第61章

类别:其他 作者:Baron Charles De Secondat Mont字数:11770更新时间:19/01/07 15:06:43
ThedaughterofWilliamV,CountofToulouse,didnotsucceedtothecounty。ButEleanorsucceededtoAquitaine,andMatildatoNormandy;andtherightofthesuccessionoffemalesseemedsowellestablishedinthosedays,thatLouistheYoung,afterhisdivorcefromEleanor,madenodifficultyinrestoringGuiennetoher。Butasthesetwolastinstancesfollowedcloseonthefirst,thegenerallawbywhichthewomenwerecalledtothesuccessionoffiefsmusthavebeenintroducedmuchlaterintothecountyofToulousethanintotheotherprovincesofFrance。[212] TheconstitutionofseveralkingdomsofEuropehasbeendirectedbythestateoffeudaltenuresatthetimewhenthosekingdomswerefounded。 ThewomensucceededneithertothecrownofFrancenortotheempire,becauseatthefoundationofthosetwomonarchiestheywereincapableofsucceedingtofiefs。Buttheysucceededinkingdomswhosefoundationwasposteriortothatoftheperpetuityofthefiefs,suchasthosefoundedbytheNormans,thosebytheconquestsmadeontheMoors,andothers,infine,whichwerebeyondthelimitsofGermany,andinlatertimesreceivedinsomemeasureasecondbirthbytheestablishmentofChristianity。 Whenthesefiefswereatwill,theyweregiventosuchaswerecapableofdoingserviceforthem,and,therefore,wereneverbestowedonminors;butwhentheybecameperpetual,thelordstookthefiefintotheirownhands,tillthepupilcameofage,eithertoincreasetheirownemoluments,ortotrainthewardtotheuseofarms。[213]Thisiswhatourcustomscalltheguardianshipofanobleman’schildren,whichisfoundedonprinciplesdifferentfromthoseoftutelage,andisentirelyadistinctthingfromit。 Whenthefiefswereforlife,itwascustomarytovowfealtyforafief; andtherealdelivery,whichwasmadebyasceptre,confirmedthefief,asitisnowconfirmedbyhomage。Wedonotfindthatthecounts,oreventheking’scommissaries,receivedthehomageintheprovinces;noristhisceremonytobemetwithinthecommissionsofthoseofficerswhichhavebeenhandeddowntousintheCapitularies。Theysometimes,indeed,madealltheking’ssubjectstakeanoathofallegiance;[214] butsofarwasthisoathfrombeingofthesamenatureastheserviceafterwardsestablishedbythenameofhomage,thatitwasonlyacere—moneyoflesssolemnity,occasionallyused,eitherbeforeorafterthatactofobeisance;inshort,itwasquiteadistinctthingfromhomage。[215] Thecountsandtheking’scommissariesfurthermadethosevassalswhosefidelitywassuspectedgiveoccasionallyasecurity,whichwascalledfirmitas,[216]butthissecuritycouldnotbeanhomage,sincekingsgaveittoeachother。[217] AndthoughtheAbbotSuger[218]makesmentionofachairofDagobert,inwhichaccordingtothetestimonyofantiquity,thekingsofFrancewereaccustomedtoreceivethehomageofthenobility,itisplainthatheexpresseshimselfagreeablytotheideasandlanguageofhisowntime。 Whenthefiefsdescendedtotheheirs,theacknowledgmentofthevassal,whichatfirstwasonlyanoccasionalservice,becamearegularduty。Itwasperformedinamoresplendidmanner,andattendedwithmoreformalities,becauseitwastobeaperpetualmemorialofthereciprocaldutiesofthelordandvassal。 IshouldbeapttothinkthathomagesbegantobeestablishedunderKingPepin,whichisthetimeImentionedthatseveralbeneficesweregiveninperpetuity,butIshouldnotthinkthuswithoutcaution,andonlyuponasuppositionthattheauthorsoftheancientannalsoftheFrankswerenotignorantpretenders,[219]whoindescribingthefealtyprofessedbyTassillon,DukeofBavaria,toKingPepin,spokeaccordingtotheusagesoftheirowntime。[220] 34。