13。U—？ab—sibEn—？ag—dugaNuskuNusku14—19havetwoothernamesofNusku，followedbythreenamesofhisconsort。Anumberofnamesofminordivinitiesthenfollow。Atline43fivenamesofêaaregiven，followedbyfourofMerodach：——
48。U—bi—lu—luEn—bi—lu—luMardukMerodach49。U—Tin—dirkiEn—Tin—dirkiMardukMerodachas\"lordofBabylon。\"
50。U—dimmer—an—kiaEn—dinger—an—kiaMardukMerodachas\"lordgodofheavenandearth。\"
51。U—ab—？ar—uEn—ab—？ar—uMardukMerodach，apparentlyas\"lordofthe36，000steers。\"
52。U—bar—gi—siNin—bar—gi—siZer—pan？tumMerodach’sconsort。
53。Ga？an—abzuNin—abzudam—bisal\"theLadyoftheAbyss，\"hisconsort。
Theremainderoftheobverseismutilated，butgavethenamesofNeboinSumerian，andapparentlyalsoofTa？mêtum，hisconsort。Thebeginningofthereversealsoismutilated，butseemstohavegiventhenamesofthesun—god，？ama？，andhisconsort，followedbythoseofK？ttuandMê？arum，\"justiceandrighteousness，\"hisattendants。Otherinterestingnamesare：
/Reverse/
8。U—libir—siEn—ubar—siDumu—ziTammuz9。Sir—tumuSir—duamaDumuzi—githemotherofTammuz12。Ga？an—annaInnannaI？tarI？tar（Venus）as\"ladyofheaven。\"
20。Nin—si—annaInnannamulI？tarthestar（theplanetVenus）。
21。NinNin—tag—tagaNanaaagoddessidentifiedwithI？tar。
23。U—？ahNina—？ahPap—sukalthegods’messenger。
24。U—bandaLugal—bandaLugal—banda26。U—MersiNin—GirsuNin—GirsuthechiefgodofLaga？。
27。Ma—sib—sibGa—tum—dugaBauBau，agoddessidentifiedwithGula。
Fournon—SemiticnamesofGulafollow，ofwhichthatinline31isthemostinteresting：——
31。Ga？an—ti—dibbaNin—tin—guuaGula\"theladysavingfromdeath。\"
33。Ga？an—ki—galEre？—ki—galaAllatuPersephone。
36。U—mu—zi—daNin—gi？—zi—daNin—gi？—zida\"thelordoftheeverlastingtree。\"
37。U—urugalNe—eri—galNerigalNergal。
42。Mulu—hursagGalu—hursagAmurrutheAmoritegod。
43。Ga？an—gu—edinaNin—gu—edina（apparentlytheconsortofAmurru）。
Inallprobabilitythislistisoneofcomparativelylatedate，thoughitschronologicalpositionwithregardtotheothersiswhollyuncertain——itmaynotbelater，andmayevenbeearlier，thanthosebeginningwithAnu，thegodoftheheavens。Theimportantthingaboutitis，thatitbeginswith/？lu/，god，ingeneral，whichiswritten，inthestandarddialect（thatofthesecondcolumn）withthesamecharacterasthatusedforthenameofAnu。AfterthiscomesAaorêa，thegodoftheearth，andhisconsort，followedbyEn—lilla，theolderBel——IllinosinDamascius。Thenameofêaisrepeatedagaininline43
andfollowing，whereheisapparentlyre—introducedasthefatherofMerodach，whosenamesimmediatelyfollow。ThispeculiarityisalsofoundinotherlistsofgodsandisundoubtedlyareflectionofthehistoryoftheBabylonianreligion。AsthislistreplacesAnuby/？lu/，itindicatestheruleofEnkiorêa，followedbythatofMerodach，who，ashasbeenshown，becamethechiefdivinityoftheBabylonianpantheoninconsequenceofBabylonhavingbecomethecapitalofthecountry。
CHAPTERIV
THEPRINCIPALGODSOFTHEBABYLONIANSANDASSYRIANS
Anu。
ThenameofthisdivinityisderivedfromtheSumero—Akkadian/ana/，\"heaven，\"ofwhichhewastheprincipaldeity。Heiscalledthefatherofthegreatgods，though，inthecreation—story，heseemstobedescribedasthesonofAn？arandKi？ar。Inearlynamesheisdescribedasthefather，creator，andgod，probablymeaningthesupremebeing。HisconsortwasAnatu，andthepairareregardedinthelistsasthesameastheLahmuandLahameofthecreation—story，who，withotherdeities，arealsodescribedasgodsoftheheavens。AnuwasworshippedatErech，alongwithI？tar。
Ea。
Isgivenasifitwerethe/Semitic/equivalentof/Enki/，\"thelordoftheearth，\"butitwouldseemtobereallyaSumerianword，laterwritten/Ae/，andcertaininscriptionssuggestthatthetruereadingwas/Aa/。Histitlesare\"kingoftheAbyss，creatorofeverything，lordofall，\"thefirstbeingseeminglyduetothefactthatAaisawordwhichmay，initsreduplicateform，mean\"waters，\"orifread/êa/，\"houseofwater。\"Healso，likeAnu，iscalled\"fatherofthegods。\"Asthisgodwaslikewise\"lordofdeepwisdom，\"itwastohimthathissonMerodachwentforadvicewheneverhewasindoubt。Onaccountofhisknowledge，hewasthegodofartisansingeneral——
potters，blacksmiths，sailors，builders，stone—cutters，gardeners，seers，barbers，farmers，etc。ThisistheAos（aformwhichconfirmsthereadingAa）ofDamascius，andtheOannesoftheextractsfromBerosus，whostatesthathewas\"acreatureendowedwithreason，withabodylikethatofafish，andunderthefish’sheadanotherhead，withfeetbelow，likethoseofaman，withafish’stail。\"Thisdescriptionappliesfairlywelltocertainbas—reliefsfromNimroudintheBritishMuseum。ThecreaturedescribedbyBerosuslivedinthePersianGulf，landingduringthedaytoteachtheinhabitantsthebuildingofhousesandtemples，thecultivationofusefulplants，thegatheringoffruits，andalsogeometry，law，andletters。Fromhim，too，cametheaccountofthebeginningofthingsreferredtoinchapterIII。which，intheoriginalGreek，isprecededbyadescriptionofthecompositemonsterssaidtohaveexistedbeforeMerodachassumedtheruleoftheuniverse。
Thenameofhisconsort，DamkinaorDawkina，probablymeans\"theeternalspouse，\"andherothernames，/Ga？an—ki/（Sumeriandialectic）
and/Nin—ki/（non—dialectic），\"Ladyoftheearth，\"sufficientlyindicatesherprovince。Sheisoftenmentionedintheincantationswithêa。
TheforsakingoftheworshipofêaaschiefgodforthatofMerodachseemstohavecausedconsiderableheartburninginBabylonia，ifwemayjudgefromthestoryoftheFlood，foritwasonaccountofhisfaithfulnessthatUtnipi？tim，theBabylonianNoah，attainedtosalvationfromtheFloodandimmortalityafterwards。Allthroughthisadventureitwasthegodêawhofavouredhim，andafterwardsgavehimimmortalitylikethatofthegods。ThereisaninterestingSumeriantextinwhichtheshipofêaseemstobedescribed，thewoodsofwhichitsvariouspartswereformedbeingnamed，andinit，apparently，wereEnki（êa），Damgal—nunna（Damkina），hisconsort，Asari—lu—duga（Merodach），In—ab（orIne？），thepilotofêridu（êa’scity），andNin—igi—nagar—sir，\"thegreatarchitectofheaven\"：——
\"Maytheshipbeforetheebringfertility，Maytheshipaftertheebringjoy，Inthyheartmayitmakejoyofheart……\"
êawasthegodoffertility，hencethisendingtothepoeticaldescriptionoftheshipofêa。
Bel。
Thedeitywhoismentionednextinorderinthelistgivenaboveisthe\"olderBel，\"socalledtodistinguishhimfromBel—Merodach。Hisprincipalnameswere/Mullil/（dialectic）or/En—lilla/[*]（standardspeech），the/Illinos/ofDamascius。Hisnameisgenerallytranslated\"lordofmist，\"so—calledasgodoftheunderworld，hisconsortbeing/Ga？an—lil/or/Nan—lilla/，\"theladyofthemist，\"inSemiticBabylonian/Bêltu/，\"theLady，\"parexcellence。Bel，whosenamemeans\"thelord，\"wassocalledbecausehewasregardedaschiefofthegods。AstherewasconsiderableconfusioninconsequenceofthetitleBelhavingbeengiventoMerodach，Tiglath—pileserI。（about1200
