1。Thenaturalburthensofanyparticularservice，maybecomprisedunderthefollowingheads：———Theintensityoflabourrequiredinitsperformance，———theulterioruneasinesswhichmayarisefromitsparticularcharacter，———thephysicaldangerattendingit，———theexpensesorothersacrificesnecessarymadepreviouslytoitsexercise，———thediscreditattachedtoit，———thepeculiarenmitiesitproduces。
Thewagesoflabourindifferentbranchesoftrade，areregulatedinexactproportiontothecombinationoftheseseveralcircumstances。Tothelegislator，however，exceptincaseswhereitmaybenecessarytoaddfactitioustonaturalreward，considerationsofthissortareingeneralsubjectsonlyofspeculation。
Thatanyparticularserviceismoreorlesshighlypriced，isoflittleimportance：itaffectstheindividualsonlywhostandinneedofit。Thecompetitionbetweenthosewhowantandthosewhocansupply，fixesthepriceofallservicesinthemostfittingmanner。Itissufficientthatthedemandbepublicandfree。Toassist，ifnecessary，ingivingpublicitytothedemand，andinmaintainingreciprocallibertyinsuchtransactions，isallthatthelegislatoroughtdodo。
2。Naturalrewardsareliabletobeinsufficient，inrelationtoservices，whoseutilityextendstothewholecommunity，withoutproducingparticularadvantagetoanyoneindividualmorethananother。Ofthisnaturearepublicemployments。Itistrue，manypublicemploymentsareattendedbynaturalrewardsintheshapeofhonour，power，themeansofservingone’sconnexions，anddeservingthepublicgratitude；
andwhentheserewardsaresufficient，factitiousrewardsaresuperfluous。
Totheirambassadors，andmanyothersoftheirgreatofficersofstate，theVenetiansnevergaveanypecuniaryreward。InEng1and，thepublicfunctionsofsheriffsandjusticesofthepeacearegenerallydischargedbyopulentandindependentindividuals，whoseonlyrewardconsistsintherespectandpowerattachedtothoseoffices。
3。Therearemanycircumstanceswhichmaydiminishthevalueofareward，withoutbeinggenerallyknownbeforehand，butagainstallofwhichitispropertoguard。Doestherewardconsistofmoney？Itsvaluemaybediminishedbyaburthenofthesamenature，orbyaburthenintheshapeofhonour。Honourandmoneymayevenbeseenatstrifewithoneanother，aswellaswiththemselvesBythesemeans，thevalueofarewardmaysometimesbereducedtonothing，andevenbecomenegative。
Inthiscountry，where，properlyspeaking，thereisnopublicprosecutor，manyoffences，whichnoindividualhasanypeculiarinterestinprosecuting，areliabletoremainunpunished。Inthewayofremedy，thelawoffersfrom£；10to£；20，tobelevieduponthegoodsoftheoffender，towhoeverwillsuccessfullyundertakethisfunction：sometimesitisadded，thattheexpenseswillberepaidincaseofconviction：sometimesthisisnotpromised。Theseexpensesmayamounttothirty，fifty，andevenonehundredpounds；itisseldomtheyaresolittleastwentypounds。Afterthis，canwebesurprisedthatthelawsareimperfectlyobeyed？
Itmaybeadded，thatitisconsidereddishonourabletoattendtothissummonsofthelaws。Anindividualwhointhismannerendeavourstoservehiscountry，iscalledaninformer；andlestpublicopinionshouldnotbesufficienttobrandhimwithinfamy，theservantsofthelaw，andeventhelawsthemselves，haveonsomeoccasionsendeavouredtofixthestain。Thenumberofprivateprosecutorswouldbemuchmorenumerous，if，insteadoftheinsidiousofferofareward，anindemnificationweresubstituted。Thedishonourableofferbeingsuppressed，thedishonouritselfwouldcease。Andwhocansay，whenbysuchanarrangementthecircumstancewhichoffendsitisremoved，whetherhonouritselfmaynotbepressedintotheserviceofthelaws？
Thereisanothercaseinwhich，bythenegligenceoflegalandofficialarrangements，aconsiderableandcertainexpenseisattachedtoandmadetoprecedeavariableanduncertainreward。Anewideapresentsitselftosomeworkmanorartist。Knowingthatthelawsgranttoeveryinventoraprivilegetoenablehimexclusivelytoreaptheprofitsofhisinvention，heenjoysbyanticipationhissuccess，andlabourstoperfecthisinvention。Having，intheprosecutionofhisdiscovery，consumed，perhaps，thegreaterpartofhispropertyandhislife，hisinventioniscomplete。Hegoes，withajoyfulheart，tothepublicofficetoaskforhispatent。Butwhatdoesheencounter？Clerks，lawyers，andofficersofstate，whoreapbeforehandthefruitsofhisindustry。Thisprivilegeisnotgiven，butis，infact，soldforfrom£；100to£；
200———sumsgreaterperhapsthanheeverpossessedinhislife。Hefindhimselfcaughtinasnare，whichthelaw，orratherextortionwhichhasobtainedtheforceoflaw，hasspreadfortheindustriousinventor。Itisataxlevieduponingenuity，andnomancansetboundstothevalueoftheservicesitmayhavelosttothenation。
RuleIII。Rewardshouldbeadjustedinsuchamannertoeachparticularservice，thatforeverypartofthebenefittheremaybeamotivetoinduceamantogivebirthtoit。
Inotherwords，thevalueoftherewardoughttoadvancestepbystepwiththevalueoftheservice。Thisruleismoreaccuratelyfollowedinrespectofrewardsthanofpunishments。Ifamanstealaquantityofcorn，thepunishmentisthesame，whetherhestealonebushelorten；
butwhenapremiumisgivenfortheexportationofcorn，theamountofthepremiumbearsanexactproportiontotheamountexported。Tobeconsistentinmattersoflegislation，thescaleoughttobeasregularintheonecaseasintheother。
Theutilityofthisruleisputbeyonddoubtbythedifferencethatmaybeobservedbetweenthequantityofworkperformedbymenemployedbytheday，andmenemployedbythepiece。Whenaditchistobedug，andtheworkisdividedbetweenonesetofmenworkingbytheday，andanothersetworkingbythepiece，thereisnodifficultyinpredictingwhichsetwillhavefinishedfirst。
Hope，andperhapsemulation，arethemotiveswhichactuatethelabourerbythepiece：themotivewhichactuatesthelabourerbythedayisfear———fearofbeingdischargedincaseofmanifestandextraordinaryidleness。
Itmustnot，however，beforgotten，thattherearemanysortsofworkinrespectofwhichitisimpropertoadoptthismodeofpayment；whichtendsindeedtoproducethegreatestquantityoflabour，butatthesametimeiscalculatedtogivebirthtonegligenceandprecipitation。Thismethodoughtonlytobeemployedincaseswherethequalityoftheworkcaneasilybediscerned，anditsimperfections（ifany）detected。
