Undertheformerheadareemploymentsthathavetodowithownershiporacquisition；underthelatterhead，thosethathavetodowithworkmanshiporproduction。Aswasfoundinspeakingofthegrowthofinstitutions，sowithregardtoemployments。Theeconomicinterestsoftheleisureclasslieinthepecuniaryemployments；thoseoftheworkingclasseslieinbothclassesofemployments，butchieflyintheindustrial。Entrancetotheleisureclassliesthroughthepecuniaryemployments。
Thesetwoclassesofemploymentdiffermateriallyinrespectoftheaptitudesrequiredforeach；andthetrainingwhichtheygivesimilarlyfollowstwodivergentlines。Thedisciplineofthepecuniaryemploymentsactstoconserveandtocultivatecertainofthepredatoryaptitudesandthepredatoryanimus。Itdoesthisbothbyeducatingthoseindividualsandclasseswhoareoccupiedwiththeseemploymentsandbyselectivelyrepressingandeliminatingthoseindividualsandlinesofdescentthatareunfitinthisrespect。Sofarasmen’shabitsofthoughtareshapedbythecompetitiveprocessofacquisitionandtenure；sofarastheireconomicfunctionsarecomprisedwithintherangeofownershipofwealthasconceivedintermsofexchangevalue，anditsmanagementandfinancieringthroughapermutationofvalues；
sofartheirexperienceineconomiclifefavorsthesurvivalandaccentuationofthepredatorytemperamentandhabitsofthought。
Underthemodern，peaceablesystem，itisofcoursethepeaceablerangeofpredatoryhabitsandaptitudesthatischieflyfosteredbyalifeofacquisition。Thatistosay，thepecuniaryemploymentsgiveproficiencyinthegenerallineofpracticescomprisedunderfraud，ratherthaninthosethatbelongunderthemorearchaicmethodofforcibleseizure。
Thesepecuniaryemployments，tendingtoconservethepredatorytemperament，aretheemploymentswhichhavetodowithownership——theimmediatefunctionoftheleisureclassproper——andthesubsidiaryfunctionsconcernedwithacquisitionandaccumulation。Thesecovertheclassofpersonsandthatrangeofdutiesintheeconomicprocesswhichhavetodowiththeownershipofenterprisesengagedincompetitiveindustry；
especiallythosefundamentallinesofeconomicmanagementwhichareclassedasfinancieringoperations。Tothesemaybeaddedthegreaterpartofmercantileoccupations。Intheirbestandclearestdevelopmentthesedutiesmakeuptheeconomicofficeofthe“captainofindustry。“Thecaptainofindustryisanastutemanratherthananingeniousone，andhiscaptaincyisapecuniaryratherthananindustrialcaptaincy。Suchadministrationofindustryasheexercisesiscommonlyofapermissivekind。Themechanicallyeffectivedetailsofproductionandofindustrialorganizationaredelegatedtosubordinatesofaless“practical“turnofmind——menwhoarepossessedofagiftforworkmanshipratherthanadministrativeability。Sofarasregardstheirtendencyinshapinghumannaturebyeducationandselection，thecommonrunofnon-economicemploymentsaretobeclassedwiththepecuniaryemployments。Sucharepoliticsandecclesiasticalandmilitaryemployments。
Thepecuniaryemploymentshavealsothesanctionofreputabilityinamuchhigherdegreethantheindustrialemployments。Inthiswaytheleisure-classstandardsofgoodreputecomeintosustaintheprestigeofthoseaptitudesthatservetheinvidiouspurpose；andtheleisure-classschemeofdecorousliving，therefore，alsofurthersthesurvivalandcultureofthepredatorytraits。Employmentsfallintoahierarchicalgradationofreputability。Thosewhichhavetodoimmediatelywithownershiponalargescalearethemostreputableofeconomicemploymentsproper。Nexttotheseingoodreputecomethoseemploymentsthatareimmediatelysubservienttoownershipandfinanciering——suchasbankingandthelaw。
Bankingemploymentsalsocarryasuggestionoflargeownership，andthisfactisdoubtlessaccountableforashareoftheprestigethatattachestothebusiness。Theprofessionofthelawdoesnotimplylargeownership；butsincenotaintofusefulness，forotherthanthecompetitivepurpose，attachestothelawyer’strade，itgradeshighintheconventionalscheme。
