butter，andalittleteawithmilkandsugar。Itateanddrankandsoonbegantopurr。Thegoodwomanofthehousewashorrifiedwhenoncomingintoremovethethingsshesawthechurchcatonhercarpet。\"Whatimpudence！\"sheexclaimed，andmadetowardsit，butonourtellingherthatwedidnotexpectthatitshouldbedisturbed，sheletitalone。Averyremarkablecircumstancewas，thatthoughthecathadhithertobeeninthehabitofflying，notonlyfromherface，buttheveryechoofhervoice，itnowlookedherinthefacewithperfectcomposure，asmuchastosay，\"Idon’tfearyou，forIknowthatIamnowsafeandwithmyownpeople。\"
Itstayedwithustwohoursandthenwentaway。Thenextmorningitreturned。Tobeshort，thoughitwentawayeverynight，itbecameourowncat，andoneofourfamily。Igaveitsomethingwhichcureditofitseruption，andthroughgoodtreatmentitsoonlostitsotherailmentsandbegantolooksleekandbonny。
CHAPTERVIII
TheMowers—DeepWelsh—ExtensiveView—OldCelticHatred—FishPreserving—Smollet’sMorgan。
NEXTmorningIsetouttoascendDinasBran，anumberofchildren，almostentirelygirls，followedme。Iaskedthemwhytheycameafterme。\"Inthehopethatyouwillgiveussomething，\"saidoneinverygoodEnglish。ItoldthemthatIshouldgivethemnothing，buttheystillfollowedme。AlittlewayupthehillIsawsomemencuttinghay。Imadeanobservationtooneofthemrespectingthefinenessoftheweather；heansweredcivilly，andrestedonhisscythe，whilsttheotherspursuedtheirwork。Iaskedhimwhetherhewasafarmingman；hetoldmethathewasnot；thathegenerallyworkedattheflannelmanufactory，butthatforsomedayspasthehadnotbeenemployedthere，workbeingslack，andhadonthataccountjoinedthemowersinordertoearnafewshillings。I
askedhimhowitwasheknewhowtohandleascythe，notbeingbredupafarmingman；hesmiled，andsaidthat，somehoworother，hehadlearnttodoso。
\"YouspeakverygoodEnglish，\"saidI，\"haveyoumuchWelsh？\"
\"Plenty，\"saidhe；\"IamarealWelshman。\"
\"CanyoureadWelsh？\"saidI。
\"Oh，yes！\"hereplied。
\"Whatbookshaveyouread？\"saidI。
\"IhavereadtheBible，sir，andoneortwootherbooks。\"
\"DidyoueverreadtheBarddCwsg？\"saidI。
Helookedatmewithsomesurprise。\"No，\"saidhe，afteramomentortwo，\"Ihaveneverreadit。Ihaveseenit，butitwasfartoodeepWelshforme。\"
\"Ihavereadit，\"saidI。
\"AreyouaWelshman？\"saidhe。
\"No，\"saidI；\"IamanEnglishman。\"
\"Andhowisit，\"saidhe，\"thatyoucanreadWelshwithoutbeingaWelshman？\"
\"Ilearnedtodoso，\"saidI，\"evenasyoulearnedtomow，withoutbeingbreduptofarmingwork。\"
\"Ah！\"saidhe，\"butitiseasiertolearntomowthantoreadtheBarddCwsg。\"
\"Idon’tthinkthat，\"saidI；\"IhavetakenupascytheahundredtimesbutIcannotmow。\"
\"Willyourhonourtakeminenow，andtryagain？\"saidhe。
\"No，\"saidI，\"forifItakeyourscytheinhandImustgiveyouashilling，youknow，bymowers’law。\"
Hegaveabroadgrin，andIproceededupthehill。WhenherejoinedhiscompanionshesaidsomethingtotheminWelsh，atwhichtheyalllaughed。Ireachedthetopofthehill，thechildrenstillattendingme。
