TheintrigantsofautocraticsystemshaveneverbeenabletounderstandthattheurgeofthespiritofindependenceinmenisnotprimarilytobreakshacklesbuttoSTANDALONEandthatthebreakingofbondsisincidentaltothetruedemonstrationoffreedom。TheBourbonsandtheiragentswerenomorenorlessblindtothegreatprinciplestirringtheheartsofmenintheirdaythanwerethePrussianizedhostsoverahundredyearslaterwho，havingthemselvesnoacquaintancewiththelawofliberty，couldnotforeseethathalfaworldwouldriseinarmstomaintainthatlaw。
WhentheWarofIndependencehadended，theFrenchMinister，Vergennes，andtheSpanishMinister，Floridablanca，secretlyworkedinunisontopreventEngland’srecognitionofthenewrepublic；andFloridablancain1782evenofferedtoassistEnglandifshewouldmakefurthereffortstosubdueher\"rebelsubjects。\"BothLatinpowershadtheirownaxestogrind，andAmericawastotendthegrindstone。FrancelookedforrecoveryofheroldprestigeinEuropeandexpectedtosupersedeEnglandincommerce。Shewoulddothis，inthebeginning，chieflythroughcontrolofAmericaandofAmerica’scommerce。VergennesthereforesoughtnotonlytodictatethefinaltermsofpeacebutalsotosaywhattheAmericancommissionersshouldandshouldnotdemand。
Ofthelattergentlemenhesaidthattheypossessed\"caracterespeumaniables！\"InwritingtoLuzerne，theFrenchAmbassadorinPhiladelphia，onOctober14，1782，Vergennessaid：\"itbehoovesustoleavethem[theAmericancommissioners]totheirillusions，todoeverythingthatcanmakethemfancythatwesharethem，andundertakeonlytodefeatanyattemptstowhichthoseillusionsmightcarrythemifourcooperationisrequired。\"Amongthese\"illusions\"wereAmerica’sdesiresinregardtothefisheriesandtothewesternterritory。ConcerningtheWest，VergenneshadwrittentoLuzerne，asearlyasJuly18，1780：\"Atthemomentwhentherevolutionbrokeout，thelimitsoftheThirteenStatesdidnotreachtheRiver[Mississippi]anditwouldbeabsurdforthemtoclaimtherightsofEngland，apowerwhoseruletheyhadabjured。\"BythesecrettreatywithSpain，furthermore，FrancehadagreedtocontinuethewaruntilGibraltarshouldbetaken，and——iftheBritishshouldbedrivenfromNewfoundland——tosharethefisheriesonlywithSpain，andtosupportSpainindemandingthattheThirteenStatesrenounceallterritorywestoftheAlleghanies。TheAmericanStatesmustbynomeansachieveagenuineindependencebutmustfeeltheneedofsureties，allies，andprotection。*
*SeeJohnJay，\"OnthePeaceNegotiationsof1782-1788asIllustratedbytheSecretCorrespondenceofFranceandEngland，\"
NewYork，1888。
SointentwasVergennesontheseaimsthathesentasecretemissarytoEnglandtofurtherthemthere。ThisactofhisperhapsgavethefirstinklingtotheEnglishstatesmen*thatAmericanandFrenchdesireswerenotidenticalandhastenedEngland’srecognitionofAmericanindependenceandheragreementtoAmericandemandsinregardtothewesternterritory。When，tohisamazement，VergenneslearnedthatEnglandhadaccededtoallAmerica’sdemands，hesaidthatEnglandhad\"boughtthepeace\"
ratherthanmadeit。ThepolicyofVergennesinregardtoAmericawasnotunjustlypronouncedbyalaterFrenchstatesman\"AVILE
SPECULATION。\"
*\"YourLordshipwaswellfoundedinyoursuspicionthatthegrantingofindependencetoAmericaasapreviousmeasureisapointwhichtheFrenchhavebynomeansatheartandperhapsareentirelyaversefrom。\"LetterfromFitzherberttoGrantham，September3，1782。
ThroughEngland’sunexpectedaction，then，theBourboncousinshadforeverlosttheiropportunitytodominatetheyoungbutspentandwar-weakenedRepublic，ortouseAmericaasacatspawtosnatchEnglishcommerceforFrance。Itwasplain，too，thatanyfrankmoveofthesortwouldrangetheEnglishalongsideoftheirAmericankinsmen。SinceAmericanIndependencewasanaccomplishedfactandthereforecouldnolongerbeprevented，thepresentobjectoftheBourboncousinswastorestrictit。TheAppalachianMountainsshouldbethewesternlimitsofthenewnation。ThereforethesettlementsinKentuckyandTennesseemustbebrokenup，orthesettlersmustbeinducedtosecedefromtheUnionandraisetheSpanishbanner。Thelatteralternativewasheldtobepreferable。Tobringitaboutthesamemethodsweretobecontinuedwhichhadbeenusedpriortoandduringthewar——namely，theuseofagentsprovocateurstocorrupttheignorantandincitethelawless，theinstigationofIndianmassacrestodauntthebrave，andthedistributionofgoldtobuytheavaricious。
Asherfinalandsuprememeansofcoercion，SpainrefusedtoAmericatherightofnavigationontheMississippiandsodeprivedtheWesternersofamarketfortheirproduce。TheNorthernStates，havingnoimmediateusefortheMississippi，werewillingtoplacateSpainbyacknowledginghermonopolyofthegreatwaterway。ButVirginiaandNorthCarolinaweredeterminedthatAmericashouldnot，bycongressionalenactment，surrenderher\"naturalright\"；andtheycitedtheproposedlegislationastheirreasonforrefusingtoratifytheConstitution。\"Theactwhichabandonsit[therightofnavigation]isanactofseparationbetweentheeasternandwesterncountry，\"Jeffersonrealizedatlast。\"Anactofseparation\"——thatpointhadlongbeenverycleartotheLatinsachemsoftheMississippiValley！
BoundedastheywereononesidebytheprecipitousmountainsandontheotherbythesouthwardflowoftheMississippianditstributary，theOhio，thetrappersandgrowersofcorninKentuckyandwesternTennesseeregardedNewOrleansastheirlogicalmarket，asthewidewatersweretheirnaturalroute。Ifmarketandrouteweretobeclosedtothem，theircommercialadvancementwassomethinglessthanadream。