B。C。）referstohimasthe\"olderBel\"indescribingthetemplewhichhebuiltforhimatA？？ur。Numerousnamesofmencompoundedwithhisoccuruntilthelatesttimes，implyingthat，thoughthefavouritegodwasMerodach，theworshipofBelwasnotforgotten，evenatBabylon——
thatheshouldhavebeenadoredathisowncity，Niffur，andatDur—
Kuri—galzu，whereKuri—galzuI。builtatemplefor\"Bel，thelordofthelands，\"wasnaturallytobeexpected。Being，likeêa，agodoftheearth，heisregardedashavingformedatrinitywithAnu，thegodofheaven，andêa，thegodofthedeep，andprayertothesethreewasasgoodasinvokingallthegodsoftheuniverse。Classificationofthegodsaccordingtothedomainoftheirpowerwouldnaturallytakeplaceinareligioussysteminwhichtheywereallidentifiedwitheachother，andthisclassificationindicates，asJastrowsays，adeepknowledgeofthepowersofnature，andamorethanaverageintelligenceamongtheBabylonians——indeed，heholdsitasaproofthat，attheperiodoftheolderempire，therewereschoolsandstudentswhohaddevotedthemselvestoreligiousspeculationuponthispoint。HealsoconjecturesthatthethirdcommandmentoftheLawofMoseswasdirectedagainstthisdoctrineheldbytheBabylonians。
[*]Ordinarilypronounced/Illila/，ascertainglossesandDamascius’s/Illinos/（for/Illilos/）show。
Beltis。
ThisgoddesswasproperlyonlythespouseoftheolderBel，butas/Bêltu/，herBabylonianname，simplymeant\"lady\"ingeneral（justas/Bêl/or/bêlu/meant\"lord\"），itbecameatitlewhichcouldbegiventoanygoddess，andwasinfactbornebyZer—pan？tum，I？tar，Nanaa，andothers。Itwasthereforeoftenneedfultoaddthenameofthecityoverwhichthespecial/Bêltu/presided，inordertomakeclearwhichofthemwasmeant。BesidesbeingthetitleofthespouseoftheolderBel，havingherearthlyseatwithhiminNiffurandotherlessimportantshrines，theAssyrianssometimesnameBêltuthespouseofA？？ur，theirnationalgod，suggestinganidentification，inthemindsofthepriests，withthatdeity。
ênu—rê？tuorNirig。[*]
Whether/ênu—rê？tu/beatranslationof/Nirig/ornot，isuncertain，butnotimprobable，themeaningbeing\"primevallord，\"orsomethingsimilar，and\"lord\"thatofthefirstelement，/ni/，intheSumerianform。Insupportofthisreadingandrenderingmaybequotedthefact，thatoneofthedescriptionsofthisdivinityis/a？sarid？laniahê—？u/，\"theeldestofthegodshisbrothers。\"ItisnoteworthythatthisdeitywasaspecialfavouriteamongtheAssyrians，manyofwhosekings，tosaynothingofprivatepersons，borehisnameasacomponentpartoftheirs。Inthebilingualpoementitled/Ana—kimegimma/
（\"FormedlikeAnu\"），heisdescribedasbeingthesonofBel（hencehisappearanceafterBelinthelistprintedabove），andinthelikenessofAnu，forwhichreason，perhaps，hisdivinityiscalled\"Anuship。\"Beginningwithwordspraisinghim，itseemstorefertohisattitudetowardsthegodsofhostilelands，againstwhom，apparently，herodeinachariotofthesacredlapis—lazuli。Anuhavingendowedhimwithterribleglory，thegodsoftheearthfearedtoattackhim，andhisonrushwasasthatofastorm—flood。BythecommandofBel，hiscoursewasdirectedtowardsê—kur，thetempleofBelatNiffur。
HerehewasmetbyNusku，thesuprememessengerofBel，who，withwordsofrespectandofpraise，askshimnottodisturbthegodBel，hisfather，inhisseat，normakethegodsoftheearthtrembleinUp？ukennaku（theheavenlyfestival—hallofthegods），andoffershimagift。[？]Itwillthusbeseenthatênu—rê？tuwasarivaltotheolderBel，whosetemplewasthegreattowerinstagescalledê—kura，inwhich，inallprobability，ê—？u—me—du，theshrineofênu—rê？tu，waslikewisesituated。Theinscriptionscallhim\"godofwar，\"though，unlikeNergal，hewasnotatthesametimegodofdiseaseandpestilence。Toallappearancehewasthegodofthevariouskindsofstones，ofwhichanotherlegendstatesthathe\"determinedtheirfate。\"Hewas\"thehero，whosenetoverthrowstheenemy，whosummonshisarmytoplunderthehostileland，theroyalsonwhocausedhisfathertobowdowntohimfromafar。\"\"Thesonwhosatnotwiththenurse，andeschewed（？）thestrengthofmilk，\"\"theoffspringwhodidnotknowhisfather。\"\"Herodeoverthemountainsandscatteredseed——unanimouslytheplantsproclaimedhisnametotheirdominion，amongthemlikeagreatwildbullheraiseshishorns。\"
[*]/ênu—rê？tu/isthereadingwhichIhaveadoptedastheSemiticBabylonianequivalentofthenameofthisdivinity，inconsequenceoftheAramaictranscriptiongivenbycertaincontract—tabletsdiscoveredbytheAmericanexpeditiontoNiffer，andpublishedbyProf。ClayofPhiladelphia。
[？]Theresultofthisrequestisnotknown，inconsequenceofthedefectivestateofthetablets。
ManyotherinterestingdescriptionsofthedeityNirig（generallyreadNin—ip）occur，andshow，withthosequotedhere，thathisstorywasoneofmorethanordinaryinterest。
Nusku。
ThisdeitywasespeciallyinvokedbytheAssyriankings，butwasinnowiseexclusivelyAssyrian，asisshownbythefactthathisnameoccursinmanyBabylonianinscriptions。Hewasthegreatmessengerofthegods，andisvariouslygivenas\"theoffspringoftheabyss，thecreationofêa，\"and\"thelikenessofhisfather，thefirst—bornofBel。\"AsGibil，thefire—god，haslikewisethesamediverseparentage，itisregardedaslikelythatthesetwogodswereidentical。Nuskuwasthegodwhosecommandissupreme，thecounsellorofthegreatgods，theprotectoroftheIgigi（thegodsoftheheavens），thegreatandpowerfulone，thegloriousday，theburningone，thefounderofcities，therenewerofsanctuaries，theprovideroffeastsforalltheIgigi，withoutwhomnofeasttookplaceinê—kura。LikeNebo，heborethegloriousspectre，anditwassaidofhimthatheattackedmightilyinbattle。Withouthimthesun—god，thejudge，couldnotgivejudgment。
Allthispointstotheprobability，thatNuskumaynothavebeenthefire—god，butthebrotherofthefire—god，i。e。eitherflame，orthelightoffire。Thesun—god，withoutlight，couldnotsee，andthereforecouldnotgivejudgment：nofeastcouldbepreparedwithoutfireanditsflame。Astheevidenceofthepresenceoftheshiningorbsintheheavens——thelightoftheirfires——hewasthemessengerofthegods，andwashonouredaccordingly。Fromthisidea，too，hebecametheirmessengeringeneral，especiallyofBel—Merodach，theyoungerBel，whoserequestshecarriedtothegodêaintheDeep。InoneinscriptionheisidentifiedwithNirigorênu—rê？tu，whoisdescribedabove。
Merodach。