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Whenthefiefswereeitherprecariousorforlife,theyseldomborearelationtoanyotherthanthepoliticallaws;forwhichreasoninthecivilinstitutionsofthosetimesthereisverylittlementionmadeofthelawsoffiefs。Butwhentheybecamehereditary,whentherewasapowerofgiving,selling,andbequeathingthem,theyborearelationbothtothepoliticalandthecivillaws。Thefief,consideredasanobligationofperformingmilitaryservice,dependedonthepoliticallaw;consideredasakindofcommercialproperty,itdependedonthecivillaw。Thisgaverisetothecivilregulationsconcerningfeudaltenures。 Whenthefiefsbecamehereditary,thelawrelatingtotheorderofsuccessionmusthavebeeninrelationtotheperpetuityoffiefs。HencethisruleoftheFrenchlaw,estatesofinheritancedonotascend,[221] wasestablishedinspiteoftheRomanandSaliclaws。[222]Itwasnecessarythatserviceshouldbepaidforthefief;butagrandfatheroragreat—unclewouldhavebeentoooldtoperformanyservice;thisrulethusheldgoodatfirstonlyinregardtothefeudaltenures,aswelearnfromBoutillier。[223] Whenthefiefsbecamehereditary,thelordswhoweretoseethatservicewaspaidforthefief,insistedthatthefemaleswhoweretosucceedtothefeudalestate,andIfancysometimesthemales,shouldnotmarrywithouttheirconsent;insomuchthatthemarriagecontractsbecameinrespecttothenobilitybothofafeudalandacivilregulation。[224]Inanactofthiskindunderthelord’sinspection,regulationsweremadeforthesuccession,withtheviewthattheheirsmightpayserviceforthefief:hencenonebutthenobilityatfirsthadthelibertyofdisposingofsuccessionsbymarriagecontract,asBoyer[225]andAufrerius[226]haveobserved。 Itisneedlesstomentionthatthepowerofredemption,foundedontheoldrightoftherelatives,amysteryofourancientFrenchjurisprudenceIhavenottimetounravel,couldnottakeplacewithregardtothefiefstilltheybecameperpetual。 Italiam,Italiam……[227] Ifinishmytreatiseoffiefsataperiodwheremostauthorscommencetheirs。 ______ 1。GregoryofTours,iv。42。 2。Chapter7。 3。Fredegarius,Chronicle,42。 4。ClothariusII,sonofChilperic,andthefatherofDagobert。 5。Fredegarius,Chronicle,42。 6。SeeGregoryofTours,viii。31。 7。Fredegarius,Chronicle,27,intheyear605。 8。Ibid。,28,intheyear607。 9。Ibid。,41,intheyear613。 10。Ibid。,42,intheyear613。 11。SometimeafterBrunehault’sexecution,intheyear615。SeeBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,p。21。 12。Ibid。,art。16。 13。Ibid。 14。Ibid。,art。17。 15。Ibid。,art。1。 16。Ibid。,art。8。 17。Ibid。,art。9。 18。Ibid。,art。21。 19。Theywereorderswhichthekingsenttothejudgestodoortotoleratethingscontrarytolaw。 20。SeeGregoryofTours,iv,p。227。Bothourhistoryandthechartersarefullofthis;andtheextentoftheseabusesappearsespeciallyinClotharius’constitution,insertedintheeditionoftheCapitulariesmadetoreformthem。Baluzius’sedition,p。7。 21。Ibid。,art。22。 22。Ibid。,art6。 23。Ibid。,art。18。 24。InBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,i。p。7。 25。IntheprecedingbookIhavemadementionoftheseimmunities,whichweregrantsofjudicialrights,andcontainedprohibitionstotheregaljudgestoperformanyfunctionintheterritory,andwereequivalenttotheerectionorgrantofafief。 26。Hebegantoreigntowardstheyear670。 27。SeetheLifeofSt。Leger。 28。InstiganteBrunihault,Theodoricojubente,&c。——Fredegarius,27,intheyear605。 29。GestaregumFrancorum,36。 30。SeeFredegarius,Chronicle,54,intheyear626,andhisanonymouscontinuator,101,intheyear695,and105,intheyear715。Aimoin,iv。 15,Eginhard。LifeofCharlemagne,48。GestaregumFrancorum,45。 31。