In1785，DonEstevanMiro，agentlemanofartfulandwinningaddress，becameGovernorofLouisianaandfountainheadofthepropaganda。HewrotebenignandbrotherlyepistlestoJamesRobertsonoftheCumberlandandtoHisExcellencyofFranklin，suggestingthattobeofservicetothemwashisdearestaiminlife；andatthesametimehekeptthesouthernIndianscontinuallyonthewarpath。WhenRobertsonwrotetohimoftheCreekandCherokeedepredations，withahintthattheSpanishmighthavesomeresponsibilityinthematter，MirorepliedbyofferingtheCumberlanderasafehomeonSpanishterritorywithfreedomofreligionandnotaxes。HedisclaimedstirringuptheIndians。Hehad，infact，advisedMrMcGillivray，chiefoftheCreeks，tomakepeace。HewouldtryagainwhathecoulddowithMr。McGillivray。AstotheCherokees，theyresidedinaverydistantterritoryandhewasnotacquaintedwiththem；hemighthaveaddedthathedidnotneedtobe：hisfriendMcGillivraywasthepotentpersonalityamongtheSoutherntribes。
InAlexanderMcGillivray，Mirofoundaweaponfashionedtohishand。IftheCreekchieftain’sfiguremightstandasthesymboloftreachery，itisnonethelessoneofthemostpicturesqueandpatheticinourearlyannals。McGillivray，itwillberemembered，wasthesonofAdair’sfriendLachlanMcGillivray，thetrader，andaCreekwomanwhosesirehadbeenaFrenchofficer。A
brilliantandbeautifulyouth，hehadgivenhisfatheraprideinhimwhichisgenerallydeniedtothefathersofsonswithIndianbloodinthem。TheHighlandtraderhadsparednothinginhisson’seducationandhadplacedhim，afterhisschooldays，inthebusinessofficeofthelargetradingestablishmentofwhichhehimselfwasamember。AtabouttheageofseventeenAlexanderhadbecomeachieftaininhismother’snation；anddoubtlessitishewhoappearsshortlyafterwardsintheColonialRecordsastheWhiteLeaderwhoseinfluenceisseentohavebeenatworkforfriendshipbetweenthecolonistsandthetribes。WhentheRevolutionaryWarbrokeout，LachlanMcGillivray，likemanyoftheoldtraderswhohadservedBritishinterestssolongandsofaithfully，heldtotheBritishcause。GeorgiaconfiscatedallhispropertyandLachlanfledtoScotland。Forthis，hissonhatedthepeopleofGeorgiawithaperfecthatred。Herememberedhowoftenhisfather’scouragealonehadstoodbetweenthosesamepeopleandthewarlikeCreeks。Hecouldrecallthefewdaysin1760whenLachlanandhisfellowtrader，Galphin，attheriskoftheirliveshadbravedtheCreekwarriors——alreadypaintedforwarandonthemarch——andsohadsavedthesettlementsoftheBackCountryfromextermination。HelookeduponthemenofGeorgiaasanIndianregardsthosewhoforgeteitherabloodgiftorabloodvengeance。AndheembracedthewholeAmericannationinhishatredfortheirsakes。
In1776AlexanderMcGillivraywasinhisearlythirties-theexactdateofhisbirthisuncertain。*Hehad，wearetold，thetall，sturdy，butsparephysiqueoftheGael，withacountenanceofIndiancolorthoughnotofIndiancast。Hisoverhangingbrowsmademorestrikinghisverylargeandluminousdarkeyes。Heborehimselfwithgreatdignity；hisvoicewassoft，hismannergentle。HemighthavebeensupposedtobesomeLatincourtierbutforthebarbaricdisplayofhisdressandhisornaments。Hepossessedextraordinarypersonalmagnetism，andhispowerextendedbeyondtheCreeknationtotheChoctawsandChickasawsandtheSouthernCherokees。HehadlongbeenwooedbytheLouisianaauthorities，butthereisnoevidencethathehadmadealliancewiththempriortotheRevolution。
*Probablyabout1741or1742。Somewritersgive1739andothers1746。HisfatherlandedinCharleston，Pickett（\"HistoryofAlabama\"）says，in1735，andwasthenonlysixteen。
EarlyinthewarhejoinedtheBritish，receivedacolonel’scommission，andledhisformidableCreeksagainstthepeopleofGeorgia。WhentheBritishweredrivenfromtheBackCountries，McGillivray，inhisBritishuniform，wentonwiththewar。WhentheBritishmadepeace，McGillivrayexchangedhisBritishuniformforaSpanishoneandwentonwiththewar。Inlaterdays，whenhehadforcedCongresstopayhimforhisfather’sconfiscatedpropertyandhadmadepeace，heworetheuniformofanAmericanBrigadierGeneral；buthedidnotkeepthepeace，neverhavingintendedtokeepit。ItwasnotuntilhehadseentheSpanishplotscollapseandhadrealizedthattheAmericansweretodominatetheland，thattheWhiteLeaderceasedfromwarandurgedtheyouthsofhistribetoadoptAmericancivilization。
Spentfromhateandwastedwithdissipation，heretiredatlasttothespotwhereLachlanhadsetuphisfirstCreekhome。Herehelivedhisfewremainingdaysinahousewhichhebuiltonthesiteoftheoldruinedcabinaboutwhichstillstoodthelittlegroveofappletreeshisfatherhadplanted。HediedattheageoffiftyofafevercontractedwhilehewasonabusinesserrandinPensacola。Amongthosewhovisitedhiminhislastyears，onehasleftthisdescriptionofhim：\"Dissipationhassappedaconstitutionoriginallydelicateandfeeble。Hepossessesanatticismofdictionaidedbyaliberaleducation，agreatfundofwitandhumormelioratedbyaperfectgoodnatureandpoliteness。\"SetbesidethatkindlypicturethisroughetchingbyJamesRobertson：\"Thebiggestdevilamongthem[theSpaniards]isthehalfSpaniard，halfFrenchman，halfScotchmanandaltogetherCreekscoundrel，McGillivray。\"
HowindefatigablyMcGillivraydidhisworkweknowfromthebloodyannalsoftheyearswhichfollowedtheBritish-Americanpeace，whenthemenoftheCumberlandandofFranklinwereonthedefensivecontinually。HowcleverlyMireplayedhispersonalrolewediscoverinthelettersaddressedtohimbySevierandRobertson。Theselettersshowthat，asfaraswordsgoatanyrate，thefoundersofTennesseewerewillingtonegotiatewithSpain。InaletterdatedSeptember12，1788，SevierofferedhimselfandhistotteringStateofFranklintotheSpanishKing。
Thisoffermayhavebeenmadetogainarespite，oritmayhavebeengenuine。ThesituationintheTennesseesettlementswastrulydesperate，forneitherNorthCarolinanorCongressapparentlycaredintheleastwhatbefellthemorhowsoon。NorthCarolinaindeedwasinananomalousposition，asshehadnotyetratifiedtheFederalConstitution。IfFranklinwentoutofexistenceandtheterritorywhichitincludedbecameagainpartofNorthCarolina，Sevierknewthatalargepartofthenewlysettledcountrywould，underNorthCarolina’streaties，reverttotheIndians。Thatmeantruintolargenumbersofthosewhohadputtheirfaithinhisstar，orelseitmeantrenewedconflicteitherwiththeIndiansorwiththeparentState。TheprobabilitiesariathatSevierhopedtoplaytheSpaniardsagainsttheEasternerswho，evenwhiledenyingtheWesterners’