Theviewoverthevaleisverybeautiful；butonnoside，exceptinthedirectionofthewest，isitveryextensive；DinasBranbeingonallothersidesovertoppedbyotherhills：inthatdirection，indeed，theviewisextensiveenough，reachingonafinedayeventotheWyddfaorpeakofSnowdon，adistanceofsixtymiles，atleastassomesay，whoperhapsoughttoaddtoverygoodeyes，whichminearenot。ThedaythatImademyfirstascentofDinasBranwasveryclear，butIdonotthinkIsawtheWyddfathenfromthetopofDinasBran。ItistrueImightseeitwithoutknowingit，beingutterlyunacquaintedwithit，exceptbyname；butI
repeatIdonotthinkIsawit，andIamquitesurethatIdidnotseeitfromthetopofDinasBranonasubsequentascent，onadayequallyclear，whenifIhadseentheWyddfaImusthaverecognisedit，havingbeenatitstop。AsIstoodgazingaround，thechildrendancedaboutuponthegrass，andsangasong。ThesongwasEnglish。Idescendedthehill；theyfollowedmetoitsfoot，andthenleftme。ThechildrenofthelowerclassofLlangollenaregreatpeststovisitors。Thebestwaytogetridofthemistogivethemnothing：Ifollowedthatplan，andwasnotlongtroubledwiththem。
Arrivedatthefootofthehill，Iwalkedalongthebankofthecanaltothewest。PresentlyIcametoabargelyingbythebank；
theboatmanwasinit。Ienteredintoconversationwithhim。HetoldmethatthecanalanditsbranchesextendedoveragreatpartofEngland。Thattheboatscarriedslates—thathehadfrequentlygoneasfarasPaddingtonbythecanal—thathewasgenerallythreeweeksonthejourney—thattheboatmenandtheirfamilieslivedinthelittlecabinsaft—thattheboatmenwereallWelsh—
thattheycouldreadEnglish，butlittleornoWelsh—thatEnglishwasamuchmoreeasylanguagetoreadthanWelsh—thattheypassedbymanytowns，amongothersNorthampton，andthathelikednoplacesomuchasLlangollen。IproceededtillIcametoaplacewheresomepeoplewereputtinghugeslatesintoacanalboat。ItwasnearabridgewhichcrossedtheDee，whichwasontheleft。I
stoppedandenteredintoconversationwithone，whoappearedtobetheprincipalman。HetoldmeamongstotherthingsthathewasablacksmithfromtheneighbourhoodofRhiwabon，andthattheflagswereintendedfortheflooringofhispremises。Intheboatwasanoldbareheaded，bare—armedfellow，whopresentlyjoinedintheconversationinverybrokenEnglish。HetoldmethathisnamewasJosephHughes，andthathewasarealWelshmanandwasproudofbeingso；heexpressedagreatdislikefortheEnglish，whohesaidwereinthehabitofmakingfunofhimandridiculinghislanguage；
hesaidthatallthefoolsthathehadknownwereEnglishmen。I
toldhimthatallEnglishmenwerenotfools；\"butthegreaterpartare，\"saidhe。\"Lookhowtheywork，\"saidI。\"Yes，\"saidhe，\"someofthemaregoodatbreakingstonesfortheroad，butnotmorethanoneinahundred。\"\"ThereseemstobesomethingoftheoldCeltichatredtotheSaxoninthisoldfellow，\"saidItomyself，asIwalkedaway。
IproceededtillIcametotheheadofthecanal，wherethenavigationfirstcommences。ItisclosetoaweiroverwhichtheDeefalls。Herethereisalittlefloodgate，throughwhichwaterrushesfromanoblongpondorreservoir，fedbywaterfromacorneroftheupperpartoftheweir。Ontheleft，orsouth—westside，isamoundofearthfencedwithstoneswhichisthecommencementofthebankofthecanal。Thepondorreservoirabovethefloodgateisseparatedfromtheweirbyastonewallontheleft，orsouth—