Concerningthisgod，andhowhearosetothepositionofkingofallthegodsofheaven，hasbeenfullyshowninchapterIII。Thoughthereisbutlittleinhisattributestoindicateanyconnectionwith？ama？，thereishardlyanydoubtthathewasoriginallyasun—god，asisshownbytheetymologyofhisname。Theform，asithasbeenhandeddowntous，issomewhatshortened，theoriginalpronunciationhavingbeen/Amar—uduk/，\"theyoungsteerofday，\"anamewhichsuggeststhathewasthemorningsun。OfthefournamesgivenattheendofchapterIII。，two——\"lordofBabylon，\"and\"lordgodofheavenandearth，\"——mayberegardedasexpressinghismorewell—knownattributes。/En—ab—？ar—
u/，however，isaprovisional，thoughnotimpossible，readingandrendering，andifcorrect，the\"36，000wildbulls\"wouldbeametaphoricalwayofspeakingof\"the36，000heroes，\"probablymeaningthegodsofheaveninalltheirgrades。Thesignificationof/En—
bilulu/isunknown。LikemostoftheothergodsoftheBabylonianpantheon，however，Merodachhadmanyothernames，amongwhichmaybementioned/Asari/，whichhasbeencomparedwiththeEgyptianOsiris，/Asari—lu—duga/，\"/Asari/whoisgood，\"comparedwithOsirisUnnefer；
/Namtila/，\"life\"，/Tutu/，\"begetter（ofthegods），renewer（ofthegods），\"/？ar—azaga/，\"thegloriousincantation，\"/Mu—azaga/，\"thegloriouscharm，\"andmanyothers。Thelasttworefertohisbeingthegodwho，byhiskindness，obtainedfromhisfatherêa，dwellingintheabyss，thosecharmsandincantationswhichbenefitedmankind，andrestoredthesicktohealth。Inthisconnection，afrequenttitlegiventohimis\"themercifulone，\"butmostmercifulwasheinthathesparedthelivesofthegodswho，havingsidedwithTaiwath，werehisenemies，asisrelatedinthetabletofthefifty—onenames。Inconnectionwiththefightheborealsothenames，\"annihilatoroftheenemy，\"\"rooteroutofallevil，\"\"troubleroftheevilones，\"\"lifeofthewholeofthegods。\"FromthesenamesitisclearthatMerodach，indefeatingTiawath，annihilated，atthesametime，thespiritofevil，Satan，theaccuser，ofwhichshewas，probably，theBabyloniantype。ButunliketheSaviourintheChristiancreed，hesavednotonlyman，atthattimeuncreated，butthegodsofheavenalso。As\"kingoftheheavens，\"hewasidentifiedwiththelargestoftheplanets，Jupiter，aswellaswithotherheavenlybodies。Traversingtheskyingreatzigzags，JupiterseemedtotheBabylonianstosuperintendthestars，andthiswasregardedasemblematicofMerodachshepherdingthem——\"pasturingthegodslikesheep，\"asthetablethasit。
AlonglistofgodsgivesasitwerethecourtofMerodach，heldinwhatwasapparentlyaheavenly/ê—sagila/，andamongthespiritualbeingsmentionedare/Mina—？kul—bêli/and/Mina—i？t？—bêli/，\"whatmylordhaseaten，\"and\"whathasmylorddrunk，\"/Nadin—mê—gati/，\"hewhogiveswaterforthehands，\"alsothetwodoor—keepers，andthefourdogsofMerodach，whereinpeopleareinclinedtoseethefoursatellitesofJupiter，which，itisthought，wereprobablyvisibletocertainofthemoresharp—sightedstargazersofancientBabylonia。
Thesedogswerecalled/Ukkumu/，/Akkulu/，/Ik？suda/，and/Iltebu/，\"Seizer，\"\"Eater，\"\"Grasper，\"and\"Holder。\"Imagesofthesebeingswereprobablykeptinthetempleofê—sagilaatBabylon。
Zer—pan？tum。
ThiswasthenameoftheconsortofMerodach，andisgenerallyreadSarp（b）anitum——atranscriptionwhichisagainstthenativeorthographyandetymology，namely，\"seed—creatress\"（Zer—ban？tum）。ThemeaningattributedtothiswordispartlyconfirmedbyanothernamewhichLehmannhaspointedoutthatshepossessed，namely，/Erua/or/Aru’a/，who，inaninscriptionofAntiochusSoter（280—260B。C。）iscalled\"thequeenwhoproducesbirth，\"butmoreespeciallybythecircumstance，thatshemustbeidenticalwithAruru，whocreatedtheseedofmankindalongwithMerodach。Whyshewascalled\"theladyoftheabyss，\"andelsewhere\"thevoiceoftheabyss\"（/Me—abzu/）isnotknown。Zer—pan？tumwasnomerereflectionofMerodach，butoneofthemostimportantgoddessesintheBabylonianpantheon。Thetendencyofscholarshasbeentoidentifyherwiththemoon，Merodachbeingasolardeityandthemeaning\"silvery\"——/Sarpanitum/，from/sarpu/，oneofthewordsfor\"silver，\"wasregardedassupportingthisidea。ShewasidentifiedwiththeElamitegoddessnamedElagu，andwiththeLahamumoftheislandofBahrein，theBabylonianTilmun。
NeboandTa？mêtum。
As\"theteacher\"and\"thehearer\"thesewereamongthemostpopularofthedeitiesofBabyloniaandAssyria。Nebo（inSemiticBabylonianNab？）wasworshippedatthetemple—towerknownasê—zida，\"theever—
lastinghouse，\"atBorsippa，nowtheBirsNimroud，traditionallyregardedasthesiteoftheTowerofBabel，thoughthattitle，ashasalreadybeenshown，wouldbestsuitthesimilarstructureknownasê—sagila，\"thehouseofthehighhead，\"inBabylonitself。Incompositionwithmen’snames，thisdeityoccursmorethananyother，evenincludingMerodachhimself——aclearindicationoftheestimationinwhichtheBabyloniansandAssyriansheldthepossessionofknowledge。Thecharacterwithwhichhisnameiswrittenmeans，withthepronunciationof/ak/，\"tomake，\"\"tocreate，\"\"toreceive，\"\"toproclaim，\"andwiththepronunciationof/me/，\"tobewise，\"\"wisdom，\"
\"openofear，\"\"broadofear，\"and\"tomake，ofahouse，\"thelastprobablyreferringtothedesignratherthantotheactualbuilding。
Underthenameof/Dim—？ara/hewas\"thecreatorofthewritingofthescribes，\"as/Ni—zu/，\"thegodwhoknows\"（/zu/，\"toknow\"），as/Mermer/，\"thespeeder（？）ofthecommandofthegods\"——ontheSumeriansideindicatingsomeconnectionwithAdduorRimmon，thethunderer，andontheSemiticsidewithênu—rê？tu，whowasoneofthegods’
messengers。AsmallfragmentintheBritishMuseumgavehisattributesasgodofthevariouscitiesofBabylonia，butunfortunatelytheirnamesarelostorincomplete。Fromwhatremains，however，weseethatNebowasgodofditching（？），commerce（？），granaries（？），fasting（？），andfood；itwashewhooverthrewthelandoftheenemy，andwhoprotectedplanting；and，lastly，hewasgodofBorsippa。
TheworshipofNebowasnotalwaysaspopularasitbecameinthelaterdaysoftheBabylonianempireandafteritsfall，andJastrowisofopinionthatHammurabiintentionallyignoredthisdeity，givingthepreferencetoMerodach，thoughhedidnotsuppresstheworship。Whythisshouldhavetakenplaceisnotbyanymeanscertain，forNebowasadeityadoredfarandwide，asmaybegatheredfromthefactthattherewasamountainbearinghisnameinMoab，uponwhichMoses——alsoan\"announcer，\"addsJastrow——died。Besidesthemountain，therewasacityinMoabsonamed，andanotherinJud？a。ThatitwastheBabylonianNebooriginallyisimpliedbytheform——theHebrewcorrespondingwordis/nabi/。