Thevalueofarewardmaybeincreasedordiminished，inrespectofcertaintyaswellasamount：when，therefore，anyservicesrequirefrequentlyrenewedefforts，itisdesirablethateacheffortshouldrendertheprobabilityofitsattainmentmorecertain。
Arrangementsshouldbemadeforconnectingserviceswithreward，insuchmannerthattheattainmentoftherewardshallremainuncertain，without，however，ceasingtobemoreprobablethanthecontraryevent。Thefacultiesoftheindividualemployedwillthusnaturallybekeptuponthefullstretch。Thisisaccomplishedwhenacompetitionisestablishedbetweentwoormorepersons，andarewardispromisedtothatonewhoshallrenderserviceinthemosteminentdegree，whetheritrespectthequantityorthequalityoftheserviceproposed。
RuleIV。Whentwoservicescomeincompetition，ofwhichamancannotbeinducedtoperformboth，therewardforthegreaterserviceoughttobesufficienttoinducehimtopreferittotheless。
Inacertaincountry，mattersaresoarranged，thatmoreistobegainedbybuildingshipsontheoldplan，thanbyinventingbetter；bytakingoneship，thanbyblockadingahundred；byplunderingatsea，thanbyfighting；bydistortingtheestablishedlaws，thanbyexecutingthem；byclamouringfororagainstministers，thanbyshowinginwhatmannerthelawsmaybeimproved。Itmusthoweverbeadmitted，thatinrespectofsomeoftheseabuses，itwouldbedifficulttoprescribetheproperremedy。
Bywhatmethodcancompetitionbetweentwoservicesbeestablished？Theindividualfromwhomtheyarerequiredmust，eitherfrompersonalqualificationsorexternalcircumstances，haveitinhispowertorendereithertheoneortheother。Itispropertodistinguishthecasesinwhichthispositionistransient，fromthoseinwhichitispermanent。Itisinthefirstthatthefaultcommitted，bysufferingdisproportiontosubsist，ismostirreparable。
DuringtheAmericanwar，upwardsofanhundredshipswereatonetimeinoneoftheharboursoftherevoltedcolonies。
Itvasofgreatimportancethattheyshouldbekeptinastateofblockade，sincemanyofthemwereloadedwithmilitarystores。AnEnglishcaptainreceivedorderstoblockadethem。Sufficientlyskilledinarithmetic，andinproverbs，toknowthattwoorthreebirdsinhiscagewereworthahundredinthebush，heactedasthegreaternumberofmenwouldhaveactedinhisplace。Hestoodofftoasufficientdistancetogivetheenemyhopesofescaping：assoonastheyhadquittedtheharbour，hereturned，capturedhalf—a—dozen，andtherestproceededtotheirdestination。Idonotanswerforthetruthofthisanecdote；buttrueornottrue，itisequallygoodasanapologue。Itexhibitsoneofthefruitsofthatinconsiderateprodigality，whichgrants，withoutdiscrimination，theproduceoftheircapturestothecaptors。
Anotherexample。Amanwhohasinfluenceobtainsthecommandofafrigate，withorderstogouponacruise。Thecommandofafirst—rateisacceptedbythoseonlywhocannotobtainafrigate。
Itisthusthatinterestisputincompetitionwithduty———cupiditywithglory。Therearedoubtlessnotwantingnoblemindsbywhomtheseductionsofsinisterinterestareresisted：butwhereforeshouldtheybesomuchexposedtowhatitissodifficulttoresist？
Itistrue，thattheirearsmaynotbealtogetherinsensibletothecallofhonour。Thelawhasbestowedpecuniaryrewardsuponthecaptorsofarmedvessels———（anotherexample，whereoneinstanceofprofusionhascreatedthenecessityofasecond）———buttheserewardsarestillunequal：thechaseofdovesismoreadvantageousthanthepursuitofeagles。
Theremedywouldbetotax，andtaxheavily，theprofitsoflucrativecruises，toformafundofrewardinfavourofdangerous，ormerelyusefulexpeditions。Bythisarrangement，thecountrywouldbedoublybenefited，theservicewouldberenderedmoreattractive，andconductedwithmoreeconomy。Itmaybetrue，thatifthistaxweredeductedfromtheshareoftheseamen，theirardourmightbecooled：neitherinvalueorinnumberaretheirprizesinthislotterysusceptibleofdiminution。
Butthoughthisbetruewithrespecttothelowerranksoftheprofession，oughtwetojudgeinthesamemannerofthesuperiorofficers，whosemindsareelevatedastheirrank，andonwhoseconducttheperformanceofthedutyhasthemostimmediatedependence？
Inthejudicialdepartment，theservicewhichbelongstotheprofessionofanadvocate，andtheservicewhichbelongstotheofficeofajudge，areinastateofrivalry：theyconstitutetheelementsoftwopermanentconditions，ofwhichthefirstamongmostnationsisthepreliminaryroutetothesecond。InEngland，thejudgesareuniformlyselectedfromamongtheclassofadvocates。Nowtheinterestofthecountryrequiresthatthechoiceshouldfalluponthemenofhighestattainmentsintheirprofession，sinceuponthereputationofthejudgesdependstheopinionwhicheverymanformsofhissecurity。Itisnotofthesameimportancetothepublicthatadvocatesshouldbesupereminentlyskilful：theiroccupationisnottoseekoutwhatisagreeabletojustice，butwhatagreeswiththeinterestofthepartytowhichchancehasengagedthem。Onthecontrary，themoredecidedlyanyadvocateisexaltedinpointoftalentsabovehiscolleagues，themoredesirableisitthatheshouldnolongercontinueanadvocate。Inproportiontohispre—eminence，istheprobabilitythathewillbeopposedtothedistributionofjustice。Theworsethecauseofthesuitor，themorepressingishisneedofanableadvocatetoremedyhisweakness。
InEngland，theemolumentsoftheLordChancellorarereckonedat£；
20，000
———Vice—Chancellor，5，000
———MasteroftheRolls，4，000
———Chief—JusticeoftheKing’sBench，6，500
———Chief—JusticeoftheCommonPleas，5，000
———Chief—BaronoftheExchequer，5，000
———NinePuisneJudges，4，000Now，amongsttheclassofadvocatestherearealwaystobefoundabouthalf—a—dozenwhoseannualemolumentsaveragefromeighttotwelvethousandpounds。Ofthisnumberthereisnotonewhowouldnotdisdaintheofficeofpuisnejudge，sincehisprofitsareactuallytwoorthreetimesasgreatastheirs。Totheseadvocatesofthefirstclassmaybeaddedasmanymore，whowouldequallydisdainthesesubordinatesituations，inthehopeeverydayofsucceedingtotheadvocateswhoshallsucceedtotheprincipalsituations。Therearetwomethodsofobviatingthisinconvenience：theonebyincreasingtheemolumentsofthejudges。
（Thiscoursehasbeenadopteduponmanyoccasions，andtheyhavebeenraisedtotheirpresentamount，withoutsuccess。）Theotherconsistsinloweringtheprofitsoftheadvocates：adesirableobjectinmorerespectsthanone，butwhichcanresultonlyfromrenderingthewholesystemofthelawsmoresimpleandintelligible。