contentionthatthemountainswerea\"natural\"barrierbetweenthem，weremakingofthemabarrierofindifference。Itwouldseemso，because，althoughthiswastheveryaimofallMiro’sactivitiessothat，hadhebeenassuredofthesincerityoftheoffer，hemusthavegraspedatit，yetnothingdefinitewasdone。
AndSevierwaspresentlyinformingShelby，nowinKentucky，thattherewasaSpanishplotafoottoseizethewesterncountry。
MirohadotheragentsbesidesMcGillivray——who，bytheway，wascostingSpain，forhisownservicesandthoseoffourtribesaggregatingoversixthousandwarriors，asumoffifty-fivethousanddollarsayear。McGillivraydidverywellassuperintendentofmassacres；buttheSpaniardrequiredadifferenttypeofman，anAmericanwhoenjoyedhiscountry’strust，tobringthelargerplantofruition。MirofoundthatmaninGeneralJamesWilkinson，latelyoftheContinentalArmyandnowaresidentofKentucky，whichterritoryWilkinsonundertooktodelivertoSpain，foraprice。In1787WilkinsonsecretlytooktheoathofallegiancetoSpainandislistedinthefilesoftheSpanishsecretservice，appropriately，as\"NumberThirteen。\"Hewasindeedthethirteenthattable，theJudasatthefeast。
Somewhatundermiddleheight，Wilkinsonwashandsome，graceful，andremarkablymagnetic。Ofagood，ifratherimpoverished，Marylandfamily，hewaswelleducatedandwidelyreadforthetimes。Withabrilliantandversatileintellectualityandreadygiftsasaspeaker，heswayedmeneasily。Hewasaboldsoldierandwasendowedwithphysicalcourage，thoughwhenengagedinpersonalcontestsheseldomexertedit——preferringtheredtongueofslanderorthehiredassassin’sshotfrombehindcover。Hisrecordfailstodiscloseonecommendabletrait。Hewasinordinatelyavaricious，butloveofmoneywasnothiswholemotiveforce：hehadaspiritsojealousandmalignantthathehatedtothedeathanotherman’sgood。Heseemedtodivineinstantlywhereinothermenwereweakandtounderstandthespeediestandbestmeansofsuborningthemtohisowninterests——orofdestroyingthem。
WilkinsonwasabletolureanumberofKentuckiansintotheseparatistmovement。GeorgeRogersClarkseriouslydisturbedthearchplotterbyseizingaSpanishtrader’sstorewherewithtopayhissoldiers，whomVirginiahadomittedtorecompense。ThisactarousedthesuspicionsoftheSpanish，eitherastoNumberThirteen’sperfectloyaltyorastohisabilitytodeliverthewesterncountry。In1786，whenClarkledtwothousandmenagainsttheOhioIndiansinhislastandhisonlyunsuccessfulcampaign，WilkinsonhadalreadysettledhimselfneartheFalls（Louisville）
andhadlookedaboutformischiefwhichhemightdoforprofit。
WhetherhisinfluencehadanythingtodowithwhatamountedvirtuallytoamutinyamongClark’sforcesisnotascertainable；
but，foradisinterestedonlooker，hewasoverswifttospreadthenewsofClark’sdebacleandtodeclaregleefullythatClark’ssunofmilitarygloryhadnowforeverset。ItisalsoknownthathelaterservedothergeneralstreacherouslyinIndianexpeditionsandthatheintriguedwithMadAnthonyWayne’sKentuckytroopsagainsttheircommander。
SpaindidnotwishtoseetheIndianscrushed；andWilkinsonhimselfbothhatedandfearedanyotherofficer’sprestige。Howlonghehadbeeninforeignpaywecanonlyconjecture，for，severalyearsbeforehetransplantedhisactivitiestoKentucky，hehadbeenoneofacabalagainstWashington。Notonlyhisambitionsbuthisnaturemustinevitablyhavebroughthimtothedeath-battlewithGeorgeRogersClark。Asamilitaryleader，Clarkhadgenius，andsoldieringwashispassion。Innature，hewasopen，frank，andboldtomakefoesifhescornedaman’swayasignobleordishonest。WilkinsonsuavelysetaboutschemingforClark’sruin。HiscommunicationormemorialtotheVirginiaAssembly——signedbyhimselfandanumberofhisfriends——villifyingClark，endedClark’schancesforthecommissionintheContinentalArmywhichhecraved。ItwasWilkinsonwhomadepublicanincriminatingletterwhichhadClark’ssignatureattachedandwhichClarksaidhehadneverseen。ItistobesupposedthatNumberThirteenwasresponsiblealsoforthemalevolentanonymousletteraccusingClarkofdrunkennessandschemingwhich，sostrangely，founditswayintotheCalendarofStatePapersofVirginia。*Asaresult，ClarkwascensuredbyVirginia。ThereuponhepetitionedforaCourtofInquiry，butthiswasnotgranted。WilkinsonhadtogetridofClark；forifClark，withhismilitarygiftsandhispowerovermen，hadbeenelevatedtoapositionofcommandunderthesmileoftheGovernment，therewouldhavebeensmallopportunityforJamesW
WilkinsontoleadtheKentuckiansandtogatherinSpanishgold。
Sothemachinationsofoneofthevilesttraitorswhoeversoldhiscountrywereemployedtobringaboutthestultificationandhencethedownfallofagreatservant。
*SeeThomasM。Greene’s\"TheSpanishConspiracy，\"p。78，footnote。ItispossiblethatWilkinson’sintriguesprovidedataforanewbiographyofClarkwhichmayrecastinsomemeasuretheacceptedviewofClarkatthisperiod。
Wilkinson’schiefaidsweretheIrishmen，O’Fallon，Nolan，andPowers。ThroughNolan，healsovendedSpanishsecrets。Hesold，indeed，whateverandwhomeverhecouldgethispricefor。Socleverwashethatheescapeddetection，thoughhewasobligedtoremovesomesuspicions。HesucceededWayneascommanderoftheregulararmyin1796。HewasoneofthecommissionerstoreceiveLouisianawhenthePurchasewasarrangedin1803。HewasstillontheSpanishpayrollatthattime。Wilkinson’struerecordcametolightonlywhentheSpanisharchiveswereopenedtoinvestigators。
TherewereBritishagentsalsointheOldSouthwest，forthedissatisfactionoftheWesternmeninspiredinEnglishmenthehopeofrecoveringtheMississippiBasin。LordDorchester，GovernorofCanada，wrotetotheBritishGovernmentthathehadbeenapproachedbyimportantWesterners；buthereceivedadvicefromEnglandtomoveslowly。ForcomplicityintheBritishschemes，WilliamBlount，whowasfirstterritorialGovernorofTennesseeandlaterasenatorfromthatState，wasexpelledfromtheSenate。
