Inoppositiontolabourandrentsinkindwefindagreatmanypaymentsinmoney。Someofthesearesaidinasmanywordstohavesteptintotheplaceoflabourservices；ofmowing，carrying，makinghedges，(61*)etc。Thesamemaybethecaseinregardtoproduce：barlicksilverispaidinsteadofbarley，fish-silverevidentlyinsteadoffish，malt-silverinsteadofmalt；acertainpaymentinsteadofsalt，andsoon。(62*)Butsometimestheoriginofthemoneyrentismoredifficulttoascertain。Wefind，forinstance，adutyonsheep，whichisalmostcertainlyanoriginalimpositionwhenitappearsasfald-silver。Evensothescythe-pennyfromeveryscythe，thebosing-silverfromeveryhorseandcart，thewood-penny，probablyfortheuseofwoodasfuel，mustberegardedasoriginaltaxesandnotquit-rentsorcommutation-rents。(63*)Pannageispaidinthesamewayfortheswinegrazinginthewoods。(64*)Ward-pennyappearsalsoinconnexionwithcattle，butwithsomespecialshadeofmeaningwhichitisdifficulttobringoutdefinitely；
thenameseemstopointtoprotection，andalsooccursinconnexionwithpolicearrangements。(65*)
ImustacknowledgethatinagoodmanycasesIhavebeenunabletofindasatisfactoryexplanationforvarioustermswhichoccurintherecordsforthediverspayments。Anattentivestudyoflocalusageswillprobablyleadtodefiniteconclusionsastomostofthem。(66*)Fromageneralpointofviewitisinterestingtonotice，thatwefindalreadyinourrecordssomeattemptstobringalltheperplexingvarietyofpaymentstoafewmaindesignations。Annualrentsare，ofcourse，reckonedoutundertheoneheadof’census。’Veryobviousreasonssuggestedtheadvisabilityofcomputingtheentiremoney-proceedyieldedbytheestate。(67*)Itsometimeshappensthatthegeneralsummadeupinthisway，fixedasitisataconstantamount，isusedalmostasanameforacomplexofland。(68*)Adivisionofrentsintooldandnewonesdoesnotrequireanyparticularexplanation。(69*)
Butseveralothersubdivisionsareworthnotice。Therentpaidfromthelandoftenappearsseparatelyaslandgafolorlandchere。
Itisnaturallyopposedtopaymentsthatfallonthepersonaspolltaxes。(70*)Theselastareconsideredguaranteedbytheasareturnforthepersonalprotectionlordtohissubjects。OfthecontrastbetweengafolasacustomaryrentandmalasapaymentincommutationIhavespokenalready，andIhaveonlytoaddnow，thatgildissometimesusedinthesamesenseasmal。(71*)
AnothertermindirectoppositiontogafolistheLatindonum。(72*)Itseemstoindicateaspecialpaymentimposedasakindofvoluntarycontributionontheentirevillage。Tobesure，therewasnotmuchfreewilltobeexercisedinthematter；allthedependentpeopleofthetownshiphadtopayaccordingtotheirmeans。(73*)Butthetaxmusthavebeenconsideredasasupplementaryoneinthesamesenseassupplementaryboon-work。
Itmayhavebeenoriginallyintendedinsomecasesasanequivalentforsomerightssurrenderedbythelord，asamalorgild，infact。(74*)Incloseconnexionwiththedonumwefindtheauxilium，(75*)alsoanextraordinarytaxpaidonceayear，anddistinguishedfromtheordinaryrent。Itappearsasadirectconsequenceofthepoliticalsubjectionofthetenantry。(76*)。Itis，infact，merelyanexpressionoftherighttotallage。Ourrecordsmentionitsometimesasapportionedaccordingtothenumberofcattleownedbythepeasant，butthisconcernsonlythemodeofimpositionofthedutyandhardlyitsorigin。(77*)AsI
havesaidalready，theauxiliumisineveryrespectlikethedonum。Oneverycharacteristictraitofbothtaxesis，thattheyarelaidprimarilyonthewholevillage，whichismadetopayacertainroundsumasabody。(78*)Theburdenisdividedafterwardsbetweentheseveralhouseholders，andthenumberofcattle，andmoreparticularlyofthebeastsofploughkeptontheholding，hasofcoursetobetakenintoaccountmorethananythingelse。Butthemanorialadministrationdoesnotmuchconcernitselfwiththesedetails：thetownshipisanswerableforthewholesum。
Itistobeaddedthatthepaymentissometimesactuallymentionedasapoliticaloneindirectconnexionwith’forinsec’