Thelawyerisexclusivelyoccupiedwiththedetailsofpredatoryfraud，eitherinachievingorincheckmatingchicanery，andsuccessintheprofessionisthereforeacceptedasmarkingalargeendowmentofthatbarbarianastutenesswhichhasalwayscommandedmen’srespectandfear。Mercantilepursuitsareonlyhalf-wayreputable，unlesstheyinvolvealargeelementofownershipandasmallelementofusefulness。Theygradehighorlowsomewhatinproportionastheyservethehigherorthelowerneeds；sothatthebusinessofretailingthevulgarnecessariesoflifedescendstothelevelofthehandicraftsandfactorylabor。Manuallabor，oreventheworkofdirectingmechanicalprocesses，isofcourseonaprecariousfootingasregardsrespectability。Aqualificationisnecessaryasregardsthedisciplinegivenbythepecuniaryemployments。Asthescaleofindustrialenterprisegrowslarger，pecuniarymanagementcomestobearlessofthecharacterofchicaneryandshrewdcompetitionindetail。Thatistosay，foranever-increasingproportionofthepersonswhocomeincontactwiththisphaseofeconomiclife，businessreducesitselftoaroutineinwhichthereislessimmediatesuggestionofoverreachingorexploitingacompetitor。
Theconsequentexemptionfrompredatoryhabitsextendschieflytosubordinatesemployedinbusiness。Thedutiesofownershipandadministrationarevirtuallyuntouchedbythisqualification。
Thecaseisdifferentasregardsthoseindividualsorclasseswhoareimmediatelyoccupiedwiththetechniqueandmanualoperationsofproduction。Theirdailylifeisnotinthesamedegreeacourseofhabituationtotheemulativeandinvidiousmotivesandmaneuversofthepecuniarysideofindustry。TheyareconsistentlyheldtotheapprehensionandcoOrdinationofmechanicalfactsandsequences，andtotheirappreciationandutilizationforthepurposesofhumanlife。Sofarasconcernsthisportionofthepopulation，theeducativeandselectiveactionoftheindustrialprocesswithwhichtheyareimmediatelyincontactactstoadapttheirhabitsofthoughttothenon-invidiouspurposesofthecollectivelife。Forthem，therefore，ithastenstheobsolescenceofthedistinctivelypredatoryaptitudesandpropensitiescarriedoverbyheredityandtraditionfromthebarbarianpastoftherace。
Theeducativeactionoftheeconomiclifeofthecommunity，therefore，isnotofauniformkindthroughoutallitsmanifestations。Thatrangeofeconomicactivitieswhichisconcernedimmediatelywithpecuniarycompetitionhasatendencytoconservecertainpredatorytraits；whilethoseindusstrialoccupationswhichhavetodoimmediatelywiththeproductionofgoodshaveinthemainthecontrarytendency。Butwithregardtothelatterclassofemploymentsitistobenoticedinqualificationthatthepersonsengagedinthemarenearlyalltosomeextentalsoconcernedwithmattersofpecuniarycompetition(as，forinstance，inthecompetitivefixingofwagesandsalaries，inthepurchaseofgoodsforconsumption，etc。)。
Thereforethedistinctionheremadebetweenclassesofemploymentsisbynomeansahardandfastdistinctionbetweenclassesofpersons。
Theemploymentsoftheleisureclassesinmodernindustryaresuchastokeepalivecertainofthepredatoryhabitsandaptitudes。Sofarasthemembersofthoseclassestakepartintheindustrialprocess，theirtrainingtendstoconserveinthemthebarbariantemperament。Butthereissomethingtobesaidontheotherside。Individualssoplacedastobeexemptfromstrainmaysurviveandtransmittheircharacteristicseveniftheydifferwidelyfromtheaverageofthespeciesbothinphysiqueandinspiritualmake-up。thechancesforasurvivalandtransmissionofatavistictraitsaregreatestinthoseclassesthataremostshelteredfromthestressofcircumstances。Theleisureclassisinsomedegreeshelteredfromthestressoftheindustrialsituation，andshould，therefore，affordanexceptionallygreatproportionofreversionstothepeaceableorsavagetemperament。Itshouldbepossibleforsuchaberrantoratavisticindividualstounfoldtheirlifeactivityonante-predatorylineswithoutsufferingaspromptarepressionOreliminationasinthelowerwalksoflife。
