82。Y。B。2O/21EdwardI，p。41：’Karnentplusneitadire，Jeotenklestenementsenvileynage，keneitadireke，JeotenklestenementsdemendezvermoyalavolunteleDeen，’etc。Seeabove，ChapterII。
83。Chron。Mon。deAbingdon，ii。25(RollsSeries)。
84。Exch。Q。R。，Misc。Books，No。29，f8，a：’Habet22Servostenentes35acrasterreadvoluntatemdominiillservagio。’f10，b：’Habetibidem25servostenentes12virgatasterreetdimidiaminservagio。etpossuntomnesremoveriprovoluntatedomini。’
85。Harl。MSS。1885，f。7：’VolensautemndominusdeWahellretinereadopussuumtotumparcumdeSegheho。abegitomnesrusticosquiinpredictolocoiuxtapredictumboscummanebant。’
CfCor。Rege，Pasch。a4Edw。I，Oxon。9。
86。BattleAbbey，Augment。Off。Misc。Books，57，f21，a：
’Etmemorandumquodomnessupradictinativinonpossunt。
prostraremaremiumcrescensintenementisquetenentsinelicenciaetvisuballivivelservientisdominiethocadedificandumetnonaliter。’Add。Charters，5290，(transgressionesStephaniChenore)。fecitvastum。inboscisquosidemStephanustenuitdedominoinbondagiocumdequercisfraxinispomariisetaliisarboribusvastos(ramos？)asportavit。’
87。SuffolkCourtRolls(Bodleian)，2，a：’Rob。Gl。assertavitpomariasuaetfecitwastumsupervilenagiumComitis。’
88。SuffolkCourtRolls(Bodleian)：’QuiaHenricusbercariusplegiosnonpotuitinvenireadheredificandummesuagiumquodfuitW。C。etibiattractumsuumfacere。’
89。DuchyofLancasterCourtRolls(RecordOff。，Bundle32，No。
285：’Emma。venitetsursumredditIcotagiumet5acrasetdimidiamterrequastenuitdedominoinbondagio。EtvenitThomasfiliusejusetcapitdictamterrametdatadingressum10
solidos。’B。62，No。750：’Galfriduspercariusvenitettradiditterramsuam。dominocomitipropaupertate。Robertusfiliuseiusposteavenitetfinemfecitprohabendaseisinadicteterre。’
90。DuchyofLancasterCourtRolls，B。43，No。484：’DicitetiamquoddictaterracaptaestinmanudominiEdmundiproredditibusetserviciisindearetroexistentibus。’EssexCourtRolls，3
(Bodleian)：’PreceptumestcapereinmanuprioristotamresiduamterramcustumariamquamMatildisleSometerspredictatenetdefeodopriorisquiavendiditdeterrasuacustumaria。liberepercartamcontraconsuetudinemmanerii。’
91。GlastonburyInqu。(RoxburgheSeries)，65；GloucesterCartulary(RollsSeries)，iii。196。
92。Capitulahalimoti，BodleianMSS。，Wood，i。fIII，b：’Sinulsoitenungraunttenementenepuisselesdroituresdesontenementsustenereunaultrehommeenunpetittenementquemeutztendroitlegraunttenementalprowleseigneureletenement。’
93。Rot。Hundred。ii。321，a：Invillenagiotresvirgataeetdimidia……Etsunttenentesillarumservidesanguinesuoemendo……Inliberetenentibusprocertisserviciisperannum，’
94。GlastonburyInquis。(RoxburgheSeries)，21：’Quantumquisqueteneat，omneejusservitium；quistenetlibereetquantumetquoservitioetquoguarantoetquotempore；sialiquaterrafueritfactaliberaintemporeHenriciepiscopi，velpostea，quedebuitoperari；quoguarantohocfuit，etinquantumsitlibera；sidominicumsitoccupatumvelforasposituminlibertatevelvilenagio，etsiitafueritdominoutiliussicutestvelrevocatum。’
95。Ibid。130：’J。clericustenuitintemporeHenriciepiscopiapudDomerhamunamvirgatamquamadhuctenetetaliamvirgatamapudStapelhampro10solidis。ReceptavilladeDomerhamadfirmam，ipsepropriaauctoritatedimisitvirgatamdeStapelhametdimidiamvirgataminDomerhaminexcambiumcepitquiapropinquiorfuit。Hecdimidiavirgataoperarisolet，nuncautemestlibera。
VirgataverodeStapelhampostilludexcambiumoperarisoletqueantehocliberafuit。’
96。Ibid。121：’Dedonoxxixsolidietvidenarii。EtdeAnderdodeficiuntvjden。quiatenetliberiusquampredecessoressuisolebanttenere。’
