8Oughtthebelieversinaction，then，tobesoimpatientwithus，ifwesay，thatevenforthesakeofthisoperationoftheirsitselfanditssatisfactoryaccomplishment，itismoreimportanttomakeourconsciousnessplayfreelyroundthestocknotionorhabitonwhichtheiroperationreliesforaid，thantolendahandtoitstraightaway？
Clearlytheyoughtnot；becausenothingissoeffectualforoperatingasreasonandjustice，andafreeplayofthoughtwilleitherdisengagethereasonandjusticelyinghidintheNonconformistfetish，andmakethemeffectual，orelseitwillhelptogetthisfetishoutoftheway，andtoletstatesmengofreelywherereasonandjusticetakethem。
9So，supposewetakethisabsoluterule，thismechanicalmaximofMr。SpurgeonandtheNonconformists，thatChurch—establishmentsarebadthingsbecauseJesusChristsaid：’Mykingdomisnotofthisworld。’
Supposewetryandmakeourconsciousnessbatheandfloatthispieceofpetrifaction，——forsuchitnowis，——andbringitwithinthestreamofthevitalmovementofourthought，andintorelationwiththewholeintelligiblelawofthings。AnenemyandadisputantmightprobablysaythatmuchofthemachinerywhichNonconformiststhemselvesemploy，——theLiberationSocietywhichexistsalready，andtheNonconformistUnionwhichMr。Spurgeondesirestoseeexisting，——comewithinthescopeofChrist’swordsaswellasChurch—establishments。
This，however，ismerelyanegativeandcontentiouswayof’dealingwiththeNonconformistmaxim；whereaswhatwedesireistobringthismaximwithinthepositiveandvitalmovementofourthought。Wesay，therefore，thatJesusChrist’swordsmeanthathisreligionisaforceofinwardpersuasionactingonthesoul，andnotaforceofoutwardconstraintactingonthebody；andiftheNonconformistmaximagainstChurch—establishmentsandChurch—endowmentshaswarrantgiventoitfromwhatChristthusmeant，thentheirmaximisgood，eventhoughtheirownpracticeinthematteroftheLiberationSocietymaybeatvariancewithit。
10Andherewecannotbutrememberwhatwehaveformerlysaidaboutreligion，MissCobbe，andtheBritishCollegeofHealthintheNewRoad。Inreligiontherearetwoparts，thepartofthoughtandspeculation，andthepartofworshipanddevotion。JesusChristcertainlymeanthisreligion，asaforceofinwardpersuasionactingonthesoul，toemploybothpartsasperfectlyaspossible。Nowthoughtandspeculationiseminentlyanindividualmatter，andworshipanddevotioniseminentlyacollectivematter。Itdoesnothelpmetothinkathingmoreclearlythatthousandsofotherpeoplearethinkingthesame；butitdoeshelpmetoworshipwithmoreemotionthatthousandsofotherpeopleareworshippingwithme。Theconsecrationofcommonconsent，antiquity，publicestablishment，long—usedrites，nationaledifices，iseverythingforreligiousworship。’Justwhatmakesworshipimpressive，’saysJoubert，’isitspublicity，itsexternalmanifestation，itssound，itssplendour，itsobservanceuniversallyandvisiblyholdingitsswaythroughallthedetailsbothofouroutwardandofourinwardlife。’Worship，therefore，shouldhaveinitaslittleaspossibleofwhatdividesus，andshouldbeasmuchaspossibleacommonandpublicact；asJoubertsaysagain：’Thebestprayersarethosewhichhavenothingdistinctaboutthem，andwhicharethusofthenatureofsimpleadoration。’For，’thesamedevotion，’ashesaysinanotherplace，’unitesmenfarmorethanthesamethoughtandknowledge。’Thoughtandknowledge，aswehavesaidbefore，iseminentlysomethingindividual，andofourown；
themorewepossessitasstrictlyofourown，themorepowerithasonus。Manworshipsbest，therefore，withthecommunity；hephilosophisesbestalone。
11SoitseemsthatwhoeverwouldtrulygiveeffecttoJesusChrist’sdeclarationthathisreligionisaforceofinwardpersuasionactingonthesoul，wouldleaveourthoughtontheintellectualaspectsofChristianityasindividualaspossible，butwouldmakeChristianworshipascollectiveaspossible。Worship，then，appearstobeeminentlyamatterforpublicandnationalestablishment；forevenMr。Bright，who，whenhestandsinMr。Spurgeon’sgreatTabernacle，issoravishedwithadmiration，willhardlysaythatthegreatTabernacleanditsworshipareinthemselves，asatempleandserviceofreligion，soimpressiveandaffectingasthepublicandnationalWesminsterAbbey，orNotreDame，withtheirworship。
Andwhen，immediatelyafterthegreatTabernacle，onecomesplumpdowntothemassofprivateandindividualestablishmentsofreligiousworship，establishmentsfalling，liketheBritishCollegeofHealthintheNewRoad，conspicuouslyshortofwhatapublicandnationalestablishmentmightbe，thenonecannotbutfeelthatJesusChrist’scommandtomakehisreligionaforceofpersuasiontothesoul，is，sofarasonemainsourceofpersuasionisconcerned，altogethersetatnought。
12ButperhapstheNonconformistsworshipsounimpressivelybecausetheyphilosophisesokeenly，andonepartofreligion，thepartofpublicnationalworship，theyhavesubordinatedtotheotherpartthepartofindividualthoughtandknowledge？This，however，theirorganisationincongregationsforbidsustoadmit。Theyaremembersofcongregations，notisolatedthinkers；andafreeplayofindividualthoughtisatleastasmuchimpededbymembershipofasmallcongregationasbymembershipofagreatChurch。Thinkingbybatchesoffiftiesistothefullasfataltofreethoughtasthinkingbybatchesofthousands。Accordingly，wehavehadoccasionalreadytonoticethatNonconformitydoesnotatalldifferfromtheEstablishedChurchbyhavingworthierormorephilosophicalideasaboutGod，andtheorderingoftheworld，thantheEstablishedChurchhas。
IthasverymuchthesameideasabouttheseastheEstablishedChurchhas，butitdiffersfromtheEstablishedChurchinthatitsworshipisamuchlesscollectiveandnationalaffair。
13SoMr。SpurgeonandtheNonconformistsseemtohavemisapprehendedthetruemeaningofChrist’swords，Mykingdomisnotofthisworld。Because，bythesewords，Christmeantthathisreligionwastoworkonthesoul。Andofthetwopartsofthesoulonwhichreligionworks，——thethinkingandspeculativepart，andthefeelingandimaginativepart，——NonconformitysatisfiesthefirstnobetterthantheEstablishedChurches，whichChristbythesewordsissupposedtohavecondemned，satisfyit；andthesecondpartitsatisfiesevenworsethantheEstablishedChurches。
AndthusthebalanceofadvantageseemstorestwiththeEstablishedChurches；
andtheyseemtohaveapprehendedandappliedChrist’swords，ifnotwithperfectadequacy，atleastlessinadequatelythantheNonconformists。
14Mightitnot，then，beurgedwithgreatforcethatthewaytodogood，inpresenceofthisoperationforuprootingtheChurch—establishmentinIrelandbythepoweroftheNonconformists’antipathytopubliclyestablishingorendowingreligiousworship，isnotbylendingahandstraightawaytotheoperation，andHebraising，——thatis，inthiscase，takinganuncriticalinterpretationofcertainBiblewordsasourabsoluteruleofconduct，——withtheNonconformists！ItmaybeverywellforbornHebraisers，likeMr。Spurgeon，toHebraise；butforLiberalstatesmentoHebraiseissurelyunsafe，andtoseepooroldLiberalhacksHebraising，whoserealselfbelongstoakindofnegativeHellenism，——astateofmoralindifferencywithoutintellectualardour，——isevenpainful。Andwhen，byourHebraising，weneitherdowhatthebettermindofstatesmenpromptedthemtodo，norwintheaffectionsofthepeoplewewanttoconciliate，noryetreducetheoppositionofouradversariesbutratherheightenit，surelyitmaynotbeunreasonabletoHellenisealittle，toletourthoughtandconsciousnessplayfreelyaboutourproposedoperationanditsmotives，dissolvethesemotivesiftheyareunsound，——whichcertainlytheyhavesomeappearance，atanyrate，ofbeing，——andcreateintheirstead，iftheyare，asetofsounderandmorepersuasivemotivesconductingtoamoresolidoperation。Maynotthemanwhopromotesthisbegivingthebesthelptowardsfindingsomelastingtruthtoministertothediseasedspiritofhistime，anddoeshereallydeservethatthebelieversinactionshouldgrowimpatientwithhim？
152。Butnowtotakeanotheroperationwhichdoesnotatthismomentsoexcitepeople’sfeelingsasthedisestablishmentoftheIrishChurch，butwhich，Isuppose，wouldalsobecalledexactlyoneofthoseoperationsofsimple，practical，common—sensereform，aimingattheremovalofsomeparticularabuse，andrigidlyrestrictedtothatobject，towhichaLiberaloughttolendahand，anddeservesthatotherLiberalsshouldgrowimpatientwithhimifhedoesnot。ThisoperationIhadthegreatadvantageofwithmyownearshearingdiscussedintheHouseofCommons，andrecommendedbyapowerfulspeechfromthatfamousspeaker，Mr。Bright。Sothattheeffeminatehorrorwhich，itisalleged，Ihaveofpracticalreformsofthiskind，wasputtoasearchingtest；
