Exch。Q。R。Treas。Rec。20/68：’ItemdebentdominoadfestumStiMichaelisauxiliumadplacitumsuumetadforinsecumservitium。’
GloucesterCart。iii。180：’Etdabitproterra6denariosadauxilium。Dabitetiamauxiliumproaveriissuissecundumnumerumeorundem。’iii。50：’Etdabitauxiliumsecundumnumerumanimalium。’iii。208：’Etsiimpositumfueriteidemquodintaxationeauxiliialiquodanimalconcelaverit，potestcogiadsacramentumpraestandumetsesuperhocpurgandum。Etsipervicinossuosconvictusfueritsuperhoc，puniendusestprovoluntatedomini。’
GloucesterCart。iii。203：’。omnesisticonsuetudinariideColnedantincommuniadauxilium46solidos8denarios。，RochesterCustumal，4，a：’DeomnibusdecemjugisdebentscotareaddonumdominivilleetadserviciumdominiRegis。’
DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，64：’DicuntquodmaneriumdeBerlingedefenditseversusregemproduabushidisetdimidia。
Reddunt。prohidagiobaillivohundredideReilee31denarioset13denariosdeWardpeni，dequibusdominicumredditde20acris2
den。etobolemprohidagioet2denariosproWardpeni。’
Exch。Esch。UltraTrentam，1/49：’Procornagiodefeodismilitum17sol。8den。’
GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。65：’IndieStiMartinidebetdimidiamdainamfrumentidecheriset。’
DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，66：’BeatrixrelictaOsbertiCassetenet15acrasetafestoStiMichaelisusqueadVinculaqualibetseptimanadebet3operacionesnisifestumimpedierit；quodsifestumferiabileeveneritinseptimanadieluneetaliuddiemercurii，unumfestumeriteiutile，aliuddomino。Quodsifestumeveneriteademseptimanadieveneris，additoaliofestoinaliaseptimanaveniente，dividenturilliduodiesinterdominumetoperariumutsupradictumest。’
GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。64：’AfestoStiPetriadVinculadebentqualibetebdomadametereuelaliudopusfacereusqueadfestumStiMichaelisnisifestumintercurrat，dielune，diemartisetdiemercurii。’Ibid。62：’AbHoccadeiusqueadfestumStiJohannisqualibetebdomadaarabitdimidiamacram，sipossitpropterduritiem。’
84。GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。59：’WillelmusfiliusOsanore(tenet)unamvirgatameodemservitio，sednonpotestperficereservitium。’
85。DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，51：’Etomnesaliisimiliteroperabuntursiveplusteneantsiveminus，proracione5acrarum。’
GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。104：’W。deH。tenetunamvirgatamprodimidiavirgata。proaliaviigatafacitsicutproquartapartedimidiehide。’
86。GloucesterCart。iii。199：’EtsciendumquoddominuspotesteligereutrumvoluerithabereservitiumpredictumdeJohanneSpere，uelquodduplicetservitiumR。deA。inferiusinterakermannosscripti。’
Rot。Hundr。ii。757，a：’Setistitenentesmemoratiutasseruntadaliasconsuetudinesetservitiaantiquitusesseconsueverunt。’
E。g。acomparisonoftheinquestscontainedintheRamseyCartularypublishedintheRollsSerieswiththeearlierextentscontainedinCottonMS。，Galba，E。x，andwiththeHundredRollsofHuntingdonshireandCambridgeshire，willsupporttheopinionexpressedinthetext。
Seebohm，VillageCommunity。
ThemeaningoftheexpressionmaybegatheredfromthefollowingextractsfromtheRamseyCartulary，i。358：’DieautemJovisproximaantePaschaetdieJoviscontrafestumStiBenedictiquodcunqueopussibifueritinjunctumoperabitur。’Cf357：’Etsiopusfuerit，faciethayamincampis，habentemlongitudinemduarumperticarum，etallocabitureiproopereuniusdiei。Etdiequocarriarefenumdebet，ducetunamcarrectatamdomidealiofenoAbbatis，uelaliudcarriagiumcumcarrectafaciet，sisibifueritinjunctum。’361：’AgulaautemAugustiusqueadfestumSanctiMichaelisqualibetseptimanaoperabiturperunumdiemintegrum，qualecunqueopussibipraecipiatur。’365：