Surelytherewasneveramoreelaboratenetworkofplotsthatcametonothing！TheconcessiontoAmericansin1796oftherightofnavigationontheMississippibroughtanendtothescheming。
InthesameyearTennesseewasadmittedtotheUnion，andJohnSevierwaselectedGovernorSevier’spopularitywasundiminished，thoughtherewereatthistimesomesixtythousandsoulsinTennessee，manyofwhomwerelatecomerswhohadnotknownhiminhisheyday。Hisoldpowertowinmentohimmusthavebeenasstrongasever，foritisrecordedthathehadonlytoenterapoliticalmeeting——nomatterwhose——forthecrowdtocheerhimandshoutforhimto\"givethematalk。\"
ThisadulationofSevierstillannoyedafewmenwhohadambitionsoftheirown。AmongthesewasAndrewJackson，whohadcometoJonesboroughin1788，justafterthecollapseoftheStateofFranklin。Hewastwenty-oneatthattime，andheissaidtohaveenteredJonesboroughridingafineracerandleadinganother，withapackofhuntingdogsbayingornosingalongafterhim。AcourtrecorddatedMay12，1788，aversthat\"AndrewJackson，Esq。cameintoCourtandproducedalicenceasanAttorneyWithACertificatesufficientlyAttestedofhisTakingtheOathNecessarytosaidofficeandWasadmittedtoPractissasanAttorneyintheCountyCourts。\"JacksonmadenohistoryinoldWataugaduringthatyear。NextyearhemovedtoNashville，andoneyearlater，whentheSuperiorCourtwasestablished（1790），hebecameprosecutingattorney。
ThefeudbetweenJacksonandSevierbeganaboutthetimethatTennesseeenteredtheUnion。Jackson，thentwenty-nine，wasdefeatedforthepostofMajorGeneraloftheMilitiathroughtheinfluencewhichSevierexercisedagainsthim，anditseemsthatJacksonneverforgavethisoppositiontohisambitions。BythecloseofSevier’sthirdterm，however，in1802，whenArchibaldRoanebecameGovernor，thepostofMajorGeneralwasagainvacant。
BothSevierandJacksonofferedthemselvesforit，andJacksonwaselectedbythedecidingvoteoftheGovernor，themilitaryvotehavingresultedinatie。AstrongcurrentofinfluencehadnowsetinagainstSevierandinvolvedchargesagainsthishonor。
HisoldenemyTiptonwasstillactive。Thebasisofthechargeswasafileofpapersfromtheentry-taker’sofficewhichafriendofTipton’shadlaidbeforetheGovernor；withanaffidavittotheeffectthatthepaperswerefraudulent。BoththeGovernorandJacksonbelievedthecharges。WhenweconsiderwhatsystemorlackofsystemoflandlawsandlandentriesobtainedinWataugaandsuch：primitivecommunities——whenapatchofcornsealedarightandclaimsweremadebynotchingtreeswithtomahawks——wemayimaginethatafilefromthelandofficemightappeareasilyenoughtosmirchalandholder’sintegrity。Thescandalwas，ofcourse，usedinanattempttoruinSevier’scandidacyforafourthtermasGovernorandtomakecertainRoane’sreflection。
TothisendJacksonbentallhisenergiesbutwithoutsuccess。
NolichuckyJackwaselected，forthefourthtime，asGovernorofTennessee。
Notlongafterhisinauguration，SeviermetJacksoninKnoxville，whereJacksonwasholdingcourt。ThechargesagainstSevierwerethenbeingmadethesubjectoflegislativeinvestigationinstitutedbyTipton，andJacksonhadpublishedaletterintheKnoxville\"Gazette\"supportingthem。AtthesightofJackson，Sevierflewintoarage，andafieryaltercationensued。Thetwomenwereonlyrestrainedfromleapingoneachotherbytheinterventionoffriends。ThenextdayJacksonsentSevierachallengewhichSevieraccepted，butwiththestipulationthatthedueltakeplaceoutsidetheState。JacksoninsistedonfightinginKnoxville，wheretheinsulthadbeenoffered。Sevierrefused。\"Ihavesomerespect，\"hewrote，\"forthelawsoftheStateoverwhichIhavethehonortopreside，althoughyou，ajudge，appeartohavenone。\"Noduelfollowed；but，aftersomefurtherbillets-doux，JacksonpublishedSevieras\"abasecowardandpoltroon。Hewillbaselyinsultbuthasnotthecouragetorepairthewound。\"Againtheymet，byaccident，andJacksonrusheduponSevierwithhiscane。Sevierdismountedanddrewhispistolbutmadenomovetofire。Jackson，thereupon，alsodrewhisweapon。Oncemorefriendsinterfered。Itispresumablethatneitherreallydesiredtheduel。BykillingNolichuckyJack，JacksonwouldhaveendedhisowncareerinTennessee——ifSevier’stribeofsonshadnot，byaswiftermeans，endeditforhim。AtthisdateJacksonwasthirty-six。Sevierwasfifty-eight；andhehadseventeenchildren。
ThechargesagainstSevier，thoughpressedwithalltheforcethathisenemiescouldbringtobear，cametonothing。HeremainedtheGovernorofTennesseeforanothersixyears——thethreetermsineightyearsallowedbytheconstitution。In1811
hewassenttoCongressforthesecondtime，ashehadrepresentedtheTerritorytheretwentyyearsearlier。Hewasreturnedagainin1813。Attheconclusionofhistermin1815hewentintotheCreekcountryascommissionertodeterminetheCreekboundaries，andhere，farfromhisBonnieKateandhistribe，hediedoffeverattheageofseventy。HisbodywasburiedwithfullmilitaryhonorsatTuckabatchee，oneoftheCreektowns。In1889，Sevier’sremainswereremovedtoKnoxvilleandahighmarblespirewasraisedabovethem。
HisIndianenemiesforgavethechastisementhehadinflictedonthemandhonoredhim。Intimesofpeacetheywouldcometohimfrequentlyforadvice。Andinhislatterdays，thechiefswouldmakestatevisitstohishomeontheNolichuckyRiver。\"JohnSevierisagoodman\"——sodeclaredtheCherokee，OldTassel，makinghimselfthespokesmanofhistory。Sevierhadsurvivedhisoldfriend，co-founderwithhimofWatauga，byoneyear。JamesRobertsonhaddiedin1814attheageofseventy-two，amongtheChickasaws，andhisbody，likethatofhisfellowpioneer，wasburiedinanIndiantownandlaythereuntil1825，whenitwasremovedtoNashville。
WhatoftheredtribeswhohadfoughtthesegreatpioneersforthewidelandoftheOldSouthwestandwhointheendhadreceivedtheirdustandtreasureditwithhonorinthelittlesoilremainingtothem？Alwaysthenewboundarylinesdrewcloserin，andtheredmen’sfootholdnarrowedbeforethepushingtreadofthewhites。Thedaycamesoonwhentherewasnolongerroomfortheminthelandoftheirfathers。Butfaroffacrossthegreatrivertherewasalandthewhitemendidnotcovetyet。