97。RamseyCartulary(RollsSeries)，i。364：’Dehisseptemhydisestunahydalibera。Desexhydis，quaerestant，tenetMarsiliafiliaA。deR。duasvirgatasadcensum。Quinquehydaeettresvirgatae，quaerestant，tenenturinpurovillenagio。’
99。ExtensiodeterrisRobertideSto。Georgio(Lincoln)Inquis。
p。mort。30HenryIlI，No。36：’Idemhabuitinvillenagio13
bovatasterreet3partesuniusbovateque9rusticitenentetquelibetbovatavaletperannum5sol。proomniservicio。
habuitinliberisserviciisunambovatamquamRadulfusfiliusG。
deeotelluitpercartampro2solidisperannumproomniservicio。，100。BurySt。Edmund’s，Reg。Cellararii，Cambr。Univ。，Gg。iv。4，f32，a：’W。deBruaretenetirodamcustumarieetperaliasconsuetudinesserviles。alteramlibereetperservicium2
denariorum。’CfGloucesterCartulary(RollsSeries)，iii。65。
101。BattleAbbey，Reg。Augment。Off。Misc。Books，No。57，f72，b：’Istiprenominati(liberitenentes)suntquietiperredditumsuumdecommunibusservitiis，debenttamen。herietumetrelevium。’GlastonburyCart。，WoodMSS。，i。p。iii。：’Sinulsoitenfraunchidecesouveraignesdontlauileleestlepluscharge。’
102。RamseyInqu。，Galba，E。x。39，d：’WalterusabbasfecitR。
francumdeterrapatrissuiquefueratadfurcametflagellum……
Multosdeserviciorusticorumfrancosfecit。’RamseyCartulary(RollsSeries)，i。487：’。quaelibetvirgatadefleyland。’Thesamelandappearsas，quaelibetvirgataoperariaquaenonfueritpositaadcensum。’
103。SpaldingPriory，Reg。，ColeMSS。，vol。43，f。272：’DetenentibusterramoperariamdeprioreinSpalding……W。deA。
tenet40acrasterreproquibusdebetoperariqualibetdieperannumadvoluntatemDominiadquocumqueopusDominusvoluerit，cumCarecta，Cortina，Vanga，Flagello，Tribulo，Furca，Falce。’
CoramRege，Mich。，51/52HenryIII，m。b：’EtsimiliterpredictusPetrusdistringiteosproconsuetudinibusetservitiisquenecantecessoreseorumnecipsifacereconsueveruntutcumfurcisetflagellis。’
104。EynshamCartulary，ChristChurchMSS。，No。97，f6，a：
’WillelmusF。tenetunumcotagiumetquartampartemuniusvirgateterrequifacerecon。suevitprorataporcionesicutvirgatarius。
Modoponituradfirmamdumdominaplacetad6solidos，8d。，’
etc。CfDomesdayofSt。Paul’s(CamdenSeries)，81。Thisisinsubstancethedifferencebetween，bondagiumethusbandland，’
Inquis。p。mort。46HenryIII，No。25；HexhamPrioryCartulary(Surtees
DomesdayofSt。Paul’s(CamdenSeries)，49。
St。Alban’sFormulary，CambridgeUniv。，Ee。iv。20：’Neunohominipluresterretradantur，etsimodoUnuSplurestcnet，div。idantur，sicommodeethonestefieripoterit。’
DomesdayofSt。Paul’s(CamdenSeries)，52；DuchyofLancasterCourtRolls，B。62，No。750：’Etquiahuiusmoditenementumnulluspotestvendicarehereditarieutdealiisvillenagiissuccessive。’
HerefordRolls，8(Bodleian)：’Etconcessumesteiteneredictummesuagiumetunamacramterresibietheredibussuissecundumconsuetudinemmaneriiperserviciaindedebitaetconsueta。’EssexRolls，8(Bodleian)：’AmiciadeR。quetenetexconsuetudinemanerii。’
109。ExtractusRotulorumdeHalimotis，CambridgeUniv，Dd。vii。
22，fI，a。
110。EssexRolls，8(Bodleian)，m。6：’JohannesfiliusW。B。venitetclamavitunummesuagiumetquatuoracrasterrecumpertinenciisutjusethereditatemsuampostmortemndictiW。
patrissuifaciendoindedominispredictisserviciadebitaetconsuetanominevillenagiietdatdominoadinquirendumdejuresuoetsisitpleneetatisetheresdictiW。necne，’etc。
111。EynshamCartulary，ChristChurchMSS。，No。27，fII，b：
’MatildisB。tenetdedominounumcotagiumcumcurtilagioinvoluntatedomini。，CfGlastonburyInqu。(RoxburgheSeries)，66；
GloucesterCartulary(RollsSeries)，iii。134；DomesdayofSt。
Paul’s(CamdenSeries)，23。