’EtoperaturquaelibetvirgataafestoSanctiMichaelisusqueadfestumTranslationisSanctiBenedictiqualibetseptimanatribusdiebus。quodcumqueopuspraeceptumfuerit；videlicet，siflagellareoportet，flagellabitinfravillamvigintiquatuorgarbasdefrumentoetsiligini，dehordeotrigintagarbas，deavenatrigintagarbas。Extravillamflagellabitdefrumentovigintigarbas，deavenavigintiquatuorgarbas。Necexibitextrahundredumadflagellandumnisiexgratia。Quodcunquealiudgenusoperis。ballivusvoluerit；praeterquaminbosco，faceredebeat，operabiturtotadiesiubisisecaredebeat，operabiturusqueadnonam；etsipascereeumdominusvoluerit，operabiturusqueadvesperam。Sidebeatspinasvelvirgascolligere，colligetunumfesciculum，etportabitusqueadcuriamproopereuniusdiei。Inquadragesimaautemnullumgenusoperisfacietadcibumpropriumusquenonamnisiquodherciabittotadie。’Itseemsquiteclearthatthelordhasinsomecasesthechoicebetweendifferentkindsofwork，buttheamounttoberequiredissettledonceforall。WhenwefindintheGlastonburyInquisitionof1189thesentence，’operabiturquodcumqueeipraeceptumfueritsicutneth，’itmeansevident，thatthepeasant’swork，whateveritis，issettledaccordingtothestandardoftheneat’sholding。
GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。41：’Etherciatsemelsinemensuraaliquaeiassignatacumhocquodhabetincarruca。’
PlacitorumAbbreviatio，p。212：’AliacartaeiusdemeidemEliefactaetheredibussuisdedictabovataterreunacumdictoRogerovillanosuoetsectaetsequelasua。’RamseyCart。i。355：
’PriordeSanctoIvonehabetingressuminunavirgataterraeperHenricumdeKylevile，inquatressuntmansiones，etunusprocaeterisfacitservitiumdebitummanerio。’
93。RamseyInqu。，CottonMSS。，Galba，E。x。f49：’Quicumqueacceperit。promercedesua18denariosdebetoperaricumdominosuotribusdiebusveldareunumdenarium。’CfRot。Hundr。ii。
781，b：’Servi：DabitadexenlliumcontraNatale6panes。etvenitadprandiumdominipropredictoexenniosextamanusivoluerit。’。See，forinstance，thebeginningofthedescriptionofDorsetshire。
Exch。Q。R。Min。Acc。Bk。587，T。P。R。8109：’SciendumquodtenentesAbbatisdeOsoluestoneinDoningtonetBykercumpertinentiisfueruntsemelinannoprovoluntateAbbatisadcuriamsuamtenendumibidemetinvenienteidemAbbatiettotifamiliesuequamsecumduxeritomnianecessariasufficientiainadventusuoperunumdiemintegrumetnoctemsequentem，velnoctemprecedentemetdiemsequenteminesculentisetpoculentistamvinoquamcervisia，fenoetprebendaproequiseorumetequiscarucariorumsalemquerencium，unacumcandelaetceteriscostisomnimodisinternecessariacomputandis。EtsiabbasnonveneritfacientfinemcumcelerariosivolueritvelcumaliiquemAbbasnomineSuomiseritadminus20solidis。EtsiisquinomineAbbatismissusibidemfuitetfinemrecusault，procurabiturutpremittitur。Etsialiquiddenecessariisinadministrandodefuerit，omnestenentesquicomestumcontribueredebentdiecrastinoinplenacuriasupernecessariorumdefectupersenescallumcalumpniabunturetgraviteramerciabuntur。Ettalisfuitconsuetudoabantiquoethabeturquolibetannoprocertoredditu，etdequoPetrusdeThedingworthquondamAbbasdeOsoluestoneetpredecessoressuiatemporequononextatmemoriasubformapredictafueruntseisiti。’
99。Seeaboutthispoint，Hale’sIntroduction。Itisgenerallyverygoodonthesubjectofthefarm。
DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，21：’Potestwainagiumfiericumtribuscaruciisoctocapitumcumconsuetudinibusvillate。’
TheTemplar’sBookof1185attheRecordOffice(Q。R。Misc。
Books，N。16)isalreadyarentalinsubstance。
GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。117：’Nigelluscapellanustenetunamvir。gatam，sedillavirgatanonsoletadoperacionemredigi。Cumdominusvolueritoperabitursicutalie。’Rot。Hundr。
ii。815，a：’。dabit8solidosperannumprooperibussuisquisolidipoteruntmutariinaliudserviciumadvaloremprovoluntatedomini。’
GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。29：’G。deP。(tenet)unummesuagiumettresacrasetdimidiampro2solidisetfacitsicuthominesdeMeraquandosuntadgabulum。Hoctenementumnonsoletesseadopus。’116：’Levivaviduatenetdimidiamhidam；Unamvirgatamteneteodemservitio；aliamtenetprogabuloetnonpotestadoperationemponisicutalia。’
