buttheyarebecausethouseestthem。[654]Andweseewithoureyesthattheyare，andweseewithourmindsthattheyaregood。Butthousawestthemasmadewhenthousawestthattheywouldbemade。 Andnow，inthispresenttime，wehavebeenmovedtodowell，nowthatourhearthasbeenquickenedbythySpirit；butintheformertime，havingforsakenthee，weweremovedtodoevil。[655] Butthou，OtheonegoodGod，hastneverceasedtodogood！Andwehaveaccomplishedcertaingoodworksbythygoodgifts，andeventhoughtheyarenoteternal，stillwehope，afterthesethingshere，tofindourrestinthygreatsanctification。ButthouarttheGood，andneedestnorest，andartalwaysatrest，becausethouthyselfartthyownrest。 Whatmanwillteachmentounderstandthis？Andwhatangelwillteachtheangels？Orwhatangelswillteachmen？Wemustaskitofthee；wemustseekitinthee；wemustknockforitatthydoor。Onlythusshallwereceive；onlythusshallwefind； onlythusshallthydoorbeopened。[656] NOTES [1]Hehadnomodelsbeforehim，forsuchearlierwritingsastheMeditationsofMarcusAureliusandtheautobiographicalsectionsinHilaryofPoitiersandCyprianofCarthagehaveonlytobecomparedwiththeConfessionstoseehowdifferenttheyare。 [2]Gen。1:1。 [3]Gen。2:2。 [4]NoticetheechohereofActs9:1。 [5]Ps。100:3。 [6]Cf。Ps。145:3andPs。147:5。 [7]Rom。10:14。 [8]Ps。22:26。 [9]Matt。7:7。 [10]AreferencetoBishopAmbroseofMilan；seeBk。V，Ch。XIII； Bk。VIII，Ch。11，3。 [11]Ps。139:8。 [12]Jer。23:24。 [13]Cf。Ps。18:31。 [14]Ps。35:3。 [15]Cf。Ps。19:12，13。 [16]Ps。116:10。 [17]Cf。Ps。32:5。 [18]Cf。Job9:2。 [19]Ps。130:3。 [20]Ps。102:27。 [21]Ps。102:27。 [22]Cf。Ps。92:1。 [23]Cf。Ps。51:5。 [24]Inbaptismwhich，Augustinebelieved，establishedtheeffigiemChristiinthehumansoul。 [25]Cf。Ps。78:39。 [26]Cf。Ps。72:27。 [27]Aeneid，VI，457 [28]Cf。Aeneid，II。 [29]Lignumisacommonmetaphorforthecross；anditwasoftenjoinedtothefigureofNoah’sark，asthemeansofsafetransportfromearthtoheaven。 [30]Thisapostropheto”thetorrentofhumancustom”nowswitchesitsfocustothepoetswhocelebratedthephilanderingsofthegods；seeDeciv。Dei，II，vii-xi；IV，xxvi-xxviii。 [31]ProbablyacontemporarydiscipleofCicero(ortheAcademics) whomAugustinehadheardlevyarathercommonphilosopher’scomplaintagainstOlympianreligionandthepoeticmythsaboutit。 Cf。DeLabriolle，I，21(seeBibl。)。 [32]Terence，Eunuch。，584-591；quotedagaininDeciv。Dei，II，vii。 [33]Aeneid，I，38。 [34]Cf。Ps。103:8andPs。86:15。 [35]Ps。27:8。 [36]AninterestingmixedreminiscenceofEnneads，I，5:8andLuke15:13-24。 [37]Ps。123:1。 [38]Matt。19:14。 [39]AnotherPlotinianecho；cf。Enneads，III，8:10。 [40]YetanotherPlotinianphrase；cf。Enneads，I，6，9:1-2。 [41]Cf。Gen。3:18andDebonoconjugali，8-9，39-35(N-PNF，III，396-413)。 [42]1Cor。7:28。 [43]1Cor。7:1。 [44]1Cor。7:32，33。 [45]Cf。Matt。19:12。 [46]TwentymilesfromTagaste，famedasthebirthplaceofApuleius，theonlynotableclassicalauthorproducedbytheprovinceofAfrica。 [47]AnotherechooftheDeprofundis(Ps。130:1)——andthemostexplicitstatementwehavefromAugustineofhismotiveandaiminwritingthese”confessions。” [48]Cf。1Cor。3:9。 [49]Ps。116:16。 [50]Cf。Jer。51:6；50:8。 [51]Cf。Ps。73:7。 [52]Cicero，DeCatiline，16。 [53]Deussummumbonumetbonumverummeum。 [54]Avertitur，theoppositeofconvertitur:theevilwillturnsthesoul_away_fromGod；thisissin。Bygraceitisturned_to_ God；thisis_conversion_。 [55]Ps。116:12。 [56]Ps。19:12。 [57]Cf。Matt。25:21。 [58]Cf。Job2:7，8。 [59]2Cor。2:16。 [60]Eversores，”overturners，”fromovertere，tooverthroworruin。ThiswasthenicknameofagangofyounghoodlumsinCarthage，madeuplargely，itseems，ofstudentsintheschools。 [61]Aminoressaynowlost。Weknowofitsexistencefromotherwriters，buttheonlyfragmentsthatremainareinAugustine’sworks:ContraAcademicos，III，14:31；Debeatavita，X； Soliloquia，I，17；DecivitateDei，III，15；ContraJulianum，IV，15:78；DeTrinitate，XIII，4:7，5:8；XIV，9:12，19:26；Epist。 CXXX，10。 [62]Notethismerelyparentheticalreferencetohisfather’sdeathandcontrastitwiththeaccountofhismother’sdeathinBk。IX，Chs。X-XII。 [63]Col。2:8，9。 [64]I。e。，MarcusTulliusCicero。 [65]TheseweretheManicheans，apseudo-ChristiansectfoundedbyaPersianreligiousteacher，Mani(c。A。D。216-277)。Theyprofessedahighlyeclecticreligioussystemchieflydistinguishedbyitsradicaldualismanditselaboratecosmogonyinwhichgoodwasco-ordinatedwithlightandevilwithdarkness。Inthesect，therewasanesotericminoritycalledperfecti，whoweresupposedtoobeythestrictrulesofanasceticethic；therestwereauditores，whofollowed，atadistance，thedoctrinesoftheperfectibutnottheirrules。ThechiefattractionofManicheismlayinthefactthatitappearedtoofferastraightforward，apparentlyprofoundandrationalsolutiontotheproblemofevil，bothinnatureandinhumanexperience。Cf。H。C。Puech，LeManicheisme，sonfondateur——sadoctrine(Paris，1949)；F。C。 Burkitt，TheReligionoftheManichees(Cambridge，1925)；andStevenRunciman，TheMedievalManichee(Cambridge，1947)。 [66]James1:17。 [67]Cf。