Thitheratlastthetribes——Cherokee，Choctaw，Chickasaw，andCreek——tooktheirway。Withwivesandchildren，maidsandyouths，theoldandtheyoung，withalltheirgoods，theircattleandhorses，inthecompanyofaregimentofAmericantroops，they——likethewhitemenwhohadsupersededthem——turnedwestward。Intheirfacesalsowastheredcolorofthewest，butnotnewlythere。Fromthebeginningoftheirrace，Destinyhadpaintedthemwiththehueofthebriefhourofthedyingsun。
ChapterXI。Boone’sLastDaysOnespringdayin1799，theremighthavebeenobservedagreatstirthroughthevalleyoftheKanawha。Withthedawn，menwereahorse，andwomen，too。Wagonscrowdedwithhumanfreightwheeledovertheroughcountry，andboats，largeandsmall，wereafloatonthestreamswhichpourintotheGreatKanawhaandatlengthminglewiththeOhioatPointPleasant，wherethebattlewasfoughtwhichopenedthegatesofKentucky。
SomeofthetravelerspouredintothelittlesettlementatthejunctionoftheElkandtheKanawha，whereCharlestonnowlies。
Others，whohadbeenlaterinstartingorhadcomefromagreaterdistance，gatheredalongthebanksoftheKanawha。Atlastshoutsfromthosestationedfarthestupthestreamechoeddownthevalleyandtoldtherestthatwhattheyhadcomeouttoseewasathand。
Severalpiroguesdriftedintoviewontheriver，nowbrighteninginthesunshine。Inthevesselsweremenandtheirfamilies；
balesandbundlesandpiecesofhouseholdfurnishings，heapedtothegunwale；afewcattleandhorsesstandingpatiently。Butitwasforonemanaboveallthattheeagereyesofthesettlerswerewatching，andhimtheysawclearlyashisboatswungby——atallfigure，erectandpowerful，hiskeenfriendlyblueeyesundimmedandhisruddyfaceunlinedbytime，thoughsixty-fivewintershadfrostedhisblackhair。
ForadecadethesesettlershadknownDanielBoone，asstorekeeper，assurveyor，asguideandsoldier。Theyhadeatenofthegamehekilledandlavishlydistributed。Andtheytoo——likethefolkofClinchValleyintheyearofDunmore’sWar——hadpetitionedVirginiatobestowmilitaryrankupontheirprotector。
\"LieutenantColonel\"hadbeenhistitleamongthem，bytheirdemand。OnceindeedhehadrepresentedthemintheVirginiaAssemblyand，forthatpurpose，trudgedtoRichmondwithrifleandhuntingdog。NotinterestedintheLegislature’sproceedings，heleftearlyinthesessionandtrampedhomeagain。
Butnoteventheesteemoffriendsandneighborscouldholdthegreathunterwhenthedeerhadfled。SoDanielBoonewasnowonhiswaywestwardtoMissouri，toanewlandoffabledherdsandwidespaces，wherethehunter’sgunmightspeakitsonewordwithauthorityandwherethesoulofasilentandfearlessmanmightfinditstrueabodeinNature’ssolitude。Wavinghislastfarewells，hefloatedpastthelittlegroups——tilltheirshoutsofgoodwillwerelongsilenced，andhisfleetswungoutupontheOhio。
AsBoonesailedondowntheBeautifulRiverwhichformsthenorthernboundaryofKentucky，oldfriendsandnewcomerswhohadonlyheardhisfamerodefromfarandneartogreetandgodspeedhimonhisway。Sometimeshepausedforadaywiththem。Onceatleast——this，wasinCincinnatiwherehewastakingonsupplies——someoneaskedhimwhy，athisage，hewasleavingthesettledcountrytodarethefrontieroncemore。
\"Toocrowded，\"heanswered；\"Iwantmoreelbow-room！\"
BoonesettledattheFemmeOsageCreekontheMissouriRiver，twenty-fivemilesaboveSt。Charles，wheretheMissouriflowsintotheMississippi。TherewerefourotherKentuckyfamiliesatLaCharette，astheFrenchinhabitantscalledthepost，buttheseweretheonlyAmericans。TheSpanishauthoritiesgrantedBoone840acresofland，andhereDanielbuiltthelastcabinhomehewastoerectforhimselfandhisRebecca。
Theregionpleasedhimimmensely。Thegovernmentalsystem，forinstance，waswhollytohismind。Taxeswereinfinitesimal。Therewerenoelections，assemblies，orthelike。Asinglemagistrate，orSyndic，decidedalldisputesandmadethefewregulationsandenforcedthem。Therewerenolandspeculators，nodry-mouthedsonsofthecommercialTantalus，athirstforprofits。BooneusedtosaythathisfirstyearsinMissouriwerethehappiestofhislife，withtheexceptionofhisfirstlonghuntinKentucky。
In1800hewasappointedSyndicofthedistrictofFemmeOsage，whichofficehefilledforfouryears，untilLouisianabecameAmericanterritory。Hewasheldinhighesteemasamagistratebecauseofhisjustandwisetreatmentofhisflock，whobroughthimalltheirsmallbickeringstosettle。Hehadnouseforlegalprocedure，wouldnotlistentoanynicesubtleties，sayingthathedidnotcareanythingatallabouttheEVIDENCE，whathewantedwastheTRUTH。Hisfavoritepenaltyforoffenderswasthehickoryrod\"welllaidon。\"Oftenhedecidedthatbothpartiesinasuitwereequallytoblameandchastisedthembothalike。WheninMarch，1804，theAmericanCommissionerreceivedLouisianafortheUnitedStates，Delassus，LieutenantGovernorofUpperLouisiana，reporting’onthevariousofficialsintheterritory，wroteoftheFemmeOsageSyndic：\"Mr。Boone，arespectableoldman，justandimpartial，hehasalready，sinceIappointedhim，offeredhisresignationowingtohisinfirmities。BelievingI
knowhisprobity，Ihaveinducedhimtoremain，inviewofmyconfidenceinhimforthepublicgood。\"*
*Thwaites，\"DanielBoone。\"TothisandotherbiographiesofBoone，citedintheBibliographicalNoteattheendofthisvolume，theauthorisindebtedforthematerialcontainedinthischapter。
Daniel，nodoubtsupposingthataSyndic’srightswereinviolable，hadneglectedtoapplytotheGovernoratNewOrleansforaratificationofhisgrant。Hewasthereforedispossessed。