andifitsurvived，itmusthave，onewouldthink，somereasonorothertosupportit，andcanhardlyquitemeritthestigmaofitspresentname。
16TheoperationImeanwasthatwhichtheRealEstateIntestacyBillaimedataccomplishing，andthediscussiononthisbillIheardintheHouseofCommons。Thebillproposed，aseveryoneknows，topreventthelandofamanwhodiesintestatefromgoing，asitgoesnow，tohiseldestson，andwasthought，byitsfriendsandbyitsenemies，tobeasteptowardsabatingthenowalmostexclusivepossessionofthelandofthiscountrybythepeoplewhomwecalltheBarbarians。Mr。Bright，andotherspeakersonhisside，seemedtoholdthatthereisakindofnaturallaworfitnessofthingswhichassignstoallaman’schildrenarighttoequalsharesintheenjoymentofhispropertyafterhisdeath；
andthatif，withoutdeprivingamanofanEnglishman’sprimeprivilegeofdoingwhathelikesbymakingwhatwillhechooses，youprovidethatwhenhemakesnonehislandshallbedividedamonghisfamily，thenyougivethesanctionofthelawtothenaturalfitnessofthings，andinflictasortofcheckonthepresentviolationofthisbytheBarbarians。
17Itoccurredtome，whenIsawMr。Brightandhisfriendsproceedinginthisway，toaskmyselfaquestion。IfthealmostexclusivepossessionofthelandofthiscountrybytheBarbariansisabadthing，isthispracticaloperationoftheLiberals，andthestocknotion，onwhichitseemstorest，aboutthenaturalrightofchildrentoshareequallyintheenjoymentoftheirfather’spropertyafterhisdeath，thebestandmosteffectivemeansofdealingwithit？Orisitbestdealtwithbylettingone’sthoughtandconsciousnessplayfreelyandnaturallyupontheBarbarians，thisLiberaloperation，andthestocknotionatthebottomofit，andtryingtogetasnearaswecantotheintelligiblelawofthingsastoeachofthem？
18Nowdoesanyone，ifhesimplyandnaturallyreadshisconsciousness，discoverthathehasanyrightsatall？Formypart，thedeeperIgoinmyownconsciousness，andthemoresimplyIabandonmyselftoit，themoreitseemstotellmethatIhavenorightsatall，onlyduties；andthatmengetthisnotionofrightsfromaprocessofabstractreasoning，inferringthattheobligationstheyareconsciousoftowardsothers，othersmustbeconsciousoftowardsthem，andnotfromanydirectwitnessofconsciousnessatall。Butitisobviousthatthenotionofaright，arrivedatinthisway，islikelytostandasaformalandpetrifiedthing，deceivingandmisleadingus；andthatthenotionsgotdirectlyfromourconsciousnessoughttobebroughttobearuponit，andtocontrolit。
Soitisunsafeandmisleadingtosaythatourchildrenhaverightsagainstus；whatistrueandsafetosayis，thatwehavedutiestowardsourchildren。
Butwhowillfindamongthesenaturalduties，setforthtousbyourconsciousness，theobligationtoleavetoallourchildrenanequalshareintheenjoymentofourproperty？Or，thoughconsciousnesstellsusweoughttoprovideforourchildren’swelfare，whoseconsciousnesstellshimthattheenjoymentofpropertyisinitselfwelfare？Whetherourchildren’swelfareisbestservedbytheirallsharingequallyinourproperty，dependsoncircumstancesandonthestateofthecommunityinwhichwelive。Withthisequalsharing，societycouldnot，forexample，haveorganiseditselfafreshoutofthechaosleftbythefalloftheRomanEmpire；andtohaveanorganisedsocietytoliveinismoreforachild’swelfarethantohaveanequalshareofhisfather’sproperty。
19SoweseehowlittleconvincingforcethestocknotiononwhichtheRealEstateIntestacyBillwasbased，——thenotionthatinthenatureandfitnessofthingsallaman’schildrenhavearighttoanequalshareintheenjoymentofwhatheleaves，——reallyhas；andhowpowerless，therefore，itmustofnecessitybetopersuadeandwinanyonewhohashabitsandinterestswhichdisinclinehimtoit。Ontheotherhand，thepracticaloperationproposedreliesentirely，ifitistobeeffectualinalteringthepresentpracticeoftheBarbarians，onthepoweroftruthandpersuasivenessinthenotionwhichitseekstoconsecrate；foritleavestotheBarbariansfulllibertytocontinuetheirpresentpractice，towhichalltheirhabitsandinterestsinclinethem，unlessthepromulgationofanotion，whichwehaveseentohavenovitalefficacyandholduponourconsciousnessshallhinderthem。
20Arewereallytoadornanoperationofthiskind，merelybecauseitproposestodosomething，withallthefavourableepithetsofsimple，practical，common—sense，definite；toenlistonitssideallthezealofthebelieversinaction，andtocallindifferencetoitaneffeminatehorrorofusefulreforms？ItseemstomequiteeasytoshowthatafreedisinterestedplayofthoughtontheBarbariansandtheirland—holdingisathousandtimesmorereallypractical，athousandtimesmorelikelytoleadtosomeeffectiveresult，thananoperationsuchasthatofwhichwehavebeennowspeaking。Forif，castingasidetheimpedimentsofstocknotionsandmechanicalaction，wetrytofindtheintelligiblelawofthingsrespectingagreatland—owningclasssuchaswehaveinthiscountry，doesnotourconsciousnessreadilytellusthatwhethertheperpetuationofsuchaclassisforitsownrealgoodandfortherealgoodofthecommunity，dependsontheactualcircumstancesofthisclassandofthecommunity？
Doesitnotreadilytellusthatwealth，power，andconsiderationare，——andaboveallwheninheritedandnotearned，——inthemselvestryinganddangerousthings？asBishopWilsonexcellentlysays：’Richesarealmostalwaysabusedwithoutaveryextraordinarygrace。’Butthisextraordinarygracewasingreatmeasuresuppliedbythecircumstancesofthefeudalepoch，outofwhichourland—holdingclass，withitsrulesofinheritance，sprang。Thelabourandcontentionsofarude，nascent，andstrugglingsocietysuppliedit。Theseperpetuallyweretrying，chastising，andformingtheclasswhosepredominancewasthenneededbysocietytogiveitpointsofcohesion，andwasnotsoharmfultothemselvesbecausetheywerethussharplytriedandexercised。Butinaluxurious，settledandeasysociety，wherewealthoffersthemeansofenjoymentathousandtimesmore，andthetemptationtoabusethemisthusmadeathousandtimesgreater，theexercisingdisciplineisatthesametimetakenaway，andthefeudalclassisleftexposedtothefulloperationofthenaturallawwellputbytheFrenchmoralist：Pouvoirsanssavoirestfortdangereux。And，formypart，whenI
regardtheyoungpeopleofthisclass，itisaboveallbythetrialandshipwreckmadeoftheirownwelfarebythecircumstancesinwhichtheylivethatIamstruck。Howfarbetteritwouldhavebeenfornineoutofeverytenamongthem，iftheyhadhadtheirownwaytomakeintheworld，andnotbeentriedbyaconditionforwhichtheyhadnottheextraordinarygracerequisite！
21This，Isay，seemstobewhataman’sconsciousness，simplyconsulted，wouldtellhimabouttheactualwelfareofourBarbariansthemselves。Then，astotheeffectuponthewelfareofthecommunity，howcanthatbesalutary，ifaclasswhich，bytheverypossessionofwealth，powerandconsideration，becomesakindofidealorstandardfortherestofthecommunity，istriedbyeaseandpleasuremorethanitcanwellbear，andalmostirresistiblycarriedawayfromexcellenceandstrenuousvirtue？
ThismustcertainlybewhatSolomonmeantwhenhesaid：’Ashewhoputtethastoneinasling，soishethatgivethhonourtoafool。’
22Foranyonecanperceivehowthishonouringofafalseideal，notofintelligenceandstrenuousvirtue，butofwealthandstation，pleasureandease，isasastonefromaslingtokillinourgreatmiddle—class，inuswhoarecalledPhilistines，thedesirebeforespokenof，whichbynatureforevercarriesallmentowardsthatwhichislovely；
andtoleaveinsteadofitonlyablinddeterioratingpursuit，forourselvesalso，ofthefalseideal。AndinthoseamongusPhilistineswhomthedesiredoesnotwhollyabandon，yet，havingnoexcellentidealsetforthtonourishandtosteadyit，itmeetswiththatnaturalbentforthebathoswhichtogetherwiththisdesireitselfisimplantedatbirthinthebreastofman，andisbythatforcetwistedawry，andborneatrandomhitherandthither，andatlastflunguponthosegrotesqueandhideousformsofpopularreligionwhichthemorerespectablepartamongusPhilistinesmistakeforthetruegoalofman’sdesireafterallthatislovely。AndforthePopulacethisfalseideaisastonewhichkillsthedesirebeforeitcanevenarise；
soimpossibleandunattainableforthemdotheconditionsofthatwhichislovelyappearaccordingtothisidealtobemade，sonecessarytothereachingofthembythefewseemsthefallingshortofthembythemany。
Sothat，perhaps，oftheactualvulgarityofourPhilistinesandbrutalityofourPopulace，theBarbariansandtheirfeudalhabitsofsuccession，enduringoutoftheirduetimeandplace，areinvoluntarilythecauseinagreatdegree；andtheyhurtthewelfareoftherestofthecommunityatthesametimethat，aswehaveseen，theyhurttheirown。
