Theseregularlyrecurringliberationesorliberaturaeastheyarecalled，thatis，mealsandprovenderdeliveredtothelabourers，havetheircounterpartinthecustomaryarrangementoftheamountandkindofservices。Ishallhavetospeakoftheirvarietiesandusualformsinanotherconnexion，butitmustbenoticednow，thatthesepeasantsunprotectedatlawwereundertheruleoforderlycustom。Wehaveseenalreadythatthepaymentsanddutieswhichfollowedfromthesubjectionofthevillainswereforthemostpartfixedaccordingtoconstantrulesineachparticularcase。Thesamemaybesaidoftheeconomicalpressureexercisedintheshapeofserviceandrent。Itdidnotdependonthecapriceofthelord，althoughitdependedtheoreticallyonhiswill。ThevillainsofamanorinLeicestershirearenotboundtoworkatweedingthedemesnefieldsunlessbytheirownconsent，thatisbyagreement。(118*)A
bakerbelongingtoGlastonburyAbbeyisnotboundtocarryloadsunlessacartisprovidedhim。(119*)AsurveyofElymentionsthatsomepeasantsaremadetokeepahedgeinorderasextraworkandwithoutbeingfed。Butitisaddedthatthejurorsofthevillageprotestagainstsuchanobligation，asheretoforeunheardof。(120*)Allthesecustomsandlimitationsmay，ofcourse，bebrokenandslightedbythelord，butsuchviolentactiononhispartwillbeconsideredasgrossinjustice，andmayleadtoconsequencesunpleasantforhim——toriotsanddesertion。
Itiscuriousthattheinfluenceofcustommakesitselffeltslowlybutsurelyamongthemostdebasedofthevillains。TheOxfordshireHundredRolltreatsforinstanceoftheserviofSwincombe。Theypaymerchet；ifanyofthemdieswithoutmakinghiswillthewholeofhismoveablepropertyfallstothelord。
Theyareindeeddegraded。Andstillthelorddoesnottallagethematpleasure，theyaresecureinthepossessionoftheirwaynage(salvocontenemento)。(121*)
Wemaysumuptheresultsalreadyobtainedbyouranalysisofmanorialdocumentsinthefollowingpropositions：——
1。Theterminologyofthefeudalperiodandthetreatmentoftenureinactuallifetestifytothefactthatthechiefstresslaymoreontenurethanonstatus，moreoneconomicalconditionthanonlegaldistinctions。
2。Thesubdivisionsoftheservileclassandthevarietiesofserviceandcustomshowthatvillainagewasacomplexmouldintowhichseveralheterogeneouselementshadbeenfused。
3。Thelifeofthevillainischieflydependentoncustom，whichisthegreatcharacteristicofmedievalrelations，andwhichstandsinsharpcontrastwithslaveryontheonehandandwithfreedomontheother。
NOTES：
1。ThoroldRogershasmadegreatuseofthislastclassofmanorialdocumentsinhiswell-knownbooks。
artularyofMalmesbury(RollsSeries)，ii。186：’VidelicetquodprefatusRicardusconcessitpraedictisabbatietconventuieteorumtenentibus，tamrusticis，quamliberisquodipsiterrassuaslibereprovoluntatesuaexcolant。’
AstotheWarwickshireHundredRollintheRecordOffice，seemyletterintheAthenaeum，1883，December22。
Rot。Hundred。ii。471，a：’LiberetenentespriorisdeSwaveseia。HenricusPalmer1mesuagiumet3rodasterrereddens12d。et2precarias。ServiAdamscottenet10acrasreddens4s。et6precarias。Cotarii’
7。Rot。Hundred。ii。715。a：’Inservitutetenentes。Assuntetibidem10tenentesquitenent10virgatasterreinvillenagioetoperanturadvoluntatemdominietredduntperannum25s。’