Notuntil1810，andafterhehadenlistedtheKentuckyLegislatureinhisbehalf，didhesucceedininducingCongresstorestorehisland。TheKentuckyLegislature’sresolutionwasadoptedbecauseof\"themanyeminentservicesrenderedbyColonelBooneinexploringandsettlingthewesterncountry，fromwhichgreatadvantageshaveresultednotonlytotheStatebuttothecountryingeneral，andthatfromcircumstancesoverwhichhehadnocontrolheisnowreducedtopoverty；nothavingsofarasappearsanacreoflandoutofthevastterritoryhehasbeenagreatinstrumentinpeopling。\"Danielwasseventy-sixthen；soitwaslateinthedayforhimtohavehisfirstexperienceofjusticeinthematterofland。Perhapsitpleasedhim，however，tohearthat，inconfirminghisgrant，Congresshaddesignatedhimas\"themanwhohasopenedthewayformillionsofhisfellow-men。\"
The\"infirmities\"whichhadcausedthegoodSyndictoseekrelieffrompoliticalcaresmusthavebeenpurelymagisterial。Thehuntercouldhavebeenverylittleaffectedbythem，forassoonashewasfreedfromhisdutiesBoonetookupagainthesilentchallengeoftheforest。Usuallyoneortwoofhissonsorhisson-in-law，FlandersCalloway，accompaniedhim，butsometimeshisonlycompanionswereanoldIndianandhishuntingdog。OnoneofhishuntingtripsheexploredapartofKansas；andin1814，whenhewaseighty，hehuntedbiggameintheYellowstonewhereagainhisheartrejoicedovergreatherdsasinthedaysofhisfirstlonewanderingsintheBlueGrasscountry。Atlast，withtheproceedsoftheseexpeditionshewasabletopaythedebtshehadleftbehindinKentuckythirtyyearsbefore。ThestoryrunsthatDanielhadonlyfiftycentsremainingwhenalltheclaimshadbeensettled，butsocontentedwashetobeabletolookanhonestmaninthefacethathewasinnodispositiontomurmuroverhispoverty。
Whenafteralongandhappylifehiswifediedin1813，Boonelivedwithoneorotherofhissons*andsometimeswithFlandersCalloway。NathanBoone，withwhomDanielchieflymadehishome，builtwhatissaidtohavebeenthefirststonehouseinMissouri。Evidentlytheoldpioneerdisapprovedofstonehousesandofthe\"luxuries\"infurnishingswhichwerethenbecomingpossibletothenewgeneration，foroneofhisbiographersspeaksofvisitinghiminalogadditiontohisson’shouse；andwhenChesterHarding，thepainter，visitedhimin1819forthepurposeofdoinghisportrait，hefoundBoonedwellinginasmalllogcabininNathan’syard。WhenHardingentered，Boonewasbroilingavenisonsteakontheendofhisramrod。Duringthesitting，oneday，HardingaskedBooneifhehadeverbeenlostinthewoodswhenonhislonghuntsinthewilderness。
*Boone’ssonNathanwondistinctionintheWarof1812andenteredtheregulararmy，risingtotherankofLieutenantColonel。DanielMorganBooneissaidtohavebeenthefirstsettlerinKansas（1827）。OneofDaniel’sgrandsons，bearingthenameofAlbertGallatinBoone，wasapioneerofColoradoandwastotheforefrontinRockyMountainexploration。Anothergrandsonwasthescout，KitCarson，wholedFremonttoCalifornia。
\"No，Inevergotlost，\"Boonerepliedreflectively，\"butIwasBEWILDEREDonceforthreedays。\"Thoughnowhavingreachedtheageofeighty-five，DanielwasintenselyinterestedinCaliforniaandwasenthusiastictomakethejourneythithernextspringandsotofleeoncemorefromthecivilizationwhichhadcreptwestwardalonghispath。Theresoluteoppositionofhissons，however，preventedtheattempt。
AfewmenwhosoughtoutBooneinhisoldagehaveleftusbriefaccountsoftheirimpressions。AmongthesewasAudubon。\"Thestatureandgeneralappearanceofthiswandererofthewesternforests，\"thenaturalistwrote，\"approachedthegigantic。Hischestwasbroad，andprominent；hismuscularpowersdisplayedthemselvesineverylimb；hiscountenancegaveindicationofhisgreatcourage，enterpriseandperseverance；and，whenhespoke，theverymotionofhislipsbroughttheimpressionthatwhateverheutteredcouldnotbeotherwisethanstrictlytrue。\"
AudubonspentanightunderBoone’sroof。Herelatedafterwardsthattheoldhunter，havingremovedhishuntingshirt，spreadhisblanketsonthefloorandlaydowntheretosleep，sayingthathefounditmorecomfortablethanabed。AstrikingsketchofBooneiscontainedinafewlinespennedbyoneofhisearliestbiographers：\"Hehadwhatphrenologistswouldhaveconsideredamodelhead——withaforeheadpeculiarlyhigh，nobleandbold，thincompressedlips，amildclearblueeye，alargeandprominentchinandageneralexpressionofcountenanceinwhichfearlessnessandcouragesatenthronedandwhichtoldthebeholderataglancewhathehadbeenandwasformedtobe。\"IncriticizingthevariousportraitsofDaniel，thesamewritersays：\"Theywantthehighportandnobledaringofhiscountenance……Neverwasoldagemoregreen，orgrayhairsmoregraceful。Hishigh，calm，boldforeheadseemedconvertedbyyearsintoiron。\"
AlthoughweareindebtedtotheseandotherearlychroniclersformanydetailsofBoone’slife，therewasoneeventwhichnoneofhisbiographershasrelated；yetweknowthatitmusthavetakenplace。Eventhebareindicationofitisfoundonlyinthenarrativeoftheadventuresoftwootherexplorers。
Itwasinthewinterof1803thatthesetwomencametoBoone’sSettlement，asLaCharettewasnowgenerallycalled。Theyhadplannedtomaketheirwintercampthere，forinthespring，whentheMissourirosetotheflood，theyandtheircompanyoffrontiersmenweretotaketheirwayupthatunchartedstreamandoverplainsandmountainsinquestofthePacificOcean。TheywererefusedpermissionbytheSpanishauthoritiestocampatBoone’sSettlement；sotheylaythroughthewintersomefortymilesdistantontheIllinoissideoftheMississippi，acrossfromthemouthoftheMissouri。Sincetherecordsaresilent，wearefreetopictureaswechoosetheircomingtothesettlementduringthewinterandagaininthespring，forweknowthattheycame。
Wecanimagine，forinstance，thestirtheymadeinLaCharetteonsomesparklingdaywhenthefrostbitandthecrustysnowsentupadancinghazeofdiamondpoints。WecanseethefriendlyFrenchhabitantsstaringafterthetwoyoungleadersandtheirmen——allmereboys，thoughtheywerealsohusky，seasonedfrontiersmen——withtheirbronzedfacesofEnglishcast，asintheirgaylyfringeddeerskinstheyswaggeredthroughthehamlettopaytheirrespectstotheSyndic。Wemaythinkofthatdignitaryassmokinghispipebeforehisfireplace，perhaps；ormakingout，inhisfantasticspelling，arecordofhisprimitivecourt——forinstance，thathehadonthatdaygivenPierreadozenhickorythwacks，\"welllaidon，\"forstartingabrawlwithAntoine，andhadbestowedthesameuponAntoineforcontinuingthebrawlwithPierre。Aknockatthedoorwouldbringtheamiableinvitationtoenter，andthetwoyoungmenwouldstepacrosshisthreshold，whiletheirfollowerscrowdedabouttheopendoorandhailedtheoldpathfinder。