23Butmustnot，now，theworkinginourmindsofconsiderationslikethese，towhichculture，thatis，thedisinterestedandactiveuseofreading，reflection，andobservation，intheendeavourtoknowthebestthatcanbeknown，carriesus，bereallymuchmoreeffectualtothedissolutionoffeudalhabitsandrulesofsuccessioninlandthananoperationliketheRealEstateIntestacyBill，andastocknotionlikethatofthenaturalrightofallaman’schildrentoanequalshareintheenjoymentofhisproperty；sincewehaveseenthatthismechanicalmaximisunsound，andthat，ifitisunsound，theoperationrelyinguponitcannotpossiblybeeffective？Iftruthandreasonhave，aswebelieve，anynaturalirresistibleeffectonthemindofman，itmust。Theseconsiderations，whenculturehascalledthemforthandgiventhemfreecourseinourminds，willliveandwork。Theywillworkgradually，nodoubt，andwillnotbringusourselvestothefronttositinhighplaceandputthemintoeffect；
butsotheywillbeallthemorebeneficial。Everythingteachesushowgraduallynaturewouldhaveallprofoundchangesbroughtabout；andwecanevensee，too，wheretheabsoluteabruptstoppageoffeudalhabitshasworkedharm。Andappealingtothesenseoftruthandreason，theseconsiderationswill，withoutdoubt，touchandmoveallthoseofeventheBarbariansthemselves，whoare（asaresomeofusPhilistinesalso，andsomeofthePopulace）beyondtheirfellowsquickoffeelingfortruthandreason。Forindeedthisisjustoneoftheadvantagesofsweetnessandlightoverfireandstrength，thatsweetnessandlightmakeafeudalclassquietlyandgraduallydropitsfeudalhabitsbecauseitseesthematvariancewithtruthandreason，whilefireandstrengtharefortearingthempassionatelyoff，becausethisclassapplaudedMr。Lowewhenhecalled，orwassupposedtocall，theworking—classdrunkenandvenal。
243。ButwhenoncewehavebeguntorecountthepracticaloperationsbywhichourLiberalfriendsworkfortheremovalofdefiniteevils，andinwhichifwedonotjointhemtheyareapttogrowimpatientwithus，howcanwepassoverthatveryinterestingoperation，——theattempttoenableamantomarryhisdeceasedwife’ssister？Thisoperation，too，likethatforabatingthefeudalcustomsofsuccessioninland，IhavehadtheadvantageofmyselfseeingandhearingmyLiberalfriendslabourat。
25IwasluckyenoughtobepresentwhenMr。ChambersbroughtforwardintheHouseofCommonshisbillforenablingamantomarryhisdeceasedwife’ssister，andIheardthespeechwhichMr。Chambersthenmadeinsupportofhisbill。HisfirstpointwasthatGod’slaw，——thenamehealwaysgavetotheBookofLeviticus，——didnotreallyforbidamantomarryhisdeceasedwife’ssister。God’slawnotforbiddingit，theLiberalmaxim，thataman’sprimerightandhappinessistodoashelikes，oughtatoncetocomeintoforce，andtoannulanysuchcheckupontheassertionofpersonallibertyastheprohibitiontomarryone’sdeceasedwife’ssister。AdistinguishedLiberalsupporterofMr。Chambers，inthedebatewhichfollowedtheintroductionofthebill，producedaformulaofmuchbeautyandneatnessforconveyinginbrieftheLiberalnotionsonthishead：’Liberty，’saidhe，’isthelawofhumanlife。’And，therefore，themomentitisascertainedthatGod’slaw，theBookofLeviticus，doesnotstoptheway，man’slaw，thelawofliberty，assertsitsright，andmakesusfreetomarryourdeceasedwife’ssister。
26AndthisexactlyfallsinwithwhatMr。HepworthDixon，whomayalmostbecalledtheColensoofloveandmarriage，——sucharevolutiondoeshemakeinourideasonthesematters，justasDr。Colensodoesinourideasonreligion，——tellsusofthenotionsandproceedingsofourkinsmeninAmerica。WiththataffinityofgeniustotheHebrewgeniuswhichwehavealreadynoticed，andwiththestrongbeliefofourracethatlibertyisthelawofhumanlife，sofarasthatfixed，perfect，andparamountruleofconscience，theBible，doesnotexpresslycontrolit，ourAmericankinsmengoagain，Mr。HepworthDixontellsus，totheirBible，theMormonstothepatriarchsandtheOldTestament，BrotherNoyestoSt。PaulandtheNew，andhavingneverbeforereadanythingelsebuttheirBible，theynowreadtheirBibleoveragain，andmakeallmannerofgreatdiscoveriesthere。Allthesediscoveriesarefavourabletoliberty，andinthiswayissatisfiedthatdoublecravingsocharacteristicofourPhilistine，andsoeminentlyexemplifiedinthatcrownedPhilistine，HenrytheEighth，——thecravingforforbiddenfruitandthecravingforlegality。
27Mr。HepworthDixon’seloquentwritingsgivecurrency，overhere，totheseimportantdiscoveries；sothatnow，asregardsloveandmarriage，weseemtobeentering，withalloursailsspread，uponwhatMr。HepworthDixon，itsapostleandevangelist，callsaGothicRevival，butwhatoneofthemanynewspapersthatsogreatlyadmireMr。HepworthDixon’slitheandsinewystyleandformtheirownstyleuponit，calls，byayetbolderandmorestrikingfigure，’agreatsexualinsurrectionofourAnglo—Teutonicrace。’ForthisendwehavetoavertoureyesfromeverythingHellenicandfanciful，andtokeepthemsteadilyfixeduponthetwocardinalpointsoftheBibleandliberty。AndoneofthosepracticaloperationsinwhichtheLiberalpartyengage，andinwhichwearesummonedtojointhem，directsitselfentirely，aswehaveseen，tothesecardinalpoints，andmayalmostberegarded，perhaps，asakindoffirstinstalment，orpublicandparliamentarypledge，ofthegreatsexualinsurrectionofourAnglo—Teutonicrace。
28Buthere，aselsewhere，whatweseekisthePhilistine’sperfection，thedevelopmentofhisbestself，notmerelibertyforhisordinaryself。Andwenomoreallowabsolutevaliditytohisstockmaxim，Libertyisthelawofhumanlife，thanweallowittotheoppositemaxim，whichisjustastrue，Renouncementisthelawofhumanlife。
Forweknowthattheonlyperfectfreedomis，asourreligionsays，aservice；
notaservicetoanystockmaxim，butanelevationofourbestself，andaharmonizinginsubordinationtothis，andtotheideaofaperfectedhumanity，allthemultitudinous，turbulent，andblindimpulsesofourordinaryselves。Now，thePhilistine’sgreatdefectbeingadefectindelicacyofperception，tocultivateinhimthisdelicacy，torenderitindependentofexternalandmechanicalrule，andalawtoitself，iswhatseemstomakemostforhisperfection，histruehumanity。Andhistruehumanity，andthereforehishappiness，appearstoliemuchmore，sofarastherelationsofloveandmarriageareconcerned，inbecomingalivetothefinershadesoffeelingwhicharisewithintheserelations，inbeingabletoenterwithtactandsympathyintothesubtleinstinctivepropensionsandrepugnancesofthepersonwithwhoselifehisownlifeisboundup，tomakethemhisown，todirectandgoverninharmonywiththemthearbitraryrangeofhispersonalaction，andthustoenlargehisspiritualandintellectuallifeandliberty，thaninremaininginsensibletothesefinershadesoffeelingandthisdelicatesympathy，ingivinguncheckedrange，sofarashecan，tohismerepersonalaction，inallowingnolimitsorgovernmenttothisexceptsuchasamechanicalexternallawimposes，andinthusreallynarrowing，forthesatisfactionofhisordinaryself，hisspiritualandintellectuallifeandliberty。
29Stillmoremustthisbeso，whenhisfixedeternalrule，hisGod’slaw，issuppliedtohimfromasourcewhichislessfit，perhaps，tosupplyfinalandabsoluteinstructionsonthisparticulartopicofloveandmarriagethanonanyotherrelationofhumanlife。BishopWilson，whoisfullofexamplesofthatfruitfulHellenisingwithinthelimitsofHebraismitself，ofthatrenewingofthestiffandstarknotionsofHebraismbyturninguponthemastreamoffreshthoughtandconsciousness，whichwehavealreadynoticedinSt。Paul，——BishopWilsongivesanadmirablelessontorigidHebraisers，likeMr。Chambers，askingthemselves：DoesGod’slaw（thatis，theBookofLeviticus）forbidustomarryourwife’ssister？——DoesGod’slaw（thatis，again，theBookofLeviticus）allowustomarryourwife’ssister？——whenhesays：’Christiandutiesarefoundedonreason，notonthesovereignauthorityofGodcommandingwhatHepleases；
Godcannotcommanduswhatisnotfittobebelievedordone，allhiscommandsbeingfoundedinthenecessitiesofournature。’And，immenseasisourdebttotheHebrewraceanditsgenius，incomparableasisitsauthorityoncertainprofoundlyimportantsidesofourhumannature，worthyasitistobedescribedashavinguttered，forthosesides，thevoiceofthedeepestnecessitiesofournature，thestatutesofthedivineandeternalorderofthings，thelawofGod，——who，thatisnotmanacledandhoodwinkedbyhisHebraism，canbelievethat，astoLovelandmarriage，ourreasonandthenecessitiesofourhumanityhavetheirtrue，sufficient，anddivinelawexpressedforthembythevoiceofanyOrientalandpolygamousnationliketheHebrews？Who，Isay，willbelieve，whenhereallyconsidersthematter，thatwherethefemininenature，thefeminineideal，andourrelationstothem，arebroughtintoquestion，thedelicateandapprehensivegeniusoftheIndo—Europeanrace，theracewhichinventedtheMuses，andchivalry，andtheMadonna，istofinditslastwordonthisquestionintheinstitutionsofaSemiticpeople，whosewisestkinghadsevenhundredwivesandthreehundredconcubines？