SeetheLawoftheBurgundians,pref。,andthesecondsupplementtothislaw,tit。13。 32。SeeGregoryofTours,ix。36。 33。Fredegarius,Chronicle,44,intheyear626。 34。Fredegarius,Chronicle,68,intheyear630。 35。Fredegarius,Chronicle,75,intheyear632。 36。Fredegarius,Chronicle,79,intheyear638。 37。Ibid。 38。Ibid。,80,intheyear639。 39。Fredegarius,Chronicle,89,intheyear641。 40。Ibid。 41。DeMajoribusDomusRegi?。 42。DeMoribusGermanorum,7。 43。SeeSulpiciusAlexander,inGregoryofTours,ii。 44。Intheyear552。 45。Agathias,i。GregoryofTours,iv。9。 46。GontramdidnotevenmarchagainstGondovald,whostyledhimselfsonofClotharius,andclaimedhisshareofthekingdom。 47。Sometimestothenumberoftwenty。SeeGregoryofTours,v。27,viii。28and30,x。3。Dagobert,whohadnomayorinBurgundy,observedthesamepolicy,andsentagainsttheGasconstendukesandseveralcountswhoLadnodukesoverthem。——Fredegarius,Chronicle,78,intheyear636。 48。GregoryofTours,viii。30,andx。3。 49。Ibid。,viii。30。 50。SeethesecondsupplementtothelawoftheBurgundians,tit。13,andGregoryofTours,ix。36。 51。SeetheAnnalsofMetz,years687and688。 52。Ibid。,year695。 53。Ibid。,year719。 54。Ibid。 55。ExchronicoCentulensi,ii。 56。AnnalsofMetz,year691。AnnalsofFulda,orofLaurishan,PippinusduxFrancorumobtinuitregnumFrancorumperannos27,cumregibussibisubjectis。 57。TheanonymouscontinuatorofFredegarius,104,intheyear714。 58。CitedbyGregoryofTours,ix。SeealsotheedictofClothariusII,intheyear615,art。16。 59。Seethe24thandthe34thofthefirstbook。 60。Seethe14thformulaofthefirstbook,whichisequallyapplicabletothefiscalestatesgivendirectinperpetuity,orgivenatfirstasabenefice,andafterwardsinperpetuity。Seealsothe17thformula,ibid。 61。Booki,form。13。 62。Tit。44。Seealsotit。66,§§3,4;andtit。74。 63。Tit。11。 64。SeealsothelawoftheRipuarians,tit。7;andtheSaliclaw,tit。 44,art。1and4。 65。Saliclaw,tit。59and76。 66。Ibid。 67。Ibid。,tit。59,§1。 68。Ibid。,tit。76,§1。 69。Ibid。,tit。56and59。 70。Ibid。,tit。76,§1。 71。Ibid。,§2。 72。Apudvernispalatium,intheyear883,art。4and11。 73。CapitularyofCharlemagne,secondoftheyear812,art。1and3。 74。Heribannum。 75。Noninfirmisreliquith?redibus,saysLambertd’ArdresinDuCange,onthewordalodis。 76。SeethosequotedbyDuCange,inthewordalodis,andthoseproducedbyGalland,inhisTreatiseonAllodialLands,p。14,ff。 77。SecondCapitularyoftheyear802,art。10;andtheseventhCapitularyoftheyear803,art。3;thefirstCapitulary,incertianni,art。49;thefifthCapitularyoftheyear806,art。7;theCapitularyoftheyear779,art。29;theCapitularyofLouisthePious,intheyear829,art。1。 78。Thefifthoftheyear806,art。8。 79。InGregoryofTours,vi。46。 80。Thisiswhatinducedhimtoannulthetestamentsmadeinfavouroftheclergy,andeventhedonationsofhisfather;Gontramre—establishedthem,andevenmadenewdonations。——GregoryofTours,vii。7。 81。SeetheAnnalsofMetz,year687。 82。SeetheAnnalsofMetz。 83。InGregoryofTours。 84。FromChronicaCentulensi,ii。 85。SeetheAnnalsofMetz。 86。Ibid。,year741。 87。Year858,inCarisiacus;Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。101。 88。Ibid。,ii,art。7,p。109。 89。Precaria,quodprecibusutendumconceditur,saysCujas,inhisnotesuponthefirstBookofFiefs。IfindinadiplomaofKingPepin,datedthethirdyearofhisreign,thatthisprincewasnotthefirstwhoestablishedtheseprecaria;hecitesonemadebytheMayorEbroin,andcontinuedafterhistime。Seethediplomaoftheking,intheHistoriansofFrancebytheBenedictines,v,art。6。 90。Intheyear743,seethe5thbookoftheCapitularies,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,p。825。 91。