Inthedepartmentofeducation，thereisanearlysimilarrivalrybetweentheprofessionoftheclergyandtheofficeofprofessor，betweentheprofessionofadvocateandtheofficeofjudge，inthedepartmentofthelaws。Inproportionasheiswhatheoughttobeinordertobeuseful，aclergymanisaprofessorofmorality，havingforhispupilsalargerorsmallernumberofpersonsofeveryclass，duringthewholecourseoftheirlives。Ontheotherhand，aprofessor（asheiscalled）hasforhispupilsanumberofselectindividuals，whosecharacteriscalculatedtoexercisethegreatestinfluenceuponthegeneralmassofthepeople，andamongtheirnumbertheclergyaregenerallytobefound。
Theperiodduringwhichtheseindividualsattendthelecturesoftheprofessoristhemostcriticalperiodoflife———theonlyperiodduringwhichtheyareunderobligationtopayattentiontowhattheyhear，ortoreceivetheinstructionpresentedtothem。Suchbeingtherelationbetweentheservicesofthetwoclasses，letusseewhatistheproportionbetweentheamountofrewardrespectivelyallottedtoeach。
InEngland，theemolumentsoftheclergyvaryfrom£；20to£；10，000a—year，whilethoseoftheprofessorsinthechiefseatsofeducation———theuniversities———arebetweenthetwentiethandthehundredthpartofthelattersum。InScotland，theemolumentsoftheprofessorsdifferbutlittlefromwhattheyareinEngland，buttherichestecclesiasticalbeneficeisscarcelyequaltotheleastproductiveprofessorship。Itisthus，saysAdamSmith，that``inEnglandthechurchiscontinuallydrainingtheuniversitiesofalltheirbestandablestmembers；
andanoldcollegetutor，whoisknownanddistinguishedasaneminentmanofletters，israrelytobefound’’；whilstinScotlandthecaseisexactlythereverse。ItisbytheinfluenceofthiscircumstancethatheexplainshowacademicaleducationissoexcellentintheScottishuniversities，and，accordingtohim，sodefectiveinthoseofEngland。
Betweentwoprofessionswhichdonotenterintocompetitionwitheachother（forexample，thoseofopera—dancersandclergymen，）
adisproportionbetweentheiremolumentsisnotattendedwithsuchpalpableinconveniences；butwhenbyanycircumstancetwoprofessionsarebroughtintocomparisonwitheachother，theleastadvantageouslosesitsvaluebythecomparison，andthedisproportionpresentstotheeyeoftheobservertheideaofinjustice。
RRBook1Chapter11TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterXICHOICEASTOREWARDSInmakingaproperselectionofpunishments，muchskillisrequired：comparativelymuchlessisrequisiteintheproperselectionofrewards。Notonlyarethespeciesofrewardsmorelimitedinnumberthanthoseofpunishments，butthegroundsofpreferencearemoreeasilydiscoverable，andtherearenot，asinthecaseofpunishments，anypassionswhichtendtomisleadthejudgment。
Thequalitiesdesirableinrewardsarethesameasinthecaseofpunishments：weshallenumeratethem，andthenproceedtopointoutinwhatdegreetheyareunitedincertainmodesofremuneration。
Arewardisbestadaptedtofulfilthepurposeforwhichitmaybedesigned，whenitis———Variable，susceptibleofincreaseordiminutioninrespectofamount，thatitmaybeproportionedtothedifferentdegreesofofservice。
Equable，thatequalportionsmayatalltimesoperatewithequalforceuponallindividuals。
Commensurable，withrespecttootherspeciesofrewardsattachedtootherservices。
Exemplary：itsapparentoughtnottodifferfromitsrealvalue。
Thisqualityiswanting，whenalargeexpenseisincurredforthepurposeofreward，withoutitsbecomingmatterofnotoriety。Theobjectaimedatoughttobetostriketheattention，andproduceadurableimpression。
Economical。Moreoughtnottobepaidforaservicethanitisworth。Thisistheruleineverymarket。
Characteristic：asfaraspossibleanalogoustotheservice。
Itbecomesbythismeansthemoreexemplary。
Popular。Itoughtnottoopposeestablishedprejudices。InvaindidtheRomanemperorsbestowhonoursuponthemostodiousinformers；theydegradedthehonours，buttheinformerswerenotthelessinfamous。Butitisnotenoughthatitdoesnotopposetheprejudices：itisdesirablethateveryrewardshouldobtaintheapprobationofthepublic。
Fructifying：calculatedtoexcitetheperseveranceoftheindividualinthecareerofservice，andtosupplyhimwithnewresources。Intheselectionfromamongthevarietyofrewards，ofthatparticularonewhichmostcertainlywillproduceanydesiredaffect，attentionmustnotonlybepaidtothenatureoftheservice，butalsototheparticulardispositionandcharacteroftheindividualuponwhomitistooperate。Inthisrespect，publicregulationscanneverattaintheperfectionofwhichdomesticdisciplineissusceptible。Nosovereigncaneverinthesamedegreebeacquaintedwiththedispositionsofhissubjects，asafathermaybewiththoseofhischildren。Thisdisadvantageishowevercompensatedbythelargernumberofcompetitors。Inakingdom，everydiversityoftemperament，andeverydegreeofaptitude，maybefoundunitedtogether；andprovidedtherewardbeproportionatetotheservice，itwillbeoflittleimportancewhatmaybeitsnature：likethemagnet，whichoutofheterogeneousmassattractsandseparatesthemosthiddenparticlesofiron，itwilldetecttheindividualsusceptibleofitsattraction。
Besides，thenatureofpecuniaryreward，whichisadaptedtothegreaterproportionofservices，issuchthateveryindividualmayconvertitintothespeciesofpleasurewhichbemostprefers。
Toformajudgmentofthemeritsanddemeritsofpecuniaryreward，aglanceatthelistofdesirablequalitieswillsuffice。
Itwillatoncebeseenwhichofthemitpossesses，andofwhichofthemitisdeficient：itisvariable，equable，andcommensurable。
Itoughttobeadded，thatitisfrequentlyindispensablynecessary：therearemanycasesinwhicheveryotherreward，separatedfromthis，wouldnotonlybeaburthen，butevenamockery，especiallyiftheperformanceoftheservicehavebeenattendedwithanexpenseorlossgreaterthantheindividualcaneasilysupport。
Ontheotherhand，pecuniaryrewardisnotexemptfromdisadvantages。Speakinggenerally（fortherearemanyexceptions，）itisneitherexemplary，norcharacteristic，norevenpopular。[2]Whenallowedtoexceedacertainamount，ittendstodiminishtheactivityofthereceiver：insteadofaddingtohisinclinationtopersevereinhisservices，itmayfurnishhimwithatemptationtodiscontinuethem。TheenrichedmanwillbeapttothinklikethesoldierofLucullus，whobecametimidsosoonashepossessedpropertytopreserve。Ibiteò；，quovis，quizonamperdidit，inquit。Hor。Epist。II。lib。2。Therearealsocasesinwhichmoney，insteadofanattractive，mayhavearepulsiveeffect，———insteadofoperatingasareward，maybeconsideredasaninsult，atleastbypersonswhopossessanydelicacyintheirsentimentsofhonour。Acertaindegreeofskillisthereforerequiredintheapplicationofmoneyasareward：