304。Ifhereagain，therefore，weministerbettertothediseasedspiritofourtimebyleadingittothinkabouttheoperationourLiberalfriendshaveinhand，thanbylendingahandtothisoperationourselves，letussee，beforewedismissfromourviewthepracticaloperationsofourLiberalfriends，whetherthesamethingdoesnotholdgoodastotheircelebratedindustrialandeconomicallaboursalso。Theirgreatworkofthiskindis，ofcourse，theirfree—tradepolicy。Thispolicy，ashavingenabledthepoormantoeatuntaxedbread，andashavingwonderfullyaugmentedtrade，weareaccustomedtospeakofwithakindofthankfulsolemnity。
ItischieflyontheirhavingbeenourleadersinthispolicythatMr。
Brightfoundsforhimselfandhisfriendstheclaim，sooftenassertedbyhim，tobeconsideredguidesoftheblind，teachersoftheignorant，benefactorsslowlyandlaboriouslydevelopingintheConservativepartyandinthecountrythatwhichMr。Brightisfondofcallingthegrowthofintelligence，——theobject，asiswellknown，ofallthefriendsofculturealso，andthegreatendandaimoftheculturethatwepreach。
31Now，havingfirstsalutedfree—tradeanditsdoctorswithallrespect，letusseewhetherevenhere，too，ourLiberalfriendsdonotpursuetheiroperationsinamechanicalway，withoutreferencetoanyfirmintelligiblelawofthings，tohumanlifeasawhole，andhumanhappiness；andwhetheritisnotmoreforourgood，atthisparticularmomentatanyrate，if，insteadofworshippingfree—tradewiththemHebraistically，asakindoffetish，andhelpingthemtopursueitasanendinandforitself，weturnthefreestreamofourthoughtupontheirtreatmentofit，andseehowthisisrelatedtotheintelligiblelawofhumanlife，andtonationalwell—beingandhappiness。Inshort，supposeweHellenisealittlewithfree—trade，asweHellenisedwiththeRealEstateIntestacyBill，andwiththedisestablishmentoftheIrishChurchbythepoweroftheNonconformists’antipathytoreligiousestablishments，andseewhetherwhatourreproversbeautifullycallministeringtothediseasedspiritofourtimeisbestdonebytheHellenisingmethodofproceeding，orbytheother。
32Butfirstletusunderstandhowthepolicyoffree—tradereallyshapesitselfforourLiberalfriends，andhowtheypracticallyemployitasaninstrumentofnationalhappinessandsalvation。ForaswesaidthatitseemedclearlyrighttopreventtheChurch—propertyofIrelandfrombeingalltakenforthebenefitoftheChurchofasmallminority，soitseemsclearlyrightthatthepoormanshouldeatuntaxedbread，and，generally，thatrestrictionsandregulationswhich，forthesupposedbenefitofsomeparticularpersonorclassofpersons，makethepriceofthingsartificiallyhighhere，orartificiallylowthere，andinterferewiththenaturalflowoftradeandcommerce，shouldbedoneawaywith。ButinthepolicyofourLiberalfriendsfree—trademeansmorethanthis，andisspeciallyvaluedasastimulanttotheproductionofwealth，astheycallit，andtotheincreaseofthetrade，business，andpopulationofthecountry。
Wehavealreadyseenhowthesethings，——trade，business，andpopulation，——aremechanicallypursuedbyusasendspreciousinthemselves，andareworshippedaswhatwecallfetishes；andMr。Bright，Ihavealreadysaid，whenhewishestogivetheworking—classatruesenseofwhatmakesgloryandgreatness，tellsittolookatthecitiesithasbuilt，therailroadsithasmade，themanufacturesithasproduced。Sotothisideaofgloryandgreatnessthefree—tradewhichourLiberalfriendsextolsosolemnlyanddevoutly，hasserved，——totheincreaseoftrade，business，andpopulation；andforthisitisprized。Therefore，theuntaxingofthepoorman’sbreadhas，withthisviewofnationalhappiness，beenusednotsomuchtomaketheexistingpoorman’sbreadcheaperormoreabundant，butrathertocreatemorepoormentoeatit；sothatwecannotpreciselysaythatwehavefewerpoormenthanwehadbeforefree—trade，butwecansaywithtruththatwehavemanymorecentresofindustry，astheyarecalled，andmuchmorebusiness，population，andmanufactures。Andifwearesometimesalittletroubledbyourmultitudeofpoormen，yetweknowtheincreaseofmanufacturesandpopulationtobesuchasalutarythinginitself，andourfree—tradepolicybegetssuchanadmirablemovement，creatingfreshcentresofindustryandfreshpoormenhere，whilewewerethinkingaboutourpoormenthere，thatwearequitedazzledandborneaway，andmoreandmoreindustrialmovementiscalledfor，andoursocialprogressseemstobecomeonetriumphantandenjoyablecourseofwhatissometimescalled，vulgarly，outrunningtheconstable。
33If，however，takingsomeothercriterionofman’swell—beingthanthecitieshehasbuiltandthemanufactureshehasproduced，wepersistinthinkingthatoursocialprogresswouldbehappieriftherewerenotsomanyofussoverypoor，andinbusyingourselveswithnotionsofinsomewayorotheradjustingthepoormanandbusinessonetotheother，andnotmultiplyingtheoneandtheothermechanicallyandblindly，thenourLiberalfriends，theappointeddoctorsoffree—trade，takeusupverysharply。’Artislong，’saystheTimes，’andlifeisshort；
forthemostpartwesettlethingsfirstandunderstandthemafterwards。
Letushaveasfewtheoriesaspossible；whatiswantedisnotthelightofspeculation。Ifnothingworkedwellofwhichthetheorywasnotperfectlyunderstood，weshouldbeinsadconfusion。Therelationsoflabourandcapital，wearetold，arenotunderstood，yettradeandcommerce，onthewhole，worksatisfactorily。’IquotefromtheTimesofonlytheotherday。3Butthoughtslikethese，asIhaveoftenpointedout，arethoroughlyBritishthoughts，andwehavebeenfamiliarwiththemforyears。
34Or，ifwewantmoreofaphilosophyofthematterthanthis，ourfree—tradefriendshavetwoaxiomsforus，axiomslaiddownbytheirjustlyesteemeddoctors，whichtheythinkoughttosatisfyusentirely。Oneis，that，otherthingsbeingequal，themorepopulationincreases，themoredoesproductionincreasetokeeppacewithit；becausemenbytheirnumbersandcontactcallforthallmannerofactivitiesandresourcesinoneanotherandinnature，which，whenmenarefewandsparse，areneverdeveloped。Theotheris，that，althoughpopulationalwaystendstoequalthemeansofsubsistence，yetpeople’snotionsofwhatsubsistenceisenlargeascivilizationadvances，andtakeinanumberofthingsbeyondthebarenecessariesoflife；andthus，therefore，issuppliedwhatevercheckonpopulationisneeded。Buttheerrorofourfriendsisprecisely，perhaps，thattheyapplyaxiomsofthissortasiftheywereself—actinglawswhichwillputthemselvesintooperationwithouttroubleorplanningonourpart，ifwewillonlypursuefree—trade，business，andpopulationzealouslyandstaunchly。Whereastherealtruthis，that，howeverthecasemightbeunderothercircumstances，yetinfact，aswenowmanagethematter，theenlargedconceptionofwhatisincludedinsubsistencedoesnotoperatetopreventthebringingintotheworldofnumbersofpeoplewhobutjustattaintothebarestnecessariesoflifeorwhoevenfailtoattaintothem；while，again，thoughproductionmayincreaseaspopulationincreases，yetitseemsthattheproductionmaybeofsuchakind，andsorelated，orrathernon—related，topopulation，thatthepopulationmaybelittlethebetterforit。
35Forinstance，withtheincreaseofpopulationsinceQueenElizabeth’stimetheproductionofsilk—stockingshaswonderfullyincreased，andsilk—stockingshavebecomemuchcheaper，andprocurableingreaterabundancebymanymorepeople，andtendperhaps，aspopulationandmanufacturesincrease，togetcheaperandcheaper，andatlasttobecome，accordingtoBastiat’sfavouriteimage，acommonfreepropertyofthehumanrace，likelightandair。ButbreadandbaconhavenotbecomemuchcheaperwiththeincreaseofpopulationsinceQueenElizabeth’stime，norprocurableinmuchgreaterabundancebymanymorepeople；neitherdotheyseematalltopromisetobecome，likelightandair，acommonfreepropertyofthehumanrace。Andifbreadandbaconhavenotkeptpacewithourpopulation，andwehavemanymorepeopleinwantofthemnowthaninQueenElizabeth’stime，itseemsvaintotellusthatsilk—stockingshavekeptpacewithourpopulation，orevenmorethankeptpacewithit，andthatwearetogetourcomfortoutofthat。
36Inshort，itturnsoutthatourpursuitoffree—trade，asofsomanyotherthings，hasbeentoomechanical。Wefixuponsomeobject，whichinthiscaseistheproductionofwealth，andtheincreaseofmanufactures，population，andcommercethroughfree—trade，asakindofonethingneedful，orendinitself；andthenwepursueitstaunchlyandmechanically，andsaythatitisourdutytopursueitstaunchlyandmechanically，nottoseehowitisrelatedtothewholeintelligiblelawofthingsandtofullhumanperfection，ortotreatitasthepieceofmachinery，ofvaryingvalueasitsrelationstotheintelligiblelawofthingsvary，whichitreallyis。
