16。Harl。MSS。639，f69，b：’InquisiciofactapertotamsocamdeBadefeuddicitquodsialiquisservusdominimorituretplureshabueritfilios，sitotaterrafueritmollondprimogenitusdeiureetconsuetudinedebeteamretinere；sitotafueritvillanaiunior；simaiorparsfueritmollondprimogenitus，ismaiorparsfueritvillanaiunioreamoptinebit。’
17。Icannotsurrenderthispoint(cfStevenson，l。c。)。ThatBoroughEnglishexistedinmanyfreeboroughsandamongfreesokemenistrue，ofcourse，andthereithadnothingtodowithservilestatus。Itwouldhavebeenwrongtotreatthecustomofinheritanceasasuretestfromageneralpointofview。Butasamatteroffactitwastreatedassuchatestfromalocalpointofviewbymany，ifnotmost，manorialarrangements。IreferagaintotheCasefromtheNote-bookofBracton，pl。1062。Thelordisadducingasproofofapleaofvillainage：’Hocbenepatet，quiapostnatusfiliussemperhabuitterrampatrissuisicutaliivillanidepatria。’Ihavesaidalreadythatthesuccessionoftheyoungestsonappearswithmerchet，reeveship，etc。，asaservilecustom。
RamseyCartulary(RollsSeries)，i。267：’Decemhidae，exquibuspersona，liberietcensuariitenenttreshidasetdimidiam，etvillanitenentsexhidas。’
DomesdayBook，i。204；RamseyCartulary，i。270，330-40。
RochesterCartulary(Thorpe)，2，a：’GavelmannideSuthflete。’CottonMSS。TiberiusB。ii，andClaudiusC。xi。
CottonMSS。ClaudiusC。xi，f49，a：’Dehundredariisetliberetenentibus。Philippusdeinsulatenet16acrasdewaraetdebetsectasadcuriamElyensemetadcuriamdeWilburtoneetinquolibethundredopertotumannum，’etc。Foramoredetaileddiscussionofthepositionofhundredors，seeAppendix。
InthedescriptionofAstonandCote，asubmanorofBampton，Oxfordshire，hundredariiarementionedinRot。Hundr。ii。689。
Leg。HenriciI，c。7。ThepointhasbeenlatelyelucidatedbyMaitland，SuitolsoftheCountyCourt，Eng。Hist。Rev。，July1888，andRound，ArchaeologicalReview，iv。
GloucesterCart。iii。193：’EtdicuntquodpredictusThomasetsociisuisubscriptidebentaquietarevillamdequolibethundredoCyrencestriaeetdeRespethatepraeterquamadvisumfranciplegiibisinanno。’RamseyInqu。，CottonMSS。GalbaE。x，35：’Sequebaturcomitatumethundredumprodominicoabbatis。’
Madox，Hist。oftheExchequer，i。74：’ServieteisnominatiminomnibusplacitisadquaeconvenientersummonituseritetaddefensionemtotiusvillaeEstoneaderitinhundredisetscyrisinquibuseritquantumpoterit。’WarwickshireHundr。Roll，Q。R。
Misc。Books，No。29，f。73，a：’Serianciaadcomitatumethundredum。’RamseyCart。i。438：’J。R。tenetdimidiamhydamdeveterifeoffamentoetnonredditperannumaliquemcensumabbati，quiaestunadequattuorvirgatisquaedefendunttotamvillatamdesectacomitatusethundrediperannum。’
GloucesterCart。iii。77：’HenricusdeMarwentte。netunamvirgataetcontinentem48acras。etfacitforinseca[scrvitia]，scil。sectascomitatus(hundredi，etaliaforinseca。’CfCart。ofShaftesbury，65：’……defendebatterramsuamdeomnibusforinsecisavcncionibus。’
Seebohm，VillageCommunity，37，38，。Scrutton，CommonFields，39。
SeetheinstancescollectedbyMaitland，IntroductiontoRollsofManorialCourts，SeldenSoc。，Ser。II，p。xxix，note2。
Maitland，op。c。
Afewinstancesamongmany：GloucesterCart。iii49：