8。Rot。Hundred。ii。690。691：’Villaniservi-custumarii。Ettenentutvillani，utservi，utliberetenentes。’RotHundred。
ii。544，b：’DecustumariisJohannesSamartenet1mesuagiumet1
croftperservicium3sol。2d。etsecabit2acrasetdim。，falcabitper1diem。Deservis。NicholausDilkestenet15acras——etfacietperannum144operaetmetet2acras。Dealiisservis。Decotariis。Dealiiscotariis。’
9。Rot。Hundred。ii。528，a：’Henr。deWalpolhabetlatinos(corr。nativos)，quitenent180acrasterreetredd。10libr。et8sol。et4d。etob。NominaeorumquitenentdeHenricodeWalpolinvillenagio。’ChapterHouse，CountyBoxes，Salop。14，c：
10。Hale，inhisIntroductiontotheDomesdayofSt。Paul’s，xxiv，speaksofthe’nativiaprincipio’ofNavestock，anddistinguishesthemfromthevillains。’Theordinarypraedialservicesduefromthetenentesorvillaniwerenotrequiredtobeperformedinperson，andwhetherinthemanororoutofitthevillanuswasnotinlegallanguage“subpotestatedomini。”Notsothenativus。’Hale’sexplanationisnotcorrect，butthetwofolddivisionisnoticedbyhim。
DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，157(Articulivisitationis)：’Anvillanisivecustumariivendantterras。Item，annativicustumariimaritaveruntfilias-velvendiderintvitulum——velarbores——succidant。’ASuffolkcaseisevenmoreclear。
RegistrumcellarariiofBurySt。Edmunds，Cambridg。Antecessorrecognovitsenativumdominiabbatisincuriadominiregis。’
12。CartularyofEynshaminOxfordshire，MS。oftheChapterofChristChurchinOxford，N。27，p。25，a：’InprimisWillelmusleBrewesternativusdominitenetdedictispratoetterris。’
13。EynshamCartulary，49，b：’JohannesKolynsnativusdominitenetIvirgatamterrecumpertinenciisinbondagio。’
14。CartularyofSt。MaryofWorcester(CamdenSeries)，15。a：
’Nativi，cumadaetatempervenerintnisiimmediateserviantpatri-faciant4benripasetforinsicisimiliter。’SurveyofOkeburn，Q。R，Anc。Miscell。AlienPriories，2/2：’Aliquisnativusnonpotestrecederesinelicencianequecatallaamoverenecextraneuslibertatemdominorumadcommorandumingrediatsinelicentia。’
DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，80：’Nativiaprincipio。Istitenentterrasoperarias。’
Queen’sRemembrancer’sMiscellanies，902-62：’RotulidelibertatedeTynemouth，deliberishominibus，nondenativis。’
Queen’sRemembrancer’sMiscellanies，90277：’NativideSebrighteworth(Proavusextraneus)。’SeeApp。X。
WarwickshireHundr。Roll，Queen’sRemembrancersMiscellaneousBooks，29，19，b：’JohannesleClerctenet1virg。terreproeodemsedestliberecondicionis。’Augment。Off。，DuchyofLancaster，CourtRolls，Bundle32，283：’Unummesuagium
acreterreinHolandquesuntinmanudominipermortemW。quieastenuitinbondagio，Ipsefuitliber，quianatusfuitextralibertatemdomini。’
GlastonburyInquisitionsof1189(RoxburgheSeries)，48：
’Radulfusniettenetdimidiamvirgatam。’
GlastonburyInquis。RoxburgheSeries)，26：’RogerusP。tenetvirg。terre：prounamedietatedat。xxxdetproaliamedietateoperatursicutnethetseminatdimidiamacramprochursetetdathueortselver。’Ibid。22：’OsbertustenetIviriatamterremedietatemproiisol。etdonoetproaliamedietatcOperaturquecumquejussusfueritsicutneth’CartularyofAbingdon(RollsSeries，ii。304：’Illisuntnctidevilla。AldredusdeBrueria5