HowoldtheworshipofTa？mêtum，hisconsort，is，isdoubtful，buthernamefirstoccursinadateofthereignofHammurabi。Detailsconcerningherattributesarerare，andJastrowregardsthisgoddessastheresultofBabylonianreligiousspeculations。Itisnoteworthythatherworshipappearsmoreespeciallyinlatertimes，butitmaybedoubtedwhetheritisaproductofthoselatetimes，especiallywhenwebearinmindtheremarkableseal—impressiononanearlytabletof3500—4500B。C。，belongingtoLordAmherstofHackney，inwhichweseeamalefigurewithwide—openmouthseizingastagbyhishorns，andafemalefigurewithnomouthatall，butwithveryprominentears，holdingabullinasimilarmanner。Herewehavethe\"teacher\"andthe\"hearer\"personifiedinaveryremarkablemanner，anditmaywellbethatthisprimitivepictureshowstheideathenprevailingwithregardtothesetwodeities。ItistobenotedthatthenameofTa？mêtumhasaSumerianequivalent，namely，/Kurnun/，andthattheideographbywhichitisrepresentedisonewhosegeneralmeaningseemstobe\"tobind，\"perhapswiththeadditionalsignificationof\"toaccomplish，\"
inwhichcase\"shewhohears\"wouldalsobe\"shewhoobeys。\"？ama？andhisconsort。
AtalltimestheworshipofthesuninBabyloniaandAssyriawasexceedinglypopular，as，indeed，wastobeexpectedfromhisimportanceasthegreatestoftheheavenlybodiesandthebrightest，withoutwhosehelpmencouldnotlive，anditisanexceedinglynoteworthyfactthatthisdeitydidnotbecome，likeRainEgypt，theheadofthepantheon。ThisplacewasreservedforMerodach，alsoasun—god，butpossessingattributesofafarwiderscope。？ama？ismentionedasearlyasthereignofê—anna—tum，whosedateissetatabout4200B。C。，andatthisperiodhisSemiticnamedoesnot，naturally，occur，thecharacterusedbeing/Utu/，or，initslongerform，/Utuki/。
Itisworthyofnotethat，inconsequenceoftheBabylonianideaofevolutioninthecreationoftheworld，lessperfectbeingsbroughtforththosewhichweremoreperfect，andthesunwasthereforetheoffspringofNannaraorSin，themoon。Inaccordancewiththesameidea，theday，withtheSemites，beganwiththeevening，thetimewhenthemoonbecamevisible，andthusbecomestheoffspringofthenight。
Intheinscriptions？ama？isdescribedas\"thelightofthingsaboveandthingsbelow，theilluminatoroftheregions，\"\"thesupremejudgeofheavenandearth，\"\"thelordoflivingcreatures，thegraciousoneofthelands。\"Dawninginthefoundationofthesky，heopenedthelocksandthrewwidethegatesofthehighheavens，andraisedhishead，coveringheavenandearthwithhissplendour。Hewastheconstantlyrighteousinheaven，thetruthwithintheearsofthelands，thegodknowingjusticeandinjustice，righteousnesshesupporteduponhisshoulders，unrighteousnessheburstasunderlikealeatherbond，etc。Itwillthusbeseen，thatthesun—godwasthegreatgodofjudgmentandjustice——indeed，heisconstantlyalludedtoas\"thejudge，\"thereasoninallprobabilitybeing，thatasthesunshinesupontheearthalldaylong，andhislightpenetrateseverywhere，hewasregardedasthegodwhoknewandinvestigatedeverything，andwasthereforebestinapositiontojudgearight，anddeliverajustdecision。ItisforthisreasonthathisimageappearsattheheadofthesteleinscribedwithHammurabi’slaws，andlegalceremonieswereperformedwithintheprecinctsofhistemples。Thechiefseatsofhisworshipwerethegreattemplescalledê—babbara，\"thehouseofgreatlight，\"inthecitiesofLarsaandSippar。
Theconsortof？ama？wasAa，whosechiefseatwasatSippar，sidebysidewith？ama？。Thoughonlyaweakreflexofthesun—god，herworshipwasexceedinglyancient，beingmentionedinaninscriptionofMan—i？tusu，whoisregardedashavingreignedbeforeSargonofAgadé。
Fromthefactthat，inoneofthelists，shehasnamesformedbyreduplicatingthenameofthesun—god，/Utu/，shewouldseemoncetohavebeenidenticalwithhim，inwhichcaseitmaybesupposedthatshepersonifiedthesettingsun——\"thedoublesun\"fromthemagnifieddiscwhichhepresentsatsunset，when，accordingtoahymntothesettingsunsungatthetempleatBorsippa，Aa，intheSumerianlineKur—nirda，wasaccustomedtogotoreceivehim。Accordingtothelistreferredtoabove，Aa，withthenameofBuridainSumerian，wasmoreespeciallytheconsortof？a—zu，\"himwhoknowstheheart，\"oneofthenamesofMerodach，whowasprobablythemorningsun，andthereforetheexactcounterpartofthesunatevening。
Besides？ama？andUtu，thelatterhisordinarySumerianname，thesun—
godhadseveralothernon—Semiticnames，including/Gi？nu/，[*]\"thelight，\"/Ma—banda—anna/，\"thebarkofheaven，\"/U—ê/，\"therisingsun，\"/Mitra/，apparentlythePersianMithra；/Ume—？ima？/andNahunda，Elamitenames，andSahi，theKassitenameofthesun。HealsosometimesbearsthenamesofhisattendantsKittuandMê？aru，\"Truth\"
and\"Righteousness，\"whoguidedhimuponhispathasjudgeoftheearth。
[*]Itisthegroupexpressingthiswordwhichisusedfor？ama？inthenameof？ama？—？um—uk？n（Saosduchinos），thebrotherofA？？ur—
bani—apli（Assurbanipal）。TheGreekequivalentimpliesthepronunciation/？awa？/，aswellas/？ama？/。
TammuzandI？tar。
ThedateoftheriseofthemythofTammuzisuncertain，butasthenameofthisgodisfoundontabletsofthetimeofLugal—andaandUru—ka—gina（about3500B。C。），itcanhardlybeoflaterdatethan4000B。C。，andmaybemuchearlier。Asheisrepeatedlycalled\"theshepherd，\"andhadadomainwherehepasturedhisflock，ProfessorSayceseesinTammuz\"DaonusorDaos，theshepherdofPantibibla，\"
who，accordingtoBerosus，ruledinBabyloniafor10/sari/，or36，000
years，andwasthesixthkingofthemythicalperiod。Accordingtotheclassicstory，themotherofTammuzhadunnaturalintercoursewithherownfather，beingurgedtheretobyAphroditewhomshehadoffended，andwhohaddecidedthustoavengeherself。Beingpursuedbyherfather，whowishedtokillherforthiscrime，sheprayedtothegods，andwasturnedintoatree，fromwhosetrunkAdoniswasafterwardsborn。Aphroditewassocharmedwiththeinfantthat，placinghiminachest，shegavehimintothecareofPersephone，who，however，whenshediscoveredwhatatreasureshehadinherkeeping，refusedtopartwithhimagain。Zeuswasappealedto，anddecidedthatforfourmonthsintheyearAdonisshouldbelefttohimself，fourshouldbespentwithAphrodite，andfourwithPersephone，andsixwithAphroditeonearth。Hewasafterwardsslain，whilsthunting，byawildboar。