37SoitisofnousetosaytotheTimes，andtoourLiberalfriendsrejoicinginthepossessionoftheirtalismanoffree—trade，thataboutoneinnineteenofourpopulationisapauper4，andthat，thisbeingso，tradeandcommercecanhardlybesaidtoprovebytheirsatisfactoryworkingthatitmattersnothingwhethertherelationsbetweenlabourandcapitalareunderstoodornot；nay，thatwecanhardlybesaidnottobeinsadconfusion。Forhereourfaithinthestaunchmechanicalpursuitofafixedobjectcomesin，andcoversitselfwiththatimposingandcolossalnecessitarianismoftheTimeswhichwehavebeforenoticed。Andthisnecessitarianism，takingforgrantedthatanincreaseintradeandpopulationisagoodinitself，oneofthechiefestofgoods，tellsusthatdisturbancesofhumanhappinesscausedbyebbsandflowsinthetideoftradeandbusiness，which，onthewhole，steadilymounts，areinevitableandnottobequarrelledwith。ThisfirmphilosophyIseektocalltomindwhenIamintheEastofLondon，whithermyavocationsoftenleadme；and，indeed，tofortifymyselfagainstthedepressingsightswhichontheseoccasionsassailus，IhavetranscribedfromtheTimesonestrainofthiskind，fullofthefinesteconomicaldoctrine，andalwayscarryitaboutwithme。Thepassageisthis：——
38’TheEastEndisthemostcommercial，themostindustrial，themostfluctuatingregionofthemetropolis。Itisalwaysthefirsttosuffer；foritisthecreatureofprosperity，andfallstothegroundtheinstantthereisnowindtobearitup。Thewholeofthatregioniscoveredwithhugedocks，shipyards，manufactories，andawildernessofsmallhouses，allfulloflifeandhappinessinbrisktimes，butindulltimeswitheredandlifeless，likethedesertswereadofintheEast。
Nowtheirbriefspringisover。Thereisnoonetoblameforthis；itistheresultofNature’ssimplestlaws！’Wemustallagreethatitisimpossiblethatanythingcanbefirmerthanthis，orshowasurerfaithintheworkingoffree—trade，asourLiberalfriendsunderstandandemployit。
39But，ifwestillatalldoubtwhethertheindefinitemultiplicationofmanufactoriesandsmallhousescanbesuchanabsolutegoodinitselfastocounterbalancetheindefinitemultiplicationofpoorpeople，weshalllearnthatthismultiplicationofpoorpeople，too，isanabsolutegoodinitself，andtheresultofdivineandbeautifullaws。
ThisisindeedafavouritethesiswithourPhilistinefriends，andIhavealreadynoticedtheprideandgratitudewithwhichtheyreceivecertainarticlesintheTimes，dilatinginthankfulandsolemnlanguageonthemajesticgrowthofourpopulation。ButIprefertoquotenow，onthistopic，thewordsofaningeniousyoungScotchwriter，Mr。RobertBuchanan，becauseheinvestswithsomuchimaginationandpoetrythiscurrentideaoftheblessedandevendivinecharacterwhichthemultiplyingofpopulationissupposedinitselftohave。’Wemovetomultiplicity，’saysMr。RobertBuchanan。’IfthereisonequalitywhichseemsGod’s，andhisexclusively，itseemsthatdivinephiloprogenitiveness，thatpassionateloveofdistributionandexpansionintolivingforms。EveryanimaladdedseemsanewecstasytotheMaker；everylifeadded，anewembodimentofhislove。Hewouldswarmtheearthwithbeings。Thereareneverenough。Life，life，life，——facesgleaming，heartsbeating，mustfilleverycranny。Notacornerissufferedtoremainempty。Thewholeearthbreeds，andGodglories。’
40Itisalittleunjust，perhaps，toattributetotheDivinityexclusivelythisphiloprogenitiveness，whichtheBritishPhilistine，andthepoorerclassofIrish，maycertainlyclaimtosharewithhim；yethowinspiritingisherethewholestrainofthought！andthesebeautifulwords，too，IcarryaboutwithmeintheEastofLondon，andoftenreadthemthere。Theyarequiteinagreementwiththepopularlanguageoneisaccustomedtohearaboutchildrenandlargefamilies，whichdescribeschildrenassent。Andalineofpoetry，whichMr。RobertBuchananthrowsinpresentlyafterthepoeticalproseIhavequoted，——
’Tistheoldstoleofthefig—leaftime——
thisfineline，too，naturallyconnectsitself，whenoneisintheEastofLondon，withtheideaofGod’sdesiretoswarmtheearthwithbeings；
becausetheswarmingoftheearthwithbeingsdoesindeed，intheEastofLondon，soseemtorevivetheoldstoryofthefig—leaftime，suchanumberofthepeopleonemeetstherehavinghardlyaragtocoverthem；andthemoretheswarminggoeson，themoreitpromisestorevivethisoldstory。Andwhenthestoryisperfectlyrevived，theswarmingquitecompleted，andeverycrannychoke—full，then，too，nodoubt，thefacesintheEastofLondonwillbegleamingfaces，whichMr。RobertBuchanansaysitisGod’sdesiretheyshouldbe，andwhicheveryonemustperceivetheyarenotatpresent，but，onthecontrary，verymiserable。
41Buttopreventallthisphilosophyandpoetryfromquiterunningawaywithus，andmakingusthinkwiththeTimes，andourpracticalLiberalfreeloaders，andtheBritishPhilistinesgenerally，thattheincreaseofhousesandmanufactories，ortheincreaseofpopulation，areabsolutegoodsinthemselves，tobemechanicallypursued，andtobeworshippedlikefetishes，——topreventthis，wehavegotthatnotionofoursimmovablyfixed，ofwhichIhavelongagospoken，thenotionthatculture，orthestudyofperfection，leadsustoconceiveofnoperfectionasbeingrealwhichisnotageneralperfection，embracingallourfellow—menwithwhomhavetodo。Suchisthesympathywhichbindshumanitytogether，thatweareindeed，asourreligionsays，membersofonebody，andifonemembersuffer，allthememberssufferwithit。Individualperfectionisimpossiblesolongastherestofmankindarenotperfectedalongwithus。’Themultitudeofthewiseisthewelfareoftheworld，’saysthewiseman。Andtothiseffectthatexcellentandoftenquotedguideofours，BishopWilson，hassomestrikingwords：——’Itisnot，’sayshe，’somuchourneighbour’sinterestasourownthatwelovehim。’Andagainhesays：’Oursalvationdoesinsomemeasuredependuponthatofothers。’
AndtheauthoroftheImitatonputsthesamethingadmirablywhenhesays：——’Obscurioretiamviaadcoelumvidebaturquandotampauciregnumcoelorumquaererecurabant；thefewertherearewhofollowthewaytoperfection，theharderthatwayistofind。’Soallourfellow—men，intheEastofLondonandelsewhere，wemusttakealongwithusintheprogresstowardsperfection，ifweourselvesreally，asweprofess，wanttobeperfect；andwemustnotlettheworshipofanyfetish，anymachinery，suchasmanufacturesorpopulation，——whicharenot，likeperfection，absolutegoodsinthemselves，thoughwethinkthemso，——createforussuchamultitudeofmiserable，sunken，andignoranthumanbeings，thattocarrythemallalongwithusisimpossible，andperforcetheymustforthemostpartbeleftbyusintheirdegradationandwretchedness。Butevidentlytheconceptionoffree—trade，onwhichourliberalfriendsvauntthemselves，andinwhichtheythinktheyhavefoundthesecretofnationalprosperity，——evidently，Isay，themereunfetteredpursuitoftheproductionofwealth，andthemeremechanicalmultiplying，forthisend，ofmanufacturesandpopulation，threatenstocreateforus，ifithasnotcreatedalready，thosevast，miserable，unmanageablemassesofsunkenpeople，totheexistenceofwhichweare，aswehaveseen，absolutelyforbiddentoreconcileourselves，inspiteofallthatthephilosophyoftheTimesandthepoetryofMr。RobertBuchananmaysaytopersuadeus。
42Hebraismingeneralseemspowerless，almostaspowerlessasourfree—tradingLiberalfriends，todealefficaciouslywithourever—accumulatingmassesofpauperism，andtopreventtheiraccumulatingstillmore。Hebraismbuildschurches，indeed，forthesemasses，andsendsmissionariesamongthem；aboveall，itsetsitselfagainstthesocialnecessitarianismoftheTimes，andrefusestoaccepttheirdegradationasinevitable。
Butwithregardtotheirever—increasingaccumulation，itseemstobeledtotheverysameconclusions，thoughfromapointofviewofitsown，asourfree—tradingLiberalfriends。Hebraism，withthatmechanicalandmisleadinguseoftheletterofScriptureonwhichwehavealreadycommented，isgovernedbysuchtextsas：Befruitfulandmultiply，theedictofGod’slaw，asMr。Chamberswouldsay；orbythedeclarationofwhathewouldcallGod’swordinthePsalms，thatthemanwhohasagreatnumberofchildrenistherebymadehappy。Andinconjunctionwithsuchtextsasthese，Hebraismisapttoplaceanothertext：Thepoorshallneverceaseoutoftheland。ThusHebraismisconductedtonearlythesamenotionasthepopularmindandasMr。RobertBuchanan，thatchildrenaresent，andthatthedivinenaturetakesadelightinswarmingtheEastEndofLondonwithpaupers。Only，whentheyareperishingintheirhelplessnessandwretchedness，itassertstheChristiandutyofsuccouringthem，insteadofsaying，liketheTimes：’Nowtheirbriefspringisover；thereisnobodytoblameforthis；itistheresultofNature’ssimplestlaws！’But，liketheTimes，Hebraismdespairsofanyhelpfromknowledgeandsaysthat’whatiswantedisnotthelightofspeculation。’