’RadulfusdeE。tenetunamvirgatamterraecontinentem48acrasetredditindeperannumnonreditumaliquem，sedsequeturcomitatumWarwiciethundredumdeKingtoneprodomino，etcuriamdeCliffordeproomniservitio。’Therearefourother，virgatariiliberi，besidesthisone。DomesdayofSt。Paul’s(CamdenSoc。)，30：’Thomasarkarius(tenet)ivvirgataspro28solidisetdebetfaceresectamsireethundredi。’Heisafreeholder。WorcesterCart。(CamdenSoc。)，64，C：’DeliberisRicardusdeSalfordtenetdimidiamhidamdepriore，quamThomasdeRuppetenuitdeeo，etfacitregaleservitiumtantum，etdebetessecoramjusticiariisitinerantibusprodefensionevillaeadcustumsuum。’TheEly，hundredarii，aredistinguishedfromthevillains，andformbythemselvesagroupwhichranksnexttothe’liberetenentes’orwiththem。
33。Ramsey，Inqu。CottonMSS。Galba，E。x，f52：’Ecclesiaipsiusvillepossidetdimidiamhidamliberametpresbiterdebetessequartuseorumquisequunturcomitatumethundredumcumcustamentosuo。’Cf40，54。insteadofattendingseparatelythepriestcomestobeincludedamongthefourhundredors。
34。Britton，i。177sqq。SeeMaitland’sIntrod。toManorialRolls，p。xxvii。
35。Maitland，op。c。pp。xxix，xxx。
36。Leg。HenriciI。c。8。Cf。ElyRegister，CottonMSS。，Claudius，C。xi，52，a：’etliberetenentessuiquitenentpersocagiumdebentunamsectamadfrendlesehundred，scil。addiemSabbatiproximumpostfestumSt。Michaelis。Theexpression，friendless，ispeculiar。ItappearsinotherinstancesintheElySurveys。Mayitnotmean，thatallthefreetenants，eventhesmallones，hadtoattendandcouldnotberepresentedbytheirfellowsor’friends’？
37。GlastonburyCart。，WoodMSS。，i。f233，a：’etN。etG。
veniuntetdefenduntvimetiniuriamettalemsectamqualemabeisexigitetbenecognoscuntquodperattornatossuosdebentipsifacereduassectasperannumadduoslagedaios。sedsialiquislatrofueritibiiudicandustuncdebentliberihominessuietprepositiuelseruientessuidebentinteresseadpredictumhundredumadfaciendumiudiciumetnonipsiinpropriapersonasua。’CfMalmesburyCart。(RollsSer。)，ii……178；’ItemrecognouitsectamadhundredumdeMalmesburiapersevelpersufficientemattornatumsuum。ItemrecognouitetconcessitquodomnesliberihominessuideEstleyesequanturdehundredoinhundredumapudMalmesburiamsicutaliquotemporepredecessorumsuorumfacereconsueverunt。’
38。Thismaypossiblyaccountforthecuriousfact，thatineverymanortherearesometenantscalled，Freeman，’，Frankleyn，’andthelike。Theyseemtobetheretokeepupthenecessarytraditionofthefreeelement。Forinstance：EynshamCart。MSS。
oftheChapterofChristChurch，Oxford，xxix。f4，a：’IohannesFremandeShyffordtenetunamvirgatampercartam。facitsectamadcomitatumethundredumethacdecausatenettenementumsuum。’
CfCoramRege27HenryIII，m。3：’DicuntquodnonestaliquisliberhomoineodemmanerionisiWillelmusfiliusRadulfiquirespondetinfracorpuscomitatus。’Thefactiswellknowntoallthosewhohavehadanythingtodowithmanorialrecords。
Cf。Maitland，SuitorsoftheCountyCourt，EngHist。Review，July，1888。
Isitnotpossibletoexplainbythe，hundredor，thefollowingdifficultpassageinDomesday，ii。100？’HugodeMontfortinvasittresliberoshomines。unusexhisjacetadfeudumSanctiPetrideWestmonasteriotestiinoniohundredi，sedfuitliberatusHugoniinnumerosuorumhundredorum(corr。
hundredariorum？)utdicuntsuihomines。’ItistruethatthetermdoesnotoccurelsewhereinDomesday，butthereadingasitstandsappearsveryclumsy，andtheemendationproposedwouldseemtheeasiestwaytogetoutofthedifficulty。