dutiestowardstheking。TheburdenswhichlayonthelandinconsequenceoftherequirementsofStateandChurchappearnotunfrequentlyinthedocuments。Amongthosethescutageandhidagearethemostimportant。ThefirstofthesetaxesissowellknownthatIneednotstoptodiscussit。Itmaybenoticedhoweverthatinrelationtothedependentpeoplescutageisnotcommonlyspokenof；thetaxwasleviedunderthisnamefromthebaronsandthearmedgentry，andwasmostlytransmittedbythesetothelowerstrataofsocietyundersomeothername，asanaidoratallage。HidageishistoricallyconnectedwiththeoldEnglishDanegeldsystem，andinsomecasesitsamountissetoutseparatelyfromotherpayments，andthetenantsofamanorhavetopayittothebailiffofthehundredandnottothesteward。A
smallerpaymentcalledward-pennyisboundupwithit，probablyasasubstituteforthedutyofkeepingwatchandward。(79*)Inthenorththehidageisreplacedbycornage，(80*)ataxwhichhasgivenrisetolearnedcontroversyanddoubt；itlookslikeanassessmentaccordingtothenumberofhornsofcattle，pronumeroaveriorum，asourLatinextentswouldsay。TheChurchhasalsoanancientclaimonthehelpofthefaithful；thechurchscotofSaxontimesoftenoccursinthefeudalageunderthenameofchurisetorcheriset。(81*)Itismostlypaidinkind，butmaybefoundoccasionallyasamoney-rent。
Asurveyofthechiefaspectsassumedbytheworkandthepaymentsofthedependentpeoplewasabsolutelynecessary，inordertoenableustounderstandthedescriptionsofruralarrangementswhichformthemostinstructivepartoftheso-calledextents。Buteverysurveyoftermsanddistinctions(evenifitweremuchmoredetailedthantheoneIamabletopresent)，willgiveonlyaveryimperfectideaoftheobligationsactuallylaidonthepeasantry。Itmustneedstakeupthedifferentspeciesonebyoneandconsiderthemseparately，whereasinrealitytheyweremeanttofittogetherintoawhole。
Ontheotherhanditmaycreateafalseimpressionbyenumeratinginsystematicorderfactswhichbelongedtodifferentlocalitiesandperhapstodifferentepochs。Tokeepclearofthesedangerswehavetoconsiderthedeviationsofpracticalarrangementsfromtheruleslaiddowninthebooksandtheusualcombinationsoftheelementsdescribed。
Whenonereadsthecarefulnoticesinthecartulariesastothenumberofdaysandtheparticularoccasionswhenworkhastobeperformedforthelord，asimplequestionissuggestedbytheminutenessofdetail。Whathappenedwhenthisverydefinitearrangementcameintocollisionwithsomeotherequallyexactingorder？Oneofthethreedaysofweek-workmight，forinstance，fallonagreatfeast；orelsetheweathermightbetoobadforout-of-doorswork。Whowastosufferortogainbysuchcasualties？Thequestionisnotauselessone。Themanorialrecordsraiseitoccasionally，andtheirwaysofsettlingitarenotalwaysthesame。Wefindthatinsomecasesthelordtriedtogetridoftheinconveniencesoccasionedbysuchevents，Oratleasttothrowonepartoftheburdenbackonthedependentpopulation；inBarling，forinstance，amanorofSt。Paul’s，London，(82*)oftwofeastsoccurringinoneweekandevenintwoconsecutiveweeks，oneprofitstothevillainsandtheothertothelord；thatistosay，thelabourerescapesoneday’sworkaltogether。Butthegeneralcourseseemstohavebeentoliberatethepeasantsfromworkbothonoccasionofafestivalandiftheweatherwasexceptionallyinclement。(83*)Bothfactsarenotwithoutimportance：itmustberememberedthatthenumberofChurchfestivalswasaveryconsiderableoneinthosedays。