westside。Thispondhastwofloodgates，theonealreadymentioned，whichopensintothecanal，andanother，ontheothersideofthestonemound，openingtothelowerpartoftheweir。
Whenever，asamantoldmewhowasstandingnear，itisnecessarytolaythebedofthecanaldry，intheimmediateneighbourhoodforthepurposeofmakingrepairs，thefloodgatetothecanalisclosed，andtheonetothelowerpartoftheweirisopened，andthenthewaterfromthepondflowsintotheDee，whilstasluice，nearthefirstlock，letsoutthewaterofthecanalintotheriver。Theheadofthecanalissituatedinaverybeautifulspot。
Totheleftorsouthisaloftyhillcoveredwithwood。Totherightisabeautifulslopeorlawnonthetopofwhichisaprettyvilla，towhichyoucangetbyalittlewoodenbridgeoverthefloodgateofthecanal，andindeedformingpartofit。Fewthingsaresobeautifulintheiroriginasthiscanal，which，beitknown，withitslocksanditsaqueducts，thegrandestofwhichlastisthestupendouserectionnearStockport，whichby—the—byefilledmymindwhenaboywithwonder，constitutesthegrandworkofEngland，andyieldstonothingintheworldofthekind，withtheexceptionofthegreatcanalofChina。
RetracingmystepssomewayIgotupontheriver’sbankandthenagainproceededinthedirectionofthewest。Isooncametoacottagenearlyoppositeabridge，whichledovertheriver，notthebridgewhichIhavealreadymentioned，butonemuchsmaller，andconsiderablyhigherupthevalley。Thecottagehadseveralduskyoutbuildingsattachedtoit，andapalingbeforeit。Leaningoverthepalinginhisshirt—sleeveswasadark—faced，short，thicksetman，whosalutedmeinEnglish。Ireturnedhissalutation，stopped，andwassooninconversationwithhim。Ipraisedthebeautyoftheriveranditsbanks：hesaidthatbothwerebeautifulanddelightfulinsummer，butnotatallinwinter，forthenthetreesandbushesonthebankswerestrippedoftheirleaves，andtheriverwasafrightfultorrent。HeaskedmeifI
hadbeentoseetheplacecalledtheRobber’sLeap，asstrangersgenerallywenttoseeit。Iinquiredwhereitwas。
\"Yonder，\"saidhe，pointingtosomedistancedowntheriver。
\"WhyisitcalledtheRobber’sLeap？\"saidI。
\"ItiscalledtheRobber’sLeap，orLlamyLleidyr，\"saidhe，\"becauseathiefpursuedbyjusticeonceleapedacrosstheriverthereandescaped。Itwasanawfulleap，andhewelldeservedtoescapeaftertakingit。\"ItoldhimthatIshouldgoandlookatitonsomefutureopportunity，andthenaskedifthereweremanyfishintheriver。Hesaidtherewereplentyofsalmonandtrout，andthatowingtotheriverbeingtolerablyhigh，agoodmanyhadbeencaughtduringthelastfewdays。Iaskedhimwhoenjoyedtherightoffishingintheriver。Hesaidthatinthesepartsthefishingbelongedtotwoorthreeproprietors，whoeitherpreservedthefishingforthemselves，astheybestcouldbymeansofkeepers，orletitouttootherpeople；andthatmanyindividualscamenotonlyfromEngland，butfromFranceandGermanyandevenRussiaforthepurposeoffishing，andthatthekeepersoftheproprietorsfromwhomtheypurchasedpermissiontofish，wentwiththem，toshowthemthebestplaces，andtoteachthemhowtofish。Headdedthattherewasareportthattheriverwouldshortlyberhyddorfreeandopentoanyone。Isaidthatitwouldbeabadthingtoflingtheriveropen，asinthateventthefishwouldbekilledatalltimesandseasons，andeventuallyalldestroyed。Herepliedthathequestionedwhethermorefishwouldbetakenthenthannow，andthatImustnotimaginethatthefishweremuchprotectedbywhatwascalledpreserving；thatthepeopletowhomthelandsintheneighbourhoodbelonged，andthosewhopaidforfishingdidnotcatchahundredthpartofthefishwhichwerecaughtintheriver：
