第41章

类别:其他 作者:William James字数:5422更新时间:18/12/21 17:13:49
A。Nothingwhatever。Iamamanwithoutareligion。Thesewordsmeansomuchmythicbosh。 Q。Haveyouhadanyexperienceswhichappearedprovidential? A。Nonewhatever。Thereisnoagencyofthesuperintendingkind。Alittlejudiciousobservationaswellasknowledgeofscientificlawwillconvinceanyoneofthisfact。 Q。Whatthingsworkmoststronglyonyouremotions? A。Livelysongsandmusic;PinaforeinsteadofanOratorio。I likeScott,Burns,Byron,Longfellow,especiallyShakespeare,etc。,etc。Ofsongs,theStar-SpangledBanner,America,Marseillaise,andallmoralandsoul-stirringsongs,butwishy-washyhymnsaremydetestation。Igreatlyenjoynature,especiallyfineweather,anduntilwithinafewyearsusedtowalkSundaysintothecountry,twelvemilesoften,withnofatigue,andbicyclefortyorfifty。Ihavedroppedthebicycle。 Inevergotochurch,butattendlectureswhenthereareanygoodones。Allofmythoughtsandcogitationshavebeenofahealthyandcheerfulkind,forinsteadofdoubtsandfearsIseethingsastheyare,forIendeavortoadjustmyselftomyenvironment。 ThisIregardasthedeepestlaw。Mankindisaprogressiveanimal。Iamsatisfiedhewillhavemadeagreatadvanceoverhispresentstatusathousandyearshence。 Q。Whatisyournotionofsin? A。Itseemstomethatsinisacondition,adisease,incidentaltoman’sdevelopmentnotbeingyetadvancedenough。Morbidnessoveritincreasesthedisease。Weshouldthinkthatamillionofyearshenceequity,justice,andmentalandphysicalgoodorderwillbesofixedandorganizedthatnoonewillhaveanyideaofevilorsin。 Q。Whatisyourtemperament? A。Nervous,active,wide-awake,mentallyandphysically。SorrythatNaturecompelsustosleepatall。 Ifweareinsearchofabrokenandacontriteheart,clearlyweneednotlooktothisbrother。Hiscontentmentwiththefiniteincaseshimlikealobster-shellandshieldshimfromallmorbidrepiningathisdistancefromtheinfinite。Wehaveinhimanexcellentexampleoftheoptimismwhichmaybeencouragedbypopularscience。 Tomymindacurrentfarmoreimportantandinterestingreligiouslythanthatwhichsetsinfromnaturalsciencetowardshealthy-mindednessisthatwhichhasrecentlypouredoverAmericaandseemstobegatheringforceeveryday——IamignorantwhatfootholditmayyethaveacquiredinGreatBritain——andtowhich,forthesakeofhavingabriefdesignation,Iwillgivethetitleofthe“Mind-curemovement。”Therearevarioussectsofthis“NewThought。”touseanotherofthenamesbywhichitcallsitself;buttheiragreementsaresoprofoundthattheirdifferencesmaybeneglectedformypresentpurpose,andIwilltreatthemovement,withoutapology,asifitwereasimplething。 Itisadeliberatelyoptimisticschemeoflife,withbothaspeculativeandapracticalside。Initsgradualdevelopmentduringthelastquarterofacentury,ithastakenupintoitselfanumberofcontributoryelements,anditmustnowbereckonedwithasagenuinereligiouspower。Ithasreachedthestage,forexample,whenthedemandforitsliteratureisgreatenoughforinsincerestuff,mechanicallyproducedforthemarket,tobetoacertainextentsuppliedbypublishers——aphenomenonneverobserved,Iimagine,untilareligionhasgotwellpastitsearliestinsecurebeginnings。 OneofthedoctrinalsourcesofMind-cureisthefourGospels; anotherisEmersonianismorNewEnglandtranscendentalism; anotherisBerkeleyanidealism;anotherisspiritism,withitsmessagesof“law“and“progress“and“development“;anothertheoptimisticpopularscienceevolutionismofwhichIhaverecentlyspoken;and,finally,Hinduismhascontributedastrain。Butthemostcharacteristicfeatureofthemind-curemovementisaninspirationmuchmoredirect。Theleadersinthisfaithhavehadanintuitivebeliefintheall-savingpowerofhealthy-mindedattitudesassuch,intheconqueringefficacyofcourage,hope,andtrust,andacorrelativecontemptfordoubt,fear,worry,andallnervouslyprecautionarystatesofmind。