112。Reg。CellarariiMon。BuryStEdmund’s，CambridgeUniv。，Gg。
iv。4。f。52，b：’(Curia7Edw。II)。dicuntquodquidamRobertusHethpaterdictorumR。W。etJ。tenuitdeconventupervirgaminvilladeBertonmagna。Etquiadedixeruntcepissedictamterrampervirgamideopotestseisiridictaterrainmanumdomini。’Registr。albumvestiariiabbatiaeS。Edmundi，CambridgeUniv。，Ee。iii。60，f188，b：’Tenentesdemollond。tenentpervirgamincuria。’EynshamCartulary，ChristChurchMSS。，No。97：
’RicardusW。tenetunumcotagiumetduasacrasterraecampestresperrotulumcuriepro3sol。’Cf12，a。
113。Note-bookofBracton，pl。1237。
114。ElyRegister，Cotton，Claudius，C。xi。fiii。b：’Habebitduaspugillatasaveneexgratia，utjuratoresdicunt，perlongumtempususitata。’
115。WarwickshireRoll。Exch。Q。R。No。29，f。94，b：’Servus……
cumfeceritexennium……comedetcumdomino。’
116。ChristChurch，Canterbury，Cartulary，Add。MSS。6159，f22，b。CfGloucesterCartulary(RollsSeries)，iii。203。
CustumalofBattleAbbey(CamdenSer。)，30：’Etdebetherciareperduosdies……pretiumoperisiiij。d。Etrecipietdedominoutroquedierepastuspretiiiijd。Etsiceritdominusperdensj。d。Etsicnichilvaletillaherciatioadopusdomini。’
CoramRege，Pasch。，14Edw。I，Lege，18：’Villanicirculare(sic)nonconsueveruntnisiexvoluntate。’
GlastonburyInqu。(RoxburgheSeries)，82：’Sednondebetcarriarenisidominusprestaveritsuumplaustrum。’
CottonMSS。，Claudius，C。xi，f30，b：’Sedjuratoresdicuntquodnunquamhocfeceruntnecdeiurefaceredebent。’
Rot。Hundred。ii。758，a：’Servi。necpotestfiliammaritarenecuxoremduceresinelicenciadomini；debetetsalvocontellementosuotalliarietadomniaauxiliacommuniascottareetlottaresecundumfacultatemsuam，’etc。
FreePeasantryItheheadingofthischaptermaynotbemisunderstood。Itwouldbedifficulttospeakoffreepeasantryinthemodernsenseatthetimewithwhichwearenowdealing。Somekindorformofdependenceoftenclingseventothosewhooccupythebestplaceamongvillagersasrecognisedfreetenants，andinmostcaseswehaveaverystronginfusionofsubjectioninthelifeofotherwiseprivilegedpeasants。Butifwekeeptothemaindistinctions，andtothecontrastwhichtheauthoritiesthemselvesdrawbetweenthecomponentelementsofthepeasantclass，itsgreatbulkwillarrangeitselfintotwogroups：thelargeronewillconsistofthoseordinarilydesignatedasvillains；asmaller，butbynomeansaninsignificantorscantyone，willpresentitselfasfree，moreorlessprotectedbylaw，andmoreorlessindependentofthebiddingofthelordandhissteward。Thereisnobreakbetweenthetwogroups；onestatusrunscontinuouslyintotheother，anditmaybedifficulttodistinguishbetweentheintermediateshades；butthefundamentaldifferenceofconceptionisclearlynoticeableassoonaswecometolookatthewhole，anditisnotonlynoticeabletousbutwasnoticedbythecontemporarydocuments。
Inverymanycasesweareactuallyenabledtoseehowfreedomandlegalsecuritygraduallyemergefromsubjection。Oneofthegreatmovementsinthesociallifeofthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturiesisthemovementtowardsthecommutationofservicesformoneyrents。Ineverysurveywefindacertainnumberofpersonswhonowpaymoney，whereastheyusedtodowork，andwhohavethusemancipatedthemselvesfromthemostonerousformofsubjection。(1*)Intheolderdocumentsitiscommonlyspecifiedthatthelordmayreverttotheoldsystem，giveuptherents，andenforcetheservices。(2*)Inlaterdocumentsthisprovisiondisappears，havingbecomeobsolete，andthereisonlyamentionofcertainsumsofmoney。Thewholeprocess，whichhasleftsuchdistincttracesintheauthorities，iseasilyexplainedbyEngland’seconomicconditionatthattime。