thattheproprietorswentwiththeirkeepers，andperhapscaughttwoorthreestoneoffish，orthatstrangerswentwiththekeepers，whomtheypaidforteachingthemhowtofish，andperhapscaughthalf—a—dozenfish，andthatshortlyafterthekeeperswouldreturnandcatchontheirownaccountsixtystoneoffishfromtheveryspotwheretheproprietorsorstrangershadgreatdifficultyincatchingtwoorthreestoneorthehalf—dozenfish，orthepoacherswouldgoandcatchayetgreaterquantity。Headdedthatgentrydidnotunderstandhowtocatchfish，andthattoattempttopreservewasnonsense。Itoldhimthatiftheriverwasflungopeneverybodywouldfish；hesaidthatIwasmuchmistaken，thathundredswhowerenowpoachers，wouldthenkeepathome，mindtheirpropertrades，andneveruselineorspear；thatfolksalwayslongedtodowhattheywereforbidden，andthatShimeiwouldneverhavecrossedthebrookprovidedhehadnotbeentoldheshouldbehangedifhedid。Thathehimselfhadpermissiontofishintheriverwheneverhepleased，butneveravailedhimselfofit，thoughinhisyoungtime，whenhehadnoleave，hehadbeenanarrantpoacher。
ThemannersandwayofspeakingofthisoldpersonageputmeverymuchinmindofthoseofMorgan，describedbySmollettinhisimmortalnovelof\"RoderickRandom。\"Ihadmorediscoursewithhim：Iaskedhiminwhatlineofbusinesshewas，hetoldmethathesoldcoals。Fromhiscomplexion，andthehueofhisshirt，I
hadalreadyconcludedthathewasinsomegrimytrade。Itheninquiredofwhatreligionhewas，andreceivedforanswerthathewasaBaptist。Ithoughtthatbothhimselfandpartofhisapparelwouldlookallthebetterforagoodimmersion。Wetalkedofthewarthenraging—hesaiditwasbetweenthefalseprophetandtheDragon。IaskedhimwhotheDragonwas—hesaidtheTurk。ItoldhimthatthePopewasfarworsethaneithertheTurkortheRussian，thathisreligionwasthevilestidolatry，andthathewouldletnoonealone。ThatitwasthePopewhodrovehisfellowreligioniststheAnabaptistsoutoftheNetherlands。Heaskedmehowlongagothatwas。BetweentwoandthreehundredyearsI
replied。HeaskedmethemeaningofthewordAnabaptist；Itoldhim；whereuponheexpressedgreatadmirationformyunderstanding，andsaidthathehopedheshouldseemeagain。
Iinquiredofhimtowhatplacethebridgeled；hetoldmethatifIpassedoverit，andascendedahighbankbeyond，IshouldfindmyselfontheroadfromLlangollentoCorwenandthatifIwantedtogotoLlangollenImustturntotheleft。Ithankedhim，andpassingoverthebridge，andascendingthebank，foundmyselfuponabroadroad。Iturnedtotheleft，andwalkingbrisklyinabouthalfanhourreachedourcottageinthenorthernsuburb，whereI
foundmyfamilyanddinnerawaitingme。
CHAPTERIX
TheDinner—EnglishFoibles—Pengwern—TheYew—Tree—Carn—
Lleidyr—ApplicationsofaTerm。