itisoftentimesdesirablethatthepecuniaryshouldappearonlyasanaccessarytothehonorary，whichshouldbemadetoconstitutetheprincipalpartofthereward。[3]
Everypecuniaryrewardmaybe，asitwere，annihilatedbyitsrelativesmallness。Amanofindependentfortune，andofacertainrankinsociety，wouldbeconsideredasdegradedbyacceptingasumthatwouldnotdegradeamechanic。Thereisnorulefordetermining；whatispermittedorprohibitedinthisrespect：customhasestablishedtheprejudice。
Butthedifficultyitpresentsisnotinsurmountable。Bycombiningtogethermoneyandhonour，acompoundisformed，whichisuniversallypleasing：medals，forexample，possessthisdoubleadvantage。Byalittleartandprecaution，asolidpeaceisestablishedbetweenprideandcupidity；andthusunited，theyhavebothbeenrangedunderthebannersofmerit。Prideproclaimsaloud———``Itisnottheintrinsicvalueofthemetalwhichpossessesattractionsforme；itisthecircleofgloryalonewithwhichitissurrounded。’’
Cupiditymakesitscalculationinsilence，andaccuratelyestimatesthevalueofthematerialoftheprize。
BytheSocietyofArtsastillhigherdegreeofperfectionhasbeenattained。Achoiceiscommonlyallowedbetweenasumofmoneyandamedal。Thusallconditionsandtastesaresatisfied：themechanicorpeasantpocketsthemoney；thepeerorgentlemanornamentshiscabinetwithamedal。
Theapparentvalueofmedalsisinsomecasesaugmented，byrenderingthedesign，uponthemcharacteristicoftheserviceonaccountofwhichtheyarebestowed。Bytheadditionofthenameoftheindividualrewarded，anexclusivecertificateismadeinhisfavour。Theingenuitydisplayedinthechoiceofthedesignhassometimesbeenextremelyhappy。
ABritishstatutegivestothepersonwhoapprehendsandconvictsahighwayman，amongstotherrewards，thehorseonwhichtheoffenderwasmountedwhenhecommittedtheoffence。
PossiblytheframerofthislawmayhavetakenthehintfromthepassageinVirgil，inwhichthesonofÆ；neaspromisestoNisus，incaseofthesuccessoftheexpeditionhewasmeditating，theveryhorseandaccoutrementswhichTurnushadbeenseentouse。
Itisequallypossible，thatthesameknowledgeofhumannature，whichsuggestedtotheLatinpoettheefficacyofsuchareward，suggesteditatoncetotheEnglishlawyer。Bethisasitmay，thisprovisioniscommendableonthreeseveralaccounts。Intheassignmentoftheprize，itpitchesuponanobject，which，fromthenatureofthetransaction，islikelytomakeaparticularimpressiononthemindofthepersonwhoseassistanceisrequired；actinginthisrespectinconformitytotheruleabovelaiddown，whichrecommendsanattentiontothecircumstancesinfluencingthesensibilityofthepersononwhomimpressionistobemade。
Italsohastheadvantageofbeingcharacteristic，aswellasexemplary。
Theanimal，whenthustransferred，becomesavoucherfortheactivityandprowessofitsowner，aswellasatrophyofhisvictory。
Anarrangementlikethis，simpleasitis，orratherbecauseitissosimple，wasanextraordinarystretchinBritishpolicy；
inwhich，thoughthereisgenerallyagreatmixtureofgoodsense，therereignsthroughoutakindoflittlenessandmauvaisehonte，whichavoids，withtimidcaution，everythingthatisbold，striking，andeccentric，scarcelyeverhazardinganyofthosestrongandmasterlytoucheswhichstriketheimagination，andfillthemindwiththeideaofthesublime。
ExamplesofrewardsofthisnatureaboundintheRomansystemofremuneration。Foreveryspeciesofmerit，appropriatesymboliccrownswereprovided。ThisbranchoftheiradministrationpreservedtheancientsimplicityofRomeinitscradle；andthewreathofparsleylongeclipsedthesplendourofthecrownsofgold。Iwasabouttospeakoftheirtriumphs，buthereIamcompelledtostop：humanityshuddersatthatprideofconquestwhichtreadsunderitsfeetthevanquishednations。Thesystemoflegislationoughtnodoubttobeadaptedtotheencouragementofmilitaryardour，butitoughtnottofanitintosuchaflameastomakeitthepredominantpassionofthepeople，andtoprostrateeverythingbeforeit。
Honoraryrewardsareeminentlyexemplary：theyarestandingmonumentsoftheserviceforwhichtheyhavebeenbestowed；
theyalsopossessthedesirablepropertyofoperatingasaperpetualencouragementtofreshexertions。Todisgraceanhonoraryreward，istobeatraitortoone’sself；hethathasoncebeenpronouncedbrave，shouldperpetuallymeritthatcommendation。
Tocreatearewardofthisnature，isnotverydifficult。Thesymbolicallanguageofesteemis，likewrittenlanguage，matterofconvention。Everymodeofdress，everyceremony，sosoonasitismadeamarkofpreeminence，becomeshonourable。Abranchoflaurel，aribband，agarter———everythingpossessesthevaluewhichisassignedtoit。Itishoweverdesirable，thattheseensignsshouldpossesssomeemblematiccharacterexpressiveofthenatureoftheserviceforwhichtheyarebestowed。Withreferencetothisprinciple，theblazonryofheraldryappearsrudeandunmeaning。Thedecorationofthevariousordersofknighthood，thoughnotdeficientinsplendour，arehighlydeficientinrespectofcharacter：
theystriketheeye，buttheyconveynoinstructiontothemind。Aribbandappearsmorelikethefineryofawoman，thanthedistinctivedecorationofahero。
Honorarytitleshavefrequentlyderivedapartoftheirgloryfrombeingcharacteristic。Theplacewhichhasbeenthetheatreofhisexploitshasoftenfurnishedatitleforavictoriousgeneral，wellcalculatedtoperpetuatethememoryofhisserviceandhisglory。Ataveryearlyperiodoftheirhistory，theRomansemployedthisexpedientinadditiontotheotherrewardswhichtheyconferreduponthegeneralwhocompletedaconquest。———HencethesurnamesofAfricanus，Numidicus，Asiaticus，Germanicus，andsomanyothers。
Thiscustomwasfrequentlybeenimitated。CatherineII。reviveditinfavouroftheRomanoffsandOrloffs。Mahon，twiceintheeighteenthcentury，furnishedtitlestoitsconquerors。ThemansionofBlenheimunitestotheeclatofthename，amoresubstantialproofofnationalgratitude。[5]