ThatofMetz,intheyear736,art。4。 92。SeehisCapitulary,intheyear803,givenatWorms;Baluzius’sedition,p。411,whereheregulatestheprecariouscontract,andthatofFrankfort,intheyear794,p。267,art。24,inrelationtotherepairingofthehouses;andthatoftheyear800,p。330。 93。Asappearsbytheprecedingnote,andbytheCapitularyofPepin,KingofItaly,whereitsays,thatthekingwouldgivethemonasteriesinfieftothosewhowouldswearallegianceforfiefs:itisaddedtothelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。1,§30;andtotheSalicLaw,CollectionofPepin’sLawsinEchard,p。195,tit。26,art。4。 94。SeetheconstitutionofLothariusI,inthelawoftheLombards,iii。Leg。1,§43。 95。Ibid。,§44。 96。Ibid。 97。Giventhe28thyearofthereignofCharlestheBald,intheyear868。Baluzius’sedition,p。203。 98。ConciliumapudBonoilum,the16thyearofCharlestheBald,intheyear856,Baluzius’sedition,p。78。 99。InthecivilwarswhichbrokeoutatthetimeofCharlesMartel,thelandsbelongingtothechurchofRheimsweregivenawaytolaymen;\"theclergywerelefttoshiftaswellastheycould,\"saysthelifeofRemigius,Surius,i,p。279。 100。LawoftheLombards,iii,tit。3,§§1and2。 101。ItisthatonwhichIhavedescantedinthe4thchapterofthisbook,andwhichistobefoundinBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,i,art。11,p。9。 102。TheCapitularyofCharlemagneintheyear800,Baluzius’sedition,p。336,explainsextremelywellwhatismeantbythatsortoftithefromwhichthechurchisexemptedbyClotharius;itwasthetitheoftheswinewhichwereputintotheking’sforeststofatten;andCharlemagneenjoinshisjudgestopayit,aswellasotherpeople,inordertosetanexample:itisplainthatthiswasarightofseignioryoreconomy。 103。Canone5,extomo1,conciliorumantiquorumGalli?operaJacobiSirmundi。 104。Art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。332。Itwasgivenintheyear800。 105。HeldunderCharlemagne,intheyear794。 106。Baluzius’sedition,p。267,art。23。 107。SeeamongtherestthecapitularyofLouistheDebonnaireintheyear829,Baluzius’sedition,p。663;againstthosewho,toavoidpayingtithesneglectedtocultivatethelands,&c。,art。5。 108。Amongothers,thatofLotharius,iii,tit。3,cap。vi。 109。Intheyear829,art。7,inBaluzius,i,p。663。 110。InthelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。3,§8。 111。ItisakindofcodicilproducedbyEginhard,anddifferentfromthewillitself,whichwefindinGoldastusandBaluzius。 112。SeetheCapitularyofCharlemagneintheyear803,art。2,Baluzius’sedition,p。379;andtheedictofLouistheDebonnaireintheyear834,inGoldast,Constit。Impérial。,i。 113。Thisismentionedinthefamouscanon,egoLudovicus,whichisapalpableforgery;itisBaluzius’sedition,p。591,intheyear817。 114。AsappearsbyhisCapitulary,intheyear801,art。17,inBaluzius,i,p。360。 115。Seehisconstitution,insertedinthecodeoftheLombards,iii,tit。1,§44。 116。Seetheaboveconstitution,andtheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,intheyear846,cap。xx。inVillaSparnaco,Baluzius’sedition,ii。p。 31,andthatoftheyear853,cap。iiiandv,intheSynodofSoissons,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。54;andthatoftheyear854,apudAttiniacum,cap。x。Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。70。SeealsothefirstCapitularyofCharlemagne,incertianni,art。49and56。Baluzius’sedition,i,p。519。 117。SeetheCapitularies,v。art。44,andtheedictofPistesintheyear869,art。8and9,wherewefindthehonoraryrightsofthelordsestablished,inthesamemannerastheyareatthisveryday。 121。HistoriansofFrancebytheBenedictines,v,p。9。 122。Ibid。,p。10。 