FORdinnerwehadsalmonandlegofmutton；thesalmonfromtheDee，thelegfromtheneighbouringBerwyn。Thesalmonwasgoodenough，butIhadeatenbetter；andhereitwillnotbeamisstosay，thatthebestsalmonintheworldiscaughtintheSuir，ariverthatflowspastthebeautifultownofClonmelinIreland。Asforthelegofmuttonitwastrulywonderful；nothingsogoodhadI
evertastedintheshapeofalegofmutton。ThelegofmuttonofWalesbeatsthelegofmuttonofanyothercountry，andIhadnevertastedaWelshlegofmuttonbefore。CertainlyIshallneverforgetthatfirstWelshlegofmuttonwhichItasted，richbutdelicate，repletewithjuicesderivedfromthearomaticherbsofthenobleBerwyn，cookedtoaturn，andweighingjustfourpounds。
\"Oitssavourysmellwasgreat，Suchaswellmighttempt，Itrow，Onethat’sdeadtolifthisbrow。\"
LetanyonewhowishestoeatlegofmuttoninperfectiongotoWales，butmindyoutoeatlegofmuttononly。Welshlegofmuttonissuperlative；butwiththeexceptionoftheleg，themuttonofWalesisdecidedlyinferiortothatofmanyotherpartsofBritain。
Here，perhaps，asIhavetoldthereaderwhatweatefordinner，itwillbeaswelltotellhimwhatwedrankatdinner。Lethimknowthen，thatwithoursalmonwedrankwater，andwithourmuttonale，evenaleofLlangollen；butnotthebestaleofLlangollen；itwasveryfair；butIsubsequentlydrankfarbetterLlangollenalethanthatwhichIdrankatourfirstdinnerinourcottageatLlangollen。
IntheeveningIwentacrossthebridgeandstrolledalonginasouth—eastdirection。JustasIhadclearedthesuburbamanjoinedmefromacottage，onthetopofahighbank，whomI
recognisedasthemowerwithwhomIhadhelddiscourseinthemorning。HesalutedmeandaskedmeifIweretakingawalk，I
toldhimIwas，whereuponhesaidthatifIwerenottooproudtowishtobeseenwalkingwithapoormanlikehimself，heshouldwishtojoinme。ItoldhimIshouldbegladofhiscompany，andthatIwasnotashamedtobeseenwalkingwithanyperson，howeverpoor，whoconductedhimselfwithpropriety。HerepliedthatImustbeverydifferentfrommycountrymeningeneral，whowereashamedtobeseenwalkingwithanypeople，whowerenot，atleast，aswell—dressedasthemselves。Isaidthatmycountry—folkingeneralhadagreatmanyadmirablequalities，butatthesametimeagreatmanyfoibles，foremostamongstwhichlastwasacrazyadmirationforwhattheycalledgentility，whichmadethemsycophantictotheirsuperiorsinstation，andextremelyinsolenttothosewhomtheyconsideredbelowthem。HesaidthatIhadspokenhisverythoughts，andthenaskedmewhetherIwishedtobetakenthemostagreeablewalknearLlangollen。
Onmyreplyingbyallmeans，heledmealongtheroadtothesouth—
east。Apleasantroaditproved：onourrightatsomedistancewasthemightyBerwyn；closeonourleftthehillcalledPenyCoed。IaskedhimwhatwasbeyondtheBerwyn？
\"Averywildcountry，indeed，\"hereplied，\"consistingofwood，rock，andriver；infact，ananialwch。\"
HethenaskedifIknewthemeaningofanialwch。
\"Awilderness，\"Ireplied，\"youwillfindthewordintheWelshBible。\"
\"Verytrue，sir，\"saidhe，\"itwasthereImetit，butIdidnotknowthemeaningofit，tillitwasexplainedtomebyoneofourteachers。\"
Onmyinquiringofwhatreligionhewas，hetoldmehewasaCalvinistic—Methodist。
