Western(1767-1844)；whigM。P。，1790-1832；chiefrepresentative
ofagriculturalinterests；madepeerin1833。
AnnualRegister，1816，Chron。p。67。
ThedisturbancesatBrandonceasedimmediatelyontheconcessionof
thedemandsofrioters；flourwasreducedto2s。6d。astone，andwageswere
raisedfortwoweeksto2s。ahead。Therioterswerecontented，andpeace
wasrestored——Times，May23，1816。
18。Times，June26。Acuriousironyhasplacedsidebysidewith
theaccountintheAnnualRegisteroftheexecutionofthefivemen
whowerehungfortheirshareinthisspasmofstarvationanddespair，the
reportofameeting，withtheinevitableWilberforceinthechair，forraising
asubscriptionforrebuildingtheProtestantChurchatCopenhagen，which
hadbeendestroyedbytheBritishFleetatthebombardmentofCopenhagen
in1807。
19。AgriculturalStateoftheKingdom，p。13。
SeeAnnualRegister，1819，p。320。
Thoseassessedat£；100weretohavetwovotes，thoseat£；150
threevotes，andthoseat£；400fourvotes。Whitbreaddidnotpropose
tocopytheprovisionofGilbert’sAct，whichwithdrewallvotingpowerin
vestriesinparishesthatadoptedthatActfrompersonsassessedatless
than£；5。
PoliticalRegister，August29，1807，p。329。
LettertoSamuelWhitbread，M。P。，onhisproposedBillfortheAmendment
ofthePoorLaws，1807。
H。O。Papers，MunicipalandProvincial。
Ofcoursethesystemwasonlyoneofthecausesofthisdifference
ThetableisgivenintheReportoftheCommitteeonthePoorLaws，
Cobbett，PoliticalRegister，September21，1822。Cobbettwrote
oneofhisliveliestarticlesonthisscale，settingoutthenumberoflivings
heldbythefiveparsons，andvariouscircumstancesconnectedwiththeir
families。
Thefarmerswereusuallysympathetictopoachingasahabit，butit
wasnotsomuchfromaperceptionofitseconomictendencies，asfromageneral
resentmentagainsttheGameLaws。
SeeCobbett；LetterstoPeel；PoliticalRegister；and
DrHunt’sevidencebeforetheSelectCommitteeonCriminalCommitmentsand
Convictions，1827。
39。AmanifestowaspublishedinaBathpaperinreplytothisAct；it
isquotedbySydneySmith，Essays，p。263：’TakeNotice——Wehave
latelyheardandseenthatthereisanactpassed，andwhateverpoacheris
caughtdestroyingthegameistobetransportedforsevenyears——Thisis
EnglishLiberty！
’Nowwedosweartoeachotherthatthefirstofourcompanythatthis
lawisinflictedon，thatthereshallnotbeonegentleman’sseatinour
countryescapetherageoffire。Thefirstthatimpeachesshallbeshot。
Wehaveswornnottoimpeach。Youmaythinkitatreat，buttheywillfind
itareality。TheGameLawsweretooseverebefore。TheLordofallmensent
theseanimalsforthepeasantsaswellasfortheprince。Godwillnotlet
hispeoplebeoppressed。Hewillassistusinourundertaking，andwewill
executeitwithcaution。’
TheArchbishopofCanterburyprosecutedamanunderthisActinJanuary
1831，forrescuingapoacherfromagameskeeperwithoutviolence，onthe
groundthathethoughtithisdutytoenforcetheprovisionsoftheAct。
AmagistratewrotetoSirR。Peelin1827tosaythatmanymagistrates
sentinveryimperfectreturnsofconvictions，andthatthetruenumberfar
exceededtherecords——Webb，ParishandCountry，p。598note。
BroughamSpeeches，vol。ii，p。
PoliticalRegister，Marc
SelectCommitteeonCriminalCommitteeandConvictions，1827，p。30。
QuotedinTimes，September18，1830。
ReturnofConvictionsundertheGameLawsfrom1827to1830。Ordered
bytheHouseofCommonstobeprinted，February14，1831，p。4。
Hansard，June9，1817。
Scotlandwasexemptedfromtheoperationofthisstatute，forwhilst