sol。prodimidiahidaetaratetvarectatetseminatacramsuosemineettrahitfoenumetbladuin。’Ibid。ii。302：’Berneriusetfiliussuustenentunamcotsetlandunderedduntcellariomonachorum6sestariamellisetCamerae31d。’’Denetis。
Robertustenetdimidiamhidamundereddit5sol。et3den。etarabitacrametseminabitseminesUoettrahetfoenumetbladum。
Hocdenetis。’
21。BlackBookofRochesterCathedral(ed。Thorpe，10。a：
ConsuetudinesdeHedenhametdeCudintone。Dominuspotestponereadoperaquem。cumquevolueritdenetissuisindieSt。Martini。
EtsciendumquodnetiidemsuntquodNeiatmenquialiquantulumliberioressuntquamcotmen，quiomneshabentvirgatasadminus。’
22。CartularyofShaftesbury，Harl。MSS。61，f60：’Ethabebitunumanimalquietuminpastura，siestnet，etdealiisherbagium。Etsiidemfueritcotsetledebetoperari2diebus。’
Ibid。59：’TemporeHenriciRegisfueruntinT18Netisedmodononsuntnisi11etex7qui[non]suntNicholaustenetterram[trium]et4suntindominico；et7cotmannifuerunttemporeHenriciRegisquinonsuntmodo，quorumtriumtenetterramNicholauset4suntindominico。’Ibid。65：’Cotsetle。debetmeterequantumunusnieth。etdebetcollocaremessemvel。
aliudfacere。dumNethmessemattrahat。pannagiumsicutNeth。’Ibid。89：’Simoriaturcotsetleprodivisodabit12d。etviduatenebitproilloiddivisumtotavitasua。Simoriaturneatusdabitmeliuscatellumetprohoctenebitquietus。’
23。GlastonburyInquis。51：’Etnietitenent9acrasundereddunt3s，’Ibid。47；’Nietihabentunumpratumpro5s。’
24。GlastonburyInquis。105：’Ernaldusburimandimidiamvirgatam，Iohannesburimannusdimidiamvirgatam。’CfCustumalofBleadon，p。189；CartularyofShaftesbury，Harl。MSS。61，f。45。
25。ItistobefoundsometimesoutoftheDanishshires，e。g。inOxfordshire。Rot。Hundred。ii，842，b：’Bondagium：JohannesBonefaunttenetunamvirgatamterredeeodemRoberto。reddit。
11sol。proomniservicioetscutagiumquandocurrit20d。’OfcoursetherewereisolatedDanishsettlenmentsoutsidetheDenelaw。
26。Rot。Hundred。ii。486，a：’TenentesAlicielaBlunde。Bondi。’
A。habetineademvilla2villanos，quorumquilibettenetmesuagiumcum30a。Id。Al。hab。1bondumquiten。20a。
Custumarii，Id。Al。habet1villanum，quitenetImes。cum44a。’
RotHundred。ii。486，a：’DeW。leBlunde。Villani。，R。deBadburnham。Bondicotarii。’CfIbid。422，b；423，a：’Liberetenentes……Custumarii……Bondi。’
27。RamseyInquisitions，Galba，E。x。34：’W。L。tenetinlandsetagio12a。pro9den。etob。R。24a。delandsetagioet12
a。denovo。’CartularyofRamsey(RollsSeries)，i。426：’G。C。
datdim。marcamutK。filiussuusfiatheusebondede6a。terraedelancetagio。’Registr。CellarariiofBuryStEdmund’s，CambridgeUniversity，Gg。iv。4，f400，b：’9acreunde4a。
fueruntlibereet5lancettagii。’CartularyofRamseyRollsSeries)，i。425：’S。Cl。recognovit，quod24a。，quastenet，suntinlanceagiodom。Abbatissalvocorporesuoetquodfacietomnesconsuetudinesserviles……lancectusnacione。’
28。DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，17：’Itemomnesoperariidimidiaevirgataedebentinvenirevasaetutensiliaterinannoadbraciandum。’Cf28。
29。Rot。Hundred。ii。422，423。Cf507，a：’Liberetenentes。
NicholausTrumpe3a。terrecummesuagioetred。perann。20d。