BurySt。Edmund’sReg。，Harl。MSS。3977，f82，d：’Omnesliberietnonliberidabuntfestivalesexceptisillisliberisquihabentresidentessubillos。’GlastonburyCart，WoodMSS。i。f176，b：’AbbasetconventusremiseruntR。deW……omniacarriagia。necnonetillascustodiasquaepredictusR。etantecessoressuipersonaliterfacereconsueveruntcumvirgasuasuperbederipasipsorum。etsuperarrurasprecariasqueeifieridebentinmaneriodePultone。’
CustumalsofBattleAbbey(Camd。Soc。)，p。122
BlackBookofPeterborough(CamdenSer。)，164：’InScotereetScaletoyssuntundecimcarrucataeadgeldumRegiset24
plenariivillani。Plenariivillanioperanturduobusdiebusinebdomada。Etibisunt29sochemannietoperanturunodieinebdomadapertotumannumetinAugustoduobusdiebus。Etistivillanietomnessochemannihabent21carrucasetomnesarantunaviceadhyvernageetunaadtremeis。’
TheLord，HisServantsandFreeTenantsDescriptionsofEnglishruralarrangementsintheagewearestudyingalwayssupposethecountrytobedividedintomanors，andeachofthesemanorstoconsistofacentralportioncalledthedemesne，andofaclusterofholdingsindifferenttributaryrelationstothiscentralportion。WhetherwetaketheDomesdaySurvey，ortheHundredRolls，ortheCustumalofsomemonasticinstitution，ortheextentoflandsbelongingtosomedeceasedlaylord，weshallagainandagainmeetthesametypicalarrangement。Idonotsaythattherearenoinstancesswervingfromthisbeatentrack，andthatotherarrangementsneverappearinourrecords。StillthegeneralsystemisfoundtobesuchasI
havejustmentioned，andaverypeculiarsystemitis，equallydifferentfromtheancientlatifundiaormodernplantationscultivatedbygangsoflabourersworkingonalargescaleandfordistantmarkets，frompeasantownershipscatteredintosmallandself-dependenthouseholds，andevenfromtheconjunctionbetweengreatpropertyandfarmstakenonleaseandmanagedasseparateunitsofcultivation。
Thecharacteristicfeatureofthemedievalsystemisthecloseconnexionbetweenthecentralanddominantpartandthedependentbodiesarrangedaroundit。Wehavehadoccasiontospeakinsomedetailofthesetributarybodies——itistimetoseehowthelord’sdemesnewhichactedastheircentrewasconstituted。
Bractonmentionsasthedistinguishingtraitofthedemesne，thatitissetasideforthelord’sownuse，andministerstothewantsofhishousehold。(1*)ThereforeitissometimescalledinEnglish’BoardLands。’Thedefinitionisnotcomplete，however；
becausealllandoccupiedbytheownerhimselfmustbeincludedunderthenameofdemesne，althoughitsproducemaybedestinednotforhispersonaluse，butforthemarket。’Boardlands’areonlyonespeciesofdomanialland，soalsoarethe’Husfelds’
mentionedinacharterquotedbyMadox。(2*)Thislasttermonlypointstoitsrelationtothehouse，thatisthemanorialhouse。
Andbothdenominationsarenoteworthyfortheirveryincompleteness，whichtestifiesindirectlytotherestrictedareaandtothemodestaimsofdomanialcultivation。Usuallyitliesinimmediateconnexionwiththemanorialhouse，andproducesalmostexclusivelyforhomeconsumption。
Thisisespeciallytrueastothearable，whichgenerallyformsthemostimportantpartofthewholedemesneland。Thereisnoexitforacorntrade，andthereforeeverybodyraisescornforhisownuse，andpossiblyforaveryrestrictedlocalmarket。
Evengreatmonastichousesholdonly300or400acresinthehomefarm；veryrarelythenumberrisesto600，andathousandacresofarableinonemanorisathingalmostunheardof。(3*)
Husbandryonalargescaleappearsonlynowandtheninplaceswheresheep-farmingprevails，inWiltshireforinstance。
Exceptionalvalueissetonthedemesnewhenfisheriesareconnectedwithitorsaltfoundonit。(4*)
ThefollowingdescriptionofBockynginEssex，(5*)amanorbelongingtotheChapterofChristChurch，Canterbury，mayserveasanexampleofthedistributionandrelativevalueofdemesnesoil。Thecartularyfromwhichitisdrawnwascompiledin1309。
Themanorialhouseandclosecoverfiveacres。Thegrasswithinitsprecinctswhichmayserveasfoodforcattleisvaluedat8d。ayear。Cornisalsosoldtheretothevalueof12d。ayear，sometimesmoreandsometimesless，accordingtothequantitysown。Theorchardprovidesfruitandvegetablesworth13s。4d。ayear；thedutyleviedfromtheswinegives6d。
Thepigeon-houseisworth4d。