Plotinus，Enneads，V，3:14。 [68]Cf。Luke15:16。 [69]Cf。Ovid，Metamorphoses，VII，219-224。 [70]ForthedetailsoftheManicheancosmogony，seeBurkitt，op。 cit。，ch。4。 [71]Prov。9:18。 [72]Cf。Prov。9:17；seealsoProv。9:13(Vulgatetext)。 [73]Cf。Enchiridion，IV。 [74]Cf。Matt。22:37-39。 [75]Cf。1John2:16。AndseealsoBk。X，Chs。XXX-XLI，foranelaborateanalysisofthem。 [76]Cf。Ex。20:3-8；Ps。144:9。InAugustine’sSermonIX，hepointsoutthatintheDecalogue_three_commandmentspertaintoGodand_seven_tomen。 [77]Acts9:5。 [78]AnexampleofthiswhichAugustinedoubtlesshadinmindisGod’scommandtoAbrahamtoofferuphissonIsaacasahumansacrifice。Cf。Gen。22:1，2。 [79]Electisancti。AnotherManicheantermfortheperfecti，theeliteand”perfect”amongthem。 [80]Ps。144:7。 [81]Dedocerememalaacdocerebona；atypicalAugustinianwordplay。 [82]Ps。50:14。 [83]Cf。John6:27。 [84]Ps。74:21。 [85]Cf。Ps。4:2。 [86]Theritesofthesoothsayers，inwhichanimalswerekilled，forauguriesandpropitiationofthegods。 [87]Cf。Hos。12:1。 [88]Ps。41:4。 [89]John5:14。 [90]Ps。51:17。 [91]Vindicianus；seebelow，Bk。VII，Ch。VI，8。 [92]James4:6；1Peter5:5。 [93]Rom。5:5。 [94]Cf。Ps。106:2。 [95]Cf。Ps。42:5；43:5。 [96]Ibid。 [97]Cf。Ovid，Tristia，IV，4:74。 [98]Cf。Horace，OdeI，3:8，wherehespeaksofVirgil，etservesanimaedimidiummeae。Augustine’smemorychangesthetextheretodimidiumanimaesuae。 [99]2Tim。4:3。 [100]Ps。119:142。 [101]Ps。80:3。 [102]Thatis，ourphysicaluniverse。 [103]Ps。19:5。 [104]John1:10。 [105]Depulchroetapto；alostessaywithnootherrecordsaveechoesintherestofAugustine’saesthetictheories。Cf。TheNatureoftheGoodAgainsttheManicheans，VIII-XV；CityofGod，XI，18；Deordine，I，7:18；II，19:51；Enchiridion，III，10；I，5。 [106]Eph。4:14。 [107]Ps。72:18。 [108]Ps。18:28。 [109]John1:16。 [110]John1:9。 [111]Cf。James1:17。 [112]Cf。James4:6；1Peter5:5。 [113]Ps。78:39。 [114]Cf。Jer。25:10；33:11；John3:29；Rev。18:23。 [115]Cf。Ps。51:8。 [116]ThefirstsectionoftheOrganon，whichanalyzestheproblemofpredicationanddevelops”thetencategories”ofessenceandthenine”accidents。”ThisexistedinaLatintranslationbyVictorinus，whoalsotranslatedtheEnneadsofPlotinus，towhichAugustinerefersinfra，Bk。VIII，Ch。II，3。 [117]Cf。Gen。3:18。 [118]Again，theProdigalSontheme；cf。Luke15:13。 [119]Cf。Ps。17:8。 [120]Ps。35:10。 [121]Cf。Ps。19:6。 [122]Cf。Rev。21:4。 [123]Cf。Ps。138:6。 [124]Ps。8:7。 [125]Heb。12:29。 [126]Anechooftheopeningsentence，Bk。I，Ch。I，1。 [127]Cf。1Cor。1:30。 [128]Cf。Matt。22:21。 [129]Cf。Rom。1:21ff。 [130]Cf。Rom。1:23。 [131]Cf。Rom。1:25。 [132]Wis。11:20。 [133]Cf。Job28:28。 [134]Eph。4:13，14。 [135]Ps。36:23(Vulgate)。 [136]Ps。142:5。 [137]Cf。Eph。2:15。 [138]Bk。I，Ch。XI，17。 [139]Cf。Ps。51:17。 [140]AconstantthemeinThePsalmsandelsewhere；cf。Ps。136。 [141]Cf。Ps。41:4。 [142]Cf。Ps141:3f。 [143]FollowersoftheskepticaltraditionestablishedinthePlatonicAcademybyArcesilausandCarneadesinthethirdcenturyB。C。Theytaughtthenecessityofsuspendedjudgmentinallquestionsoftruth，andwouldallownothingmorethantheconsentofprobability。ThistraditionwasknowninAugustine’stimechieflythroughthewritingsofCicero；cf。hisAcademica。ThiskindofskepticismshookAugustine’scomplacencyseverely，andhewroteoneofhisfirstdialogues，ContraAcademicos，inanefforttoclearuptheproblemposedthereby。 [144]TheManicheanswereunderanofficialbaninRome。 [145]Ps。139:22。 [146]Amixedfigurehere，puttogetherfromPs。4:7；45:7； 104:15；thephrasesobriamviniebrietatemisalmostcertainlyanechoofastanzaofoneofAmbrose’sownhymns，Splendorpaternaegloriae，whichAugustinehaddoubtlesslearnedinMilan:”Bibamussobriamebrietatemspiritus。”Cf。W。I。Merrill，LatinHymns(Boston，1904)，pp。4，5。 [147]Ps。119:155。 [148]Cf。2Cor。3:6。ThediscoveryoftheallegoricalmethodofinterpretationopenednewhorizonsforAugustineinBiblicalinterpretationandheadopteditasasettledprincipleinhissermonsandcommentaries；cf。M。Pontet，L’ExegesedeSaintAugustinpredicateur(Lyons，1946)。 [149]Cf。Ps。71:5。 [150]Cf。Ps。10:1。 [151]Cf。Luke7:11-17。 [152]Cf。John4:14。 [153]Rom。12:11。 [154]2Tim。2:15。 [155]Cf。Gen。1:26f。 [156]TheChurch。 [157]2Cor。3:6。 [158]AnotherreferencetotheAcademicdoctrineofsuspendium； cf。Bk。V，Ch。X，19，andalsoEnchiridion，VII，20。 [159]Nisicrederentur，omninoinhacvitanihilageremus，whichshouldbesetalongsidethemorefamousnisicrederitis，nonintelligetis(Enchiridion，XIII，14)。ThisisthebasicassumptionofAugustine’swholeepistemology。SeeRobertE。 Cushman，”FaithandReasonintheThoughtofSt。Augustine，”inChurchHistory(XIX，4，1950)，pp。271-294。 [160]Cf。Heb。11:6。 [161]Cf。Plato，Politicus，273D。 [162]AlypiuswasmorethanAugustine’sclosefriend；hebecamebishopofTagasteandwasprominentinlocalChurchaffairsintheprovinceofAfrica。 [163]Prov。9:8。 [164]Luke16:10。 [165]Luke16:11，12。 [166]Cf。Ps。145:15。 [167]Herebeginsalongsoliloquywhichsumsuphisturmoiloverthepastdecadeandhispresentplightofconfusionandindecision。 [168]Cf。Wis。8:21(LXX)。 [169]Isa。28:15。 [170]Ecclus。3:26。 [171]Thenormalminimumlegalageformarriagewastwelve！Cf。 Justinian，Institutiones，I，10:22。 [172]Cf。Ps。33:11。 [173]Cf。Ps。145:15，16。 [174]Avariationon”restlessisourheartuntilitcomestofindrestinThee，”Bk。I，Ch。I，1。 [175]Isa。46:4。 [176]Thirtyyearsold；althoughtheterm”youth”(juventus) normallyincludedtheyearstwentytoforty。 [177]Phantasmata，mentalconstructs，whichmaybeinternallycoherentbutcorrespondtonorealityoutsidethemind。 [178]EchoeshereofPlato’sTimaeusandPlotinus’Enneads，althoughwithnoefforttorecallthesourcesorelaboratetheontologicaltheory。 [179]Cf。thefamous”definition”ofGodinAnselm’sontologicalargument:”thatbeingthanwhomnogreatercanbeconceived。”Cf。 Proslogium，II-V。 [180]ThissimileisAugustine’sapparentlyoriginalimprovementonPlotinus’similarfigureofthenetinthesea；Enneads，IV，3:9。 [181]Gen。25:21to33:20。 [182]Cf。Job15:26(OldLatinversion)。 [183]Cf。Ps。103:9-14。 [184]James4:6。 [185]Cf。John1:14。 [186]Itisnotaltogetherclearastowhich”books”andwhich”Platonists”areherereferredto。Thesucceedinganalysisof”Platonism”doesnotresembleanysingleknowntextcloselyenoughtoallowforidentification。Themostreasonableconjecture，asmostauthoritiesagree，isthatthe”books”herementionedweretheEnneadsofPlotinus，whichMariusVictorinus(q。v。infra，Bk。 VIII，Ch。II，3-5)hadtranslatedintoLatinseveralyearsbefore； cf。M。P。Garvey，St。Augustine:ChristianorNeo-Platonist(Milwaukee，1939)。ThereisalsoafairprobabilitythatAugustinehadacquiredsomeknowledgeoftheDidaskalikosofAlbinus；cf。R。E。Witt，AlbinusandtheHistoryofMiddlePlatonism(Cambridge，1937)。 [187]Cf。thismixedquotationofJohn1:1-10withtheFifthEnneadandnoteAugustine’sidentificationofLogos，intheFourthGospel，withNousinPlotinus。 [188]John1:11，12 [189]John1:13。 [190]John1:14。 [191]Phil。2:6。 [192]Phil。2:7-11。 [193]Rom。5:6；8:32。 [194]Luke10:21。 [195]Cf。Matt。11:28，29。 [196]Cf。Ps。25:9，18。 [197]Matt。11:29。 [198]Rom。1:21，22。 [199]Rom。1:23。 [200]AnechoofPorphyry’sDeabstinentiaabesuanimalium。 [201]TheallegoricalinterpretationoftheIsraelites’despoilingtheEgyptians(Ex。12:35，36)madeitrefertothelibertyofChristianthinkersinappropriatingwhateverwasgoodandtruefromthepaganphilosophersoftheGreco-Romanworld。ThiswasafavoritethemeofClementofAlexandriaandOrigenandwasquiteexplicitlydevelopedinOrigen’sEpistletoGregoryThaumaturgus(ANF，IX，pp。295，296)；cf。Augustine，OnChristianDoctrine，II，41-42。 [202]Cf。Acts17:28。 [203]Cf。Rom。1:25。 [204]Cf。Ps。39:11。 [205]SomeMSS。add”immovero”(”yea，verily”)，butnotthebestones；cf。DeLabriolle，op。cit。，I，p。162。 [206]Rom。1:20。 [207]Alocusclassicusofthedoctrineoftheprivativecharacterofevilandthepositivecharacterofthegood。ThisisafundamentalpremiseinAugustine’smetaphysics:itreappearsinBks。XII-XIII，intheEnchiridion，andelsewhere(seenote，infra，p。343)。Thisdoctrineofthegoodnessofallcreationistakenupintothescholasticmetaphysics；cf。Confessions，Bks。XII- XIII，andThomasAquinas，Summacontragentes，II:45。 [208]Ps。148:7-12。 [209]Ps。148:1-5。 [210]”Theevilwhichovertakesushasitssourceinself-will，intheentryintothesphereofprocessandintheprimalassertionofthedesireforself-ownership”(Plotinus，Enneads，V，1:1)。 [211]”Wehavegoneweigheddownfrombeneath；thevisionisfrustrated”(Enneads，VI，9:4)。 [212]Rom。1:20。 [213]ThePlotinianNous。 [214]ThisisanastonishinglycandidandplainaccountofaPlotinianecstasy，thepilgrimageofthesoulfromitsabsorptioninthingstoitsrapturousbutmomentaryvisionoftheOne；cf。 especiallytheSixthEnnead，9:3-11，forverycloseparallelsinthoughtandechoesoflanguage。ThisisoneoftwoecstaticvisionsreportedintheConfessions；theotheris，ofcourse，thelastgreatmomentwithhismotheratOstia(Bk。IX，Ch。X，23-25)。 Onecomesbeforethe”conversion”intheMilanesegarden(Bk。 VIII，Ch。XII，28-29)；theother，after。Theyoughttobecomparedwithparticularinterestintheir_similarities_aswellastheirsignificantdifferences。Cf。alsoK。E。Kirk，TheVisionofGod(London，1932)，pp。319-346。 [215]1Tim。2:5。 [216]Rom。9:5。 [217]John14:6。 [218]AninterestingreminderthattheApollinarianheresywascondemnedbutnotextinct。 [219]ItisworthrememberingthatbothAugustineandAlypiuswerecatechumensandhadpresumablybeenreceivingdoctrinalinstructioninpreparationfortheireventualbaptismandfullmembershipintheCatholicChurch。Thattheirideasontheincarnation，atthisstage，wereinsuchconfusionraisesaninterestingproblem。 [220]Cf。Augustine’sTheChristianCombatasanexampleof”therefutationofheretics。” [221]Cf。1Cor。11:19。 [222]Nonperitus，sedperiturusessem。 [223]Cf。1Cor。3:11f。 [224]Rom。7:22，23。 [225]Rom。7:24，25。 [226]Cf。Prov。8:22andCol。1:15。AugustineishereidentifyingthefigureofWisdominProverbswiththefigureoftheLogosintheProloguetotheFourthGospel。