123。Intheyear768。 124。Tom。ii,lectionisantiqu?。 125。EditionoftheCapitularies,i,p。188。 126。Inthe1stCapitularyoftheyear806。Baluzius’sedition,p。439,art。5。 127。InGoldast,Constit。Impérial。,ii,p。19。 128。Baluzius’sedition,p。574,art。14。 129。Capitularyoftheyear877。Baluzius’sedition,p。272。 130。InFatherLabbe’sCouncils,ix,col。424;andinDumont’sCorp。 Diplomat。,i,art。36。 131。Bythemother’sside。 132。SeehisthirdCapitularyoftheyear811,p。486,art。1,2,3,4,5,6,7,and8;andthefirstCapitularyoftheyear812,p。490,art。 1;andtheCapitularyoftheyear812,p。494,art。9and11,etc。 133。SeetheCapitularydeVillisintheyear800;hissecondCapitularyoftheyear813,art。6and19;andthefifthbookoftheCapitularies,art。303。 134。CapitularydeVillis,art。39。SeethiswholeCapitulary,whichisamasterpieceofprudence,goodadministration,andeconomy。 135。SeeamongothersthefoundationoftheArchbishopricofBremen,intheCapitularyoftheyear789。Baluzius’sedition,p。245。 136。Forinstance,theprohibitionoftheking’sjudgesagainstenteringupontheterritorytodemandthefreda,andotherduties。Ihavesaidagooddealconcerningthisintheprecedingbook,20,21,22。 137。TheanonymousauthoroftheLifeofLouistheDebonnaireinDuchesne’sCollection,tom。ii,p。295。 138。Seehistrialandthecircumstancesofhisdeposition,inDuchesne’sCollection,tom。ii,p。333。 139。Hedirectedhimtoshowunlimitedclemency(indeficientemmisericordiam)tohissisters,hisbrothers,andhisnephews。TeganinthecollectionofDuchesne,ii,p。276。 140。Seehisletters。 141。Seehistrialandthecircumstancesofhisdeposition,inDuchesne’sCollection,ii,p。331。SeealsohislifewrittenbyTegan: \"Tantoenimodiolaborabat,utt?dereteosvitaipsius,\"saysthisanonymousauthorinDuchesne,ii,p。307。 142。TheanonymousauthoroftheLifeofLouistheDebonnaireinDuchesne’sCollection,ii,p。298。 143。TegansaysthatwhatseldomhappenedunderCharlemagnewasacommonpracticeunderLouis。 144。Beingdesiroustocheckthenobility,hepromotedoneBernardtotheplaceofchamberlain,bywhichthegreatlordswereexasperatedtothehighestpitch。 145。Tegan,DeGestisLudovicipii。 146。Nitard,iv,propefinem。 147。Ibid。 148。Seebookxxx。13。 149。Hincmar,let。1,toLouistheStammerer。 150。SeethefragmentoftheChronicleoftheMonasteryofSt。SergiusofAngers,inDuchesne,ii,p。401。 151。Seewhatthebishopssayinthesynodoftheyear845,apudTeudonisvillam,art。4。 152。Seethesynodintheyear845,apudTeudonisvillam,art。3and4,whichgivesaveryexactdescriptionofthings;asalso,thatofthesameyear,heldatthepalacesofVernes,art。12,andthesynodofBeauvais,alsointhesameyear,art。3,4,and6,intheCapitularyinvillaSparnaco,intheyear846,art。20,andtheletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswrotein858,toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8。 153。SeetheCapitularyinvillaSparnaco,intheyear846。ThenobilityhadsettheKingagainstthebishops,insomuchthatheexpelledthemfromtheassembly;afewofthecanonsenactedincouncilwerepickedout,andtheprelatesweretoldthattheseweretheonlyoneswhichshouldbeobserved;nothingwasgrantedthemthatcouldberefused。Seeart。20,21and22。SeealsotheletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswroteintheyear858toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8,andtheedictofPistes,intheyear864,art。5。 154。SeethisveryCapitularyintheyear846,invillaSparnaco。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheassemblyheldapudMarsnamintheyear847,art。4,whereintheclergyreducedthemselvestodemandonlytherestitutionofwhattheyhadbeenpossessedofunderLouistheDebonnaire。