Somethingofthesortseemstobetrueinfact。thereis，forinstance，anappreciableproportionoftheupperclasseswhoseinclinationsleadthemintophilanthropicwork，andthereisaconsiderablebodyofsentimentintheclassgoingtosupporteffortsofreformandamelioration，Andmuchofthisphilanthropicandreformatoryeffort，moreover，bearsthemarksofthatamiable“cleverness“andincoherencethatischaracteristicoftheprimitivesavage。Butitmaystillbedoubtfulwhetherthesefactsareevidenceofalargerproportionofreversionsinthehigherthaninthelowerstrata，Evenifthesameinclinationswerepresentintheimpecuniousclasses，itwouldnotaseasilyfindexpressionthere；sincethoseclasseslackthemeansandthetimeandenergytogiveeffecttotheirinclinationsinthisrespect。Theprimafacieevidenceofthefactscanscarcelygounquestioned。
Infurtherqualificationitistobenotedthattheleisureclassoftodayisrecruitedfromthosewhohavebeensuccessfulinapecuniaryway，andwho，therefore，arepresumablyendowedwithmorethananevencomplementofthepredatorytraits。
Entranceintotheleisureclassliesthroughthepecuniaryemployments，andtheseemployments，byselectionandadaptation，acttoadmittotheupperlevelsonlythoselinesofdescentthatarepecuniarilyfittosurviveunderthepredatorytest。Andsosoonasacaseofreversiontonon-predatoryhumannatureshowsitselfontheseupperlevels，itiscommonlyweededoutandthrownbacktothelowerpecuniarylevels。Inordertoholditsplaceintheclass，astockmusthavethepecuniarytemperament；
otherwiseitsfortunewouldhedissipatedanditwouldpresentlylosecaste。Instancesofthiskindaresufficientlyfrequent。
Theconstituencyoftheleisureclassiskeptupbyacontinualselectiveprocess，wherebytheindividualsandlinesofdescentthatareeminentlyfittedforanaggressivepecuniarycompetitionarewithdrawfromthelowerclasses。Inordertoreachtheupperlevelstheaspirantmusthave，notonlyafairaveragecomplementofthepecuniaryaptitudes，buthemusthavethesegiftsinsuchaneminentdegreeastoovercomeverymaterialdifficultiesthatstandinthewayofhisascent。
Barringaccidents，thenouveauxarriv衢醩areapickedbody。
Thisprocessofselectiveadmissionhas，ofcourse，alwaysbeengoingon；eversincethefashionofpecuniaryemulationsetin——whichismuchthesameassaying，eversincetheinstitutionofaleisureclasswasfirstinstalled。Buttheprecisegroundofselectionhasnotalwaysbeenthesame，andtheselectiveprocesshasthereforenotalwaysgiventhesameresults。Intheearlybarbarian，orpredatorystageproper，thetestoffitnesswasprowess，inthenaivesenseoftheword。togainentrancetotheclass，thecandidatehadtohegiftedwithclannishness，massiveness，ferocity，unscrupulousness，andtenacityofpurpose。thesewerethequalitiesthatcountedtowardtheaccumulationandcontinuedtenureofwealth。theeconomicbasisoftheleisureclass，thenaslater，wasthepossessionofwealth；hutthemethodsofaccumulatingwealth，andthegiftsrequiredforholdingit，havechangedinsomedegreesincetheearlydaysofthepredatoryculture。Inconsequenceoftheselectiveprocessthedominanttraitsoftheearlybarbarianleisureclasswereboldaggression，analertsenseofstatus，andafreeresorttofraud。themembersoftheclassheldtheirplacebytenureofprowess。Inthelaterbarbarianculturesocietyattainedsettledmethodsofacquisitionandpossessionunderthequasi-peaceableregimeofstatus。Simpleaggressionandunrestrainedviolenceingreatmeasuregaveplacetoshrewdpracticeandchicanery，asthebestapprovedmethodofaccumulatingwealth。Adifferentrangeofaptitudesandpropensitieswouldthenbeconservedintheleisureclass。
Masterfulaggression，andthecorrelativemassiveness，togetherwitharuthlesslyconsistentsenseofstatus，wouldstillcountamongthemostsplendidtraitsoftheclass。Thesehaveremainedinourtraditionsasthetypical“aristocraticvirtues。“Butwiththesewereassociatedanincreasingcomplementofthelessobtrusivepecuniaryvirtues；suchasprovidence，prudence，andchicanery。Astimehasgoneon，andthemodernpeaceablestageofpecuniaryculturehasbeenapproached，thelast-namedrangeofaptitudesandhabitshasgainedinrelativeeffectivenessforpecuniaryends，andtheyhavecountedforrelativelymoreintheselectiveprocessunderwhichadmissionisgainedandplaceisheldintheleisureclass。