NothinghascomedowntousasyetconcerningthislegendexcepttheincidentofhisdwellinginHades，whitherI？tar，theBabylonianVenus，wentinsearchofhim。Itisnotbyanymeansunlikely，however，thatthewholestoryexistedinBabylonia，andthencespreadtoPh？nicia，andafterwardstoGreece。InPh？niciaitwasadaptedtothephysicalconditionsofthecountry，andtheplaceofTammuz’sencounterwiththeboarwassaidtobethemountainsofLebanon，whilsttherivernamedafterhim，Adonis（nowtheNahrIbrahim），whichranredwiththeearthwasheddownbytheautumnrains，wassaidtobesocolouredinconsequenceofbeingmingledwithhisblood。ThedescentofTammuztotheunderworld，typifiedbytheflowingdownoftheearth—ladenwatersoftheriverstothesea，wasnotonlycelebratedbythePh？nicians，butalsobytheBabylonians，whohadatleasttwoseriesoflamentationswhichwereusedonthisoccasion，andwereprobablytheoriginalsofthosechantedbytheHebrewwomeninthetimeofEzekiel（about597B。C。）。Whilstonearth，hewastheonewhonourishedtheeweandherlamb，thegoatandherkid，andalsocausedthemtobeslain——probablyinsacrifice。\"Hehasgone，hehasgonetothebosomoftheearth，\"themournerscried，\"hewillmakeplentytooverflowforthelandofthedead，foritslamentationsforthedayofhisfall，intheunpropitiousmonthofhisyear。\"Therewasalsolamentationforthecessationofthegrowthofvegetation，andoneofthesehymns，afteraddressinghimastheshepherdandhusbandofI？tar，\"lordoftheunderworld，\"and\"lordoftheshepherd’sseat，\"
goesontolikenhimtoagermwhichhasnotabsorbedwaterinthefurrow，whosebudhasnotblossomedinthemeadow；tothesaplingwhichhasnotbeenplantedbythewatercourse，andtothesaplingwhoseroothasbeenremoved。Inthe\"Lamentations\"intheManchesterMuseum，I？tar，oroneofherdevotees，seemstocallforTammuz，saying，\"Return，myhusband，\"asshemakesherwaytotheregionofgloominquestofhim。Ere？—ê—gala，\"theladyofthegreathouse\"
（Persephone），isalsoreferredto，andthetextseemstoimplythatI？tarenteredherdomaininspiteofher。Inthistextothernamesaregiventohim，namely，/Tumu—giba/，\"sonoftheflute，\"/Ama—elaggi/，and/？i—umunnagi/，\"lifeofthepeople。\"
ThereferencetosheepandgoatsintheBritishMuseumfragmentrecallsthefactthatinanincantationforpurificationthepersonusingitistoldtogetthemilkofayellowgoatwhichhasbeenbroughtforthinthesheep—foldofTammuz，recallingtheflocksoftheGreeksun—godHelios。Thesewerethecloudsilluminatedbythesun，whichwerelikenedtosheep——indeed，oneoftheearlySumerianexpressionsfor\"fleece\"was\"sheepofthesky。\"ThenameofTammuzinSumerianisDumu—zi，orinitsrarefullestform，Dumu—zida，meaning\"true\"or\"faithfulson。\"Thereisprobablysomelegendattachedtothiswhichisatpresentunknown。
InallprobabilityI？tar，thespouseofTammuz，isbestknownfromherdescentintoHadesinquestofhimwhenwithPersephone（Ere？—ki—gal）
intheunderworld。Inthisshehadtopassthroughsevengates，andanarticleofclothingwastakenfromherateach，untilshearrivedintheunderworldquitenaked，typifyingtheteaching，thatmancantakenothingawaywithhimwhenhedepartsthislife。Duringherabsence，thingsnaturallybegantogowrongupontheearth，andthegodswereobligedtointervene，anddemandherrelease，whichwasultimatelygranted，andateachgate，asshereturned，theadornmentswhichshehadleftweregivenbacktoher。Itisuncertainwhetherthehusbandwhomshesoughttoreleasewassetfree，buttheendoftheinscriptionseemstoimplythatI？tarwassuccessfulinhermission。
Inthisstoryshetypifiesthefaithfulwife，butotherlegendsshowanothersideofhercharacter，asinthatofGilgame？，rulerofhercityErech，towhomshemakeslove。Gilgame？，however，knowingthecharacterofthedivinequeenofhiscitytoowell，reproachesherwithhertreatmentofherhusbandandherotherlovers——Tammuz，towhom，fromyeartoyear，shecausedbitterweeping；thebrightcolouredAllalabird，whomshesmoteandbrokehiswings；thelionperfectinstrength，inwhomshecutwounds\"bysevens\"；thehorsegloriousinwar，towhomshecausedhardshipanddistress，andtohismotherSililibitterweeping；theshepherdwhoprovidedforherthingswhichsheliked，whomshesmoteandchangedtoajackal；I？ullanu，herfather’sgardener，whomshetried，apparently，topoison，butfailing，shesmotehim，andchangedhimtoastatue（？）。Onbeingthusremindedofhermisdeeds，I？tarwasnaturallyangry，and，ascendingtoheaven，complainedtoherfatherAnuandhermotherAnatu，theresultbeing，thatadivinebullwassentagainstGilgame？andEnki—du，hisfriendandhelper。Thebull，however，waskilled，andaportionoftheanimalhavingbeencutoff，Enki—duthrewitatthegoddess，sayingatthesametimethat，ifhecouldonlygetholdofher，hewouldtreathersimilarly。ApparentlyI？tarrecognisedthattherewasnothingfurthertobedoneinthematter，so，gatheringthehand—maidens，pleasure—
womenandwhores，intheirpresencesheweptovertheportionofthedivinebullwhichhadbeenthrownather。
TheworshipofI？tar，shebeingthegoddessofloveandwar，wasconsiderablymorepopularthanthatofherspouse，Tammuz，who，asamongthewesternSemiticnations，wasadoredratherbythewomenthanthemen。Herworshipwasinallprobabilityofequalantiquity，andbranchedout，sotosay，inseveraldirections，asmaybejudgedbyhermanynames，eachofwhichhadatendencytobecomeadistinctpersonality。Thusthesyllabariesgivethecharacterwhichrepresentshernameashavingalsobeenpronounced/Innanna/，/Ennen/，and/Nin/，whilstanotuncommonnameinotherinscriptionsis/Ama—Innanna/，\"motherI？tar。\"TheprincipalseatofherworshipinBabyloniawasatErech，andinAssyriaatNineveh——alsoatArbela，andmanyotherplaces。Shewasalsohonoured（atErechandelsewhere）undertheElamitenamesofTi？pakand？u？inak，\"theSusiangoddess。\"
Nina。
Fromthename/Nin/，whichI？tarbore，thereishardlyanydoubtthatsheacquiredtheidentificationwithNina，whichisprovableasearlyasthetimeoftheLaga？itekings，Lugal—andaandUru—ka—gina。AsidentifiedwithAruru，thegoddesswhohelpedMerodachtocreatemankind，I？tarwasalsoregardedasthemotherofall，andintheBabylonianstoryoftheFlood，sheismadetosaythatshehadbegottenman，butlike\"thesonsofthefishes，\"hefilledthesea。
Nina，then，asanotherformofI？tar，wasagoddessofcreation，typifiedintheteeminglifeoftheocean，andhernameiswrittenwithacharacterstandingforahouseorreceptacle，withthesignfor\"fish\"within。HerearliestseatwasthecityofNinainsouthernBabylonia，fromwhichplace，inallprobability，colonistswentnorthwards，andfoundedanothershrineatNinevehinAssyria，whichafterwardsbecamethegreatcentreofherworship，andonthisaccountthecitywascalledafterherNinaaorNinua。Astheirtutelarygoddess，thefishermenintheneighbourhoodoftheBabylonianNinaandLaga？wereaccustomedtomaketoher，aswellastoInnannaorI？tar，largeofferingsoffish。
Asthemasculinedeitieshadfeminineforms，soitisnotbyanymeansimprobablethatthegoddesseshadmasculineforms，andifthatbethecase，wemaysupposethatitwasamasculinecounterpartofNinawhofoundedNineveh，which，asiswellknown，isattributedtoNinos，thesamenameasNinawiththeGreekmasculinetermination。
Nin—Gursu。