theBillwasgoingthroughParliament，acaseraisedinaScottishCourt
endedinaunanimousdecisionbythesixJudgesoftheHighCourtofJusticiary
thatkillingbyaspringgunwasmurder。Hencethemilderprovisionsofthis
Actwerenotrequired。SeeAnnualRegister，1827，p。185，andChron。
p。116。
ThatCokeofNorfolkdidnoterronthesideofmercytowardspoachers
isclearfromthisrecord。Hisbiographer(MrsStirling)statesthatone
ofhisfirsteffortsinParliamentwastointroduceaBilltopunishnight
poaching。
’Speakingnowofcountryandagriculturalparishes，Idonotknow
aboveoneinstanceinallmyexperience。’
SomeEnclosureActsprescribespecialpenaltiesforthebreakingof
fences。SeecasesofHauteHuntreandCroydoninAppendix。
SeeMrEstcourt’sevidencebeforeSelectCommitteeonSecondaryPunishments，
1831，p。41。
PresentStateoftheLaw，p。41。
FromPloughsharestoParliament，p。186；theAnnualRegister
for1791recordstheexecutionoftwoboysatNewportforstealing，oneaged
fourteenandtheotherfifteen。
Romilly，Memoirs，vol。ii，p。181。
Itwasagainrejectedin1813bytwentytofifteen，themajorityincluding
fivebishops。
CorrespondenceontheSubjectofSecondaryPunishments，1834，
SeeSelectCommitteeonSecondaryPunishments，1831，andSelectCommittee
onTransportation，1838。
SeeevidenceofDr。Ullathorne，RomanCatholicVicar-GeneralofNew
HollandandVanDiemen’sLand，beforethe1838CommitteeonTransportation。
ChapterEightTheIsolationofthePoorTheupperclasses，towhomthefactthatthelabourersweremorewretched
in1830thantheyhad，beenin1795wasareasonformakingpunishmentmore
severe，werenotdeliberatelycallousandcruelintheirneglectofallthis
growingmiseryandhunger。Mostofthosewhothoughtseriouslyaboutithad
learntareasonedinsensibilityfromthesternSibylofthepoliticaleconomy
infashion，thatstrangeandpartialinterpretationofAdamSmith，Malthus
andRicardowhichwastheninfullpower。Thispoliticaleconomyhadrobbed
povertyofitsstingfortherichbyrepresentingitasNature’smedicine，
bitterindeed，butlessbitterthananymedicinethatmancouldprescribe。
Ifpovertywassharperatonetimethananother，thisonlymeantthatsociety
wasmorethaneverinneedofthismedicine。Butthegoverningclassasa
wholedidnotthinkoutanysuchschemeororderofsociety，ormasterthe
newscienceofmiseryandvice。Theythoughtofthepoornotinrelation
tothemysteriousforcesofNature，butinrelationtotheprivilegesof
theirownclassinwhichtheysawnomysteryatall。Theirstateofmind
ispresentedinapassageinBolingbroke’sIdeaofaPatriotKing。
’Asmenareapttomakethemselvesthemeasureofallbeing，sotheymake
themselvesthefinalcauseofallcreation。Thusthereputedorthodoxphilosophers
inallageshavetaughtthattheworldwasmadeforman，theearthforhim
toinhabit，andalltheluminousbodiesintheimmenseexpansearoundus
forhimtogazeat。Kingsdonomore，naynotsomuch，whentheyimagine
themselvesthefinalcauseforwhichsocietieswereformedandgovernments
instituted。’Ifweread’thearistocracy’for’kings’weshallhaveacomplete
analysisofthesocialphilosophyoftherulingclass。Itwasfromthiscentre
thattheylookedoutupontheworld。Whenthemiseryofthepoorreacted
ontheirowncomfort，asinthecaseofpoachingorcrimeorthepressure
ontherates，theywereawareofitandtookmeasurestoprotecttheirproperty，
butofanysocialproblemoutsidetheserelationstheywereentirelyunconscious。
Theirphilosophyandtheirreligiontaughtthemthatitwasthedutyofthe