TheRomansoccasionallyappliedthesamemodeofrewardtoservicesofadifferentdescription。TheAppianwayperpetuallyrecalledtothememoryofthosewhojourneyedonit，theliberalityofAppius。[6]
Thecareeroflegislationmayalsofurnishsomeinstancesofhonourswhichpossessthischaracterofanalogy。InthedigestoftheSardinianlaws，everypraiseworthycarewastakentoinformthepeopletowhichoftheirsovereignstheywereindebtedforeachparticularlaw。Itisanexampleworthyofimitation。Itmayhavebeenintendedasamarkofrespect，aswellasforconvenienceofreference，thatithasbeencustomarytodesignatebythetitleoftheGrenvilleAct，theadmirablelawwhichthisrepresentativeofthepeopleprocuredtobeenactedfortheimpartialdecisionofquestionsrelativetocontestedelections。
HadthestatueofthislegislatorbeenplacedintheHouseofCommons，fromwhichhebanishedascandalousdisorder，itwouldbothhavebeenamonumentofgratitude，andanoblelesson：itmighthaveforitscompanionastatueofhisnoblerival，theauthorofEconomicalReform。Itisthusthattheimpartialjudgmentofposterity，forgettingthedifferenceswhichseparatedthem，delightstorecollecttheexcellencieswhichassimilatedthemtoeachother：itisthusthatithasplaced，sidebysideofeachother，EschinesandDemosthenes。Themoremenbecomeenlightened，themoreclearlywilltheyperceivethenecessity，atleast，ofdividinghonourbetweenthosewhocausenationstoflourishbymeansofgoodlaws，andthosewhodefendthembytheirvalour。
Amongthemostobviousandefficaciousmeansofconferringhonoraryrewards，arepictures，busts，statues，andotherimitativerepresentationsofthepersonmeanttoberewarded。Thesespreadhisfametoposterity，and，inconjunctionwiththehistoryoftheservice，handdowntheideaofthepersonbywhomitwasrendered。Theyarenaturallyaccompaniedwithinscriptionsexplanatoryofthecauseforwhichthehonourwasdecreed。Whentheartofwritinghasbecomecommon，theseinscriptionswillfrequentlygivedisgust，bythelengthorextravaganceoftheelogium；
anditwillthenbecomeanobjectofgoodtastetosayasmuchinasfewwordsaspossible。Perhapsthehappiestspecimensofthekindthatwere，oreverwillbeproduced，arethetwoinscriptionsplacedunderthestatuesofLouisXIV。andVoltaire；theoneerectedbythetownofMontpellier，thelatterbyasocietyofmenofletters，ofwhomFrederickIII。kingofPrussiawasone：———``ALouisXIV。aprè；ssamort。’’``A
Voltaire，pendantsavie：``Totheking，thoughnolongertheobjectofhopeandfear：tothepoetandphilosopher，thoughstillthebuttofenvy。Thebusiness，onoccasionslikethese，isnottoinformbuttoremind：
historyandtheartofprintingdotherest。
Thegreaternumberoftherewardsofwhichwehavespokenabove，areoccasional，thatis，appliedtoaparticularaction。
Thereareotherswhicharemorepermanentintheircharacter，suchastheHospitalsofChelseaandGreenwich，inEngland，andl’Hô；teldesInvalidesatParis。
Doubtshaveoftenbeenentertainedoftheutilityoftheseestablishments。Rewards，ithasbeensaid，mightbeextendedtoamuchgreaternumberofindividuals，iftheannualamountoftheexpensesoftheseplacesweredistributedintheshapeofpensions，whiletheindividualswouldthusberenderedmuchhappier，sincemenwhohavepassedtheirdaysofactivity，unitedinaplacewheretheyarenolongersubjecttothecaresandlaboursoflife，areexposedtothemostceaselesslistlessness。
Ishallnotdisputethetruthoftheseobservations，butontheotherhand，shallexaminetheeffectoftheseestablishmentsuponthemindsofsoldiersandsailors。Theirimaginationsareflatteredbythemagnificenceoftheseretreats；itisabrilliantprospect，openedtothemall；anasylumisprovidedforthosewho，havingquittedtheircountryandtheirfamiliesintheiryouth，havefrequently，intheirdaysofdecrepitudeandage，nootherhomeintheworld。Thosewhoaremutilatedordisfiguredwithwounds，areconsoledbytherenownwhichawaitstheminthehospital，whereeverythingremindsthemoftheirexploits；Itmayalsobeforthebenefitoftheservicemoreprudentthustounitethantodispersethem。Itisaluxury；butitisrational，exemplary，andpossessesacharacterofjusticeandmagnificence。
Theseestablishmentsbeingnecessarilylimitedwithrespecttothenumberwhichcanbeadmittedintothem，maybeconsidereduponthefootingofextraordinaryrewards，applicabletodistinguishedservices。Theywouldthusconstituteaspeciesofnobilityforthesoldiersandsailors。Theywouldacquireanadditionaldegreeofsplendour，weretheirwallsadornedbythetrophiestakeninwar，whichwouldthereappearmuchmoreappropriatelyplaced，thanwhendepositedinthetemplesofpeace。
Thedecorationsofthechapelofl’Hô；teldesInvalidesareadmirable。TheflagssuspendedinthecathedralofSt。Paulonlyawakenthoughtsatvariancewiththoseofreligiousworship：removedtoChelseaorGreenwich，theywouldbeconnectedwithnaturalassociations，andwouldfurnishatexttothecommentariesofthosewhoacquiredthembytheirvalour。
Itisnotoftenthateverydesirablequalityisseentobeunitedinoneandthesamereward：thisunion，however，frequentlytakesplaceinanalmostimperceptiblemanner。
Aninstanceofarewardparticularlywelladaptedtothenatureoftheservice，isthatofthemonopolywhichitisalmostuniversallythecustomtocreateinfavourofinventors。Fromtheverynatureofthething，itadaptsitselfwiththeutmostnicetytothoserulesofproportiontowhichitismostdifficultforrewardartificiallyinstitutedbythelegislatortoconform。Itadaptsitselfwiththeutmostnicetytothevalueoftheservice。Ifconfined，asitoughttobe，totheprecisepointinwhichtheoriginalityoftheinventionconsists，itisconferredwiththeleastpossiblewasteofexpense：itcausesaservicetoberendered，whichwithoutitamanwouldnothaveamotiveforrendering；andthatonlybyforbiddingothersfromdoingthatwhich，wereitnotforthatservice，itwouldnothavebeenpossibleforthemtohavedone。Evenwithregardtosuchinventions（forsuchtherewillbe）whereothers，besideshimwhopossessedhimselfofthereward，havescentoftheinvention，itisstillofuse，bystimulatingallparties，andsettingthemtostrivewhichshallfirstbringhisdiscoverytobear。Withallthisituniteseverypropertywhichcanbewishedforinareward。Itisvariable，equable，commensurable，characteristic，exemplary，frugal，promotiveofperseverance，subservienttocompensation，popular，andrevocable。