ThisdeityisprincipallyofimportanceinconnectionwiththeancientBabylonianstateofLaga？，thehomeofanoldandimportantlineofkingsandviceroys，amongthelatterbeingthecelebratedGudea，whosestatuesandinscribedcylindersnowadorntheBabyloniangalleriesoftheLouvreatParis。Hisnamemeans\"LordofGirsu，\"whichwasprobablyoneofthesuburbs，andtheoldestpart，ofLaga？。ThisdeitywassonofEn—lilaorBêl，andwasidentifiedwithNirigorênu—rê？tu。
Toallappearancehewasasun—deity。Thedialecticformofhisnamewas/U—Mersi/，ofwhichavariant，/En—Mersi/，occursinanincantationpublishedinthefourthvolumeofthe/CuneiformInscriptionsofWesternAsia/，pl。27，where，fortheSumerian\"TakeawhitekidofEn—Mersi，\"theSemitictranslationis\"ofTammuz，\"
showingthathewasidentifiedwiththelattergod。InthesecondvolumeofthesameworkNin—Girsuisgivenasthepronunciationofthenameofthegodofagriculturalists，confirmingthisidentification，Tammuzbeingalsogodofagriculture。
Bau。
ThisgoddessatalltimesplayedaprominentpartinancientBabylonianreligion，especiallywiththerulersbeforethedynastyofHammurabi。Shewasthe\"mother\"ofLaga？，andhertemplewasatUru—azaga，adistrictofLaga？，thechiefcityofNin—Girsu，whosespouseshewas。LikeNin—Girsu，sheplanted（notonlygrainandvegetation，butalsotheseedofmen）。Inhercharacterofthegoddesswhogavelifetomen，andhealedtheirbodiesinsickness，shewasidentifiedwithGula，oneofthosetitlesis\"theladysavingfromdeath\"。Ga—tum—duga，whosenameprobablymeans\"makingandproducinggood，\"wasalsoexceedinglypopularinancienttimes，andthoughidentifiedwithBau，isregardedbyJastrowhashavingbeenoriginallydistinctfromher。
Ere？—ki—galorAllatu。
AstheprototypeofPersephone，thisgoddessisoneofmuchimportanceforcomparativemythology，andthereisalegendconcerningherofconsiderableinterest。ThetextisoneofthosefoundatTel—el—
Armana，inEgypt，andstatesthatthegodsoncemadeafeast，andsenttoEre？—ki—gal，sayingthat，thoughtheycouldgodowntoher，shecouldnotascendtothem，andaskinghertosendamessengertofetchawaythefooddestinedforher。Thisshedid，andallthegodsstooduptoreceivehermessenger，exceptone，whoseemstohavewithheldthistokenofrespect。Themessenger，whenhereturned，apparentlyrelatedtoEre？—ki—galwhathadhappened，andangeredthereat，shesenthimbacktothepresenceofthegods，askingforthedelinquenttobedeliveredtoher，thatshemightkillhim。Thegodsthendiscussedthequestionofdeathwiththemessenger，andtoldhimtotaketohismistressthegodwhohadnotstoodupinhispresence。
Whenthegodswerebroughttogether，thattheculpritmightberecognised，oneofthemremainedinthebackground，andonthemessengeraskingwhoitwaswhodidnotstandup，itwasfoundtobeNerigal。Thisgodwasdulysent，butwasnotatallinclinedtobesubmissive，forinsteadofkillinghim，asshehadthreatened，Ere？—
ki—galfoundherselfseizedbythehairanddraggedfromherthrone，whilstthedeath—dealinggodmadereadytocutoffherhead。\"Donotkillme，mybrother，letmespeaktothee，\"shecried，andonhisloosinghisholduponherhair，shecontinued，\"thoushaltbemyhusband，andIwillbethywife——Iwillcauseyoutotakedominioninthewideearth。Iwillplacethetabletofwisdominthinehand——thoushaltbelord，Iwillbelady。\"Nerigalthereupontookher，kissedher，andwipedawayhertears，saying，\"Whateverthouhastaskedmeformonthspastnowreceivesassent。\"
Ere？—ki—galdidnottreatherrivalintheaffectionsofTammuzsogentlywhenI？tardescendedtoHadesinsearchofthe\"husbandofheryouth。\"Accordingtothestory，notonlywasI？tardeprivedofhergarmentsandornaments，butbytheordersofEre？—ki—gal，Namtarsmoteherwithdiseaseinallhermembers。ItwasnotuntilthegodsintervenedthatI？tarwassetfree。Themeaningofhernameis\"ladyofthegreatregion，\"adescriptionwhichissupposedtoapplytoHades，andofwhichavariant，Ere？—ki—gal，\"ladyofthegreathouse，\"
occursintheHymnstoTammuzintheManchesterMuseum。
Nergal。
Thisnameissupposedtomean\"lordofthegreathabitation，\"whichwouldbeaparalleltothatofhisspouseEre？—ki—gal。HewastherulerofHades，andatthesametimegodofwarandofdiseaseandpestilence。Aswarrior，henaturallyfoughtonthesideofthosewhoworshippedhim，asinthephrasewhichdescribeshimas\"thewarrior，thefiercestorm—floodoverthrowingthelandoftheenemy。\"AspointedoutbyJastrow，hediffersfromNirig，whowasalsoagodofwar，inthathesymbolises，asgodofdiseaseanddeath，themiseryanddestructionwhichaccompanythestrifeofnations。Itisinconsequenceofthissideofhischaracterthatheappearsalsoasgodoffire，thedestroyingelement，andJensensaysthatNerigalwasgodofthemiddayorofthesummersun，andthereforeofallthemisfortunescausedbyanexcessofhisheat。
ThechiefcentreofhisworshipwasCuthah（/Kut？/，Sumerian/Gudua/）
nearBabylon，nowrepresentedbythemoundsofTelIbrahim。TheidentitywiththeGreekAriesandtheRomanMarsisprovedbythefactthathisplanetwas/Mu？tabarr？—m？tanu/，\"thedeath—spreader，\"whichisprobablythenameofMarsinSemiticBabylonian。
Amurru。
AlthoughthisisnotbyanymeansafrequentnameamongthedeitiesworshippedinBabylonia，itisworthyofnoticeonaccountofitsbearinguponthedateofthecompilationofthetabletwhichhasbeentakenasabasisofthislistofgods。Hewasknownas\"Lordofthemountains，\"andhisworshipbecameverypopularduringtheperiodofthedynastytowhichHammurabibelonged——sayfrom2200to1937B。C。，whenAmurruwasmuchcombinedwiththenamesofmen，andisfoundbothontabletsandcylinder—seals。Theideographicmannerofwritingitis/Mar—tu/，awordthatisusedfor/Amurru/，thelandoftheAmorites，whichstoodfortheWestingeneral。AmoriteshadenteredBabyloniainconsiderablenumbersduringthisperiod，sothatthereisbutlittledoubtthathispopularitywaslargelyduetotheirinfluence，andthetabletcontainingthesenameswasprobablydrawnup，oratleasthadtheSemiticequivalentsadded，towardsthebeginningofthatperiod。
SinorNannara。
Thecultofthemoon—godwasoneofthemostpopularinBabylonia，thechiefseatofhisworshipbeingatUru（nowMuqayyar）theBiblicalUroftheChaldees。TheoriginofthenameSinisunknown，butitisthoughtthatitmaybeacorruptionofZu—ena，\"knowledge—lord，\"asthecompoundideographexpressinghisnamemaybereadandtranslated。
Besidesthiscompoundideograph，thenameofthegodSinwasalsoexpressedbythecharacterfor\"30，\"providedwiththeprefixofdivinity，anideographwhichisduetothethirtydaysofthemonth，andisthoughttobeoflatedate。WithregardtoNannar，JastrowexplainsitasbeingforNarnar，andrendersit\"light—producer。\"Inalonghymntothisgodheisdescribedinmanylinesas\"thelord，princeofthegods，whoinheavenaloneissupreme，\"andas\"fatherNannar。\"Amonghisotherdescriptivetitlesare\"greatAnu\"（Sum。/anagale/，SemiticBab。/Anurab？/）——anotherinstanceoftheidentificationoftwodeities。Hewasalso\"lordofUr，\"\"lordofthetempleGi？nu—gala，\"\"lordoftheshiningcrown，\"etc。Heisalsosaidtobe\"themightysteerwhosehornsarestrong，whoselimbsareperfect，whoisbeardedwithabeardoflapis—stone，[*]whoisfilledwithbeautyandfullness（ofsplendour）。\"