Oneofthetwoleaders——thedarkslendermanwithasubtletouchofthedreamerinhisresoluteface——wasastranger；buttheother，withthemorepracticalmienandtheshockofhairthatgavehimthenameofRedHeadamongthetribes，BoonehadknownasaladinKentucky。ToDanielandthisyoungvisitortheencounterwouldbeasimplemeetingoffriends，heightenedinpleasureandinterestsomewhat，naturally，bytheadventureinprospect。ButtousthereissomethingvastinthethoughtofDanielBoone，onhislastfrontier，graspingthehandsofWilliamClarkandMeriwetherLewis。
Asfortheroughandheartymobatthedoor，Danielmusthaveknownnotafewofthemwell；thoughtheyhadbeenchildreninthedayswhenheandWilliamClark’sbrotherstroveforKentucky。
ItseemsfittingthatthesoldierswiththisexpeditionshouldhavecomefromthegarrisonatKaskaskia；sincethetakingofthatfortin1778byGeorgeRogersClarkhadopenedthewesternwayfromtheboundariesofKentuckytotheMississippi。AndamongtheyoungKentuckiansenlistedbyWilliamClarkweresonsofthesturdyfightersofstillanearlierborderline，ClinchandHolstonValleymenwhohadadventuredunderanotherLewisatPointPleasant。Danielwouldrecognizeinthese——suchasCharlesFloyd——theyoungkinsmenofhisold-timecomradeswhomhehadpreservedfromstarvationintheKentuckywildernessbythekillfromhisrifleastheymadetheirlongmarchhomeafterDunmore’sWar。
InMay，LewisandClark’spiroguesascendedtheMissouriandtheleadersandmenoftheexpeditionspentanotherdayinLaCharette。Onceagain，atleast，Danielwastowatchthewestwarddepartureofpioneers。In1811，whentheAstorianspassed，oneoftheirnumberpointedtotheimmobilefigureof\"anoldmanonthebank，who，hesaid，wasDanielBoone。\"
Sometimestheagedpioneer’smindcastforwardtohislastjourney，forwhichhisadvancingyearswerepreparinghim。Hewroteonthesubjecttoasister，in1816，revealinginafewsimplelinesthatthefaithwherebyhehadcrossed，ifnotmoreliterallyremoved，mountainswasafixedstar，andthathelookedaheadfearlesslytothedarktrailhemusttreadbyitssinglegleam。Autumnwastintingtheforestandthetanghelovedwasintheairwhenthegreathunterpassed。ThedateofBoone’sdeathisgivenasSeptember26，1820。Hewasinhiseighty-sixthyear。
Unburdenedbythepangsofdiseasehewentoutserenely，bythegentlemarchesofsleep，intothenewcountry。
TheconventionfordraftingtheconstitutionofMissouri，insessionatSt。Louis，adjournedfortheday，andfortwentydaysthereafterthemembersworecrapeontheirarmsasafurthermarkofrespectforthegreatpioneer。DanielwaslaidbyRebecca’sside，onthebankofTeugueCreek，aboutamilefromtheMissouriRiver。In1845，theMissourilegislatorshearkenedtooft-repeatedpleasfromKentuckyandsurrenderedtheremainsofthepioneercouple。TheirboneslienowinFrankfort，thecapitaloftheonceDarkandBloodyGround，andin1880amonumentwasraisedoverthem。
TousitseemsratherthatKentuckyitselfisBoone’smonument；
evenasthoseothergreatcornStates，IllinoisandIndiana，areClark’s。There，thesetwoservantsunafraid，whosacrificedwithoutmeasureinthewintrywindsofman’singratitude，areeachyearmemorializedanew；whentheearthinsummer——theseasonwhentheredmanslaughtered——liftsupthefullgrainintheear，thelifegivingcorn；andwhenautumnsmilesingoldenpeaceoverthestubblefields，wherethereapingandbindingmachineshavehummedanation’sharvestsong。
BibliographicalNoteTheRacesAndTheirMigrationC。A。Hanna，\"TheScotch-Irish，\"2vols。NewYork，1902。Averyfullifsomewhatover-enthusiasticstudy。
H。J。Ford，\"TheScotch-IrishinAmerica。\"Princeton，1915。
Excellent。
A。G。Spangenberg，ExtractsfromhisJournaloftravelsinNorthCarolina，1752。PublicationoftheSouthernHistoryAssociation。
Vol。I，1897。
A。B。Faust，\"TheGermanElementintheUnitedStates，\"2vols。
（1909）。
J。P。MacLean，\"AnHistoricalAccountoftheSettlementsofScotchHighlandersinAmerica\"（1900）。
S。H。Cobb，\"TheStoryofthePalatines\"（1897）。
N。D。Mereness（editor），\"TravelsintheAmericanColonies。\"NewYork，1916。ThiscollectioncontainsthediaryoftheMoravianBrethrencitedinthefirstchapterofthepresentvolume。
LifeInTheBackCountryJosephDoddridge，\"NotesontheSettlementsandIndianWarsoftheWesternPartsofVirginiaandPennsylvania，\"from1763to1783。Albany，1876。AnintimatedescriptionofthedailylifeoftheearlysettlersintheBackCountrybyoneofthemselves。J。
F。D。Smyth，\"TourintheUnitedStatesofAmerica，\"2vols。
London，1784。MinutedescriptionsoftheBackCountryandinterestingpicturesofthelifeofthesettlers；biasedastopoliticalviewsbyRoyalistsympathies。
WilliamH。Foote，\"SketchesofNorthCarolina，\"NewYork，1846。
SeeFootealsoforhistoryofthefirstPresbyterianministersintheBackCountry。Astopoliticalhistory，inaccurate。
EarlyHistoryAndExplorationJ。S。Bassett（editor），\"TheWritingsofColonelWilliamByrdofWestover。\"NewYork，1901。AcontemporaryrecordofearlyVirginia。
ThomasWalker，\"JournalofanExplorationintheSpringoftheYear1750。\"Boston，1888。TherecordofhistravelsbythediscovererofCumberlandGap。
WilliamM。Darlington（editor），\"ChristopherGist’sJournals。\"
Pittsburgh，1893。ContainsGist’saccountofhissurveysfortheOhioCompany，1750。
C。A。Hanna，\"TheWildernessTrail，\"2vols。NewYork，1911。Anexhaustiveworkofresearch，withfullaccountsofCroghanandFindlay。SeealsoCroghan’sandJohnson’scorrespondenceinvol。
VII，NewYorkColonialRecords。
JamesAdair，\"TheHistoryoftheAmericanIndians，\"etc。London，1775。ThepersonalrecordofatraderwhowasoneoftheearliestexplorersoftheAlleghaniesandoftheMississippiregioneastoftheriver；amany-sidedwork，intenselyinteresting。
