Twomills，7l。Is。8dAfishery，12d。
AwoodcalledBrekyngPark，containing480acres，andthebrushwoodthereisworth40s。
Grassinthewood12d。，becauseitgrowsonlyinafewplaces。
Pannagedutyfromtheswine，10s。
AnotherwoodcalledLeFloxcontains10acres，andthebrushwoodisworth6d。
Pannagefromtheswine，6d。
Grass，6d。
Arable，inallfields，510acres，theacrebeingassessedat6d。allround。
Eachploughmayeasilytilloneacreaday，iffourhorsesandtwooxenareputtoit。
Twomeadows，onecontainingeightacres，ofwhicheverysingleacreyields4s。ayear；theothermeadowcontainssevenacresofsimilarvalue。
Pastureinseveralty——30acres，at12d。anacre。
Ofthese，16acresaresetapartforoxenandhorses，and14
forcows。
Somesmallparticlesofpastureleasedouttothetenants，4s。
ThepriorandtheconventarelordsofthecommonpastureinBockyng，andmaysend100sheeptothesecommons，andtothefieldswhennotundercrop。Value20s。
Asimportantaniteminthecultivationofthehomefarmasthesoilitselfisaffordedbytheplough-teams。Thetreatisesonhusbandrygiveveryminuteobservationsontheircompositionandmanagement。Andalmostalwayswefindthemanorialteamssupplementedbytheconsuetudinesvillae，thatisbythecustomaryworkperformedondifferentdaysbythepeasantry。(6*)
Astothispointthecloseconnexionbetweendemesneandtributarylandisespeciallyclear；butafterallthathasbeensaidintheprecedingchapteritishardlynecessarytoaddthatitwasnotonlytheploughing-workthatwascarriedonbythelordwiththehelpofhissubjects。
Asamatteroffact，villageswithoutamanorialdemesneorwithoutsomedependencefromitarefoundonlyexceptionallyandinthosepartsofEnglandwherethefreepopulationhadbestkeptitsholdontheland，andwherethepowerofthelordwasmoreapoliticalthananeconomicalone(NorfolkandSuffolk，Lincoln，Northumberland，Westmoreland，etc。(7*))。Andtherearehardlyanycasesatallofthecontrary，thatisofdemesnelandspreadingoverthewholeofamanor。Tillingham，amanorofSt。Paul’s，London，comesverynearit：(8*)itcontains300acresashomefarm，andonly30acresofvillainland。Butasaset-off，aconsiderablepartofthedemesneisdistributedtosmallleaseholders。
Itmustbenotedthat，asageneralrule，thedemesnearableofthemanordidnotlieinonepatchapartfromtherest，butconsistedofstripsintermixedwiththoseofthecommunity。(9*)
Thisfactwouldshowbyitselfthattheoriginalsystem，accordingtowhichpropertyandhusbandrywerearrangedinmanorialgroups，wasbasedonacloseconnexionbetweenthedomanialandthetributaryland。Wemightevengofurtherandpointoutthatthemerefacilitiesofintercourseandjointworkarenotsufficienttoaccountforthisintermixtureofthestripsofthelordandofthehomage。Thedemesnelandappearsinfactasashareintheassociationofthevillage，alargesharebutstillonecommensuratewiththeotherholdings。Intworespectsthissubjectiontoahigherunitmustnecessarilyfollowfromtheintermixtureofstrips：inasmuchasthedemesneconsistsofplotsscatteredinthefurlongsofthetownship，itdoesnotappropriatethebestsoilorthebestsituation，buthastogatheritscomponentpartsinallthevariedcombinationsinwhichthecommonholdingshavetotaketheirs。Andbesidesthis，thedemesnestripswereevidentlymeanttofollowthesamecourseofhusbandryasthelandimmediatelyadjoiningthem，andtolapseintoundividedusewithsuchlandwhenthe’defence’seasonwasover。Separateorprivatepatchesexemptedfromthegeneralarrangementaretobefoundonmanyoccasions，buttheusualtreatmentofdemesnelandinthethirteenthcenturyiscertainlymoreinconformitywiththenotionthatthelord’slandisonlyoneofthesharesinthehighergroupofthevillagecommunity。