[*]Probablyofthecolouroflapisonly，notmadeofthestoneitself。
BesidesBabyloniaandAssyria，hewasalsoworshippedinotherpartsoftheSemiticeast，especiallyatHarran，towhichcityAbrahammigrated，scholarssay，inconsequenceofthepatron—deitybeingthesameasatUroftheChaldees，wherehehadpassedtheearlieryearsofhislife。TheMountainofSinaiandtheDesertofSin，bothbearhisname。
AccordingtokingDungi（about2700B。C。），thespouseofSinorNannarawasNin—Uruwa，\"theladyofUr。\"SargonofAssyria（722—705
B。C。）callsherNin—gala。
AdduorRammanu。
ThenumerousnameswhichHadadbearsintheinscriptions，bothnon—
SemiticandSemitic，testifytothepopularitywhichthisgodenjoyedatalltimesinBabylonia。Amonghisnon—SemiticnamesmaybementionedMer，Mermer，Muru，all，itmaybeimagined，imitative。AdduisexplainedasbeinghisnameintheAmoritelanguage，andavariantform，apparently，whichhaslostitsfirstsyllable，namely，Dadu，alsoappears——theAssyriansseemalwaystohaveusedtheterminationlessformofAddu，namely，Adad。InallprobabilityAddu，Adad，andDaduarederivedfromtheWestSemiticHadad，buttheothername，Rammanu，isnativeBabylonian，andcognatewithRimmon，whichisthusshownbytheBabylonianformtomean\"thethunderer，\"orsomethingsimilar。Hewasthegodofwinds，storms，andrain，fearedonaccountoftheformer，andworshipped，andhisfavoursought，onaccountofthelast。InhisnameBirqu，heappearsasthegodoflightning，andJastrowisofopinion，thatheissometimesassociatedonthataccountwith？ama？，bothofthembeing（althoughindifferentdegrees）godsoflight，andthisisconfirmedbythefactthat，incommonwiththesun—god，hewascalled\"godofjustice。\"IntheAssyrianinscriptionsheappearsasagodofwar，andthekingsconstantlycomparethedestructionwhichtheirarmieshadwroughtwiththatof\"Adadtheinundator。\"Forthemhewas\"themightyone，inundatingtheregionsoftheenemy，landsandhouses，\"andwasprayedtostrikethelandofthepersonwhoshowedhostilitytotheAssyrianking，withevil—workinglightning，tothrowwant，famine，drought，andcorpsestherein，toorderthatheshouldnotliveonedaylonger，andtodestroyhisnameandhisseedintheland。
TheoriginalseatofhisworshipwasMuruinSouthBabylonia，towhichthepatesiofGirsuinthetimeofIbi—Sinsentgrainasanoffering。
Itssiteisunknown。Otherplaces（oraretheyothernamesofthesame？）wherehewasworshippedwereEnnigiandKakru。TheconsortofAdduwas？ala，whoseworshipwaslikewiseverypopular，andtowhomthereweretemples，notonlyinBabyloniaandAssyria，butalsoinElam，seeminglyalwaysinconnectionwithAddu。
A？？ur。
Inallthedeitiestreatedofabove，weseethechiefgodsoftheBabylonianandAssyrianpantheon，whichwereworshippedbybothpeoplesextensively，noneofthembeingspecificallyAssyrian，thoughworshippedbytheAssyrians。Therewasonedeity，however，whosenamewillnotbefoundintheBabylonianlistsofgods，namely，A？？ur，thenationalgodofAssyria，whowasworshippedinthecityofA？？ur，theoldcapitalofthecountry。
Fromthiscircumstance，itmayberegardedascertain，thatA？？urwasthelocalgodofthecitywhosenamehebore，andthatheattainedtothepositionofchiefgodoftheAssyrianpantheoninthesamewayasMerodachbecamekingofthegodsinBabylonia——namely，becauseA？？urwasthecapitalofthecountry。Hisacceptanceaschiefdivinity，however，wasmuchmoregeneralthanthatofMerodach，astemplestohimweretobefoundallovertheAssyriankingdom——acircumstancewhichwasprobablyduetoAssyriabeingmorecloselyunitedinitselfthanBabylonia，causinghisnametoarousepatrioticfeelingswhereveritmightbereferredto。Thiswasprobablypartlyduetothefact，thatthekinginAssyriawasmoretherepresentativeofthegodthaninBabylonia，andthatthegodfollowedhimonwarlikeexpeditions，andwhenengagedinreligiousceremonies——indeed，itisnotbyanymeansimprobablethathewasthoughttofollowhimwhereverhewent。
Onthesculpturesheisseenaccompanyinghimintheformofacircleprovidedwithwings，inwhichisshownsometimesafull—lengthfigureofthegodinhumanform，sometimestheupperpartonly，facingtowardsanddrawinghisbowagainstthefoe。Inconsequenceofitsgeneralappearance，theimageofthegodhasbeenlikenedtothesunineclipse，thefar—stretchingwingsbeingthoughttoresemblethelongstreamersvisibleatthemomentoftotality，anditmustbeadmittedasprobablethatthismayhavegiventheideaofthesymbolshownonthesculptures。Asasun—god，andatthesametimenotthegod？ama？，heresembledtheBabylonianMerodach，andwaspossiblyidentifiedwithhim，especiallyas，inatleastonetext，Bêltu（Bêltis）isdescribedashisconsort，whichwouldpossiblyidentifyA？？ur’sspousewithZer—pan？tum。TheoriginalformofhisnamewouldseemtohavebeenAu？ar，\"water—field，\"probablyfromthetractwherethecityofA？？urwasbuilt。HisidentificationwithMerodach，ifthatwaseveraccepted，mayhavebeenduetothelikenessofthewordtoAsari，oneofthatdeity’snames。ThepronunciationA？？ur，however，seemstohaveledtoacomparisonwiththeAn？arofthefirsttabletoftheCreation—story，thoughitmayseemstrangethattheAssyriansshouldhavethoughtthattheirpatron—godwasadeitysymbolisingthe\"hostofheaven。\"Nevertheless，theGreektranscriptionofAn？ar，namely，/Assoros/，givenbyDamascius，certainlystrengthenstheindicationsoftheideographinthismatter。DelitzschregardsthewordA？？ur，orA？ur，ashereadsit，asmeaning\"holy，\"andquotesalistofthegodsofthecityofNineveh，wherethewordA？？uroccursthreetimes，suggestingtheexclamation\"holy，holy，holy，\"or\"theholy，holy，holyone。\"Inallprobability，however，therepetitionofthenamethreetimessimplymeansthattherewerethreetemplesdedicatedtoA？？urinthecitiesinquestion。[*]JastrowagreeswithDelitzschinregardingA？urasanotherformofA？ir（foundinearlyCappadociannames），buthetranslatesitratheras\"overseer\"or\"guardian\"ofthelandandthepeople——theterminationlessformof/a？iru/，whichhasthismeaning，andisappliedtoMerodach。
[*]OrtheremayhavebeenthreeshrinestoA？？urineachtemplereferredto。