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheyear851,apudMarsnam,art。 6,and7,whichconfirmsthenobilityandclergyintheirseveralpossessions,andthatapudBonoilum,intheyear856,whichisaremonstranceofthebishopstotheking,becausetheevils,aftersomanylaws,hadnotbeenredressed;and,infine,theletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswroteintheyear858,toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8。 155。Art。8。 156。SeetheCapitularyoftheyear851,art。6and7。 157。CharlestheBald,intheSynodofSoissons,says,thathehadpromisedthebishopsnottoissueanymorepreceptsrelatingtochurch—lands。Capitularyoftheyear853,art。11,Baluzius’sedition。 ii,p。56。 158。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,apudSaponarias,intheyear859,art。3。\"Venilon,whomImadeArchbishopofSens,hasconsecratedme;andIoughtnottobeexpelledthekingdombyanybody。\" 159。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,DeCarisiaco,intheyear857,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。88,§§1,2,3,4,and7。 160。SeethesynodofPistesintheyear862,art。4,andtheCapitularyofLewisII,apudVernispalatium,intheyear883,art。4and5。 161。Capitularyoftheyear876,underCharles,theBald,insynodoPontigonensi,Baluzius’sedition,art。12。 162。Seewhathasbeensaidalready,bookxxx,lastchapter,towardstheend。 163。Intheyear587,inGregoryofTours,ix。 164。Seethefollowingchapter,whereIshallspeakmorediffuselyofthosepartitions;andthenotesinwhichtheyarequoted。 165。Intheyear806,betweenCharles,Pepin,andLouis,itisquotedbyGoldast,andbyBaluzius,ii,p。439。 166。Art。9,p。443,whichisagreeabletothetreatyofAndelot,inGregoryofTours,ix。 167。Art。10,andthereisnomentionmadeofthisinthetreatyofAndelot。 168。InBaluzius,i,p。174,art。9。Seealsothedivisionmadebythesameemperorintheyear837,art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。686。 169。Intheyear811,Baluzius’sedition,i,p。486,art。7and8,andthatoftheyear812,ibid。p。490,art。1。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheyear807,Baluzius’sedition,i,p。458。 170。Intheyear793,insertedinthelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。9,cap。ix。 171。Intheyear847,quotedbyAubertleMire,andBaluzius,ii,page42。 172。Adnunciatio。 173。Art。2,oftheDeclarationofCharles。 174。Capitularyoftheyear877,tit。53,art。9and10,apudCarisiacum,similiteretdenostrisvassallisfaciendumest,&c。ThisCapitularyrelatestoanotherofthesameyear,andofthesameplace,art。3。 175。CapitularyofAixlaChapelle,intheyear813,art。16,andtheCapitularyofPepin,intheyear783,art。5。 176。SeethecapitularydeCarisiaco,intheyear856,art。10and13。 Baluzius’sedition,tom。ii,p。83,inwhichtheking,togetherwiththelordsspiritualandtemporal,agreedtothis。 177。Intheyear757,art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。181。 178。Booki,1。 179。AtleastinItalyandGermany。 180。Booki,offiefs,1。 181。Ibid。 182。Capitularyoftheyear802,art。7,Baluzius’sedition,p。365。 183。ApudMarsnam,intheyear847,Baluzius’sedition,p。42。 184。Art。5,ibid。,p。44。 185。ApudArgentoratum,inBaluzius,Capitularies,ii,p。39。 186。SeethelawofGuy,KingoftheRomans,amongthosewhichwereaddedtotheSaliclaw,andtothatoftheLombards,tit。6,§2inEchard。 187。SomeauthorspretendthattheCountyofToulousehadbeengivenawaybyCharlesMartel,andpassedbyinheritancedowntoRaymond,thelastcount;but,ifthisbetrue,itwasowingtosomecircumstanceswhichmighthavebeenaninducementtochoosetheCountsofToulousefromamongthechildrenofthelastpossessor。 