[44]Theirbeliefhasinageneralwaybeencorroboratedbythepracticalexperienceoftheirdisciples;andthisexperienceformsto-dayamassimposinginamount。 [44]“CautionaryVersesforChildren“:thistitleofamuchusedwork,publishedearlyinthenineteenthcentury,showshowfarthemuseofevangelicalprotestantisminEngland,withhermindfixedontheideaofdanger,hadatlastdriftedawayfromtheoriginalgospelfreedom。Mind-curemightbebrieflycalledareactionagainstallthatreligionofchronicanxietywhichmarkedtheearlierpartofourcenturyintheevangelicalcirclesofEnglandandAmerica。 Theblindhavebeenmadetosee,thehalttowalk;life-longinvalidshavehadtheirhealthrestored。Themoralfruitshavebeennolessremarkable。Thedeliberateadoptionofahealthy-mindedattitudehasprovedpossibletomanywhoneversupposedtheyhaditinthem;regenerationofcharacterhasgoneononanextensivescale;andcheerfulnesshasbeenrestoredtocountlesshomes。Theindirectinfluenceofthishasbeengreat。 Themind-cureprinciplesarebeginningsotopervadetheairthatonecatchestheirspiritatsecond-hand。Onehearsofthe“GospelofRelaxation。”ofthe“Don’tWorryMovement。”ofpeoplewhorepeattothemselves,“Youth,health,vigor!”whendressinginthemorning,astheirmottofortheday。 Complaintsoftheweatheraregettingtobeforbiddeninmanyhouseholds;andmoreandmorepeoplearerecognizingittobebadformtospeakofdisagreeablesensations,ortomakemuchoftheordinaryinconveniencesandailmentsoflife。Thesegeneraltoniceffectsonpublicopinionwouldbegoodevenifthemorestrikingresultswerenon-existent。Butthelatteraboundsothatwecanaffordtooverlooktheinnumerablefailuresandself-deceptionsthataremixedinwiththem(forineverythinghumanfailureisamatterofcourse),andwecanalsooverlooktheverbiageofagooddealofthemind-cureliterature,someofwhichissomoonstruckwithoptimismandsovaguelyexpressedthatanacademicallytrainedintellectfindsitalmostimpossibletoreaditatall。 Theplainfactremainsthatthespreadofthemovementhasbeenduetopracticalfruits,andtheextremelypracticalturnofcharacteroftheAmericanpeoplehasneverbeenbettershownthanbythefactthatthis,theironlydecidedlyoriginalcontributiontothesystematicphilosophyoflife,shouldbesointimatelyknitupwithconcretetherapeutics。Totheimportanceofmind-curethemedicalandclericalprofessionsintheUnitedStatesarebeginning,thoughwithmuchrecalcitrancyandprotesting,toopentheireyes。Itisevidentlyboundtodevelopstillfarther,bothspeculativelyandpractically,anditslatestwritersarefarandawaytheablestofthegroup。[45]Itmattersnothingthat,justastherearehostsofpersonswhocannotpray,sotherearegreaterhostswhocannotbyanypossibilitybeinfluencedbythemind-curers’ideas。Forourimmediatepurpose,theimportantpointisthatsolargeanumbershouldexistwhoCANbesoinfluenced。Theyformapsychictypetobestudiedwithrespect。[46] [45]IrefertoMr。HoratioW。DresserandMr。HenryWood,especiallytheformer。Mr。Dresser’sworksarepublishedbyG。 P。Putnam’sSons,NewYorkandLondon;Mr。Wood’sbyLee& ShepardBoston。 [46]Lestmyowntestimonybesuspected,Iwillquoteanotherreporter,Dr。H。H。Goddard,ofClarkUniversity,whosethesison“theEffectsofMindonBodyasevidencedbyFaithCures“ispublishedintheAmericanJournalofPsychologyfor1899(vol。 x。)。Thiscritic,afterawidestudyofthefacts,concludesthatthecuresbymind-cureexist,butareinnorespectdifferentfromthosenowofficiallyrecognizedinmedicineascuresbysuggestion;andtheendofhisessaycontainsaninterestingphysiologicalspeculationastothewayinwhichthesuggestiveideasmaywork(p。67ofthereprint)。Asregardsthegeneralphenomenonofmentalcureitself,Dr。Goddardwrites: “Inspiteoftheseverecriticismwehavemadeofreportsofcure,therestillremainsavastamountofmaterial,showingapowerfulinfluenceofthemindindisease。Manycasesareofdiseasesthathavebeendiagnosedandtreatedbythebestphysiciansofthecountry,orwhichprominenthospitalshavetriedtheirhandatcuring,butwithoutsuccess。