Astheuseofthecharacters/An—？ar/forthegodA？？uronlyappearsatalatedate（JastrowsaystheeighthcenturyB。C。），thiswouldseemtohavebeentheworkofthescribes，whowishedtoreadintothenametheearliersignificationofAn？ar，\"thehostofheaven，\"anexplanationfullyinaccordwithJastrow’sreasoningswithregardtothenatureofthedeity。Asherepresentednopersonificationorpowerofnature，hesays，butthegeneralprotectingspiritoftheland，theking，thearmy，andthepeople，thecapitalofthecountrycouldbetransferredfromA？？urtoCalah，fromtherebacktoA？？ur，andfinallytoNineveh，withoutaffectingthepositionoftheprotectinggodofthelandinanyway。Heneedednotemple——thoughsuchthingswereerectedtohim——hehadnoneedtofearthatheshouldsufferinesteembythepreferenceforsomeothergod。AstheembodimentofthespiritoftheAssyrianpeoplethepersonalsideofhisbeingremainedtoacertainextentinthebackground。Ifhewasthe\"hostofheaven，\"allthedeitiesmightberegardedashavingtheirbeinginhim。
SuchwasthechiefdeityoftheAssyrians——anationalgod，graftedonto，butalwaysdistinctfrom，therestofthepantheon，which，ashasbeenshown，wasofBabylonianorigin，andalwaysmaintainedthecharacteristicsandstampofitsorigin。
ThespouseofA？？urdoesnotappearinthehistoricaltexts，andhermentionelsewhereunderthetitleofBêltu，\"thelady，\"doesnotallowofanyidentificationbeingmade。Inoneinscription，however，A？？urituiscalledthegoddess，andA？？urthegod，ofthestarSib—zi—
anna，identifiedbyJensenwithRegulus，whichwasapparentlythestarofMerodachinBabylonia。This，however，bringsusnonearer，forA？？urituwouldsimplymean\"theAssurite（goddess）。\"
Theminordivinities。
Amongthehundredsofnameswhichthelistsfurnish，afewareworthyofmention，eitherbecauseofmorethanordinaryinterest，orinconsequenceoftheirfurnishingthenameofsomedeity，chiefinitslocality，butidentifiedelsewherewithoneofthegreatergods。
Aa。——Thismayberegardedeitherasthegodêa（thoughthenameiswrittendifferently），orasthesun—godassumingthenameofhisconsort；or（whatis，perhaps，moreprobable）asawayofwritingA’uorYa’u（theHebrewJah），withouttheendingofthenominative。Thislastisalsofoundundertheform/Aa’u/，/ya’u/，/yau/，and/ya/。
Abil—addu。——Thisdeityseemstohaveattainedacertainpopularityinlatertimes，especiallyamongimmigrantsfromtheWest。As\"thesonofHadad，\"hewastheequivalentoftheSyrianBen—Hadad。AtabletinNewYorkshowsthathisnamewasweakenedinformto/Ablada/。
Aku，themoon—godamongtheheavenlybodies。ItisthisnamewhichisregardedasoccurringinthenameoftheBabyloniankingEri—Aku，\"servantofthemoon—god，\"thebiblicalArioch（Gen。xiv。）。
Amma—an—ki，êaorAaaslordofheavenandearth。
Amna。——Anameonlyfoundinasyllabary，andassignedtothesun—god，fromwhichitwouldseemthatitisaformoftheEgyptianAmmon。
Anunitum，thegoddessofoneofthetwoSippars，calledSipparofAnunitum，whowasworshippedinthetempleê—ulma？withinthecityofAgadé（Akkad）。Sayceidentifies，onthisaccount，thesetwoplacesasbeingthesame。Inalistofstars，Anunitumiscoupledwith？inunutum，whichareexplainedas（thestarsof）theTigrisandEuphrates。ThesewereprobablynamesofVenusasthemorningandevening（oreveningandmorning）star。
Apsu。——ThedeepdissociatedfromtheevilconnectionwithTiawath，andregardedas\"thehouseofdeepwisdom，\"i。e。thehomeofthegodêaorAa。
Aruru。——OneofthedeitiesofSipparandAruru（inthetimeofthedynastyofHammurabicalledYa’ruru），ofwhichshewasthechiefgoddess。Aruruwasoneofthenamesofthe\"ladyofthegods，\"andaidedMerodachtomaketheseedofmankind。
Bêl。——Asthisnamemeans\"lord，\"itcouldbeapplied，likethePh？nicianBaal，tothechiefgodofanycity，asBêlofNiffur，BêlofHursag—kalama，BêlofAratta，BêlofBabylon，etc。Thisoftenindicatesalsothestarwhichrepresentedthechiefgodofaplace。
Bêltu。——InthesamewayBêltu，meaning\"lady，\"meantalsothechiefgoddessofanyplace，as\"Aruru，ladyofthegodsofSipparofAruru，\"
\"Nin—mah，ladyofthegodsofê—mah，\"acelebratedtemplewithinBabylon，recentlyexcavatedbytheGermans，\"Nin—hur—saga，ladyofthegodsofKê？，\"etc。
Bunene。——Agodassociatedwith？ama？andI？taratSipparandelsewhere。He\"gave\"and\"renewed\"tohisworshippers。
Dagan。——Thisdeity，whoseworshipextendsbacktoanexceedinglyearlydate，isgenerallyidentifiedwiththePh？nicianDagon。HammurabiseemstospeakoftheEuphratesasbeing\"theboundaryofDagan，\"whomhecallshiscreator。InlaterinscriptionstheformDaguna，whichapproachesnearertotheWestSemiticform，isfoundinafewpersonalnames。ThePh？nicianstatuesofthisdeityshowedhimwiththelowerpartofhisbodyintheformofafish（see1Sam。v。4）。Whetherthedeitiesclothedinafish’sskinintheNimroudgallerybeDagonornotisuncertain——theymaybeintendedforêaorAa，theOannesofBerosus，whowasrepresentedinthisway。Probablythetwodeitieswereregardedasidentical。
Damu。——agoddessregardedasequivalenttoGulabytheBabyloniansandAssyrians。Shewasgoddessofhealing，andmadeone’sdreamshappy。
Dumu—zi—abzu，\"TammuzoftheAbyss。\"——ThiswasoneofthesixsonsofêaorAa，accordingtothelists。Hisworshipisexceedinglyancient，andgoesbacktothetimeofE—anna—tumofLaga？（about4000B。C。）。
Whatconnection，ifany，hemayhavewithTammuz，thespouseofI？tar，isunknown。Jastrowapparentlyregardshimasadistinctdeity，andtranslateshisname\"thechildofthelifeofthewater—deep。\"
Elali。——AdeityidentifiedwiththeHebrewHelal，thenewmoon。OnlyfoundinnamesofthetimeoftheHammurabidynasty，inoneofwhichheappearsas\"acreator。\"
En—nugiisdescribedas\"lordofstreamsandcanals，\"and\"lordoftheearth，lordofno—return。\"Thislastdescription，whichgivesthemeaningofhisname，suggeststhathewasoneofthegodsoftherealmofEre？—ki—gal，thoughhemayhavebornethatnamesimplyasgodofstreams，whichalwaysflowdown，neverthereverse。
Gibil。——Oneofthenamesofthegodoffire，sometimestranscribedGirrubyAssyriologists，themeaningapparentlybeing\"thefire—
bearer\"or\"light—bearer。\"Girruisanothernameofthisdeity，andtranslatesanideographicgroup，renderedbyDelitzsch\"great\"or\"highestdecider，\"suggestingthecustomoftrialbyordeal。HewasidentifiedwithNirig，inSemiticênu—rê？tu。
Gu？qi—bandaorKuski—banda，oneofthenamesofêa，probablyasgodofgold—workers。
I？um，\"theglorioussacrificer，\"seeminglyanameofthefire—godasameanswherebyburntofferingsweremade。N？r—I？um，\"lightofI？um，\"isfoundasaman’sname。
Kaawanu，theplanetSaturn。
Lagamal。——AgodidentifiedwiththeElamiteLagamar，whosenameisregardedasexistinginChedorlaomer（cf。Gen。xiv。2）。HewasthechiefgodofMair，\"theship—city。\"
Lugal—AmaradaorLugal—Marad。——Thisnamemeans\"kingofMarad，\"acityasyetunidentified。ThekingofthisplaceseemstohavebeenNerigal，ofwhom，therefore，Lugal—Maradisanothername。
Lugal—banda。——Thisnamemeans\"thepowerfulking，\"orsomethingsimilar，andthegodbearingitissupposedtobethesameasNerigal。