Wepassedanancientbuildingwhichstoodonourright。Iturnedroundtolookatit。Itsbackwastotheroad：atitseasternendwasafinearchedwindowliketheorielwindowofachurch\"Thatbuilding，\"saidmycompanion，\"iscalledPengwernHall。Itwasonceaconventofnuns；alittletimeagoafarm—house，butisnowusedasabarn，andaplaceofstowage。TilllatelyitbelongedtotheMostynfamily，buttheydisposedofit，withthefarmonwhichitstood，togetherwithseveralotherfarms，tocertainpeoplefromLiverpool，whonowliveyonder，\"pointingtoahousealittlewayfartheron。Istilllookedattheedifice。
\"Youseemtoadmiretheoldbuilding，\"saidmycompanion。
\"Iwasnotadmiringit，\"saidI；\"Iwasthinkingofthedifferencebetweenitspresentandformerstate。Formerlyitwasaplacedevotedtogorgeousidolatryandobscenelust；nowitisaquietoldbarninwhichhayandstrawareplaced，andbrokentumbrelsstowedaway：surelythehandofGodisvisiblehere？\"
\"Itisso，sir，\"saidthemaninarespectfultone，\"andsoitisinanotherplaceinthisneighbourhood。Aboutthreemilesfromhere，inthenorth—westpartofthevalley，isanoldedifice。Itisnowafarm—house，butwasonceasplendidabbey，andwascalled—\"
\"Theabbeyofthevaleofthecross，\"saidI，\"Ihavereadadealaboutit。IoloGoch，thebardofyourcelebratedhero，OwenGlendower，wasburiedsomewhereinitsprecincts。\"
Wewenton：mycompaniontookmeoverastilebehindthehousewhichhehadpointedout，andalongapaththroughhazelcoppices。
AfteralittletimeIinquiredwhethertherewereanyPapistsinLlangollen。
\"No，\"saidhe，\"thereisnotoneofthatfamilyatLlangollen，butIbelievetherearesomeinFlintshire，ataplacecalledHolywell，wherethereisapoolorfountain，thewatersofwhichitissaidtheyworship。\"
\"Andsotheydo，\"saidI，\"truetotheoldIndiansuperstition，ofwhichtheirreligionisnothingbutamodification。TheIndiansandsepoysworshipstocksandstones，andtheriverGanges，andourPapistsworshipstocksandstones，holywellsandfountains。\"
Heputsomequestionstomeabouttheoriginofnunsandfriars。I
toldhimtheyoriginatedinIndia，andmadehimlaughheartilybyshowinghimtheoriginalidentityofnunsandnautch—girls，beggingpriestsandbeggingBrahmins。Wepassedbyasmallhousewithanenormousyew—treebeforeit；Iaskedhimwholivedthere。
\"Noone，\"hereplied，\"itistolet。Itwasoriginallyacottage，buttheproprietorshavefurbisheditupalittle，andcallitYew—
treeVilla。\"
\"Isupposetheywouldletitcheap，\"saidI。
\"Bynomeans，\"hereplied，\"theyaskeightypoundsayearforit。\"
\"Whatcouldhaveinducedthemtosetsucharentuponit？\"I
demanded。
\"Theyew—tree，sir，whichissaidtobethelargestinWales。Theyhopethatsomeofthegrandgentrywilltakethehousefortheromanceoftheyew—tree，butsomehoworothernobodyhastakenit，thoughithasbeentoletforthreeseasons。\"
Wesooncametoaroadleadingeastandwest。
\"Thisway，\"saidhe，pointinginthedirectionofthewest，\"leadsbacktoLlangollen，theothertoOffa’sDykeandEngland。\"
Weturnedtothewest。HeinquiredifIhadeverheardbeforeofOffa’sDyke。
\"Ohyes，\"saidI，\"itwasbuiltbyanoldSaxonkingcalledOffa，againsttheincursionsoftheWelsh。\"