Again，althoughthestewardswerenotlikelytobeverysentimentalastobadweather，theusualtestofcoldincaseofploughingseemstohavebeenthehardnessofthesoil——acertainpercentageoffreedaysmusthaveoccurredduringthewinteratleast。Andwhatisevenmoretobeconsidered——whenthemenwereverystrictlykepttotheirweek-workunderunfavourablecircumstances，thelandlordmusthavegainedverylittlealthoughtheworkingpeoplesufferedmuch。Thereadermayeasilyfancytheeffectsofwhatmusthavebeenaverycommonoccurrence，whenthevillagehouseholderssentouttheirploughsonheavyclayintorrentsofrain。Thesystemofcustomaryworkoncertaindayswasespeciallyclumsyinsuchrespects，anditisworthnoticethatinharvest-timethelandlordsrelychieflyonboon-days。Thesewerenotirrevocablyfixed，andcouldbeshiftedaccordingtothestateoftheweather。Stilltheweek-workwassoimportantaniteminthegeneralarrangementoflabour-servicesthattheinconveniencesdescribedmusthaveactedpowerfullyinfavourofcommutation。
Ofcourse，thepassagefromonesystemtotheother，howeverdesirableforthepartiesconcerned，wasnottobeeffectedeasilyandatonce：aconsiderableamountofcapitalinthehandsofthepeasantrywasrequiredtomakeitpossible，andanothernecessaryrequirementwasasufficientcirculationofmoney。
Whilethesewerewantingthepeoplehadtoabidebytheoldlaboursystem。Thefactswehavebeendiscussinggiveindirectproofthattherewasnotmuchroomforarbitrarychangesinthissystem。Everythingseemsruledandsettledforever。Itmayhappen，ofcourse，thatnotwithstandingthesupposedequalitybetweentheeconomicstrengthofthe，differentholdings，sometenantsareunabletofulfilthedutieswhichtheircompanionsperform。(84*)Asitwasnoticedbefore，thesharescouldnotbemadetocorrespondabsolutelytoeachother，andthedistributionofworkandpaymentsaccordingtoadefinitepatternwasoftenonlyapproximate。(85*)Again，thelordhadsomelatitudeinselectingoneortheotherkindofservicetobeperformedbyhismen。(86*)But，speakinggenerally，thesettlementofdutieswasaveryconstantone，andmanorialdocumentstestifythateveryattemptbythelordtodictateachangewasmetbyemphaticprotestsonthepartofthepeasantry。(87*)Thetenacityofcustommaybegatheredfromthefactthatwhenwechancetopossesstwosetsofextentsfollowingeachotherafteraveryconsiderablelapseoftime，therendersinkindandthelabour-servicesremainunmodifiedinthemain。(88*)Onehastoguardespeciallyagainsttheassumptionthatsuchexpressionsas’todowhateverheisbid’or’whateverthelordcommands’implyacompleteservilityofthetenantandunrestrictedpoweronthepartofthelordtoexploithissubordinateaccordingtohispleasure。Suchexpressionshavebeenusedasatestofthedegreeofsubjectionofthevillainsatdifferentepochs；ithasbeencontended，thattheearlierourevidenceis，themorecompletethelord’sswayappearstobe。(89*)Theexpressionsquotedabovemayseematfirstglancetocountenancetheidea，butanattentiveandextendedstudyofthedocumentswilleasilyshowthat，saveinexceptionalcases，theearlierrecordsarebynomeansharderintheirtreatmentofthepeasantrythanthelater。
Theeleventhcenturyis，ifanything，morefavourabletothesubjectedclassasregardstheimpositionoflabour-servicesthanthethirteenth，andweshallseeby-and-bythattheobservationappliesevenmoretoSaxontimes。Inthelightofsuchageneralcomparison，wehavetoexplaintheabove-mentionedphrasesinadifferentway。’Whateverheisbid’appliestothequalityandnottothequantityofthework。(90*)Itdoesnotmeanthatthestewardhasarighttoorderthepeasantaboutlikeaslave，totearhimatpleasurefromhisownwork，andtoincreasehisburdenwheneverhelikes。Itmeanssimplythatsuchandsuchavirgaterorcotterhastoappearinpersonorbyproxytoperformhisweekworkofthreedays，ortwodays，orfourdays，accordingtothecase，andthatitisnotsettledbeforehandwhatkindofworkheistoperform。Hemayhavetoplough，ortocarry，ortodigtrenches，ortodoanythingelse，accordingtothebiddingofthesteward。Asimilarinstanceofuncertaintymaybefoundintheexpression’withoutmeasure’(91*)whichsometimesoccursinextents。Itwouldbepreposteroustoconstrueitasanindicationofworktobeimposedatpleasure。Itismerelyaphraseusedtosuitthecasewhentheworkhadtobedonebythedayandnotbyasetquantity；if，forinstance，amanhadtoploughsomanytimesandthenumberofacrestobeploughedwasnotspecified。