43Iremember，onlytheotherday，agoodmanlookingwithmeuponamultitudeofchildrenwhoweregatheredbeforeusinoneofthemostmiserableregionsofLondon，——childreneatenupwithdisease，half—sized，half—fed，half—clothed，neglectedbytheirparents，withouthealth，withouthome，withouthope，——saidtome：’Theonethingreallyneedfulistoteachtheselittleonestosuccouroneanother，ifonlywithacupofcoldwater；butnow，fromoneendofthecountrytotheother，onehearsnothingbutthecryforknowledge，knowledge，knowledge！’Andyetsurely，solongasthesechildrenarethereinthesefesteringmasses，withouthealth，withouthome，withouthope，andsolongastheirmultitudeisperpetuallyswelling，chargedwithmiserytheymuststillbeforthemselves，chargedwithmiserytheymuststillbeforus，whethertheyhelponeanotherwithacupofcoldwaterorno；andtheknowledgehowtopreventtheiraccumulatingisnecessary，eventogivetheirmorallifeandgrowthafairchance！
44Maywenot，therefore，say，thatneitherthetrueHebraismofthisgoodman，willingtospendandbespentforthesesunkenmultitudes，norwhatImaycallthespuriousHebraismofourfree—tradingLiberalfriends，——mechanicallyworshippingtheirfetishoftheproductionofwealthandoftheincreaseofmanufacturesandpopulation，andlookingneithertotherightnorleftsolongasthisincreasegoeson，——availusmuchhere；andthathere，again，whatwewantisHellenism，thelettingourconsciousnessplayfreelyandsimplyuponthefactsbeforeus，andlisteningtowhatittellsusoftheintelligiblelawofthingsasconcernsthem？Andsurelywhatittellsusis，thataman’schildrenarenotreallysent，anymorethanthepicturesuponhiswall，orthehorsesinhisstablearesent；andthattobringpeopleintotheworld，whenonecannotaffordtokeepthemandoneselfdecentlyandnottooprecariously，ortobringmoreofthemintotheworldthanonecardaffordtokeepthus，is，whatevertheTimesandMr。RobertBuchananmaysay，bynomeansanaccomplishmentofthedivinewillorafulfilmentofNature’ssimplestlaws，butisjustaswrong，justascontrarytoreasonandthewillofGod，asforamantohavehorses，orcarriages，orpictures，whenhecannotaffordthem，ortohavemoreofthemthanhecanafford；andthat，intheonecaseasintheother，thelargerscaleonwhichtheviolationofreason’slawispracticed，andthelongeritispersistedin，thegreatermustbetheconfusionandfinaltrouble。Surelynolaudationsoffree—trade，nomeetingsofbishopsandclergyintheEastEndofLondon，noreadingofpapersandreports，cantellusanythingaboutoursocialconditionwhichitmoreconcernsustoknowthanthat！andnotonlytoknow，buthabituallytohavetheknowledgepresent，andtoactuponitasoneactsupontheknowledgethatwaterwetsandfireburns！Andnotonlythesunkenpopulaceofourgreatcitiesareconcernedtoknowit，andthepaupertwentiethofourpopulation；wePhilistinesofthemiddle—class，too，areconcernedtoknowit，andallwhohavetosetthemselvestomakeprogressinperfection。
45Butweallknowitalready！someonewillsay；
itisthesimplestlawofprudence。Buthowlittlerealitymusttherebeinourknowledgeofit；howlittlecanwebeputtingitinpractice；howlittleisitlikelytopenetrateamongthepoorandstrugglingmassesofourpopulation，andtobetterourcondition，solongasanunintelligentHebraismofonesortkeepsrepeatingasanabsoluteeternalwordofGodthepsalm—versewhichsaysthatthemanwhohasagreatmanychildrenishappy；oranunintelligentHebraismofanothersort，——thatistosay，ablindfollowingofcertainstocknotionsasinfallible，——keepsassigningasanabsoluteproofofnationalprosperitythemultiplyingofmanufacturesandpopulation！Surely，theonesetofHebraisershavetolearnthattheirpsalm—versewascomposedattheresettlementofJerusalemaftertheCaptivity，whentheJewsofJerusalemwereahandful，anundermannedgarrison，andeverychildwasablessing；andthatthewordofGod，orthevoiceofthedivineorderofthings，declaresthepossessionofagreatmanychildrentobeablessingonlywhenitreallyisso！AndtheothersetofHebraisers，havetheynottolearnthatiftheycalltheirprivateacquaintancesimprudentorunlucky，when，withnomeansofsupportforthemorwithprecariousmeans，theyhavealargefamilyofchildren，thentheyoughtnottocalltheStatewellmanagedandprosperousmerelybecauseitsmanufacturesanditscitizensmultiply，ifthemanufactures，whichbringnewcitizensintoexistencejustasmuchasiftheyhadactuallybegottenthem，bringmoreofthemintoexistencethantheycanmaintain，oraretooprecarioustogoonmaintainingthosewhomforawhiletheymaintained？
46Hellenism，surely，orthehabitoffixingourmindupontheintelligiblelawofthings，ismostsalutaryifitmakesusseethattheonlyabsolutegood，theonlyabsoluteandeternalobjectprescribedtousbyGod’slaw，orthedivineorderofthings，istheprogresstowardsperfection，——ourownprogresstowardsitandtheprogressofhumanity。
Andtherefore，foreveryindividualman，andforeverysocietyofmen，thepossessionandmultiplicationofchildren，likethepossessionandmultiplicationofhorsesandpictures，istobeaccountedgoodorbad，notinitself，butwithreferencetothisobjectandtheprogresstowardsit。Andasnomanistobeexcusedinhavinghorsesorpictures，ifhishavingthemhindershisownorothers’progresstowardsperfectionandmakesthemleadaservileandignoblelife，soisnomantobeexcusedforhavingchildrenifhishavingthemmakeshimorothersleadthis。Plainthoughtsofthiskindaresurelythespontaneousproductofourconsciousness，whenitisallowedtoplayfreelyanddisinterestedlyupontheactualfactsofoursocialcondition，anduponourstocknotionsandstockhabitsinrespecttoit。Firmlygraspedandsimplyuttered，theyaremorelikely，onecannotbutthink，tobetterthatcondition，thanisthemechanicalpursuitoffree—tradebyourLiberalfriends。
475。Sothat，hereaselsewhere，thepracticaloperationsofourLiberalfriends，bywhichtheysetsomuchstore，andinwhichtheyinviteustojointhemandtoshowwhatMr。Brightcallsacommendableinterest，donotseemtoussopracticalforrealgoodastheythink；andourLiberalfriendsseemtousthemselvestoneedtoHellenise，aswesay，alittle，——thatis，toexamineintothenatureofrealgood，andtolistentowhattheirconsciousnesstellsthemaboutit，——ratherthantopursuewithsuchheatandconfidencetheirpresentpracticaloperations。Anditisclearthattheyhavenojustcause，sofarasregardsseveraloperationsoftheirswhichwehavecanvassed，toreproachuswithdelicateConservativescepticism。ForoftenbyHellenisingweseemtosubvertstockConservativenotionsandusagesmoreeffectuallythantheysubvertthembyHebraising。
But，intruth，thefreespontaneousplayofconsciousnesswithwhichculturetriestofloatourstockhabitsofthinkingandacting，isbyitsverynature，ashasbeensaid，disinterested。Sometimestheresultoffloatingthemmaybeagreeabletothisparty，sometimestothat；nowitmaybeunwelcometoourso—calledLiberals，nowtoourso—calledConservatives；butwhatcultureseeksis，aboveall，tofloatthem，topreventtheirbeingstiffandstarkpiecesofpetrifactionanylonger。ItismereHebraising，ifwestopshort，andrefusetoletourconsciousnessplayfreely，wheneverweorourfriendsdonothappentolikewhatitdiscoverstous。ThisistomaketheLiberalparty，ortheConservativeparty，ouronethingneedful，insteadofhumanperfection；andwehaveseenwhatmischiefarisesfrommakinganevengreaterthingthantheLiberalortheConservativeparty，——thepredominanceofthemoralsideinman，——ouronethingneedful。Butwhereverthefreeplayofourconsciousnessleadsus，weshallfollow；believingthatinthiswayweshalltendtomakegoodatallpointswhatiswantingtous，andsoshallbebroughtnearertoourcompletehumanperfection。
48Everything，inshort，confirmsusinthedoctrine，sounpalatabletothebelieversinaction，thatourmainbusinessatthepresentmomentisnotsomuchtoworkawayatcertaincrudereformsofwhichwehavealreadytheschemeinourownmind，astocreate，throughthehelpofthatculturewhichattheveryoutsetwebeganbypraisingandrecommending，aframeofmindoutofwhichtheschemesofreallyfruitfulreformsmaywithtimegrow。Atanyrate，weourselvesmustputupwithourfriends’impatienceandwiththeirreproachesagainstcultivatedinaction，andmuststilldeclinetolendahandtotheirpracticaloperations，untilwe，forourownpartatleast，havegrownalittlecleareraboutthenatureofrealgood，andhavearrivednearertoaconditionofmindoutofwhichreallyfruitfulandsolidoperationsmayspring。