188。SeehisCapitularyoftheyear877,tit。53,art。9and10,apudCarisiacum。ThisCapitularybearsrelationtoanotherofthesameyearandplace,art。3。 189。ThethirdCapitularyoftheyear812,art。7,andthatoftheyear815,art。6,ontheSpaniards。ThecollectionoftheCapitularies,book5,art。288,andtheCapitularyoftheyear869,art。2,andthatoftheyear877,art。13,Baluzius’sedition。 190。AsappearsfromOthoofFrissingue,OftheActionsofFrederic,ii。 29。 191。SeetheordinanceofPhilipAugustusintheyear1209,inthenewcollection。 192。Booki,tit。1。 193。Ibid。 194。AtleastinItalyandGermany。 195。Booki,offiefs,tit。1。 196。GerardusNigerandAubertusdeOrto。 197。Booki,offiefs,tit。1。 198。Cujashasproveditextremelywell。 199。Ibid。 200。ArnoldandhissonLouisIV。 201。Intheyear926,quotedbyAubertleMire,Cod。donationumpiarum,27。 202。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,intheyear877,apudCarisiacum,ontheimportanceofParis,St。Denis,andthecastlesontheLoire,inthosedays。 203。Seeabove,chapter30。 204。SeetheSaliclaw,andthelawoftheRipuarians,inthetitleofAllodia。 205。SeetheCapitularyoftheyear817,whichcontainsthefirstpartitionmadebyLouistheDebonnaireamonghischildren。 206。Seehistwolettersuponthissubject,thetitleofoneofwhichisDeDivisioneimperii。 207。SeetheordinanceofPhilipAugustus,intheyear1209,onthefiefs。 208。Wefindseveraloftheseconventionsinthecharters,asintheregisterbookofVend?me,andthatoftheabbey,inSt。CyprianinPoitou,ofwhichMr。Gallandhasgivensomeextracts,p。55。 209。Buttheycouldnotabridgethefiefs,thatis,abolishaportionofit。 210。Theyfixedtheportionwhichtheycoulddismember。 211。Thiswasthereasonthatthelordsobligedthewidowtomarryagain。 212。Mostofthegreatfamilieshadtheirparticularlawsofsuccession。 SeewhatM。delaThaumassièresaysconcerningthefamiliesofBerri。 213。WeseeintheCapitularyoftheyear817,apudCarisiacum,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。269,themomentinwhichthekingscausedthefiefstobeadministeredinordertopreservethemfortheminors;anexamplefollowedbythelords,andwhichgaverisetowhatwehavementionedbythenameoftheguardianshipofanobleman’schildren。 214。WefindtheformulathereofinthesecondCapitularyoftheyear802。Seealsothatoftheyear854,art。13,andothers。 215。M。DuCangeinthewordhominium,p。1163,andinthewordfidelitas,p。474,citesthechartersoftheancienthomageswherethesedifferencesarefound,andagreatnumberofauthoritieswhichmaybeseen。Inpayinghomage,thevassalputhishandonthatofhislord,andtookhisoath;theoathoffealtywasmadebyswearingonthegospels。 Thehomagewasperformedkneeling,theoathoffealtystanding。Nonebutthelordcouldreceivehomage,buthisofficersmighttaketheoathoffealty。——SeeLittleton,§§91,92,faithandhomage,thatis,fidelityandhomage。 216。CapitulariesofCharlestheBald,intheyear860,postreditumaConftuentibus,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,p。145。 217。Ibid。,art。1。 218。Suger,Lib。deadministrationesua。 219。Year757,cap。xvii。 220。Onewouldthinkthatherewasanhomageandanoathoffealty。Seenote6,p。314。 221。Bookiv,defendis,tit。59。 222。InthetitleofAllodia。 223。SommeRurale,i,tit。76,p。447。 224。AccordingtoanordinanceofSt。Louis,intheyear1246tosettlethecustomsofAnjouandMaine;thosewhoshallhavethecareoftheheiressofafiefshallgivesecuritytothelord,thatsheshallnotbemarriedwithouthisconsent。 225。Decision155,No。8;and204,No。38。 226。InCapell。Thol。,decision453。 227。?neid,iii,523。 TheEnd