richtobebenevolent，andofthepoortobepatientandindustrious。The
richwerereadytodotheirpart，andalltheyaskedofthepoorwasthat
theyshouldlearntobeartheirlotwithresignation。Burkehadlaiddown
thetrueandfullphilosophyofsociallifeonceandforall。’Goodorder
isthefoundationofallgoodthings。Tobeenabledtoacquire，thepeople，
withoutbeingservile，mustbetractableandobedient。Themagistratemust
havehisreverence，thelawstheirauthority。Thebodyofthepeoplemust
notfindtheprinciplesofnaturalsubordinationbyartrootedoutoftheir
minds。Theymustrespectthatpropertyofwhichtheycannotpartake。They
mustlabourtoobtainwhatbylabourcanbeobtained；andwhentheyfind，
astheycommonlydo，thesuccessdisproportionedtotheendeavour，theymust
betaughttheirconsolationinthefinalproportionsofeternaljustice。’(1*)
Theupperclasses，lookingupontheworldinthisway，consideredthat
itwasthedutyofthepoormantoadapthimself，histastes，hishabits，
andhisambitions，tothearrangementsofasocietywhichithadpleased
Providencetoorganiseonthisinterestingplan。Wehaveinthepagesof
Edentheportraitoftheidealpoorwoman，whoselifeshowedwhatcouldbe
doneifpovertywerefacedintheproperspirit。’AnneHurstwasbornat
WitleyinSurrey：thereshelivedthewholeperiodofalonglife，andthere
shedied。Assoonasshewasthoughtabletowork，shewenttoservice：there，
beforeshewastwenty，shemarriedJamesStrudwick，who，likeherownfather，
wasadaylabourer。Withthishusbandshelived，aprolific，hardworking，
contentedwife，somewhatmorethanfiftyyears。Heworkedmorethanthreescore
yearsononefarm，andhiswages，summerandwinter，wereregularlyashilling
aday。Heneveraskedmorenorwasneverofferedless。Theyhadbetweenthem
sevenchildren：。andlivedtoseesixdaughtersmarriedandthreethemothers
ofsixteenchildren：allofwhomwerebroughtup，orarebringingup，to
bedaylabourers。Strudwickcontinuedtoworktillwithinsevenweeksof
thedayofhisdeath，andattheageoffourscore，in1787，heclosed，in
peace，anotingloriouslife；for，tothedayofhisdeath，heneverreceived
afarthinginthewayofparochialaid。Hiswifesavedhimaboutsevenyears，
andthoughbentwithageandinfirmities，andlittleabletowork，excepting
asaweederinagentleman’sgarden，shealsowastooproudtoaskorreceive
anyrelieffromtheparish。Forsixorsevenofthelastyearsofherlife，
shereceivedtwentyshillingsayearfromthepersonwhofavouredmewith
thisaccount，whichhedrewupfromherownmouth。Withallhervirtue，and
allhermerit，sheyetwasnotmuchlikedinherneighbourhood；peoplein
affluencethoughtherhaughty，andthePaupersoftheparish，seeing，as
theycouldnothelpseeing，thatherlifewasareproachtotheirs，aggravated
allherlittlefailings。Yet，theworstthingtheyhadtosayofherwas，
thatshewasproud；which，theysaid，wasmanifestedbythewayinwhich
sheburiedherhusband。Resolute，assheownedshewas，tohavethefuneral，
andeverythingthatrelatedtoit，whatshecalleddecent，nothingcould
dissuadeherfromhavinghandlestohiscoffinandaplateonit，mentioning
hisage。Shewasalsochargedwithhavingbehavedherselfcrosslyandpeevishly
towardsoneofhersons-in-law，whowasamasonandwentregularlyevery
Saturdayeveningtothealehouseashesaidjusttodrinkapotofbeer。
JamesStrudwickinallhislife，assheoftentoldthisungraciousson-in-law，
neverspentfiveshillingsinanyidleness：luckily(asshewassuretoadd)
hehaditnottospend。Amoreseriouschargeagainstherwasthat，living