49Inthemeanwhile，sinceoutLiberalfriendskeeploudlyandresolutelyassuringusthattheiractualoperationsatpresentarefruitfulandsolid，letusineachcasekeeptestingtheseoperationsinthesimplewaywehaveindicated，bylettingthenaturalstreamofourconsciousnessflowoverthemfreely；andiftheystandthistestsuccessfully，thenletusgivethemourinterest，butnotelse。UTEL：CultureandAnarchyCONCLUSION
1Andsowebringtoanendwhatwehadtosayinpraiseofculture，andinevidenceofitsspecialutilityforthecircumstancesinwhichwefindourselves，andtheconfusionwhichenvironsus。Throughcultureseemstolieourway，notonlytoperfection，buteventosafety。ResolutelyrefusingtolendahandtotheimperfectoperationsofourLiberalfriends，disregardingtheirimpatience，taunts，andreproaches，firmlybentontryingtofindintheintelligiblelawofthingsafirmerandsounderbasisforfuturepracticethananywhichwehaveatpresent，andbelievingthissearchanddiscoverytobe，forourgenerationandcircumstances，ofyetmorevitalandpressingimportancethanpracticeitself，weneverthelessmaydomore，perhaps，wepoordisparagedfollowersofculture，tomaketheactualpresent，andtheframeofsocietyinwhichwelive，solidandseaworthy，thanallwhichourbustlingpoliticianscando。
2Forwehaveseenhowmuchofourdisordersandperplexitiesisduetothedisbelief，amongtheclassesandcombinationsofmen，BarbarianorPhilistine，whichhavehithertogovernedoursociety，inrightreason，inaparamountbestself；totheinevitabledecayandbreak—upoftheorganisationsbywhich，assertingandexpressingintheseorganisationstheirordinaryselfonly，theyhavesolongedruledus；andtotheirirresolution，whenthesociety，whichtheirconsciencetellsthemtheyhavemadeandstillmanagenotwithrightreasonbutwiththeirordinaryself，isrudelyshaken，inofferingresistancetoitssubverters。Butforus，——whobelieveinrightreason，inthedutyandpossibilityofextricatingandelevatingourbestself，intheprogressofhumanitytowardsperfection，——forustheframeworkofsociety，thattheatreonwhichthisaugustdramahastounrollitself，issacred；andwhoeveradministersit，andhoweverwemayseektoremovethemfromtheirtenureofadministration，yet，whiletheyadminister，westeadilyandwithundividedheartsupporttheminrepressinganarchyanddisorder；becausewithoutordertherecanbenosociety，andwithoutsocietytherecanbenohumanperfection。
3Andthisopinionoftheintolerablenessofanarchywecanneverforsake，howeverourLiberalfriendsmaythinkalittlerioting，andwhattheycallpopulardemonstrations，usefulsometimestotheirowninterestsandtotheinterestsofthevaluablepracticaloperationstheyhaveinhand，andhowevertheymaypreachtherightofanEnglishmantobelefttodoasfaraspossiblewhathelikes，andthedutyofhisgovernmenttoindulgehimandconniveasmuchaspossibleandabstainfromallharshnessofrepression。Andevenwhentheyartfullyshowusoperationswhichareundoubtedlyprecious，suchastheabolitionoftheslave—trade，andaskusif，fortheirsake，foolishandobstinategovernmentsmaynotwholesomelybefrightenedbyalittledisturbance，thegooddesigninviewandthedifficultyofovercomingoppositiontoitbeingconsidered，——stillwesayno，andthatmonster—processionsinthestreetsandforcibleirruptionsintotheparks，eveninprofessedsupportofthisgooddesign，oughttobeunflinchinglyforbiddenandrepressed；andthatfarmoreislostthanisgainedbypermittingthem。BecauseaStateinwhichlawisauthoritativeandsovereign，afirmandsettledcourseofpublicorder，isrequisiteifmanistobringtomaturityanythingpreciousandlastingnow，ortofoundanythingpreciousandlastingforthefuture。
4Thus，inoureyes，theveryframeworkandexteriororderoftheState，whoevermayadministertheState，issacred；
andcultureisthemostresoluteenemyofanarchy，becauseofthegreathopesanddesignsfortheStatewhichcultureteachesustonourish。Butas，believinginrightreason，andhavingfaithintheprogressofhumanitytowardsperfection，andeverlabouringforthisend，wegrowtohaveclearersightoftheideasofrightreason，andoftheelementsandhelpsofperfection，andcomegraduallytofilltheframeworkoftheStatewiththem，tofashionitsinternalcompositionandallitslawsandinstitutionsconformablytothem，andtomaketheStatemoreandmoretheexpression，aswesay，ofourbestself，whichisnotmanifold，andvulgar，andunstable，andcontentious，andever—varying，butone，andnoble，andsecure，andpeaceful，andthesameforallmankind，——withwhataversionshallwenotthenregardanarchy，withwhatfirmnessshallwenotcheckit，whenthereissomuchthatissopreciouswhichitwillendanger！
5Sothat，forthesakeofthepresent，butfarmoreforthesakeofthefuture，theloversofcultureareunswervinglyandwithagoodconsciencetheopposersofanarchy。AndnotastheBarbariansandPhilistines，whosehonestyandwhosesenseofhumourmakethemshrink，aswehaveseen，fromtreatingtheStateastooseriousathing，andfromgivingittoomuchpower，——forindeedtheonlyStatetheyknowof，andthinktheyadminister，istheexpressionoftheirordinaryself。Andthoughtheheadstrongandviolentextremeamongthemmightgladlyarmthiswithfullauthority，yettheirvirtuousmeanis，aswehavesaid，prickedinconscienceatdoingthis；andsoourBarbarianSecretariesofStatelettheParkrailingsbebrokendown，andourPhilistineAlderman—ColonelslettheLondonroughsrobandbeatthebystanders。Butwe，beholdingintheStatenoexpressionofourordinaryself，butevenalready，asitwere，theappointedframeandpreparedvesselofourbestself，and，forthefuture，ourbestself’spowerful，beneficentandsacredexpressionandorgan，——wearewillingandresolved，evennow，tostrengthenagainstanarchythetremblinghandsofourBarbarianHomeSecretaries，andthefeeblekneesofourPhilistineAlderman—Colonels；andtotellthem，thatitisnotreallyinbehalfoftheirownordinaryselfthattheyarecalledtoprotecttheParkrailings，andtosuppresstheLondonroughs，butinbehalfofthebestselfbothofthemselvesandofallofusinthefuture。
6Nevertheless，thoughforresistinganarchytheloversofculturemayprizeandemployfireandstrength，yettheymust，atthesametime，bearconstantlyinmindthatitisnotatthismomenttrue，whatthemajorityofpeopletellus，thattheworldwantsfireandstrengthmorethansweetnessandlight，andthatthingsareforthemostparttobesettledfirstandunderstoodafterwards。Wehaveseenhowmuchofourpresentperplexitiesandconfusionthisuntruenotionofthemajorityofpeopleamongstushascaused，andtendstoperpetuate。
Thereforethetruebusinessofthefriendsofculturenowis，todissipatethisfalsenotion，tospreadthebeliefinrightreasonandinafirmintelligiblelawofthings，andtogetmentotry，inpreferencetostaunchlyactingwithimperfectknowledge，toobtainsomesounderbasisofknowledgeonwhichtoact。Thisiswhatthefriendsandloversofculturehavetodo，howeverthebelieversinactionmaygrowimpatientwithusforsayingso，andmayinsistonourlendingahandtotheirpracticaloperationsandshowingacommendableinterestinthem。
7Tothisinsistencewemustindeedturnadeafear。Butneither，ontheotherhand，mustthefriendsofcultureexpecttotakethebelieversinactionbystorm，ortobevisiblyandspeedilyimportant，andtoruleandcutafigureintheworld。Aristotlesaysthatthoseforwhomaloneideasandthepursuitoftheintelligiblelawofthingscan，ingeneral，havemuchattraction，areprincipallytheyoung，filledwithgenerousspiritandwithapassionforperfection；butthemassofmankind，hesays，followseeminggoodsforreal，bestowinghardlyathoughtupontruesweetnessandlight；——’andtotheirlives，’headdsmournfully，’whocangiveanotherandabetterrhythm？’But，althoughthosechieflyattractedbysweetnessandlightwillprobablyalwaysbetheyoungandenthusiastic，andculturemustnothopetotakethemassofmankindbystorm，yetwewillnottherefore，forourowndayandforourownpeople，admitandrestinthedespondingsentenceofAristotle。ForisnotthistherightcrownofthelongdisciplineofHebraism，andtheduefruitofmankind’scenturiesofpainfulschoolinginself—conquest，andthejustreward，aboveall，ofthestrenuousenergyofourownnationandkindredindealinghonestlywithitselfandwalkingsteadfastlyaccordingtothebestlightitknows，——thatwheninthefulnessoftimeithasreasonandbeautyofferedtoit，andthelawofthingsastheyreallyare，itshouldatlastwalkbythistruelightwiththesamestaunchnessandzealwithwhichitformerlywalkedbyitsimperfectlight？Andthusman’stwogreatnaturalforces，HebraismandHellenism，willnolongerbedissociatedandrival，butwillbeajointforceofrightthinkingandstrongdoingtocarryhimontowardsperfection。Thisiswhattheloversofculturemayperhapsdaretoaugurforsuchanationasours。