Themanagementoftheestate，thecollectionofrevenue，thesupervisionofwork，thepolicedutiesincumbentonthemanor，etc。，requiredaconsiderablenumberofforemenandworkmenofdifferentkinds。(10*)Greatlordsusuallyconfidedthegeneralsupervisionoftheirestatestoaseneschal，stewardorheadmanager，whohadtorepresentthelordforallpurposes，topresideatthemanorialcourts，toauditaccounts，toconductsworninquestsandextents，andtodecideastothegeneralhusbandryarrangements。Ineverysinglemanorwefindtwopersonsofauthority。Thebailifforbeadlewasanoutsiderappointedbythelord，andhadtolooktotheinterestsofhisemployer，tocollectrentsandenforceduties，tomanagethehomefarm，totakecareofthedomanialcattle，ofthebuildings，agriculturalimplements，etc。Thesefunctionswereoftenconferredbyagreementinconsiderationofafixedrent，andinthiscasethestewardorbeadletookthenameoffirmarius。(11*)Byhissideappearsthereeve，orpraepositus，nominatedfromamongthepeasantsofaparticulartownship，andmostlychosenbythem。(12*)Manorialinstructionsaddsometimesthatnovillainhasarighttoholdalooffromsuchanappointment，ifitisconferredonhim。(13*)Thereeveactsastherepresentativeofthevillagecommunity，aswellinregardtothelordasonpublicoccasions。Hemust，ofcourse，renderhelptothestewardinallthevariousdutiesofthelatter。Thereevehasmoreespeciallytosuperintendtheperformanceoflabourimposedonthepeasantry。Manorialploughings，reapings，andtheotherlikeoperationsareconductedbyhim，sometimeswiththehelpofthefreetenantsintheplace。Ofthepublicdutiesofthereevewehavehadoccasiontospeak。Fourmen，actingasrepresentativesofthevillage，accompanyhim。
Nextafterthereevecomes，onlargeestates，themessor，whotakeschargeoftheharvest，andsometimesactsascollectoroffinesimposedforthebenefitofthelord。(14*)Theakermanniorcarucariiaretheleadersoftheunwieldyploughsofthetime，(15*)andtheyarehelpedbyasetofdriversandboyswhohavetoattendtotheoxenorhorses。(16*)Shepherdsforeverykindofcattlearealsomentioned，(17*)aswellaskeepersandwardersofthewoodsandfences。(18*)IntheSuffolkmanorsofBurySt。Edmund’swefindthecurioustermkurardtodesignateapersonsuperintendingthehayharvest。(19*)
Bythesideofanumerousstaffbusywiththeeconomicmanagementoftheestate，severalpettyofficersarefoundtobeconcernedwiththepoliticalmachineryofthemanor。Thedutytocollectthesuitorsofthehundredandofthecountycourtissometimesfulfilledbyaspecial’turn-bedellus。’(20*)A
’vagiator’(vadiator？)serveswritsanddistrainsgoodsforrents。(21*)Thecarryingoflettersandordersisveryoftentreatedasaserviceimposedonparticulartenements。Itmustbenotedthatsometimesallthesedutiesareintimatelyconnectedwiththoseofthehusbandrysystemandimposedonalltheofficersofthedemesnewhoownhorses。(22*)
Athirdcategoryisformedbythehouse-servants，whodivideamongthemselvesthediversdutiesofkeepingaccounts，waitingonthelordpersonally，takingchargeofthewardrobe，ofthekitchen，etc。Themilitarysystemandthelackofsafetycalledforthanumerousretinueofarmedfollowersandguards。
All-in-allamightystaffofministeriales，astheywerecalledinGermany，cameintobeing。InEnglandtheyaretermedsergeantsandservants，servientes。InGlastonburyAbbeythereweresixty-sixservantsbesidestheworkmenandforemenemployedonthefarm。(23*)Suchanumberwasrenderednecessarybythegrandhospitalityofthemonastery，whichreceivedandentertaineddailythrongsofpilgrims。InBurySt。Edmund’sthewholestaffwasdividedintofivedepartments，andineachdepartmenttheemploymentswerearrangedaccordingtoastrictorderofprecedence。(24*)
Thematerialfortheformationofthisvastandimportantclasswassuppliedbythesubjectpopulationoftheestates。TheGloucestermanorialinstructionenjoinsthestewardstocollectoncertaindaystheentiregrown-uppopulationandtoselectthenecessaryservantsforthedifferentcallings。Itisalsoenactedthatthemenshouldnotbeleftwithoutdefinitework，thatincaseofnecessitytheyshouldbemovedfromoneposttotheother，(25*)etc。Therequirementsofthemanorialadministrationandofthelord’shouseholdopenedanimportantoutletforthevillagepeople。Partofthegrowingpopulationthusfoundemploymentoutsidethenarrowchannelofruralarrangements。Theelderoryoungerbrothers，asitmightbe，tookserviceatthelord’scourt。Thehusbandrytreatisesofthethirteenthcenturygofurtherandmentionhiredlabourersasanelementcommonlyfoundontheestate。Wefind，forinstance，anelaboratereckoningoftheworkperformedbygangsofsuchlabourershiredfortheharvest。(26*)Indocumentsstyled’Minister’sAccounts’