RRBook1Chapter12TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterXIIPROCEDUREASTOREWARDS。Theprovinceofrewardisthelastasylumofarbitrarypower。Intheearlystagesofsociety，punishments，pardons，andrewards，wereequallylavishedwithoutmeasureandwithoutnecessity。Theinflictionofpunishmenthasalreadyinameasurebeensubjecttoregulation：atsomefuturetimeruleswillbelaiddownforthegrantingofpardons；andlastofall，forthebestowmentofrewards。Ifpunishmentoughtnottobeinflictedwithoutformalproofofthecommissionofcrime，neitheroughtrewardtobeconferredwithoutequallyformalproofofdesert。
Itmaybeallowed，thatinpointofimportance，thedifferencebetweenthetwocasesisgreat；thatpunishmentinflictedwithouttrialexcitesuniversalalarm，whilstrewardconferredwithoutdesertexcitesnosuchfeelings。Buttheseconsiderationsonlyprovethattheadvantageofformalprocedureinthedistributionofrewardislimitedtothepreventionofprodigality，andoftheotherabusesbywhichthevalueofrewardisdiminished。
AtRome，ifcertaintravellersmaybebelieved，itisthecustom，whenasaintisabouttobecanonized，toallowanadvocate，whoinfamiliarlanguageiscalledtheadvocateofthedevil，topleadagainsthisadmission。Ifthisadvocatehadalwaysbeenfaithfultohisclient，thecalendermightnothavebeensofullasatpresent。Bethisasitmay，theideaitselfitexcellent，andmightadvantageouslybeborrowedbypoliticsfromreligion。L’Italicovalornonè；ancormorto：thereareyetsomelessonstobelearnedinthecapitaloftheworld。
ItisreportedofPetertheGreat，thatwhenhecondescendedtopassthrougheverygradationofmilitaryrank，fromthelowesttothehighestinhisempire，hetooknostepwithoutproducingregularcertificatesofhisqualifications。Wemaybeallowedtosupposethatevenwithinferiorrecommendationstothoseproducedbythegreatprince，hecouldhavesucceeded。Therewasnoadvocateforthedeviltocontestthepoint，andevenhadtherebeenonehisfidelitywouldhavebeendoubtful：buthadthequalificationsoftheCzarbeenasimperfectas，accordingtothehistory，theywerecomplete，hissubmittingtoproducethemwouldhaveofferedanoblelesson。
InEnglandwhenadormantpeerageisclaimedbyanyindividual，theattorney—generalisconstitutedtheadvocateforthedevil，andchargedtoexamineintoandproduceeverythingwhichcaninvalidatehistitle。Whereforeishenotthusemployedwhenitisproposedtocreatenewpeers？Whyshouldhenotbeallowedtourgeeverythingwhichcanbesaidagainstthemeasure？Isitfearedthathewouldbetoooftensuccessful？
Inthedistributionofrewards，wereitalwaysnecessarypubliclytoassignthereasonfortheirbestowment，arestraintwouldbeimposeduponprincesandtheirministers，towhichtheyareunwillingtosubmit。ThereformerlyexistedinSwedenacustom，orpositivelaw，obligingthekingtoinsertinthepatentconferringapensionortitlethereasonforthegrant。In1774，thiscustomwasabolishedbyanexpresslawinsertedintheGazetteofthatcourt，declaringthattheindividualshonouredbythebountyofthekingshouldbeidelitywouldhavebeendoubtful：buthadthequalificationsoftheCzarbeenasimperfectas，accordingtothehistory，theywerecomplete，hissubmittingtoproducethemwouldhaveofferedanoblelesson。
InEngland，theremuneratorybranchofarbitrarypowerhasbeguntobepruned。Exceptinparticularcases，thekingisnotallowedtograntapensionexceeding£；300perannum，withouttheconsentofparliament。Sincethepassingoftheactcontainingthisrestriction，thecandidatesforpensionshavebeenbutfew。
WhenM。NeckerundertooktheadministrationofthefinancesinFrance，thetotaloftheacknowledgedpensions，withoutreckoningthesecretgratuities，whichwereveryconsiderable，amountedtotwenty—sevenmillionsoflivres。InEnglandwherethenationalwealthwasnotlessthaninFrance，thepensionsdidnotamounttothetenthpartofthissum。Itisthusthatthedifferencebetweenalimitedandanabsolutemonarchymaybeexhibited，eveninfigures。
InIreland，thekinguponhissoleauthority，inl783，createdanorderofknighthood；thusprofitingbywhatremainedofthefragmentsofarbitrarypower。Noblamewasimputedtohimforestablishingthistaxuponhonour：hadheleviedataxuponproperty，thenationmightnothavebeensotractable。Thosewhohopedtoshareinthenewtreasurewerecarefulnottoraiseanoutcryagainstitsestablishment：thoseatwhoseexpensethistreasurewasestablished，didnotunderstandthispieceoffinesse；theyopenedtheireyeswidelybutcomprehendednothing。Themeasurecouldnothavebeenbetterjustifiedbycircumstances。Everydaythecrownfounditselfstrippedofsomeprerogative，justlyorunjustlythesubjectofenvy；itwasthereforehightimetoavailitselfofthesmallnumberofthose，intheexerciseofwhichitwasstilltolerated。
BecomeindependentofGreatBritain，thehonouroftheIrishnationseemedtorequireadecorationofthiskind：forwhatisakingdomwithoutanorderofknighthood？
Toenterintotheconsiderationofthedetailsrequisitefortheestablishmentofasystemofremuneratoryprocedure，comesnotwithinthepresentpartofourdesign：averyslightsketchoftheleadingprinciplesonwhichitmightbegrounded，istheutmostthatcanherebegiven。Thegeneralideawouldofcoursebetakenfromthesystemestablishedinpenalandcivilcases。Betweenthesesystems，themoststrikingdifferencewould，however，arisefromtheinterestandwishesoftheagentwhoseactmightbethesubjectofinvestigation，withrespecttothepublicityoftheact。Intheonecase，theconsequencesofsuchhisact，incaseitwereproved，beingpernicioustohim，allhisendeavourwouldbetokeepitconcealed：intheother，theseconsequencesbeingbeneficial，hisendeavourwouldbetoplaceitinthemostconspicuouslightimaginable。
Inthefirstcase，hisendeavourswouldbetodelaytheprocessandifpossiblemakeitvoid：inthelattertoexpediteitandkeepitvalid。