C。W。Alvord，\"TheGenesisoftheProclamationof1763。\"
ReprintedfromCanadianArchivesReport，1906。Anewandauthoritativeinterpretation。InthisconnectionseealsothecorrespondencebetweenSirWilliamJohnsonandtheLordsofTradeinvol。VIIofNewYorkColonialRecords。
JustinWinsor，\"TheMississippiBasin。TheStruggleinAmericabetweenEnglandandFrance。\"Cambridge，1895。Presentstheresultsofexhaustiveresearchandthecoordinationoffactsbyanhistorianofbroadintellectandvision。
\"ColonialandStateRecordsofNorthCarolina。30vols。ThechieffountainsourceoftheearlyhistoryofNorthCarolinaandTennessee。
W。H。Hoyt，\"TheMecklenburgDeclarationofIndependence。\"NewYork，1907。Thisbookpresentstheviewgenerallyadoptedbyhistorians，thattheallegedDeclarationofMay20，1775，isspurious。
JustinWinsor（editor），\"NarrativeandCriticalHistoryofAmerica。\"8vols。（1884-1889）。Also\"TheWestwardMovement。
\"Cambridge，1897。Bothworksofincalculablevaluetothestudent。
C。W。Alvord，\"TheMississippi。ValleyinBritishPolitics。\"2
vols。Cleveland，1917。Aprofoundworkofgreatvaluetostudents。
KentuckyR。G。ThwaitesandL。P。Kellogg（editors），\"DocumentaryHistoryofDunmore’sWar，\"1774。CompiledfromtheDraperManuscriptsinthelibraryoftheWisconsinHistoricalSociety。Madison，1905。A
collectionofinterestingandvaluabledocumentswithasuggestive，introduction。
R。G。Thwaites，\"DanielBoone。\"NewYork，1902。AshortandaccuratenarrativeofBoone’slifeandadventurescompiledfromtheDraperManuscriptsandfromearlierprintedbiographies。
JohnP。Hale，\"DanielBoone，SomeFactsandIncidentsnotHithertoPublished。\"ApamphletgivinganaccountofBooneinWestVirginia。PrintedatWheeling，WestVirginia。Undated。
TimothyFlint，\"TheFirstWhiteManoftheWestortheLifeandExploitsofColonelDan’lBoone。\"Cincinnati，1854。ValuableonlyasregardsBoone’slateryears。
JohnS。C。Abbott，\"DanielBoone，thePioneerofKentucky。\"NewYork，1872。Fairlyaccuratethroughout。
J。M。Peck，\"DanielBoone\"（inSparks，\"LibraryofAmericanBiography。\"Boston，1847）。
WilliamHenryBogart。\"DanielBooneandtheHuntersofKentucky。\"
NewYork，1856。
WilliamHaydenEnglish，\"ConquestoftheCountryNorthwestoftheRiverOhio，1778-1783，\"and\"LifeofGeneralGeorgeRogersClark，\"2vols。Indianapolis，1896。Anaccurateandvaluableworkforwhichtheauthorhasmadepainstakingresearchamongprintedandunprinteddocuments。ContainsClark’sownaccountofhiscampaigns，lettershewroteonpublicandpersonalmatters，andalsolettersfromcontemporariesindefenseofhisreputation。
TheodoreRoosevelt，\"TheWinningoftheWest，\"4vols。NewYork，1889-1896。Avigorousandspiritednarrative。
TennesseeJ。G。M。Ramsey，\"TheAnnalsofTennessee。\"Charleston，1853。
JohnHaywood，\"TheCivilandPoliticalHistoryoftheStateofTennessee。\"Nashville，1891。
（Reprintfrom1828。）Theseworks，withtheNorthCarolina\"ColonialRecords，\"arethesourcebooksofearlyTennessee。Instatistics，suchasnumbersofIndiansandotherfoesdefeatedbyTennesseeheroes，notreliable。IncorrectastocausesofIndianwarsduringtheRevolution。OnthissubjectseelettersandreportsbyJohnandHenryStuartinNorthCarolina\"ColonialRecords，\"vol。X；andlettersbyGeneralGageandlettersandproclamationbyGeneralEthanAlleninAmericanArchives，FourthSeries，vol。II，andbyPresidentRutledgeofSouthCarolinainNorthCarolina\"ColonialRecords，\"vol。X。SeealsoJustinWinsor，\"TheWestwardMovement。\"
J。Allison，\"DroppedStitchesinTennesseeHistory。\"Nashville，1897。ContainsinterestingmatterrelativetoAndrewJacksoninhisyoungerdaysaswellasaboutotherstrikingfiguresofthetime。
F。M。Turner，\"TheLifeofGeneralJohnSevier。\"NewYork，1910。
AfairlyaccuratenarrativeofeventsinwhichSevierparticipated，compiledfromthe\"DraperManuscripts。\"
A。W。Putnam，\"HistoryofMiddleTennessee，orLifeandTimesofGeneralJamesRobertson。\"Nashville，1859。Aramblinglengthynarrativecontainingsomeinterestingmaterialandmuchthatisunreliable。Itsworstfaultisdistortionthroughsentimentality，andindulgenceinthehabitofputtingtheauthor’srodomontadesintothemouthsofRobertsonandothercharacters。
J。S。Bassett，\"RegulatorsofNorthCarolina，\"inReportoftheAmericanHistoricalAssociation，1894。
L。C。Draper，\"King’sMountainanditsHeroes。\"Cincinnati，1881。
Thesourcebookonthisevent。Containsinterestingbiographicalmaterialaboutthemenengagedinthebattle。
FrenchAndSpanishIntriguesHenryDoniol，\"HistoiredelaparticipationdelaFrancedl’etablissementdesEtats-Unisd’Amerique，\"5vols。Paris，1886-1892。AcompleteexpositionoftheFrenchandSpanishpolicytowardsAmerica。duringtheRevolutionaryPeriod。
ManuelSerranoySanz，\"ElbrigadierJaimeWilkinsonysustratosconEspanaparalaindependenciadelKentucky，anos1787a1797。\"
Madrid，1915。ASpanishviewofWilkinson’sintrigueswithSpain，basedonlettersandreportsintheSpanishArchives。
ThomasMarshallGreen，\"TheSpanishConspiracy。\"Cincinnati，1891。Agoodlocalaccount，fromAmericansources。ThebestmaterialonthissubjectisfoundinJustinWinsor’s\"TheWestwardMovementandNarrativeandCriticalHistory\"becausethereviewedagainstabroadhistoricalbackground。SeeWinsoralsofortheLatinintriguesinTennessee。FormaterialonAlexanderMcGillivrayseetheAmericanArchivesandtheColonialRecordsofGeorgia。
EdwardS。Corwin，\"FrenchPolicyandtheAmericanAllianceof1778。\"Princeton，1916。DealschieflywiththecommercialaspectsofFrenchpolicyandshouldbereadinconjunctionwithWinsor，Jay，andFitzmaurice’s\"LifeofWilliam，EarlofShelburne。\"3
vols。London，1875。
JohnJay，\"OnthePeaceNegotiationsof1782-83asIllustratedbytheSecretCorrespondenceofFranceandEngland。\"NewYork，1888。
ApaperreadbeforetheAmericanHistoricalAssociation，May23，1887。