ImaybeexcusedforagainreferringtotheStoneleighReg。f32，d：’QuidamtenenteseiusdemmaneriitenentterrasettenementasuainSokemanniainfeodoethereditatedequaquidemtenuratalishabeturetomnetemporehabebaturconsuetudovidelicetquodquandoaliquistenenseiusdemtenureterramsuamalicuialienarevolueritveniatincuriamcoramipsoAbbateveleiussenescalloetpervergamsursumreddatinmanumdominiterramsicalienandamadopusilliusquiterramillamoptinebit。EtsialiquisterramaliquamhuiusmoditenureinframaneriumpredictumpercartamvelsinecartaabsquelicentiadictiAbbatisalienaveritaliterquampersursumreddicionemincuriainformapredicta，quodterrasicextracuriaalienatadominodictimaneriieritforisfactainperpetuum。’
43。Madox，Exch。i。724，e：’MonstraveruntRegihominesettenentesdesocadeOswaldKirkeinCom。Nottinghamiae，quodcumsokailladudumfuissetantiquumdominicumcoronaeAngliaeetdominusHenricusquondamRexAngliaeprogenitorRegissocamillamcumpertinenciisdedissetetconcessissetHenricodeHastynggeshabendamettenendamadcommunemlegem。AclicethominesettenentespredictietantecessoressuihominesettenentesdeSocaillainterhominescommunitatiscomitatusNottinghamiaeetnoncumtenentibusdeantiquisdominicisCoronaeRegisatemporeescambiipredictitalliariconsueverunt，assessorestamentallagiiRegisindominicisinComitatuNottinghamiaepraedicto。(eos)unacumillisdedominicisRegispraedictistalliarifecerunt。’Cf428，b，c。
44。Rot。Hundr。ii。6o8，a：’Liberitenentes。liberisokemanni。’Cf752，a。
45。Inquisit。postmortem53HenryIII，n。4(RecordOffice)：
’Liberetenentesadvoluntatem。liberetenentesinsocagio。
liberetenentespercartam。’Rot。Hundr。ii。47I，a。SeeAppendixx。
46。Warwicksh。Hund。Roll。Q。R。Misc。books，xxix。p。44，b：
’(tenens)perantiquamtenuramsinecarta。’GloucesterCart。iii。
67：’deliberistenentibusdicuntquodhaeredesO。G。tenenttresvirgatasterraedeantiquatenura。’Cfiii。47，69。ChristChurchCart。，Canterbury，Add。MSS。6159，p。70……’istitenentantiquodominico。istitenentantiquumtenementum。inferiusnotatisuntoper。arii。’DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，46，47：’deantiquahereditate。’CfPollock，Land-laws(2nded)，p。2O9。
57。ElyInqu。，CottonMS。，Claudius，C。xi。50，b：’Totavillatatamliberi，quamaliidebentfacere40perticatassuperCalcetumdeAlderhe[Aldreth’sCauseway]sineciboetopere。’CfDomesdayofSt。Paul’s，75。
58。DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，76，77。，Rot。Hundr。ii。764，b。
59。DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，32：’Omnesistiliberetenentesmetuntetarantadprecariasdominietadcibumeiussineforisfacto。’Thegeneralruleis，thatfreeholdersjoinonlyintheboon-works(precariae)andnotintheregularweek-work。Butsocmenarefoundengagedinthislatteralso。
ElyInqu。，CottonMSS。，Claudius，C。xi。f266：’Defeodismilitumetliberetenentibus。heriet。relevium。sednondabittallagiumetgersumam。’167b：’herietum。relevium。
pannagium。tallagium……RamseyCart。i。297。
GloucesterCart。iii。49and46；BattleCart。，Augm。Off。
Misc。Books，N。57，f10，b。
ElyInqu。，CottonMSS。，Claudius，C。xi。f186，b……，Omnescustumariipreterliberosquinondantgersumamprofiliisetfiliabus。
64。BurySt。Edmund’sRegistrumAlbum，Cambr。Univ。，Ee。iii。6o，f154，b。，Etnotaquodsiprepositushundredicapiatgersumam。
dealiquolibero，dominushabebitmedietatem。’SuffolkCourtRolls，3(Bodleian)：’gersumasieveneritfiliivelfilie，finemfacietinhundredo，sedcelerariushabebitmedietatemfinis。’