Themoststrikingpointofcoincidenceistheoccasionthereisinbothcasesfortwoparties。Inthecivilbranchtherecanhardlybeadeficiencyinthisrespect；therebeingcommonlytwoindividualswhoseinterestsareopposite，andknownandfelttobeso。Butinthepenalbranch，inoneverylargedivisionofit，thereisnaturallynosuchopposition；Imeaninthatwhichconcernsoffencesagainstthepubliconly。Here，therefore，thelawhasbeenobligedtocreatesuchanopposition，andhasaccordinglycreateditbytheestablishmentofapublicprosecutor。Intheremuneratorybranchofprocedure，thereisasimilarabsenceofnaturalopposition，andaccordinglythegranddesideratumistheappointmentofanofficerwhosebusinessitshouldbetocontestonthepartofthepublic，thetitletowhateverrewardisproposedtobegrantedinthisyear。Hemightbeentitled，forshortness，bysomesuchnameasthatofContestor—general。Withoutaprosecutor—general，inthelargeandimportantdivisionofcasesabovementioned，therewouldnot，unlessbyaccident———Imeanwhenanindividualisengagedinthetaskofprosecutionbypublicspirit，orwhatisthemorenatural，byprivatepique———beanysuitinstituted，anypunishmentinflicted。Forwantofacontestor—generalthereisnotunlessbyasimilaraccidentanycheckgiventotheinjusticeofunmeritedremuneration。Uponthewhole，then，thepenalandcivilbranchesofprocedure，butparticularlythepenal，mayinallcasesserveeitherasthemodels，or，ifthetermmaybeadmitted，astheanti—modelsoftheremuneratorybranchofprocedure。
RRBook1Chapter13TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterXIIIREWARDSTOINFORMERS。Theexecutionofalawcannotbeenforced，unlesstheviolationofitbedenounced；theassistanceoftheinformeristhereforealtogetherasnecessaryandasmeritoriousasthatofthejudge。
Wehavealreadyhadoccasiontoremark，thatwithrespecttopublicoffences，wherenooneindividualmorethananotherisinterestedintheirprosecution，ithasbeenfoundnecessarytocreateasortofmagistrate，anaccuser—general，tocarryonsuchprosecutionsinvirtueofhisoffice；butitisindispensablynecessarythatoffencesshouldbedenouncedtohim，beforehecanbegintoact。
Inawell—orderedcommunityitwouldbethedutyofeveryindividualpossessingevidenceofthecommissionofacrime，todenouncethecriminaltothetribunals；andsuchindividualwouldbedisposedsotodo。Inmostcountries，however，meningeneralaredesirousofwithdrawingfromtheperformanceofthisduty。Somerefusetoperformitfrommistakennotionsofpitytowardsthedelinquent；others，becausetheydisapproveofsomepartofthelaw；others，fromthefearofmakingenemies；manyfromindolence；almostallfromadisinclinationtosubmittothatlosswhichwouldarisefromtheinterruptionoftheirordinaryoccupations。
Inthesecountries，therefore，ithasbeenfoundnecessarytoofferpecuniaryrewardstoinformers。
Sofarasmyknowledgeextends，governmentshaveneverbeenadvisedtodiscontinuethispractice。Itissupportedbyauthority，butitiscondemnedbypublicopinion：mercenaryinformationsareconsidereddisgraceful，salariedinformers，odious。Henceitresults，thattherewardofferedbythelawdoesnotpossessallitsnominalvalue；thedisgraceattachedtotheserviceisadrawbackuponitsamount。Theindividualisrewardedbythestate，andpunishedbythemoralsanction。
Letusexaminetheusualobjectionsmadeagainstmercenaryinformations。
1。Itisodious（itissaid）toprofitbytheevilwehavecausedtoothers。
Thisobjectionisfoundeduponafeelingofimpropercommiserationfortheoffender；sincepitytowardstheguiltyiscrueltytowardstheinnocent。Therewardpaidtotheinformerhasforitsobject，theservicehehasperformed；inthisrespect，heisuponalevelwiththejudgewhoispaidforpassingsentence。Theinformerisaservantofthegovernment，employedinopposingtheinternalenemiesofthestate，asthesoldierisaservantemployedinopposingitsexternalfoes。
2。Itintroducesintosocietyasystemofespionage。
Tothewordespionage，astigmaisattached：letussubstitutethewordinspection，whichisunconnectedwiththesameprejudices。Ifthisinspectionconsistinthemaintenanceofanoppressivesystemofpolice，whichsubjectsinnocentactionstopunishment，whichcondemnssecretlyandarbitrarily，itisnaturalthatsuchasystemanditsagentsshouldbecomeodious。Butifthisinspectionconsistinthemaintenanceofasystemofpolice，forthepreservationofthepublictranquillityandtheexecutionofgoodlaws，allitsinspectors，andallitsguardians，actausefulandsalutarypart：itistheviciousonlywhowillhavereasontocomplain；itwillbeformidabletothemalone。
3。Pecuniaryrewardsmayinducefalsewitnessestoconspireagainsttheinnocent。
Ifwesupposeapublicandwell—organizedsystemofprocedure，inwhichtheinnocentarenotdeprivedofanymeansofdefence，thedangerresultingfromconspiracywillappearbutsmall。Besidestheprodigiousdifficultyofinventingacoherenttalecapableofenduringarigorousexamination，thereisnocomparisonbetweentherewardofferedbythelaw，andtherisktowhichfalsewitnessesareexposed。Mercenarywitnessesalsoareexactlythosewhoexcitethegreatestdistrustinthemindofajudge，andiftheyaretheonlywitnesses，asuspicionofconspiracyinstantlypresentsitself，andbecomesaprotectiontotheaccused。
Theseobjectionsareurgedinjustificationoftheprejudicewhichexists；buttheprejudiceitselfhasbeenproducedbyothercauses；andthosecausesarespecious。Thefirst，withrespecttotheeducatedclassesofsociety，isaprejudicedrawnfromhistory，especiallyfromthatoftheRomanemperors。Thewordinformeratoncerecallstothemindthosedetestablemiscreants，thehorrorofallages，whomeventhepencilofTacitusfailedtocoverwithalltheignominytheydeserved：
buttheseinformerswerenottheexecutorsofthelaw，theyweretheexecutorsofthepersonalandlawlessvengeanceofthesovereign。
Thesecondandmostgeneralcauseofthisprejudiceisfoundedupontheemploymentgiventoinformersbyreligiousintolerance：
intheagesofignoranceandbigotry，barbarouslawshavingbeenenactedagainstthosewhodidnotprofessthedominantreligion，informerswerethenconsideredaszealousandorthodoxbelievers；butinproportiontotheincreaseofknowledge，themannersofmenhavebeensoftened，andtheselawshavingbecomeodious，theinformers，withoutwhoseservicestheywouldhavefallenintodisuse，partookofthehatredwhichthelawsthemselvesinspired。Itwasaninjusticeinrespecttothem，butasalutoryeffectresultedfromit，totheclassesexposedtooppression。
Thesecasesoftyrannyexcepted，theprejudicewhichcondemnsmercenaryinformersisanevil。Itisaconsequenceoftheinattentionofthepublictotheirtrueinterests，andofthegeneralignoranceinmattersoflegislation。Insteadofactinginconsonancewiththedictatesoftheprincipleofutility，peopleingeneralhaveblindlyabandonedthemselvestotheguidanceofsympathyandantipathy———ofsympathyinfavourofthosewhoinjure———ofantipathytothosewhorenderthemessentialservice。Ifaninformerdeservestobehated，ajudgedeservestobeabhorred。