Peopleofcultureandeducationhavebeentreatedbythismethodwithsatisfactoryresults。Diseasesoflongstandinghavebeenameliorated,andevencured……Wehavetracedthementalelementthroughprimitivemedicineandfolk-medicineofto-day,patentmedicine,andwitchcraft。Weareconvincedthatitisimpossibletoaccountfortheexistenceofthesepractices,iftheydidnotcuredisease,andthatiftheycureddisease,itmusthavebeenthementalelementthatwaseffective。Thesameargumentappliestothosemodernschoolsofmentaltherapeutics—— DivineHealingandChristianScience。ItishardlyconceivablethatthelargebodyofintelligentpeoplewhocomprisethebodyknowndistinctivelyasMentalScientistsshouldcontinuetoexistifthewholethingwereadelusion。Itisnotathingofaday; itisnotconfinedtoafew;itisnotlocal。Itistruethatmanyfailuresarerecorded,butthatonlyaddstotheargument。 Theremustbemanyandstrikingsuccessestocounterbalancethefailures,otherwisethefailureswouldhaveendedthedelusion……ChristianScience,DivineHealing,orMentalSciencedonot,andnevercanintheverynatureofthings,curealldiseases; nevertheless,thepracticalapplicationsofthegeneralprinciplesofthebroadestmentalsciencewilltendtopreventdisease……Wedofindsufficientevidencetoconvinceusthattheproperreforminmentalattitudewouldrelievemanyasuffererofillsthattheordinaryphysiciancannottouch;wouldevendelaytheapproachofdeathtomanyavictimbeyondthepowerofabsolutecure,andthefaithfuladherencetoatruerphilosophyoflifewillkeepmanyamanwell,andgivethedoctortimetodevotetoalleviatingillsthatareunpreventable“(pp。 33,34ofreprint)。 Tocomenowtoalittlecloserquarterswiththeircreed。Thefundamentalpillaronwhichitrestsisnothingmorethanthegeneralbasisofallreligiousexperience,thefactthatmanhasadualnature,andisconnectedwithtwospheresofthought,ashallowerandaprofoundersphere,ineitherofwhichhemaylearntolivemorehabitually。Theshallowerandlowersphereisthatofthefleshlysensations,instincts,anddesires,ofegotism,doubt,andthelowerpersonalinterests。ButwhereasChristiantheologyhasalwaysconsideredFROWARDNESStobetheessentialviceofthispartofhumannature,themind-curerssaythatthemarkofthebeastinitisFEAR;andthisiswhatgivessuchanentirelynewreligiousturntotheirpersuasion。 “Fear。”toquoteawriteroftheschool,“hashaditsusesintheevolutionaryprocess,andseemstoconstitutethewholeofforethoughtinmostanimals;butthatitshouldremainanypartofthementalequipmentofhumancivilizedlifeisanabsurdity。 Ifindthatthefearclementofforethoughtisnotstimulatingtothosemorecivilizedpersonstowhomdutyandattractionarethenaturalmotives,butisweakeninganddeterrent。Assoonasitbecomesunnecessary,fearbecomesapositivedeterrent,andshouldbeentirelyremoved,asdeadfleshisremovedfromlivingtissue。Toassistintheanalysisoffearandinthedenunciationofitsexpressions,Ihavecoinedthewordfearthoughttostandfortheunprofitableelementofforethought,andhavedefinedtheword’worry’asfearthoughtincontradistinctiontoforethought。Ihavealsodefinedfearthoughtastheself-imposedorself-permittedsuggestionofinferiority,inordertoplaceitwhereitreallybelongs,inthecategoryofharmful,unnecessary,andthereforenotrespectablethings。”[47] [47]HoraceFletcher:HappinessasfoundinForethoughtMinusFearthought,MenticultureSeries,ii。ChicagoandNewYork,Stone。1897,pp。21-25,abridged。 The“misery-habit。”the“martyr-habit。”engenderedbytheprevalent“fearthought。”getpungentcriticismfromthemind-curewriters:—— “Considerforamomentthehabitsoflifeintowhichweareborn。 Therearecertainsocialconventionsorcustomsandallegedrequirements,thereisatheologicalbias,ageneralviewoftheworld。Thereareconservativeideasinregardtoourearlytraining,oureducation,marriage,andoccupationinlife。