IntheAriancontroversyboththesereferencestoGod’sWisdomandWordas”created”causedgreatdifficultyfortheorthodox，fortheArianstriumphantlyappealedtothemasproofthatJesusChristwasa”creature”ofGod。ButAugustinewasaChalcedonianbeforeChalcedon，andthereisnodoubtthatheisherequotingfamiliarScriptureandfillingitwiththeinterpretationachievedbythelongstruggleoftheChurchtoaffirmthecoeternityandconsubstantialityofJesusChristandGodtheFather。 [227]Cf。Ps。62:1，2，5，6。 [228]Cf。Ps。91:13。 [229]Afigurethatcomparesthedangersofthesolitarytravelerinabandit-infestedlandandthesafetyofanimperialconvoyonamainhighwaytothecapitalcity。 [230]Cf。1Cor。15:9。 [231]Ps。35:10。 [232]Cf。Ps。116:16，17。 [233]Cf。Ps。8:1。 [234]1Cor。13:12。 [235]Matt。19:12。 [236]Rom。1:21。 [237]Job28:28。 [238]Prov。3:7。 [239]Rom。1:22。 [240]Col。2:8。 [241]Virgil，Aeneid，VIII，698。 [242]Ps。144:5。 [243]Luke15:4。 [244]Cf。Luke，ch。15。 [245]1Cor。1:27。 [246]AgarbledreferencetothestoryoftheconversionofSergiusPaulus，proconsulofCyprus，inActs13:4-12。 [247]2Tim。2:21。 [248]Gal。5:17。 [249]ThetexthereisatypicalexampleofAugustine’sloveofwordplayandassonance，asaconsciousliterarydevice:tuaecaritatimedederequammeaecupiditaticedere；sedilludplacebatetvincebat，hoclibebatetvinciebat。 [250]Eph。5:14。 [251]Rom。7:22-25。 [252]Thelastobstaclesthatremained。HisintellectualdifficultieshadbeenclearedawayandtheintentiontobecomeaChristianhadbecomestrong。Butincontinenceandimmersioninhiscareerweretoofirmlyfixedinhabittobeovercomebyanactofconsciousresolution。 [253]Treves，animportantimperialtownontheMoselle；theemperorreferredtoherewasprobablyGratian。Cf。E。A。Freeman，”AugustaTrevororum，”intheBritishQuarterlyReview(1875)，62，pp。1-45。 [254]Agentesinrebus，governmentagentswhosedutiesrangedfrompostalinspectionandtaxcollectiontoespionageandsecretpolicework。Theywereubiquitousandgenerallydreadedbythepopulace；cf。J。S。Reid，”ReorganizationoftheEmpire，”inCambridgeMedievalHistory，Vol。I，pp。36-38。 [255]Theinnercircleofimperialadvisers；usuallyratherinformallyappointedandusuallywithprecarioustenure。 [256]Cf。Luke14:28-33。 [257]Eph。5:8。 [258]Cf。Ps。34:5。 [259]Cf。Ps。6:3；79:8。 [260]ThisisthefamousTolle，lege；tolle，lege。 [261]DoubtlessfromPonticianus，intheirearlierconversation。 [262]Matt。19:21。 [263]Rom。13:13。 [264]NotetheparallelsheretotheconversionofAnthonyandtheagentesinrebus。 [265]Rom。14:1。 [266]Eph。3:20。 [267]Ps。116:16，17。 [268]Animperialholidayseason，fromlateAugusttothemiddleofOctober。 [269]Cf。Ps。46:10。 [270]Hissubsequentbaptism；seebelow，Ch。VI。 [271]Luke14:14。 [272]Ps。125:3。 [273]TheheresyofDocetism，oneoftheearliestandmostpersistentofallChristologicalerrors。 [274]Cf。Ps。27:8。 [275]ThegroupincludedMonica，Adeodatus(Augustine’sfifteen- year-oldson)，Navigius(Augustine’sbrother)，RusticusandFastidianus(relatives)，Alypius，Trygetius，andLicentius(formerpupils)。 [276]AsomewhatobliqueacknowledgmentofthefactthatnoneoftheCassiciacumdialogueshasanydistinctiveorsubstantialChristiancontentThishasoftenbeenpointedtoasevidencethatAugustine’sconversionthusfarhadbroughthimnofartherthantoakindofChristianPlatonism；cf。P。Alfaric，L’EvolutionintellectuelledeSaintAugustin(Paris，1918)。 [277]ThedialogueswrittenduringthisstayatCassiciacum: ContraAcademicos，Debeatavita，Deordine，Soliloquia。See，inthisseries，Vol。VI，pp。17-63，foranEnglishtranslationoftheSoliloquies。 [278]Cf。EpistlesIIandIII。 [279]Asymbolicreferencetothe”cedarsofLebanon”；cf。Isa。 2:12-14；Ps。29:5。 [280]ThereisperhapsaremoteconnectionherewithLuke10:18- 20。 [281]EversincethetimeofIgnatiusofAntiochwhoreferredtotheEucharistas”themedicineofimmortality，”thishadbeenapopularmetaphortorefertothesacraments；cf。Ignatius，Ephesians20:2。 [282]Herefollows(8-11)abriefdevotionalcommentaryonPs。4。 [283]John7:39。 [284]Idipsum——theonenessandimmutabilityofGod。 [285]Cf。v。9。 [286]1Cor。15:54。 [287]ConcerningtheTeacher；cf。Vol。VIofthisseries，pp。64- 101。 [288]ThiswasapparentlythefirstintroductionintotheWestofantiphonalchanting，whichwasalreadywidespreadintheEast。 Ambrosebroughtitin；Gregorybroughtittoperfection。 [289]Cf。S。ofSol。1:3，4。 [290]Cf。Isa。40:6；1Peter1:24:”Allfleshisgrass。”SeeBk。 XI，Ch。II，3。 [291]Ecclus。19:1。 [292]1Tim。5:9。 [293]Phil。3:13。 [294]Cf。1Cor。2:9。 [295]Ps。36:9。 [296]Idipsum。 [297]Cf。thisreportofa”Christianecstasy”withthePlotinianecstasyrecountedinBk。VII，Ch。XVII，23，above。 [298]Cf。Wis。7:21-30；seeespeciallyv。27:”Andbeingbutone，she[Wisdom]candoallthings:andremaininginherselfthesame，shemakesallthingsnew。” [299]Matt。25:21。 [300]1Cor。15:51。 [301]Navigius，whohadjoinedtheminMilan，butaboutwhomAugustineiscuriouslysilentsaveforthebriefandunrevealingreferencesinDebeatavita-，I，6，toII，7，andDeordine，I，2- 3。 [302]A。D。387。 [303]Necomninomoriebatur。IsthisanechoofHorace’sfamousmemorialode，Exegimonumentumaereperennius……nonomnismoriar？Cf。Odes，BookIII，OdeXXX。 [304]1Tim。1:5。 [305]Cf。thispassage，asAugustinedoubtlessintended，withthestoryofhismorbidandimmoderategriefatthedeathofhisboyhoodfriend，above，Bk。IV，Chs。IV，9，toVII，12。 [306]Ps。101:1。 [307]Ps。68:5。 [308]SirTobieMatthew(adapted)。ForAugustine’sownanalysisofthescansionandstructureofthishymn，seeDemusica，VI，2:2-3；forabriefcommentaryontheLatintext，seeA。S。Walpole，EarlyLatinHymns(Cambridge，1922)，pp。44-49。 [309]1Cor。15:22。 [310]Matt。5:22。 [311]2Cor。10:17。 [312]Rom。8:34。 [313]Cf。Matt。6:12。 [314]Ps。143:2。 [315]Matt。5:7。 [316]Cf。Rom。9:15。 [317]Ps。119:108。 [318]Cf。1Cor。13:12。 [319]Eph。5:27。 [320]Ps。51:6。 [321]John3:21。 [322]1Cor。2:11。 [323]1Cor。13:7。 [324]Ps。32:1。 [325]Ps。144:7，8。 [326]Cf。Rev。8:3-5。”AndthesmokeoftheincensewiththeprayersofthesaintswentupbeforeGodoutoftheangel’shand” (v。4)。 [327]1Cor。2:11。 [328]1Cor。13:12。 [329]Isa。58:10。 [330]Rom。1:20。 [331]Cf。Rom。9:15。 [332]Oneofthepre-Socratic”physiologer。”Cf。Cicero’sOntheNatureoftheGods(alikelysourceforAugustine’sknowledgeofearlyGreekphilosophy)，I，10:”AfterAnaximandercomesAnaximenes，whotaughtthattheairisGod……” [333]AnimportanttextforAugustine’sconceptionofsensationandtherelationofbodyandmind。Cf。OnMusic，VI，5:10；TheMagnitudeoftheSoul，25:48；OntheTrinity，XII，2:2；seealsoF。Coplestone，AHistoryofPhilosophy(London，1950)，II，51-60，andE。Gilson，Introductional’etudedeSaintAugustin，pp。74- 87。 [334]Rom。1:20。 [335]Readingvidenti(withDeLabriolle)insteadofvident(asinSkutella)。 [336]Ps。32:9。 [337]Thenotionofthesoul’simmediateself-knowledgeisabasicconceptioninAugustine’spsychologyandepistemology；cf。therefutationofskepticism，Sifallor，suminOnFreeWill，II，3:7； seealsotheCityofGod，XI，26。 [338]Again，themind-bodydualismtypicaloftheAugustiniantradition。Cf。E。Gilson，TheSpiritofMedievalPhilosophy(CharlesScribner’sSons，NewYork，1940)，pp。173-188；andE。 Gilson，ThePhilosophyofSaintBonaventure(Sheed&Ward，NewYork，1938)，ch。XI。 [339]Luke15:8。 [340]Cf。Isa。55:3。 [341]Cf。theearlydialogue”OntheHappyLife”inVol。IofTheFathersoftheChurch(NewYork，1948)。 [342]Gal。5:17。 [343]Ps。42:11。 [344]Cf。Enchiridion，VI，19ff。 [345]Whenheisknownatall，GodisknownastheSelf-evident。 Thisis，ofcourse，notadoctrineofinnateideasbutratherofthenecessity，andreality，ofdivineilluminationasthedynamicsourceofallourknowledgeofdivinereality。Cf。Coplestone，op。cit。，ch。IV，andCushman，op。cit。 [346]Cf。Wis。8:21。 [347]Cf。Enneads，VI，9:4。 [348]1John2:16。 [349]Eph。3:20。 [350]1Cor。15:54。 [351]Cf。Matt。6:34。 [352]1Cor。9:27。 [353]Cf。Luke21:34。 [354]Cf。Wis。8:21。 [355]Ecclus。18:30。 [356]1Cor。8:8。 [357]Phil。4:11-13。 [358]Ps。103:14。 [359]Cf。Gen。3:19。 [360]Luke15:24。 [361]Ecclus。23:6。 [362]Titus1:15。 [363]Rom。14:20。 [364]1Tim。4:4。 [365]1Cor。8:8。 [366]Cf。Col。2:16。 [367]Rom。14:3。 [368]Luke5:8。 [369]John16:33。 [370]Cf。Ps。139:16。 [371]Cf。theevidenceforAugustine’sinterestandproficiencyinmusicinhisessayDemusica，writtenadecadeearlier。 [372]Cf。2Cor。5:2。 [373]Cf。Tobit，chs。2to4。 [374]Gen。27:1；cf。Augustine’sSermonIV，20:21f。 [375]Cf。Gen。，ch。48。 [376]Again，Ambrose，Deus，creatoromnium，anobviousfavoriteofAugustine’s。Seeabove，Bk。IX，Ch。XII，32。 [377]Ps。25:15。 [378]Ps。121:4。 [379]Ps。26:3。 [380]1John2:16。 [381]Cf。Ps。103:3-5。 [382]Cf。Matt。11:30。 [383]1Peter5:5。 [384]Cf。Ps。18:7，13。 [385]Cf。Isa。14:12-14。 [386]Cf。Prov。27:21。 [387]Cf。Ps。19:12。 [388]Cf。Ps。141:5。 [389]Ps。109:22。 [390]Ps。31:22。 [391]Cf。theparableofthePhariseeandthePublican，Luke18:9- 14。 [392]Cf。Eph。2:2。 [393]2Cor。11:14。 [394]Rom。6:23。 [395]1Tim。2:5。 [396]Cf。Rom。8:32。 [397]Phil。2:6-8。 [398]Cf。Ps。88:5；seePs。87:6(Vulgate)。 [399]Ps。103:3。 [400]Cf。Rom。8:34。 [401]John1:14。 [402]2Cor。5:15。 [403]Ps。119:18。 [404]Col。2:3。 [405]Cf。Ps。21:27(Vulgate)。 [406]IntheveryfirstsentenceofConfessions，Bk。I，Ch。I。 HerewehaveabasicandrecurrentmotifoftheConfessionsfrombeginningtoend:thecelebrationandpraiseofthegreatnessandgoodnessofGod——CreatorandRedeemer。TherepetitionofithereconnectsthisconcludingsectionoftheConfessions，Bks。XI- XIII，withtheprecedingpart。 [407]Matt。6:8。 [408]The”virtues”oftheBeatitudes，therewardforwhichisblessedness；cf。Matt。5:1-11。 [409]Ps。118:1；cf。Ps。136。 [410]Aninterestingsymboloftime’sceaselesspassage；thereferenceistoawaterclock(clepsydra)。 [411]Cf。Ps。130:1，Deprofundis。 [412]Ps。74:16。 [413]ThismetaphorisprobablyfromPs。29:9。 [414]Arepetitionofthemetaphorabove，Bk。IX，Ch。VII，16。 [415]Ps。26:7。 [416]Ps。119:18。 [417]Cf。Matt。6:33。 [418]Col。2:3。 [419]Augustinewasprofoundlystirred，inmindandheart，bythegreatmysteryofcreationandtheScripturaltestimonyaboutit。 