Thisprejudicealsopartlyspringsfromaconfusionofideas。Nodistinctionismadebetweenthejudicialandtheprivateinformer；
betweenthemanwhodenouncesacrimeinacourtofjustice，andhewhosecretlyinsinuatesaccusationsagainsthisenemies；betweenthemanwhoaffordstotheaccusedanopportunityofdefendinghimself，andhewhoimposestheconditionofsilencewithrespecttohisperfidiousreports。
Clandestineaccusationsarejustlyconsideredasthebaneofsociety：theydestroyconfidence，andproduceirremediableevils；buttheyhavenothingincommonwithjudicialaccusations。
Itisextremelydifficulttoeradicateprejudicessodeeplyrootedandnatural。Fromnecessity，thepracticeofpayingpublicinformerscontinuestobeinuse；butthecharacterofaninformerisstillregardedasdisgraceful，andbysomestrangefatalitythejudgesmakenoeffortstoenlightenthepublicmindonthissubject，andtoprotectthisusefulandevennecessaryclassofmenfromtherigourofpublicopinion。
Theyoughtnottosuffertheeloquenceofthebartoinsultbeforetheirfacesthesenecessaryassistantsintheadministrationofjustice。TheconductoftheEnglishlawtowardsinformersfurnishesacuriousbutdeplorableinstanceofhumanfrailty。Itemploysthem，oftentimesdeceivesthem，andalwaysholdsthemuptocontempt。
Itistimeforlawgiversatleasttoweanthemselvesfromtheseschoolboyprejudiceswhichcanconsistonlywithagrossinattentiontotheinterestsofthepublic，joinedtoagrossignoranceoftheprinciplesofhumannature。Theyshouldsettlewiththemselvesonceforallwhatitistheywouldhave：theyshouldstrike，somehoworother，abalancebetweenthebenefitexpectedfromtheeffectsofalaw，andtheinconveniences，orsupposedinconveniences，inseparablefromitsexecution。Iftheinconveniencespreponderate，lettherebeanendofthelaw；ifthebenefits，lettherebeanendofallobstacleswhichanaversiontothenecessaryinstrumentswhichitsefficacydepends，wouldopposetoitsexecution。
RRBook1Chapter14TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterXIVREWARDSTOACCOMPLICES。Amonginformers，criminalswhodenouncetheiraccompliceshavebeendistinguishedfromothers，andtheofferofpardonorrewardstoinducethemthustoact，hasbeencondemnedasaltogetherimproper。
Itmustbeacknowledged，thatsolongasthereisanyothermeansofobtainingtheconvictionofacriminalwithoutthusrewardinganaccomplice，thismethodisbad；theimpunitynecessarilyaccompanyingitisanevil。Butiftherebenoothermeans，thismethodisgood：sincetheimpunityofasinglecriminalislessevilthantheimpunityofmany。
Inrelation，however，toweightyandseriouscrimes，nosuchrewardscanwithproprietybeappointedbyagenerallaw。Agenerallawofferingpardonandrewardtothecriminalwhoinformedamongsthisaccomplices，wouldbeaninvitationtothecommissionofallsortsofcrimes：
itwouldbeasthoughthelegislatorhadsaid，``Amongamultitudeofcriminals，themostwickedshallnotonlybeunpunishedbutrewarded。’’Amanshalllayplansforthecommissionofacrime———shallengageaccompliceswiththeintentionofbetrayingthem：tothenaturalprofitsofthecrime，suchalawwouldaddtherewardbestoweduponhimasaninformer。ItiswhathasoftenhappenedunderEnglishlaw。Itisoneofthefruitsofthemaximwhichprohibitstheexaminationofsuspectedpersonsrespectingfactswhichmaytendtocriminatethemselves。Itis，however，criminalswhocanalwaysfurnish，andwhoofoftencanalonefurnish，thelightnecessaryfortheguidanceofjustice。Buttheexaminationofsuspectedpersonsbeingforbiddenasameansofobtainingintelligence，thereremainsonlythemethodofreward。
Butwhenthereward，insteadofbeingbestowedinvirtueofagenerallaw，islefttothediscretionofthejudge，andofferedonlywhennecessary，thisinconveniencedoesnotexist。Advantageouscrimescannolongerbecommittedwithsecurity。Recoursebeinghadtothiscostlymethodonlywhenallothermethodsfail，therewillalwaysbealongerorshorterinterval，duringwhicheverycriminalwillfeelhimselfexposedtothepunishmentdenouncedagainsthiscrimes。Theemploymentofrewardinthismannerhavingbecomeusual，willexerciseuponthesecurityofcriminalstheeffectofagenerallaw：itmightevenbeprescribedbysuchalaw。Thismethodwouldthenpossessalltheadvantagesofanunconditionallaw，withoutitsinconveniences。
Beccariahascondemned，withoutexception，everyrewardofferedtoaccomplices。Asthefoundationofhisopinion，heproducesonlyaconfusedsentimentofdisapprobationattachedtothewords``treasonandfaithlessness’’。
Voluntaryconventionsamongmenaregenerallyusefultosociety。Itwouldbeinmostcasesproductiveofevil，weretheynotconsideredbinding。Infamyhasthereforebecomeconstantlyattachedtothetermstreasonandfaithlessness。Theacts，howevertowhichthesetermsareapplied，areonlyperniciousinasfarasthecontractsofwhichtheyareviolationsareatleastinnocent。Torenderthesecurityofsociety（whichcrimes，weretheytoremainunpunished，woulddestroy）
subordinatetotheaccomplishmentofallmannerofengagements，wouldbetorendertheendsubordinatetothemeans。Whatwouldbecomeofsociety，wereitonceestablishedasaprinciple，thatthecommissionofacrimebecameadutyifonceithadbeenpromised？Thatpromisesoughttobeperformed，isamaximwhich，withoutalimitationexceptingthosetheperformanceofwhichwouldbepernicioustosociety，mighttohaveplaceneitherinlawsnorinmorals。Itisdoubtfulwhichwouldbemostinjurious———thenon—performanceofeverypromise，ortheperformanceofall。Farfrombeingagreaterevilthanthattowhichitisopposed，itwouldbedifficulttoshowthatthenon—performanceofcriminalengagementsisproductiveofanyevil。Fromtheperformanceofsuchanengagement，anunfavourablejudgmentonlycanbeformedofthecharacteroftheparty：howcanaasimilarjudgmentbeformedfromitsviolation？Becausehehasrepentedofhavingcommittedorbeenwillingtocommitanactioninjurioustosociety，andwhichheknewtobeso，doesitfollowthathewillfailtoperformactionswhichheknowstobeinnocentanduseful？
Fromtheviolationofengagementsamongcriminals，whatevilcanbeapprehended？———Thatunanimityshallbewantingamongthem？———thattheirenterprisesshallbeunsuccessful？———thattheirassociationsshallbedissolved？Itisproverbiallysaid，``thereishonouramongthieves’’。