RochesterCart。(Thorpe)，19a：’Dominusnondebetaliquemoperarium。injusteetsinejudicioaterraSuaejicere。’Ibid。
10，a：’incrastinoSanctiMartininonponeteos(dominus)adoperasineconsensueorundem。’BlackBookofSt。Augustine，CottonMSS。’Faustina，A。i。f185，d：’(ConsuetudinesvillanorumdePlumsted)VillanideP。tenentquatuorjugaetdebentindeararequatuoracrasetseminare。etdebentmetereinautumpno8
acrasdeivernagiovel4acrasdealioblado……Etdebentfalcare2acrasprati……ItemdebentduoaveragiaperannumaPlumstedadNewentonetnihildebentaverareadtuncnisiresquesuntadopusconventusetqueponidebentsuperripam。’
NotebookofBracton，pl。1334：’。etconsuetudoestquoduxoresmaritorumdefunctorumhabeantfrancumbancumsuumdeterrissokemannorum。’Rot。Hundr。i。201，202：’habentetvenduntmaritagiasokemannorumaliterquamdeberent，quiainKancianonestwarda。’
CfElton，TenuresofKent。
NotebookofBracton，pl。1419：’etipsiveniuntetdicuntquidnunquamcartamillamfecitnecfacerepotuitquiauillanusfuitetterramsuamdefendiditperfurcamctflagellum。’
Seebohm，VillageCommunity，103；followedbyScrutton，CommonsandCommonFields，38；andAshley，EconomicHistory，i。
ThePeasantryoftheFeudalAge。Conclusions。
Ihavedividedmyanalysisoftheconditionofthefeudalpeasantryintotwopartsaccordingtoaprincipleforciblysuggested，asIthink，bythematerialathand。TherecordsoftrialsintheKing’sCourt，andthedoctrinesoflawyersbasedonthem，cannotbetreatedinthesamewayasthesurveyscompiledfortheuseofmanorialadministration。Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweenthetwosetsofdocumentsastomethodandpointofview。Inthecaseoflegalrecordsamethodofdialecticexaminationcouldbefollowed。Legalrulesarealwaysmoreorlessconnectedbetweenthemselves，andtheinvestigatorhastofindout，first，fromtheapplicationofwhatprinciplestheyflow，andtofindout，secondly，whetherfundamentalcontradictionsdiscloseafusionofheterogeneouselements。Thestudyofmanorialdocumentshadtoproceedbywayofclassification，toestablishinwhatbroadclassesthelocalvariationsoftermsandnotionsarrangethemselves，andwhatvariationsofdailylifethesegroupsorclassesrepresent。
Itisnotstrange，ofcourse，thatthingsshouldassumeasomewhatdifferentaspectaccordingtothepointofviewfromwhichtheyaredescribed。Legalclassificationneednotgointodetailswhichmaybeveryimportantforpurposesofmanorialadministration；neitherthesizeoftheholdingsnorthecomplexvariationsofserviceshavetobelookedtoincaseswherethelawofstatusisconcerned。Stillitmaybetakenforgrantedthatthedistinctionsandrulesfollowedbythecourtshadtoconforminageneralwaywithmatter-of-factconditions。Lawyersnaturallydisregardedminutesubdivisions，buttheirbroadclasseswerenotinventedatfancy；theytookthemfromlifeastheydidthefewtraitstheychosefromamongmanyastestsforthepurposeoflayingdownclearandconvenientrules。Ageneralconformityisapparentineverypoint。Atthesametimethereisundoubtedlyanoppositionbetweenthecurial(ifImayusethatterm)andthemanorialtreatmentofstatusandtenure，whichdoesnotresolveitselfintoadifferencebetweenbroadprincipleanddetails。Justbecausethelawyerhastokeeptodistinctrules，hewilloftenbebehindhisageandsometimesinadvanceofit。