wemayalsofindproof，thatfromthethirteenthcenturydownwardstherequirementsofthelord’sestatearesometimesmetbyhiringoutsiderstoperformsomenecessarykindofwork。Thesephenomenahavetobeconsideredasexceptional，however，andinfactasanewdeparture。
Theofficersandservantswereremuneratedinvariousways。
Sometimestheywereallowedtoshareintheprofitsconnectedwiththeircharges。Theswine-herdofGlastonburyAbbey，forinstance，receivedonesucking-pigayear，theinteriorpartsofthebestpig，andthetailsofalltheotherswhichwereslaughteredintheabbey。(27*)Thechiefscullion(scutellarius)
hadarighttoallremnantsofviands，——butnotofgame，——tothefeathersandthebowelsofgeese。(28*)Again，allthehouseholdandworkmenconstantlyemployedhadcertainquantitiesoffood，drink，andclothingassignedtothem。(29*)OfoneoftheGlastonburyclerkswehearthathereceivedoneportion(liberacio)asamonkandasecondasaservant，andthatbyreasonofthislasthewasboundtoprovidethemonasterywithagoldsmith。(30*)
Thoseoftheforemenandlabourersofestateswhodidnotbelongtotheimmediatefollowingofthelordanddidnotliveinhiscentralcourtreceivedagratificationofanotherkind。Theywereliberatedfromthelabourandpaymentswhichtheywouldhaveotherwiserenderedfromtheirtenements。(31*)Theperformanceofthespecificdutiesofadministrationtooktheplaceoftheordinaryruralworkorrent，andinthiswaytheserviceofthelordwasfeudalisedonthesameprincipleastheking’sservice——itwasindissolublyconnectedwithland-holding。
Inmanorialextentswecomeconstantlyacrosssuchexemptedtenementsconcededwithoutanyruralobligationsorwiththereservationofaverysmallrent。Itisimportanttonotice，thatsuchexemptions，thoughtemporaryandcasualatfirst，wereultimatelyconsolidatedbycustomandevenconfirmedbycharters。
Awholespeciesoffreetenements，andanumerousone，goesbacktosuchprivilegesandexemptionsgrantedtoservants。(32*)Andsothisclassofpeople，intheformationofwhichunfreeelementsaresoclearlyapparent，becameoneofthesourcesinthedevelopmentoffreesociety。Suchimportanceandsuccessaretobeexplained，ofcourse，bytheinfluenceofthisclassintheadministrationandeconomicmanagementoftheestatesbelongingtothesecularandecclesiasticalaristocracy。Itisverydifficultatthepresenttimetorealisetheresponsibilityandstrengthofthiselement。Weliveinatimeoffreecontract，credit，highlymobilisedcurrency，easymeansofcommunication，andpowerfulpoliticalorganisation。Thereisnonecessityforcreatingastandingclassofsocietyforthepurposeofmediatingbetweenlordandsubject，betweenthemilitaryorderandtheindustrialorder。Everyfeatureofthemedievalsystemwhichtendedtodisconnectadjoininglocalities，tocutupthecountryintoaseriesofisolatedunits，contributedatthesametimetoraiseaclasswhichactedasakindofnervoussystem，connectingthedifferentpartswithacommoncentreandestablishingrationalintercourseandhierarchicalrelations。Thelibertinihadtofu1filkindredfunctionsintheancientworld，buttheirimportancewashardlysogreatasthatofmedievalsergeantsorministeriales。Wemaygetsomenotionofwhatthatpositionwasbylookingatthepersonalinfluenceandendowmentsofthechiefservantsinagreathouseholdofthethirteenthcentury。Thefirstcookandthegatekeeperofacelebratedabbeywererealmagnateswhoheldtheirofficesbyhereditarysuccession，andwereenfeoffedwithconsiderableestates。(33*)InGlastonburyfivecookssharedinthekitchen-fee。(34*)Theheadofthecellar，the