Inadditiontothislongandinvolvedanalysisoftimeandcreationwhichfollowshere，hereturnedtothestoryinGenesisrepeatedly:e。g。，DeGenesicontraManicheos；DeGenesiadlitteram，liberimperfectus(bothwritten_before_theConfessions)；DeGenesiadlitteram，libriXIIandDecivitateDei，XI-XII (bothwritten_after_theConfessions)。 [420]Thefinaltestoftruth，forAugustine，isself-evidenceandthefinalsourceoftruthistheindwellingLogos。 [421]Cf。thenotionofcreationinPlato’sTimaeus(29D-30C；48E- 50C)，inwhichtheDemiurgos(craftsman)fashionstheuniversefrompre-existentmatterandimposesasmuchformastheReceptaclewillreceive。Thenotionoftheworldfashionedfrompre-existentmatterofsomesortwasauniversalideainGreco- Romancosmology。 [422]Cf。Ps。33:9。 [423]Matt。3:17。 [424]Cf。theVulgateofJohn8:25。 [425]Cf。Augustine’semphasisonChristastrueTeacherinDeMagistro。 [426]Cf。John3:29。 [427]Cf。Ps。103:4，5(mixedtext)。 [428]Ps。104:24。 [429]Plenivetustatissuae。InSermonCCLXVII，2(PL38，c。 1230)，Augustinehasasimilarusage。Speakingofthosewhopournewwineintooldcontainers，hesays:Carnalitasvetustasest，gratianovitasest，”Carnalityistheoldnature；graceisthenew”；cf。Matt。9:17。 [430]ThenotionoftheeternityofthisworldwaswidelyheldinGreekphilosophy，indifferentversions，andwasincorporatedintotheManicheanrejectionoftheChristiandoctrineofcreatioexnihilowhichAugustineiscitinghere。Hereturnstothequestion，andhisanswertoit，againinDecivitateDei，XI，4-8。 [431]Theunstable”heart”ofthosewhoconfusetimeandeternity。 [432]Cf。Ps。102:27。 [433]Ps。2:7。 [434]Spatium，whichmeansextensioneitherinspaceortime。 [435]Thebreakinglightandtheimageoftherisingsun。 [436]Cf。Ps。139:6。 [437]Memoria，contuitus，andexpectatio:apatternthatcorrespondsvaguelytothemovementofAugustine’sthoughtintheConfessions:fromdirectexperiencebacktothesupportingmemoriesandforwardtotheoutreachofhopeandconfidenceinGod’sprovidentgrace。 [438]Cf。Ps。116:10。 [439]Cf。Matt。25:21，23。 [440]Communesnotitias，theuniversalprinciplesof”commonsense。”Thisideabecameabasiccategoryinscholasticepistemology。 [441]Gen。1:14。 [442]Cf。Josh。10:12-14。 [443]Cf。Ps。18:28。 [444]Cubitum，literallythedistancebetweentheelbowandthetipofthemiddlefinger；intheimperialsystemofweightsandmeasuresitwas17。5inches。 [445]Distentionem，”spread-out-ness”；cf。Descartes’notionofresextensae，anditsrelationtotime。 [446]Ps。100:3。 [447]HereAugustinebeginstosummarizehisownanswerstothequestionshehasraisedinhisanalysisoftime。 [448]ThesamehymnofAmbrosequotedabove，Bk。IX，Ch。XII，39，andanalyzedagaininDemusica，VI，2:2。 [449]Thistheoryoftimeisworthcomparingwithitsmostnotablerestatementinmodernpoetry，inT。S。Eliot’sFourQuartetsandespecially”BurntNorton。” [450]Ps。63:3。 [451]Cf。Phil。3:12-14。 [452]Cf。Ps。31:10。 [453]NoteherethepreparationforthetransitionfromthisanalysisoftimeinBk。XItotheexplorationofthemysteryofcreationinBks。XIIandXIII。 [454]Celsitudo，anhonorifictitle，somewhatlike”YourHighness。” [455]Rom。8:31。 [456]Matt。7:7，8。 [457]Vulgate，Ps。113:16(cf。Ps。115:16，K。J。；seealsoPs。 148:4，bothVulgateandK。J。):Caelumcaelidomino，etc。 AugustinefindsadistinctionhereforwhichtheHebrewtextgivesnowarrant。TheHebrewisatypicalnominalsentenceandmeanssimply”TheheavensaretheheavensofYahweh”；cf。theSoncinoeditionofThePsalms，editedbyA。Cohen；cf。alsoR。S。V。，Ps。 115:16。TheLXXreadingseemstorestonavariantHebrewtext。 Thisidiomaticconstructiondoesnotmean”theheavensoftheheavens”(asitistooliterallytranslatedintheLXX)，butrather”highestheaven。”Thisisafamiliarway，inHebrew，ofemphasizingasuperlative(e。g。，”Kingofkings，””Songofsongs”)。Thesingularthingcanbedescribedsuperlativelyonlyintermsofitself！ [458]Earthandsky。 [459]ItisinterestingthatAugustineshouldhavepreferredtheinvisibilisetincompositaoftheOldLatinversionofGen。1:2 overtheinanisetvacuaoftheVulgate，whichwassurelyaccessibletohim。Sincethisistobeakeyphraseinthesucceedingexegesisthisreadingcanhardlyhavebeenthecasualcitationoftheoldandfamiliarversion。IsitpossiblethatAugustinemayhavehadthesensibilitiesandassociationsofhisreadersinmind——formanyofthemmayhavenotknownJerome’sversionor，atleast，notverywell？ [460]Abyssus，literally，theunplumbeddepthsofthesea，andasaconstantmeaninghere，”thedepthsbeyondmeasure。” [461]Gen。1:2。 [462]AugustinemaynothaveknownthePlatonicdoctrineofnonbeing(cf。Sophist，236C-237B)，butheclearlyisdeeplyinfluencedherebyPlotinus；cf。Enneads，II，4:8f。，wherematterisanalyzedasasubstratumwithoutquantityorquality；and4:15:”Matter，then，mustbedescribedastoapeiron(theindefinite)……Matterisindeterminatenessandnothingelse。”Inshort，materiainformisissheerpossibility；notanythingandnotnothing！ [463]Dictare:wasAugustinedictatinghisConfessions？Itisveryprobable。 [464]Visibilesetcompositas，theoppositeof”invisibleandunformed。” [465]Isa。