8Therefore，howevergreatthechangestobeaccomplished，andhoweverdensethearrayofBarbarians，Philistines，andPopulace，wewillneitherdespairontheonehand，nor，ontheother，threatenviolentrevolutionandchange。Butwewilllookforwardcheerfullyandhopefullyto’arevolution，’astheDukeofWellingtonsaid，’byduecourseoflaw；’thoughnotexactlysuchlawsasourLiberalfriendsarenow，withtheiractuallights，fondofofferingtous。
9Butifdespondencyandviolencearebothofthemforbiddentothebelieverinculture，yetneither，ontheotherhand，ispubliclifeanddirectpoliticalactionmuchpermittedtohim。
Foritishisbusiness，aswehaveseen，togetthepresentbelieversinaction，andloversofpoliticaltalkinganddoing，tomakeareturnupontheirownminds，scrutinizetheirstocknotionsandhabitsmuchmore，valuetheirpresenttalkinganddoingmuchless；inorderthat，bylearningtothinkmoreclearly，theymaycomeatlasttoactlessconfusedly。ButhowshallwepersuadeourBarbariantoholdlightlytohisfeudalusages；howshallwepersuadeourNonconformistthathistimespentinagitatingfortheabolitionofchurch—establishmentswouldhavebeenbetterspentingettingworthierideasofGodandtheorderingoftheworld，orhistimespentinbattlingforvoluntaryismineducationbetterspentinlearningtovalueandfoundapublicandnationalculture；howshallwepersuade，finally，ourAlderman—Colonelnottobecontentwithsittinginthehallofjudgmentormarchingattheheadofhismenofwar，withoutsomeknowledgehowtoperformjudgmentandhowtodirectmenofwar，——how，Isay，shallwepersuadealltheseofthis，ifourAlderman—Colonelseesthatwewanttogethisleading—staffandhisscalesofjusticeforourownhands；ortheNonconformist，thatwewantforourselveshisplatform；ortheBarbarian，thatwewantforourselveshispre—eminencyandfunction？Certainlytheywillbelessslowtobelieve，aswewantthemtobelieve，thattheintelligiblelawofthingshasinitselfsomethingdesirableandprecious，andthatallplace，function，andbustlearehollowgoodswithoutit，iftheyseethatweourselvescancontentourselveswiththislaw，andfindinitoursatisfaction，withoutmakingitaninstrumenttogiveusforourselvesplace，function，andbustle。
10AndalthoughMr。Sidgwicksaysthatsocialusefulnessreallymeans’losingoneselfinamassofdisagreeable，hard，mechanicaldetails，’andthoughallthebelieversinactionarefondofassertingthesamething，yet，astoloseourselvesisnotwhatwewant，buttofindourselvesthroughfindingtheintelligiblelawofthings，thisassertiontooweshallnotblindlyaccept，butshallsiftandtryitalittlefirst。Andifweseethatbecausethebelieversinaction，forgettingGoethe’smaxim，’toactiseasy，tothinkishard，’imaginethereissomewonderfulvirtueinlosingoneselfinamassofmechanicaldetails，thereforetheyexcusethemselvesfrommuchthoughtabouttheclearideaswhichoughttogovernthesedetails，thenweshallgiveourchiefcareandpainstoseekingoutthoseideasandtosettingthemforth；beingpersuadedthatifwehavetheideasfirmandclear，themechanicaldetailsfortheirexecutionwillcomeagreatdealmoresimplyandeasilythanwenowsuppose。
11Atthisexcitingjuncture，then，whilesomanyoftheloversofnewideas，somewhatweary，aswetooare，ofthestockperformancesofourLiberalfriendsuponthepoliticalstage，aredisposedtorushvaliantlyuponthispublicstagethemselves，wecannotatallthinkthatforawiseloverofnewideasthisstageistherightone。Plentyofpeopletherewillbewithoutus，——countrygentlemeninsearchofaclub，demagoguesinsearchofatub，lawyersinsearchofaplace，industrialistsinsearchofgentility，——whowillcomefromtheeastandfromthewest，andwillsitdownatthatThyesteä；nbanquetofclap—trapwhichEnglishpubliclifeforthesemanyyearspasthasbeen。And，solongasthoseoldorganisations，ofwhichwehaveseentheinsufficiency，——thoseexpressionsofourordinaryself，BarbarianorPhilistine，——haveforceanywhere，theywillhaveforceinParliament。There，themanwhomtheBarbarianssend，cannotbutbeimpelledtopleasetheBarbarians’ordinaryself，andtheirnaturaltasteforthebathos：andthemanwhomthePhilistinessend，cannotbutbeimpelledtopleasethoseofthePhilistines。ParliamentaryConservatismwillandmustlongmeanthis，thattheBarbariansshouldkeeptheirheritage；andParliamentaryLiberalism，thattheBarbariansshouldpassaway，astheywillpassaway，andthatintotheirheritagethePhilistinesshouldenter。Thisseems，indeed，tobethetrueandauthenticpromiseofwhichourLiberalfriendsandMr。Brightbelievethemselvestheheirs，andthegoalofthatgreatman’slabours。Presently，perhaps，Mr。OdgerandMr。BradlaughwillbetherewiththeirmissiontooustbothBarbariansandPhilistines，andtogettheheritageforthePopulace。
12We，ontheotherhand，areforgivingtheheritageneithertotheBarbariansnortothePhilistines，noryettothePopulace；butweareforthetransformationofeachandalloftheseaccordingtothelawofperfection。Throughthelengthandbreadthofournationasense，——vagueandobscureasyet，——ofwearinesswiththeoldorganisations，ofdesireforthistransformation，worksandgrows。IntheHouseofCommonstheoldorganisationsmustinevitablybemostenduringandstrongest，thetransformationmustinevitablybelongestinshowingitself；anditmaytrulybeaverred，therefore，thatatthepresentjuncturethecentreofmovementisnotintheHouseofCommons。Itisinthefermentingmindofthenation；andhisisforthenexttwentyyearstherealinfluencewhocanaddresshimselftothis。
13Pericleswasperhapsthemostperfectpublicspeakerwhoeverlived，forhewasthemanwhomostperfectlycombinedthoughtandwisdomwithfeelingandeloquence。YetPlatobringsinAlcibiadesdeclaring，thatmenwentawayfromtheoratoryofPericles，sayingitwasveryfine，itwasverygood，andafterwardsthinkingnomoreaboutit；
buttheywentawayfromhearingSocratestalk，hesays，withthepointofwhathehadsaidstickingfastintheirminds，andtheycouldnotgetridofit。Socrateshasdrunkhishemlockandisdead；butinhisownbreastdoesnoteverymancarryaboutwithhimapossibleSocrates，inthatpowerofadisinterestedplayofconsciousnessuponhisstocknotionsandhabits，ofwhichthiswiseandadmirablemangaveallthroughhislifetimethegreatexample，andwhichwasthesecretofhisincomparableinfluence？
Andhewholeadsmentocallforthandexerciseinthemselvesthispower，andwhobusilycallsitforthandexercisesitinhimself，isatthepresentmoment，perhaps，asSocrateswasinhistime，moreinconcertwiththevitalworkingofmen’sminds，andmoreeffectuallysignificant，thananyHouseofCommons’orator，orpracticaloperatorinpolitics。
14Everyoneisnowboastingofwhathehasdonetoeducatemen’smindsandtogivethingsthecoursetheyaretaking。
Mr。Disraelieducates，Mr。Brighteducates，Mr。Bealeseducates。We，indeed，pretendtoeducatenoone，forwearestillengagedintryingtoclearandeducateourselves。Butwearesurethattheendeavourtoreach，throughculture，thefirmintelligiblelawofthings，wearesurethatthedetachingourselvesfromourstocknotionsandhabits，thatamorefreeplayofconsciousness，anincreaseddesireforsweetnessandlight，andallthebentwhichwecallHellenising，isthemaster—impulseevennowofthelifeofournationandofhumanity，——somewhatobscurelyperhapsforthisactualmoment，butdecisivelyandcertainlyfortheimmediatefuture；andthatthosewhoworkforthisarethesovereigneducators。
15Docileechoesoftheeternalvoice，pliantorgansoftheinfinitewill，suchworkersaregoingalongwiththeessentialmovementoftheworld；andthisistheirstrength，andtheirhappyanddivinefortune。Forifthebelieversinaction，whoaresoimpatientwithusandcalluseffeminate，hadhadthesamegoodfortune，theywould，nodoubt，havesurpassedusinthissphereofvitalinfluencebyallthesuperiorityoftheirgeniusandenergyoverours。Butnowwegothewaythehumanraceisgoing，whiletheyabolishtheIrishChurchbythepoweroftheNonconformists’
antipathytoestablishments，ortheyenableamantomarryhisdeceasedwife’ssister。UTEL：CultureandAnarchyNotes1NotestoPreface1。TheChristianKnowledgeSocietyhas，since1869，republishedtheMaximsofBishopWilson。
2。ThelateDeanMilman。
3。ThelateBishopWilberforce。
4。’Lespaysqui，commelesEtats—Unis，ontcré；é；unenseignementpopulaireconsidé；rablesansinstructionsupé；rieuresé；rieuse，expierontlongtempsencoreleurfauteparleurmé；diocrité；intellectuelle，leurgrossiè；reté；
demoeurs，leurespritsuperficiel，leurmanqued’intelligencegé；né；rale。’
5。1869。
2NotestoChapter4
1。Thetwofirstbooks。
2。IhaveventuredtogivetotheforeignwordRenaissance，——destinedtobecomeofmorecommonuseamongstusasthemovementwhichitdenotescomes，asitwillcome，increasinglytointerestus，——anEnglishform。
3NotestoChapter6
1。Writtenin1869。
2。1869。
3。Writtenin1869。
4。Thiswasin1869。