Custumarii。NicholausTrumpeten。Ia。terreetredd。2sol。’
30。Exch。Q。R。Misc。AlienPriories，2/2。(Chilteham)：’……
Redditusvillanorumde126villanis41libre，14s。IId。Itemsunt70custumariiquidebentararebisperannumcum17
carucis……Itemsunt25villaniquidebentherciarequilibeteorumper2dies，’etc。
31。CartularyofSt。PeterofGloucester(RollsSeries)，iii。
203：’Omnesconsuetudinariimajoreshabebunttemporefalcationispratiunummultonem，farinam，etsalemadpotagium。EtminoresconsuetudinariihabebuntquilibeteorumIpanemetomnesIcaseumincommuni，unamacr。frumentipejoriscampidedominicoetunumcarcasiummultonis，etunumpanemadNatale。’
32。CartularyofMalmesbury(RollsSeries)，i。154，155。Cf。i。
186，187。CartularyofSt。MaryofWorcester(CamdenSociety)，43，b；Rot。Hundred。ii。775，b。
33。RotHundred。ii。602，a。CfExch。Q。R。AlienPriories，2/2：
’ItemsuntineademvillatadeWardeboys6dimidiasvirgatas——
quevocanturAkermannelondes，quorumW。L。tenet1/2virgatamproquaibitadcarucamAbbatissiplaceatabbativeldabitsicutilliquitenent6Maltlondespreter15d。’Rot。Hundred。i。208：
’Utrumakermannidebentserviciumsuumvelserviciiredempcionem。’
34。Registr。CellarariiofBurySt。Edmund’s，CambridgeUniversity，Gg。iv。4，f26：’Gersumarii(Custumarii)……Gersumaprofiliasuamaritanda。’Ibid。108，b：’Tenentes15acrarumcustumarii——omnessuntgersumariiadvoluntatemdomini。’
CartularyofBurySt。Edmund’s，Harl。MSS。3977，f87，d：
’Nichol。G。gersumariustenet30a。pro8sol。quesolentessecustumarie。’ImayaddontheauthorityofMr。F。YorkPowellthatlandsettus(land-seti)，aswellasakermannus(aker-madr)
andgersuma(gorsemi)，arecertainlyDanishloan-words，whichaccountsfortheiroccurrenceinDanishdistricts。
35。Hale，IntroductiontotheDomesdayofSt。Paul’s，XXV：’IfwecomparetheservicesduefromtheHidariiwiththoseoftheliberetenentesonothermanors，itwillbeevident，thattheHidariiofAdulvesnasabelongedtotheordinaryclassofvillani，theirdistinctionbeingprobablyonlythis，thattheywerejointly，aswellasseverally，boundtoperformtheservicesduefromthehideofwhichtheyheldpart。’
36。EynshamInquest，49，a：’Summa(prati)xvia。etivperticasquedimide。banturxivirgatariisetrectoriutunieorumetquiajamsupersunttantummodo4virgatariietrector，dominushabetinmanusua7porcionesdictiprati。’
37。CartularyofBattle，AugmentatlonOffice，Miscell。Books，57，f。35，s：’yherdlinges……custumarii。’Ibid。42，b：’MajoresErdlingesscil。virgarii。Halferdlinges(majorescottarii)
Minorescottarii。’
38。BlackBookofPeterborough，164：’InScotereetinScaletorp——24plenariivillaniet2dimidiivillaniPlenariivillanioperantur2diebusinebdomada。’
39。GlastonburyInqu。(RoxburgheSeries)，23：’Operaturutaliiferlingseti。’
40。GlastonburyInqu。(RoxburgheSeries)，137：’CotsetledebentfaldiareabHoccadeusqueadfestumS。Michaelis。’CartularyofSt。PeterofGloucester(RollsSeries)，iii。71：’BurgensesGloucestriaeredduntunacumaliistenentibusadmaneriumBerthonaepraedictaeperannumdecoteriiscumcurtillagiisinsuburbioGloucestriaequorumnominanonrecolunt29solidos7d。
dereddituassiso。’Ibid。iii。116：’Cotlandarii：JohannesleWaleystenetunummesuagiumcumcurtillagioetfaciet8bederipaset3diesadfenumlevandum，etvalent131/2d。’