\"Therewasatime，\"saidmycompanion，\"whenitwascustomaryfortheEnglishtocutofftheearsofeveryWelshmanwhowasfoundtotheeastofthedyke，andfortheWelshtohangeveryEnglishmanwhomtheyfoundtothewestofit。Letusbethankfulthatwearenowmorehumanetoeachother。WearenowonthenorthsideofPenyCoed。DoyouknowthemeaningofPenyCoed，sir？\"
\"PenyCoed，\"saidI，\"meanstheheadofthewood。Isupposethatintheoldtimethemountainlookedoversomeextensiveforest，evenasthenunneryofPengwernlookedoriginallyoveranalder—
swamp，forPengwernmeanstheheadofthealder—swamp。\"
\"Soitdoes，sir，Ishouldn’twonderifyoucouldtellmetherealmeaningofaword，aboutwhichIhavethoughtagooddeal，andaboutwhichIwaspuzzlingmyheadlastnightasIlayinbed。\"
\"Whatmayitbe？\"saidI。
\"Carn—lleidyr，\"hereplied：\"now，sir，doyouknowthemeaningofthatword？\"
\"IthinkIdo，\"saidI。
\"Whatmayitbe，sir？\"
\"Firstletmehearwhatyouconceiveitsmeaningtobe，\"saidI。
\"Why，sir，IshouldsaythatCarn—lleidyrisanout—and—outthief—
oneworsethanathiefofthecommonsort。Now，ifIstealamatrassIamalleidyr，thatisathiefofthecommonsort；butifIcarryittoaperson，andhebuysit，knowingittobestolen，I
conceiveheisafarworsethiefthanI；infact，acarn—lleidyr。\"
\"Thewordisadoubleword，\"saidI，\"compoundedofcarnandlleidyr。Theoriginalmeaningofcarnisaheapofstones，andcarn—lleidyrmeansproperlyathiefwithouthouseorhome，andwithnoplaceonwhichtoresthishead，savethecarnorheapofstonesonthebleaktopofthemountain。Foralongtimethewordwasonlyappliedtoathiefofthatdescription，who，beingwithouthouseandhome，wasmoredesperatethanotherthieves，andassavageandbrutishasthewolvesandfoxeswithwhomheoccasionallysharedhispillow，thecarn。Incourseoftime，however，theoriginalmeaningwaslostordisregarded，andthetermcarn—lleidyrwasappliedtoanyparticularlydishonestperson。Atpresenttherecanbenoimproprietyincallingapersonwhoreceivesamatrass，knowingittobestolen，acarn—lleidyr，seeingthatheisworsethanthethiefwhostoleit，orincallingaknavishattorneyacarn—lleidyr，seeingthathedoesfarmoreharmthanacommonpick—pocket；orincallingthePopeso，seeingthathegetshugesumsofmoneyoutofpeoplebypretendingtobeabletoadmittheirsoulstoheaven，ortohurlthemtotheotherplace，knowingallthetimethathehasnosuchpower；perhaps，indeed，atthepresentdaythetermcarn—lleidyrismoreapplicabletothePopethantoanyoneelse，forheiscertainlythearchthiefoftheworld。SomuchforCarn—lleidyr。ButImustheretellyouthatthetermcarnmaybeappliedtoanywhoisparticularlybadordisagreeableinanyrespect，andnowIremember，hasbeenappliedforcenturiesbothinproseandpoetry。OneLewisGlynCothi，apoet，wholivedmorethanthreehundredyearsago，usesthewordcarninthesenseofarrantorexceedinglybad，forinhisabusiveodetothetownofChester，hesaysthatthewomenofLondonitselfwerenevermorecarnstrumpetsthanthoseofChester，bywhichhemeansthattherewerenevermorearrantharlotsintheworldthanthoseofthecheesecapital。Andthelastofyourgreatpoets，GronwyOwen，whoflourishedaboutthemiddleofthelastcentury，complainsinalettertoafriend，whilstlivinginavillageofLancashire，thathewasamongstCarnSaeson。HefoundallEnglishdisagreeableenough，butthoseofLancashireparticularlyso—