6:3；Rev。4:8。 [466]Denihilo。 [467]Trinaunitas。 [468]Cf。Gen。1:6。 [469]Constatetnonconstat，thecreatedearthreallyexistsbutneverisself-sufficient。 [470]Moses。 [471]Ps。42:3，10。 [472]Cor。13:12。 [473]Cf。Ecclus。1:4。 [474]2Cor。5:21。 [475]Cf。Gal。4:26。 [476]2Cor。5:1。 [477]Cf。Ps。26:8。 [478]Ps。119:176。 [479]To”thehouseofGod。” [480]Cf。Ps。28:1。 [481]Cubile，i。e。，theheart。 [482]Cf。Rom。8:26。 [483]TheheavenlyJerusalemofGal。4:26，whichhadbecomeafavoriteChristiansymbolofthepeaceandblessednessofheaven； cf。thevariousversionsofthehymn”Jerusalem，MyHappyHome”inJulian’sDictionaryofHymnology，pp。580-583。TheoriginaltextisfoundintheLibermeditationum，erroneouslyascribedtoAugustinehimself。 [484]Cf。2Tim。2:14。 [485]1Tim。1:5。 [486]ThisisthebasisofAugustine’sdefenseofallegoryasbothlegitimateandprofitableintheinterpretationofScripture。HedidnotmeanthatthereisapluralityofliteraltruthsinScripturebutamultiplicityofperspectivesontruthwhichamountedtodifferentlevelsandinterpretationsoftruth。ThisgaveAugustinethebasisforapositivetoleranceofvaryinginterpretationswhichdidholdfasttotheessentialcommonpremisesaboutGod’sprimacyasCreator；cf。M。Pontet，L’ExegesedeSaintAugustinpredicateur(Lyons，1944)，chs。IIandIII。 [487]Inthischapter，AugustinesummarizeswhathetakestobetheChristianconsensusonthequestionshehasexploredabouttherelationoftheintellectualandcorporealcreations。 [488]Cf。1Cor。8:6。 [489]Molemundi。 [490]Cf。Col。1:16。 [491]Gen。1:9。 [492]NotehowthisreiteratesaconstantthemeintheConfessionsasawhole；afurtherindicationthatBk。XIIisanintegralpartofthesinglewhole。 [493]Cf。Deliberoarbitrio，II，8:20，10:28。 [494]Cf。John8:44。 [495]TheessentialthesisoftheDeMagistro；ithasimportantimplicationsbothforAugustine’sepistemologyandforhistheoryofChristiannurture；cf。theDecatechizandisrudibus。 [496]1Cor。4:6。 [497]Cf。Deut。6:5；Lev。19:18；seealsoMatt。22:37，39。 [498]Cf。Rom。9:21。 [499]Cf。Ps。8:4。 [500]”InthebeginningGodcreated，”etc。 [501]AnechoofJob39:13-16。 [502]Thethicketdenizensmentionedabove。 [503]Cf。Ps。143:10。 [504]Somethingofanunderstatement！ItisinterestingtonotethatAugustinedevotesmoretimeandspacetotheseopeningversesofGenesisthantoanyotherpassageintheentireBible——andhenevercommentedonthe_full_textofGenesis。Cf。KarlBarth’s274pagesdevotedtoGen。，chs。1；2，intheKirchlicheDogmatik，III，I，pp。103-377。 [505]Transition，inpreparationfortheconcludingbook(XIII)，whichundertakesaconstructiveresolutiontotheproblemoftheanalysisofthemodeofcreationmadehereinBk。XII。 [506]Thisisacompound——anduntranslatable——Latinpun:nequeutsictecolamquasiterram，utsisuncultussinontecolam。 [507]Cf。Enneads，I，2:4:”Whatthesoulnowsees，itcertainlyalwayspossessed，butaslyinginthedarkness……Todispelthedarknessandthuscometoknowledgeofitsinnercontent，itmustthrusttowardthelight。”ComparethenotionsoftheinitiativeofsuchmovementsinthesoulinPlotinusandAugustine。 [508]Cf。2Cor。5:21。 [509]Cf。Ps。36:6andseealsoAugustine’sExpositiononthePsalms，XXXVI，8，wherehesaysthat”thegreatpreachers[receiversofGod’sillumination]arethemountainsofGod，”fortheyfirstcatchthelightontheirsummits。Theabysshecalled”thedepthofsin”intowhichtheevilandunfaithfulfall。 [510]Cf。Timaeus，29D-30A，”He[theDemiurge-Creator]wasgood: andinthegoodnojealousy……caneverarise。So，beingwithoutjealousy，hedesiredthatallthingsshouldcomeasnearaspossibletobeinglikehimself……Hetookoverallthatisvisible……andbroughtitfromordertoorder，sincehejudgedthatorderwasineverywaybetter”(F。M。Cornford，Plato’sCosmology，NewYork，1937，p。33)。Cf。Enneads，V，4:1，andAthanasius，OntheIncarnation，III，3。 [511]Cf。Gen。1:2。 [512]Cf。Ps。36:9。 [513]InthispassageinGenesisonthecreation。 [514]Cf。Gen。1:6。 [515]Rom。5:5。 [516]1Cor。12:1。 [517]Cf。Eph。3:14，19。 [518]Cf。theOldLatinversionofPs。123:5。 [519]Cf。Eph。5:8。 [520]Cf。Ps。31:20。 [521]Cf。Ps。9:13。 [522]TheHolySpirit。 [523]Canticumgraduum。Psalms119to133asnumberedintheVulgatewereregardedasasingleseriesofascendingstepsbywhichthesoulmovesuptowardheaven；cf。TheExpositiononthePsalms，loc。cit。 [524]Tonguesoffire，symbolofthedescentoftheHolySpirit； cf。Acts2:3，4。 [525]Cf。Ps。122:6。 [526]Ps。122:1。 [527]Cf。Ps。23:6。 [528]Gen。1:3。 [529]John1:9。 [530]Cf。thedetailedanalogyfromselftoTrinityinDeTrinitate，IX-XII。 [531]I。e。，theChurch。 [532]Cf。Ps。39:11。 [533]Ps。36:6。 [534]Gen。1:3andMatt。4:17；3:2。 [535]Cf。Ps。42:5，6。 [536]Cf。Eph。5:8。 [537]Ps。42:7。 [538]Cf。1Cor。3:1。 [539]Cf。Phil。3:13。 [540]Cf。Ps。42:1。 [541]Ps。42:2。 [542]Cf。2Cor。5:1-4。 [543]Rom。12:2。 [544]1Cor。14:20。 [545]Gal。3:1。 [546]Eph。4:8，9。 [547]Cf。Ps。46:4。 [548]Cf。John3:29。 [549]Cf。Rom。8:23。 [550]I。e。，theBodyofChrist。 [551]1John3:2。 [552]Ps。42:3。 [553]Cf。Ps。42:4。 [554]Ps。43:5。 [555]Cf。Ps。119:105。 [556]Cf。Rom。8:10。 [557]Cf。S。ofSol。2:17。 [558]Cf。Ps。5:3。 [559]Ps。43:5。 [560]Cf。Rom。8:11。 [561]1Thess。5:5。 [562]Cf。Gen。1:5。 [563]Cf。Rom。9:21。 [564]Isa。34:4。 [565]Cf。Gen。3:21。 [566]Ps。8:3。 [567]”Theheavens，”i。e。theScriptures。 [568]Cf。Ps。8:2。 [569]Legunt，eligunt，diligunt。 [570]Ps。36:5。 [571]Cf。Matt。24:35。 [572]Cf。Isa。40:6-8。 [573]Cf。1John3:2。 [574]Retia，literally”anet”；suchasthoseusedbyretiarii，thegladiatorswhousednetstoentangletheiropponents。 [575]Cf。S。ofSol。1:3，4。 [576]1John3:2。 [577]Cf。Ps。63:1。 [578]Ps。36:9。 [579]Amaricantes，afigurewhichAugustinedevelopsbothintheExpositionofthePsalmsandTheCityofGod。CommentingonPs。 65，Augustinesays:”Forthesea，byafigure，isusedtoindicatethisworld，withitsbittersaltinessandtroubledstorms，wheremenwithperverseanddepravedappetiteshavebecomelikefishesdevouringoneanother。”InTheCityofGod，hespeaksofthebitternessoflifeinthecivitasterrena；cf。XIX，5。 [580]Cf。Ps。95:5。 [581]Cf。Gen。1:10f。 [582]Inthisway，Augustineseesananalogybetweenthegoodearthbearingitsfruitsandtheethical”fruit-bearing”oftheChristianloveofneighbor。 [583]Cf。Ps。85:11。 [584]Cf。Gen。1:14。 [585]Cf。Isa。58:7。 [586]Cf。Phil。2:15。 [587]Cf。Gen。1:19。 [588]Cf。2Cor。5:17。 [589]Cf。Rom。13:11，12。 [590]Ps。65:11。 [591]Forthiswholepassage，cf。theparalleldevelopedherewith1Cor。12:7-11。 [592]Inprincipiodiei，anobviousechototheVulgateutpraessetdieiofGen。1:16。Cf。GibbandMontgomery，p。424(seeBibl。)，foracommentoninprincipiodieiandinprincipionoctis，below。 [593]Sacramenta；butcf。Augustine’sdiscussionofsacramentaintheOldTestamentintheExpositionofthePsalms，LXXIV，2:”ThesacramentsoftheOldTestamentpromisedaSaviour；thesacramentsoftheNewTestamentgivesalvation。” [594]Cf。1Cor。3:1；2:6。 [595]Isa。1:16。 [596]Isa。1:17。 [597]Isa。1:18。 [598]Cf。forthissyntaxis，Matt。19:16-22andEx。20:13-16。 [599]Cf。Matt。6:21。 [600]I。e。，therichyoungruler。 [601]Cf。Matt。13:7。 [602]Cf。Matt。97Readinghere，withKnollandtheSessorianus，infirmamentomundi。 [603]Cf。Isa。52:7。 [604]Perfectorum。Isthisaconscioususe，inaChristiancontext，ofthedistinctionhehadknownsowellamongtheManicheans——betweentheperfectiandtheauditores？ [605]Ps。19:2。 [606]Cf。Acts2:2，3。 [607]Cf。Matt。5:14，15。 [608]Cf。Gen。1:20。 [609]Cf。Jer。15:19。 [610]Ps。19:4。 [611]Thatis，theChurch。 [612]AnallegoricalidealtypeoftheperfectiintheChurch。 [613]1Cor。14:22。 [614]ThefishwasanearlyChristianrebusfor”JesusChrist。” TheGreekwordforfish，wasarrangedacrosticallytomakethephraseJesusChrist，God？sSon，Saviour；cf。SmithandCheetham，DictionaryofChristianAntiquities，pp。673f。；seealsoCabrol，Dictionnaired’archeologiechretienne，Vol。14，cols。1246-1252，forafullaccountofthesymbolismandpicturesofearlyexamples。 [615]Cf。Ps。69:32。 [616]Cf。Rom。12:2。 [617]Cf。1Tim。6:20。 [618]Gal。4:12。 [619]Cf。Ecclus。3:19。 [620]Rom。1:20。 [621]Rom。12:2。 [622]Gen。1:26。 [623]Rom。12:2(mixedtext)。 [624]Cf。1Cor。2:15。 [625]1Cor。2:14。 [626]Cf。Ps。49:20。 [627]Cf。James4:11。 [628]Seeabove，Ch。XXI，30。 [629]I。e。，theChurch。 [630]Cf。1Cor。14:16。 [631]Anotherreminderthat，ideally，knowledgeisimmediateanddirect。 [632]Here，again，asinacoda，Augustinerestateshiscentralthemeandmotifinthewholeofhis”confessions”:theprimacyofGod，Hisconstantcreativity，hismysterious，unwearied，unfrustratedredemptivelove。AllaresummedupinthismysteryofcreationinwhichthepurposesofGodareannouncedandfromwhichallChristianhopetakesitspremise。 [633]Thatis，frombasicandessentiallysimpleideas，theyproliferatemultiple——andvalid——implicationsandcorollaries。 [634]Cf。Rom。3:4。 [635]Cf。Gen。1:29，30。 [636]Cf。2Tim。1:16。 [637]2Tim。4:16。 [638]Cf。Ps。19:4。 [639]Phil。4:10(mixedtext)。 [640]Phil。4:11-13。 [641]Phil。4:14。 [642]Phil。4:15-17。 [643]Phil。4:17。，[644]Cf。Matt。10:41，42。 [645]Idiotae:thereissomeevidencethatthistermwasusedtodesignatepaganswhohadanominalconnectionwiththeChristiancommunitybuthadnotformallyenrolledascatechumens。SeeTh。 ZahninNeuekirklicheZeitschrift(1899)，pp。42-43。 [646]Gen。1:31。 [647]AreferencetotheManicheancosmogonyandsimilardualisticdoctrinesof”creation。” [648]1Cor。2:11，12。 [649]Rom。5:5。 [650]Sedquodest，est。NotethevarianttextinSkutella，op。 cit。:sedest，est。ThisisobviouslyanechooftheVulgateEx。 3:14:egosumquisum。 [651]Augustinehimselfhadmisgivingsaboutthispassage。IntheRetractations，hesaysthatthisstatementwasmade”withoutdueconsideration。”Buthethenadds，withgreatjustice:”However，thepointinquestionisveryobscure”(resauteminabditoestvalde)；cf。Retract。，2:6。 [652]Seeabove，amaricantes，Ch。XVII，20。 [653]Cf。thisrequiescamusintewiththerequiescatinteinBk。 I，Ch。I。 [654]Cf。TheCityofGod，XI，10，onAugustine’snotionthattheworldexistsasathoughtinthemindofGod。 [655]AnotherconsciousconnectionbetweenBk。XIIIandBks。I-X。 [656]ThisfinalendingisanantiphontoBk。XII，Ch。I，1above。